  
 

. . 


       .        -       ( .   . ),      (. ),  (X. )    (. ).         ,   ,         .  ,      .       ,   ,     ,   .





  

    . . 



   

  



       



 . ,  . .,  . .,  . .,  . .,  . .,  . .,  . .,  . .,  . .,  . ., -  . .,  . .,  . .,  . ,  . ,  . .,  . .,  . .,   .,  . .



    . . 




    


. . 



              :     ,   ,    .   ,          ,                       XX.,            .                     .

         ,   ,  ,     ,        .          ,        .            ( 1),            ( 2),          ( 3).


I.

       :   gender,    ,               , , ,     .   ,     sexus ( ),               ,     ,         ,         .       ,     .

    , ,    ,      ,       .          , ,     .  ,                 sexus.      ,             (, , ,   ..).   ,    ,   \  ,   ,        ,     ,   ,       ,   . [1 - ., , . . . Sexus,       // . . : . 60- . .  /  . . .   . ., 1996. . 510525; . . .      //    :   . ., 1996. . 226273.]

      ,   ,                  .            ,    sex  gender        . ,            sex  sex, ,   ,    .  ,                   sex        gender    .        :

  ,         ,         sex, sex us, sexuality    ,        ;

            ,           ;

    ,   sex bias, sex role, sex difference  .., , ,          .          (sexus)  . , . [2 - D. Weiss. Kurica ne ptica, (a) baba ne celovek // Slavische Linguistik. 1987. S. 413443.],    ,   natural gender,      (sexus).    ,        .

        .

     ,    ,         . ,       Gender    Geschlecht, das soziale Geschlecht.       ,   .

       . ,   ,               ,    ,        .

        ,    .     ,   .   , ,  () ,  ,  ,  ()  .     ,     .         ,    ,  , ,  ,       (               gender).        ,     .   ,      ,  ,   ,              ,                  ,        .

                ,     .              ,      .  ,    ,    . ,              ,     :    ,           ,  ,   ,    ,     . ,    ,             ,            ,    ..,         ,             , , .

   ,      ,           , ..               .

     ,                      ,        ,    .

  ,           ,     .  , ,     .        ,        ,       :

1.     ,     .            .

2.        , : ,     ,        ,     . ,      ,         ,     ;         . ,  ,      .

3.       ,     ,   , ,        .

4.     ,  ,     ,    ,        [3 - ..      :    //  . 1997. 8. . 154155.].

5.      ,  ,     ,     . ,             ,   , , ,    .   . ,       ,     :

     ;         ;

     ,    ;

       ;

    ;

    ;

 ,         ;

     ( )  ,         ,    ;

           [4 - . .   (  ,    ) //   . ., 1996. . 148.].

          .           .     ,     ,    [5 - . . . . . 149.].

 ,        . ,        ,              .       ,       ,      :      -,     [6 - . . . . . . ., 1996. . 225.].

       .          ,    . ,   ,            .  ,    ,    ,            , ,    .           ,      ,       ,           ,   .           ,          , ..  .

   ,      , ,   ,       ,    ,          .

    ,            ,      ,    .


II.

        ,            .        [7 -  .: . .   :  //     ( ). .: , 1992. .156163.]:

1. .        ,     ,     ,     .            .     :       . ,   .      ,        .         ,   .,      ,         :      ,      .  .    ,    ,          .

2.  .            .          ( ,  ),     .          .

  60-   70- . XX.                 ,        ,    (),    .                .

      .     [8 - Robin Lakoff. Language and womens Place // Language in Society. 1973. 2. P. 4579.],          ,   .            ,    ,           (, , , ,   ..),         .   ,            . - Linguistik und Frauensprache .  Das Deutsche als M?nnersprache.           . .

         .       . ,      ()          .

       ,      (  ),    (  ):    ,     ,    ,     ,        ,   ,    ,      .

    :

1.    .        : man  , homme  ,   .          Mensch,        mannisco  ,   .  der Mensch  ,              das Mensch.

2.    ,  ,   ,   .     .     -     . ,       .

3.     -, ..     .      .              . ,       ,   .  ,  ,      .

