  .   . 18101917 .  I
  


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XX        .               ,            .        ,           ,   ,      ,               .

     (    )       .                .  1911        (  ,         ).    ,   ,    ,   .      1949       ,                ,    30- ,  .

 1910     .    ,      ,          1915 .     1959           .    ,       ,           ,        .

,       ,    2000 .              .             ,       .    ,    ,            .       ,      !

        .   ,     ,         .       ,  .                XX ,           ,            .                  ,        ,   .

,   ,     .       ,          .    ,      (      )     .   ,     XX ,  ,        .  , ,    ,       .  ,      ,   -      .

       ,    .  ,   ..   19101917. (., , 1972)  ..  ..   19101917.   (.,  - , 1958).

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  ,          .  XVI ,     ,           ⠖   . ,     ,    .                 .   2,5             .[1 - .. .    . ., 2008. . 13.] ,    ,  -,          .

        ,        .         .         ,         ,          .

   ,       ,     蠖  .    ,    -     .          ,             .

蠖 ,   ,        .            ,                  .[2 -  . . ., 1949. . 65.]      ,     ,        ,   .            .

  ,   ,  .            .       ,         .   ,       ,    .            XIX         .

         ,   젖     .        (  )  ,             .          ,      .

        .           .          .  1801             16,5  . ,                .                        .    ,   ,      ,   . ,           .      .

          ,      .[3 -      .  ..  . ., 1979.]          .                  .       XIX    ,      . ,    ,              .[4 -  . . .,1949. . 65.]        .    ,      .         ,      .

              ,   .             (   ,  ,      ).  ,       ,  ,   ,   ,   .                  .

     ,            1808 .  1810     .      .         ,    ,    . 31  1811        ,   .      .

         1814-1815 ,      ,     .   1820   ,  ,     .   -            ,  .        .      ,    .           ,          .

  -  .   -         .[5 - .. .    . ., 2008. . 138.]

  1821          ,      4,5   . ,            ,          -. ,   ,       .         ,       . ,  -  ()      ..  6  1822  ,        . -    1812.  ,                .[6 -       XIX :  -  . ., 1989. . 40.]

       .     (               )         ,              .        .     ,  ,   ,        ,          -.             .

          .  1810-  1820     ,  堖   .       .          70  .           ,        .        ,    .   1824           16  ,     ⠖       .[7 - Mexico since Independence. London, Cambridge University Press. 1991. P. 7.         .]            .

     .       ,              ࠖ  .      ,  ,        . ,             .[8 - Meyer M., Sherman W. The Course of Mexican History. New York, 1987. P. 304.]

             ,      1867 .            1823           .   ,    ,     .  1829          ,            -.           .        ,       .             .

            .  1824-  1848     250     31 ,  21  1841-  1848-.             .                         .       .     ,            ,     .

  , ,   ,  ,       ,  80% .[9 -              155  .]             .   ,  ,        .   ,      ,            .               XIX  (     -    ,    -   ).         ,       .

               ,         .         .            1822             .            ,  .             .      ,        , , ,    ,   .   30-  XIX         ,  .          10 ,      1,25   .[10 - Meyer M., Sherman W. The Course of Mexican History. New York, 1987. P. 304.]

                 ,      堖  ,        .           .

   ,      ,      ,    .     - (17951876)         .        1829 .     ,   .  , -     .       . ,         :      .    -     ,      .

  1835                .   ,  -       5       .[11 - Fowler W. Santa Anna of Mexico. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 2007. P. 163.]   -     ,       ,            .






   



               . -      (  ,    -   -)   ,        .    1836    -    (      1200 )   600 ,   .   ,  ,       .   -          .      ,   :    ,         .          ,   , ,               .

-                 ,     .   1838        ,         .        .       ---    ,    ,     ,     600  .             -,         .[12 -  . . ., 1949. . 193.]

      .                 .   1845           ,  :    ,        .        :     .[13 -           - .            ,  -     . . :  ..    18461848. ., 1962. . 70.]  ,         1845        .           ( ,        ).  ,       .

       ,       1845  5500 .[14 - Glary D., A. Eagles and Empire. The United States, Mexico and the Struggle for a Continent. New York, 2009. P. 70.]     ,         .

               .       .     ,         . 21  1846 ,    ,     .          .        .

-     ,    .    - ,      .       (     ),      30    ,    .             ,      ,       .      -  ,    1846           .              ,     .






  -  1846-1848



          ,     .        .

  1847   -[15 -       18-- -         4  . . Ruiz R. E. Triumphs and Tragedy. A history of the Mexican people. New York, 1992. P. 215.]         ,      .  ,   -   400         .      ,   .         .  -    ,  -           .         2  .

               .   1847            ,      .         .          ,       .   1847  ,  ,    ,         .

-   ,     ,      10  ,   -     .    .    ,       .        20    100 .       ,     .       ,    .   .  ,            .           .   -    ,        -.    ,     ,    :       15 .[16 -  ..    18461848. ., 1962. . 116.]

        (     ),  14  1847   .     .      ,       .

  ,          ,        ,    -.   1847         . -         .      .

2  1848       .   -      ,     15        蠖 2,3   .       -,      .      (, .. , )     .       ()   ,     .






 



  (      )     ,          .         .         ,  , ,      .   ,           ,     .      -        .

         .   ,       (  )  ,    .                        .

  21  1806            .[17 -   (     )    ,       .    . . ... ., 1969. . 9.] -,     ,           .            - .            .          (      )              .       .          .

 , ,       ,    -.             ,     .  1853 ,       , -      .   1853          .     .            . ,     .

,       . 30  1853            10     120      .            .[18 -        蠖    . . .   . ., 2008. . 24.]    -          .

1  1854               .              .

 ,   ,            .      ,  .  ,      ,     .      1854 .   (     )             -.        ,             .    ,      .

  -     1854   ,              .       . ,   1810            ,    ,         ,     .    18541855        .

     ( ,                ),                  .           1855    .[19 -       , -       ,     . . . . ., 1949. . 210.]

  ,    (      ),     ,   800  .            蠖  ,       .        ,       .

  1855          .  ,     ,    .                  (,   ,      ).

 ,   ,      .            ,     !.  ,    -,        .               .

          .    -    (     )           .      1856      .     ,  ,     .   1856         ,       .         ,            XIX . ,       .

      .       - . ,      ,    (..     )    .            ,       .   ,    ,     ,     .      ,    .

,       .  ,   , ,     ,      .         ,    :        ,   .       ,       1861 , ,  ,  .              ,              (      6% ).[20 - Mexico since Independence. London, Cambridge University Press. 1991. P. 34.]   񻠖             .        .        ,           .     ,       .

  1856      젖   .                  .      .           .            .[21 -              11  1857 ,  ,  ,         .] , ,  , ,   ,     .  ,         (     )     頖       .           ,      ,     .

     ,  ,      XX    .    (  )      ,          .          .      ,          ⠖  ,      .       ,    ,         .

5  1857    -         .     ,   ,    ,    (         ,      ).    蠖 ,        . ,     -  ,        XX    .      .          .   .  ࠖ ࠖ      ,  ࠖ   (       ).

     ,       .[22 -         ࠖ  -        ,  ,     .]           .                .       .         .    .

      1857                ,    .    , ,   ,          .   .          ,            .          ,      :        ,     .     ,       .    , ,  , , .

               .              .         .    ,       .[23 -      ,      8    .  ... ., 1969. . 75.]   (   )    .  堖      .         ,      .

     ,    7080% .             .    ,     .        ,        .

   ,       , ,   ,        .        .   1859     ,             ,     . ,   ,   .   .

       .   ,       .    ,   ,      . 12  1859         ,       .          ,      .     :   ,      .         :        (,   ..),     .        .      .[24 - Meyer M., Sherman W. The Course of Mexican History. New Yo r k, 1987. P. 383.]