4.              / ,  / .   ,    ,       , ,           :  ,  .

5.         ,      :

. Wer hat hier seinen Lippenstift vergessen? .:     ?     .

6.            ,   (   )    (   ) ,      .

          .

    :            ,   [9 - S. Tr?mel-Pl?tz. Frauensprache: Sprache der Veranderung. Frankfurt am Main, 1982. S. 137.].      .     ,          ,            .     ,      ,            .        :    ,       .

    ,        .           -:     ,        .     ,   ,     - ,          .   ,        ,          .

       gender  ,     (genus  sexus),           ,     sexus,              .

           .     :          -,    ,      ..       ,     ,   ,        .      - ,    :       , -      ,     ,     ,   ,     ,     .         .

 , ,      [10 - Dietrich Homberger. M?nnersprache  Frauensprache: Ein Problem der Sprachkultur? //Muttersprache, 1993.193. S. 89112.]:

     ;

      ;       , ,    ,      ;

     ,         ;

        .

   ,     ,          .  ,             ,   ,      .

 ,        .

       ,      .        .  (   )     (double bind),         :      (, ,                     ,       ..)     ,     .      , ,  ,  -,  ,     ,       , ,   ,          .       ,    .

            .   ,         [11 -  .: . . .      //     :  .  . -. , 1997. . 5762.].

3.     ,    ,   ,     ,            .     ,   ,      .       ,         .

                 [12 - S. Gal. Between speech and silence: The problematics of research on language and gender // Papers in Pragmatics. 1989. 3. Y. 1. P. 138; St. Hirschauer. Dekonstruktion und Rekonstruktion: Pladoyer fur die Erforschung des Bekannten // Feministische Studien. 1993. 2. S. 5568; H. Kotthoff. Die Geschlechter in der Gespr?chsforschung. Hierarchien, Teorien, Ideologien // Der Deutschunterricht. 1996. 1. S. 915.],          .

     ,               .       ,         .     : ,     ,   ,                  [13 - H. Kotthoff. Die Geschlechter in der Gespr?chsforschung. Hierarchien, Teorien, Ideologien // Der Deutschunterricht. 1996. 1. S. 915.].



 (    )

        :      ,    ,  ,     .          ,           ,  ,      ,    ,  /    ..  ,   ,           .

   . [14 - St. Hirschauer. Dekonstruktion und Rekonstruktion. Pladoyer f?r die Erforschung des Bekannten // Feministische Studien. 1993. 2. S. 5568.]        ,      :   (, ,   ..)      ,      . ,          .



   

     ,      ()   .    ,[15 - . , . .   (doing gender) //  . . 1. ., 1997. . 94124.]       doing gender   ,    . ,  ,      ,     ,       (Geschlechtsneutralitat),  :

1.     ,   ,    ,  ,   ..         ,         .      doing gender   undoing gender  ,     .  ,   ,       ,  ,        ,  . , ,  ,             ,          [16 - . Kotthoff. Unruhe im Tabellenbild? Zur Interpretation weiblichen Sprechens in der Soziolinguistik // S. Giinthner, H. Kotthoff (Hrsg.). Die Geschlechter im Gespr?ch: Kommunikation in Institutionen. Stuttgart, 1992.].

2.  ,     (Selbstdarstellung),        ,     .

.          (doing gender),    . X.          (Relevanzgraduierung)[17 - H.Kotthoff. Die Geschlechter in der Gespr?chsforschung. Hierarchien, Teorien, Ideologien // Der Deutschunterricht, 1996. 1. S. 915.].



  

           .          :     ,           .               .

   ,      ,     ,   ,  ,     ,       .            .



             (  )

  80-   90- .    ,    [18 - /. /. Gumperz. Discours Strategies. Cambridge, 1982.]    ,        , ,  .     [19 - D. N. Maltz, R. A. Borker. MiBverstandnisse zwischen Mannern und Frauen  kulturell betrachtet // Giinthner, Kotthoff (Hrsg.). Von fremden Stimmen. Weibliches und mannliches Sprechen im Kulturvergleich. Frankfurt am Main, 1991. S. 5274.]  .  (. , .)       .             -,          ,      .             . -        ,               .