      .     ,   ,   .

         . ,  .   1859    ,               .           ,    1914 .        ,     ,[25 -    2  .]         .       ,          .[26 -       ,     III.]      .           ,     ,          .

  , ,     ,    .     1858        ,         .      1860       .         ,     ,   .  1860             .     ,       .   25  1860       ,   ,     .     (,   ,    )    .

  1861      . ,   -     .       ,       ,    .

   1861            .     ,         .[27 -   ,     󻠖        .]   1861                .            .             ,      ,    . ,   ,   ,           .  , 30%         (  III,       ,     ).                    .

,        ,     .   III       ,      . ,      .  1853-1855         .   ,   1812    .  1859   III        .    I     ,           .  1803           ,             -.

  1861   -   , III    .           .      -     -.

             .        㠖    .      1861       ,       .  -       -       ,            .          III,        .[28 - . :  .. . ., 1969. . 259.]

31  1861       ,   ,            .             .    23  1861             .       .       :       ,          .

   1861       .   1862       .[29 -        6    .    2 ,      700  .]      -,                    .        . 19  1862    -        ,          .   ,           ࠖ ,   .     .      -       .       .    ,                   .

  1862       .       . ,   ,      . ,         ,          -  .        ,          .          (      ).

         ,   ,          ,    .   ,         ,    .   ,  ,   .   ,     ,      ,        .

16  1862       ,        .          , ,  ,    .[30 -       ,             . . Meyer M., Sherman W. The Course of Mexican History. New York, 1987. P. 389.]          6,5  ,   ,            .           26 ,  -      12 .      .       ,          1815     .      ,      .         .






   



5 1862     ,       . 蠖      .  2       500 .       , 蠖  300 .    5     .    .[31 -                 .]

  ,       .     ,       .   1862       ,       .[32 -   1862             ,        . . .. . ., 1969. . 261.]   1863       30  .          .    .        ,        1849 .              .

      .   ,                 .         17  1863    ,    .     ,    . ,   ,    ,      .         .    14  ꠖ    .  5           ,        .

31  1863       .       ,     .        ,         .            (    ).

7  1863          . 16  1863           35 .   ,      -. ,   ,             ,       . , ,     ,      .      ࠖ  .            .          .

      . ,   ,             .  ,       .    200                 .         .

32- ,     ,  . ,       ,       (     -     -).  ,   ,          .  , ,    ,       ,      .

   1863        ,     .      .      : 6,4    8,6     .

   1864      ,        ,      .        -            .            .      ,         ,       .   , ,     ,   .[33 -                ,      . Ruiz R. E. Triumphs and Tragedy. A history of the Mexican people. New York, 1992. P. 248.]

          ,            .        270         ,    1000                    .            38   1864   25   1867 .

      , -           .        1,5    ,   200    .        70  , 20 , 16   12 ,     100  .[34 -  . . ., 1949. . 239.]

    ,        ,      ,     .      .            . ,           III           .   ,      [.. III], ,  ,        .          ,        .

  .   ,   ,      1812 ,     ,     ,           .         .   (       )  ,     .      ,         .  ,        ,    , ..   ,   .   ,     ,            .     .

 ,      .      ,        .    -      .        .                   .[35 - Mexico since Independence. London, Cambridge University Press. 1991. P. 45.]           ,       .    -        ,      .

     1864         .     ,    ,      ,    .      -,      .         ,     .  -           (     ).      1,5   ,    ,  6,5     ,     .

      .   1865           --.   ,   ,       .          ,     (     )    .        ,    .

  1865    ,        .     3  1865    ,     .     ,     ,  ,           24 .[36 -  .. . ., 1969. . 271.]     ,   ,       .    ,       .

          .       :           ,       .    20  ,    .        .        .

         ,  .   1863         .      .

            1865      .        900- .       .[37 - 13 1865     - ,                            . . La Intervencion Francesa en Mexico segun el Archivo del Mariscal Bazaine. Mexico, 1973. P. 761.]         ,                .      III     . ,    ,   ,    .

       30   ,  ,   3        .   ,              :        .

     .       ,  . II   ,                .[38 - Blumberg A. The diplomacy of the Mexican Empire 1863-1867. Malabar, Florida, 1987. P. 45.]      ,  ,      .                   .                .    ,      ,      .          .    ,           -.   ,  18631864        ,     .

    ,   ,     .       .      .     ,    ,   ,     ,       .           . -     89  , , ,    .

4  1865        ,           .[39 -  .. . ., 1969. . 274.]   1866               1867 .           .    ,   1866         .           .  :        .         ,        .            .

  ,       .      ⠖      .  1866        (        )   50%   .  ,   49%        ,    1%     .      271,7    .    1866          .[40 -  .. ., 1978. . 359.]

  1866               .        .       ,  .     ,    .   1866     ,       .     .    .          -   ,   .       ,    : .    .       IX.        ,       ,      .      ,       1849 .        ,     ,      .    ,         ,       .       1927 ,     60 .

   ,         .    ,     20     (  , ,    ),      蠖 .      1866           .              :   堖    .[41 -  .. .,1978. . 365.]

 ,  ,  ,  ,    , ,     .    .         ,               3   ,        .[42 - ..    . ., 1984. . 356.]                .

       . 22  1867          ,  ,  ,   .       :       .        .       .    .           .        ,    .        .   1867             .

  1866                 .         1867    .                   .  ,      3  1867   :          ().    ,                      ,   .    1867       .        20%  .

    .      ,  , ,      .        ( 20  )   .[43 - Ruiz R.E. Triumphs and Tragedy. A history of the Mexican people. New York, 1992. P. 254.]              . 71    .          1200       ,    .            .

              .           . ,   ,         .        ,       ,        .  ,         ,  ,   .       ,     .

     4  ,     ,   ,    .             ,    .

15  1867  ,      ,   .     .    ,      ,       .        ,       .     ,       ,       -    .

   ,     , ,  ,    .[44 -  ... ., 1969. . 204.]     (      30 )    ,  堖     .        ,   .         .       ,    .          ,         ,      .

       .     .   ,         18571860      ,  .  , ,    .  ,              .     .  :           .   ,      .     ,  ,    ![45 -  ... ., 1969. . 206.]     -,    ,    ,   ,    .

19  1867  ,           .   . 30  1867                 ,      .       ,     .

      :     ,        .[46 -  .. . ., 1969. . 278.]

  1870             (        ),  ,       ,         .    ,       ,       ,      ,             ,     .

          .       , -     1861     .               :  ,  ,           ,     ,      .[47 -  ... ., 1969. . 218.]          ,       1870 .  ,     ,       .

     ,   -     .

    1867 ,            . 15  1867         ,        .     . 21  1867        .    ,     .       - .         ,      (   ),   .

3  1867               .                  .     ,  ,       . ,             .       ,       .         .      (    ).  1883             ࠖ .

        .        ,       .             2000 .            .  10        300  .[48 - Ruiz R. E. Triumphs and Tragedy. A history of the Mexican people. New York, 1992. P. 254.]

          ,    .         ,      .[49 -          .]  ,         ,   .

 1867-1876 ,       , ,     .          ,             .        .

    , -       .              .              (   ) ,         ,   .      - .       1869 ,        ,     .        ,           .       ,        .

        .     (       )  ,              .

,        ,            .            . ,      .        ,        .   ,               .       ,  ,    . ,    ,      ,       .       蠖     .          ,       .           .

   1867           60  .    ,          .          蠖   ,      .  ,         .

            .      80%  ,        18  .[50 - .. .    . ., 2008. . 173.]      (       ).            .  ,   ,   ,   ,            .       ,            .    , ,   .

            .        .    ,     . ,         ,       .    ,    .

  1867             .      ,       (,   ,  )        .             .    .     ,   ,      .        ,           .      .