       ,           .        ,     ,      .             ,        ,   .         ,    .

        򻠖       .           [20 - I. Samel. Einfuhrung in die feministische Sprachwissenschaft. Berlin, 1995. S. 224.].        .         ,            ,      ,         .           ;          .



  ()  

  X. ,             ,         ,      .          ,              ,      .             .

             .               [21 - . J. Collier, . Thomas. Cultural identity: An interpretive perspective // Y. Y. Kim, W. B. Gudykunst (eds). Theories in intercultural communication. Newbury Park, 1988. P. 99122; Coupland J. Dating advertisements: Discourses of the commodified self // Discourse and Society, 1996. 7. P. 187207.].   [22 - J. K. Burgoon, L. A. Stem, L. Dillman. Interpersonal adaptation: Diadic interaction patterns. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995; H. Giles, N. Coupland, J. Coupland. Accommodation theory: Communication, context, and consequence // H. Giles, J. Coupland, N. Coupland (eds). Contexts of accommodation: Developments in applied sociolinguistics. Cambridge, UK, 1991. P. 168.]            . ,                  . ,        ,      .   , ,            .        ,  ,              .

      ,     . ,     :  (,      ),  (   ,           )   (     ,    ,   ..)[23 - . . . -:            . .: , 2001.].

       . .      ,     : 1) -, 2) -, 3) -, 4) -.  ,   ,         : -, , -[24 - . . .     :    : . . .: , 2002.].

      ,     ,        ,     .       ,           ,      ,     [25 -    /  . . . .      :   . .:   XXI , 2002. . 24.].

  , ,        ,  ,  , ,      ,      ,         ,  .  ,     . , .        ,                 ,         , ..      ,      .           .

        ,     ,    ,       ,     .         ,            .  ,               ,        ,          .                     .              ,               ,      ,          .

  ,       ,      , ..            .    ,           ,         ,       .               ,    ,     ,           .

    ,                    ,     .            ,     ,         ,        ,         .                .

    ,    ,       ,    ,  ,      ,  ,   ,   ,           ,    .

, ,  ,         .           -    .    (sexus)       ,     ,           ,            , ..  .        ,            .           ,       ;       ..

  sexus  gender       .   (sexus)     ,    .                 ,        .  ,     ,          ,     ,      .        ,    ,      ,       .          ,     sexus,                  ,          .  ,          .                     .

  ,      ,       (sexus)     ,       .     .        :   ,   ,        ,     .    ,     (  ,    )    (sexus). ,    ,      ,       .


III.

           .         ,  ,     .                 ,            .

    ,       -        ( .   . ),      (. ),  (, 2003)    (. , 1996).     ,   ,          ,      ,              ,   ,                .           , ..    ,     (   )  ,          .               .

          .   .  ,    (1986)      :      ,                 .

     .      .      (1991)    (      )              ,       .  .     ,       .

  .   :        ? (1996)           .         ,           .   ,                   .

.         :     (1997)      ,      ,        .   , ,       ,   ,     ,     .

 X.          (2003)           .           .

      :           .  (1986.)   X.  (2003.).                .




,   



. [26 - Coates /. Women, men and language. Longman, 1991.]

   . . 




 







 1

  





1.1. 


       ?        .       , ,    , , -, ,       ,  -, ,   .       ,   :      -?

        ,     .   ,    ,          .             .  ,      ,        ,        .           ,                  .    ,           ,       .      ,       .

           .        ,    ,         ,          .

,        ,   . 𻠖    :     ,    ,      ,      ,        .       -     .                ;     ..   , ,          la table (the table  ),  le livre (the book  ).  ,      ,          (     )


.

         ,                .          .     ( ,   )        .           , , ,         ,          .

          ,          ,           .




1.2. 



         .          .       -       .    ,   , ,  ,  ,                   .       ,    .

   ,   ,     :        .  -       -    ,             ()  .

     ,  ,  .     ,   ,    .        :   -      .   -        ,       ,        .                  ,       .          ,     ,   , ,       :       -   .          (Observers Paradox) ,    ,        .