 ,          ,   .         .

        .       .

     ,      .       ,        .              .       1867          .  1870    ,      .            .

       .          .            ,        .        .      ,    ,    .          .             .

           ,    1861       蠖  (   ).          .       ,    .           ,         ,      .

                .        ,    .    ,     .               .           .           , ,     .     .

          .         500             .           .      ,        .   1857     2500,   1870  4500.  1870-  1874    .[51 - Mexico since Independence. London, Cambridge University Press. 1991. P. 54.]    349  , 77    .

      ,    ,    -   .      ,           .     .

  ,        ,        . -      ,                  .            .  , , ,     -   .       ,       ,      ,  -.

      ,     ,     .       ,     .      .        ,   (      )         .  ,  1868             ,         ,         .        , ,       .[52 - Mexico since Independence. London, Cambridge University Press. 1991. P. 57.]

  , ,       ,              .             .          ,           .     ,         .  1876      25  ,   ,         .

 ,      ,         .           .          .    ,       ,    612 .        ,          .      ,    26    (1   100 ).

  ,     ,          ,       .          1837 ,             .  1860       30 000   ,   堖 150 .[53 - Meyer M., Sherman W. The Course of Mexican History. New York, 1987. P. 405.]         425    ,      .            .     ,       ,     ,     .   1867   ,          560     25 .           .            ,      ,    .        ,      .    ,     .        .

        -       .         .       , , ,   ..       ,      . ,            .

  ,     ,     .  1869      ꠖ      ,     .[54 - Mexico since Independence. London, Cambridge University Press. 1991. P. 59.]

 1868         (    ),     ,      .       .   ,             .[55 - Mexico since Independence. London, Cambridge University Press. 1991. P. 58.]

   ,       .         .         :      ,     ,    .   ,     ,            .  ,   .  ,     . 젖            .    ,   ,   .       .[56 -  ... ., 1969. . 211212.]         .

                .        .       .            ,   1901 .              .

  ,   ,  .            .        XIX     15   .    ,       ,          .          .

 :  ,      ,     .  1871        .             .           ,       .          ,    , -    .             .           ,   ,         .     ,   ,     -  .

         ,     .  ,         .      ,        .      .

   8  1871    .       (   ).               .     1857 ,    :     .[57 - Meyer M., Sherman W. The Course of Mexican History. New York, 1987. P. 410.]   ,   ,     ,    ,  .   ,        ,      .       , ,          .                  .    .        .          .      .

       (       ),   .      렖        .  1870    . 2 1871    44       ,       . 18  1872        頖 ,      .     ,        .    ,          .            .    . 23  1872  -   .[58 -  ... ., 1969. . 218220.]

         ,       .          ,            .       . ,        .         ,    젖  . ,   -   .

 , ,          . ,             ,           .

   ,   1823 ,     ,  ,     .    ,             .  ,  ,     ,    ,   ,     .               ,   -   .     ,    .      .

           .    .  ,  -   .             ,       .  ,       ,   ,        .    ,     ,   ,  .             .  1873    ,       .  ,   ,  .

        .      -        .

          ,      .      ,        ,        .             ,   .  ,   [        ]    .     ,     ,     .     -  .

         .        1600    .

1  1873        ,      .      ,       ,            ,        ,      . ,  ,     ,     .             ,           .  ,        12 500          .[59 - Meyer M., Sherman W. The Course of Mexican History. New York, 1987. P. 412.]

  1876         .     .  ,    ,     ,       -.

    .          .      .  1875                  .             ,             . ,                ,        .       ,                 .            .        .              .

  -    1875       ,      ,        .       -  ,   .[60 - Hart J. M. Revolutionary Mexico: The coming and process of the Mexican revolution. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1989. P. 107.]       ,     ,  ,       ,      .       .   -      .   (   )   ,                 ,       .

    .      .

15  1876         ,          1876              .          .             ,       .                 (       ).               .




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notes








1


.. .    . ., 2008. . 13.




2


 . . ., 1949. . 65.




3


     .  ..  . ., 1979.




4


 . . .,1949. . 65.




5


.. .    . ., 2008. . 138.




6


      XIX :  -  . ., 1989. . 40.




7


Mexico since Independence. London, Cambridge University Press. 1991. P. 7.         .




8


Meyer M., Sherman W. The Course of Mexican History. New York, 1987. P. 304.




9


             155  .




10


Meyer M., Sherman W. The Course of Mexican History. New York, 1987. P. 304.




11


Fowler W. Santa Anna of Mexico. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 2007. P. 163.




12


 . . ., 1949. . 193.




13


          - .            ,  -     . . :  ..    18461848. ., 1962. . 70.




14


Glary D., A. Eagles and Empire. The United States, Mexico and the Struggle for a Continent. New York, 2009. P. 70.




15


      18-- -         4  . . Ruiz R. E. Triumphs and Tragedy. A history of the Mexican people. New York, 1992. P. 215.




16


 ..    18461848. ., 1962. . 116.




17


  (     )    ,       .    . . ... ., 1969. . 9.




18


       蠖    . . .   . ., 2008. . 24.




19


      , -       ,     . . . . ., 1949. . 210.




20


Mexico since Independence. London, Cambridge University Press. 1991. P. 34.




21


             11  1857 ,  ,  ,         .




22


        ࠖ  -        ,  ,     .




23


     ,      8    .  ... ., 1969. . 75.




24


Meyer M., Sherman W. The Course of Mexican History. New Yo r k, 1987. P. 383.




25


   2  .




26


      ,     III.




27


  ,     󻠖        .




28


. :  .. . ., 1969. . 259.




29


       6    .    2 ,      700  .




30


      ,             . . Meyer M., Sherman W. The Course of Mexican History. New York, 1987. P. 389.




31


                .




32


  1862             ,        . . .. . ., 1969. . 261.




33


               ,      . Ruiz R. E. Triumphs and Tragedy. A history of the Mexican people. New York, 1992. P. 248.




34


 . . ., 1949. . 239.




35


Mexico since Independence. London, Cambridge University Press. 1991. P. 45.




36


 .. . ., 1969. . 271.




37


13 1865     - ,                            . . La Intervencion Francesa en Mexico segun el Archivo del Mariscal Bazaine. Mexico, 1973. P. 761.




38


Blumberg A. The diplomacy of the Mexican Empire 1863-1867. Malabar, Florida, 1987. P. 45.




39


 .. . ., 1969. . 274.




40


 .. ., 1978. . 359.




41


 .. .,1978. . 365.




42


..    . ., 1984. . 356.




43


Ruiz R.E. Triumphs and Tragedy. A history of the Mexican people. New York, 1992. P. 254.




44


 ... ., 1969. . 204.




45


 ... ., 1969. . 206.




46


 .. . ., 1969. . 278.




47


 ... ., 1969. . 218.




48


Ruiz R. E. Triumphs and Tragedy. A history of the Mexican people. New York, 1992. P. 254.




49


         .




50


.. .    . ., 2008. . 173.




51


Mexico since Independence. London, Cambridge University Press. 1991. P. 54.




52


Mexico since Independence. London, Cambridge University Press. 1991. P. 57.




53


Meyer M., Sherman W. The Course of Mexican History. New York, 1987. P. 405.




54


Mexico since Independence. London, Cambridge University Press. 1991. P. 59.




55


Mexico since Independence. London, Cambridge University Press. 1991. P. 58.




56


 ... ., 1969. . 211212.




57


Meyer M., Sherman W. The Course of Mexican History. New York, 1987. P. 410.




58


 ... ., 1969. . 218220.




59


Meyer M., Sherman W. The Course of Mexican History. New York, 1987. P. 412.




60


Hart J. M. Revolutionary Mexico: The coming and process of the Mexican revolution. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1989. P. 107.