      , ,  , ,  .     ,    ,       , ,     . (       :      ,      .)             ,    .

         ,         ,      ,  .     (Standard English)       ,       ,     .  ,    ,   ,          (  - :     ).      .             ,            , ,    .  ,      .

  (majority)   (minority),  ,         .    ,     ,       ,    . 黠  .            .       :          ,    /      ,   /   .  ,    (  Chomskyan)       ,          (),      ,         (      . [Deuchar & tin-Jones 1982]).




1.2.1.   


           ?      ,            .

-,        ,    ,               .           , -        (,     [Labov 1972b];      [Reid, 1976].       ,         .

-,                (),       ,  .          ,  , ,    . , ,      .       ,     ,       .      ,          .       .          ,         ,    .




1.3.    


      .      .    ,            ,            [Milroy 1980; Edwards 1979; Cheshire 1982].          ,     .

1.     ,   (      ),        (    ,     ).

2.       .

3.           :        .

,        . ,             ,    ,  ,  ,    .      ,         ( ,       ,         ).         . ,       .

       ,   ,          ,       :        (.  1),    .            ,      [Williams & Giles 1978, 436].  ,            ,      (,       ,    ),          .   ,   :               .   -     , ,         ,  .

  ,         .    ,              ,    ,         .  ,  ,        [Tajfel 1974; 1975; 1978; 1981] ,  ,  ,     .  ,            ,     .   ,          (           , , ,      ),    ,             ,           ,    


.

 ,        (   ,  )   ,       .    ,       ,  ,    .       : -,        ; -,       ,    .        ,  ,  ,  ,    .           ( ,  ,    ):

1.           ;

2.  ,     ,      ;

3.        ,            .

 1.1      .

          ?        ,                .       .           .       : ,  ,      .          .        .  ,          ,         . (       ,       , , ,       .)                       . ,   ,     ,    .      .



 1.1

      






1.          

2.  

3.    

                    .         ?                      .





 ,       .           : 1970.         1975.    ,         ,    .    [Williams & Giles 1978], , ,  ,     ,         ,     . ,       -  ,      ,        .

    ,     (    )   .

       :



1.    .

2.    .

3.  ,   .

4.      (,      ,  ).

5.       : , , .

6.   (     ).



     ,          (  ).     , , ,     



  

                  .   ,     ,     .  , ,       ,    ,     ,       .

        .          ,   ,   -, .             ,  , , ,      .   (    ) 


.        .        he  man   , ,      .    ,        ,        . ,    ,      ,              .      , ,    :    ,  ,      ,       (.  6.5  9.2). ,   , ,         ,             (      gossip  ,   ). ,    ;        ,         .



    

          .           . ,   ,      ,          .          ,           .                ,   ()        (   ,         ).  ,      .          ,            ,  ,     .       ,           .

             ,   -      .          . ,       ,     :         ,     .    ,    , ,     ,          ,   ,  ,     .          ,         .   ,           ,    ,              .




1.4. ,   


    ,   ()   ,   ,         .      ,         ,    .   ,   .            .    ,             ,    ,   ,      .     ,    ,       ,    .

            .    , ,   .           (. [Breakwell 1979]).                  .                .            . (          .)                          . ,             .      (      ). ,    ,    .

    ,     .    ,      ,        ,     .            .            .   ,      ,           :           ,     ,    .       ,            :       ,    ,    .         ,   ,   ,     ?.        ,         .       -       :      ( 7),            ( 8) , ,                  ( 9).




1.5.  


      :     ,  . ,   ,          ,     ,     .             ,  ,     .   ,   ,          ,        .  ,    , ,    ,     ,   ,            .               ,       ,          ,     ,   .

           ,        ,   .          ,      .        (I)            .







1.                 ( ,  ).

2.           (1978)        .

3.. [Bern 1974; Bern 1975].




 2

  (I)     





2.1. 


        ,  ,          .



A woman's tongue wags like lamb's tail        ().

Foxes are all tail and women are all tongue    ,     ().

Ou femme y a, silence ny a  ,  ,    ().

The North Sea will be found wanting in water than a woman at loss for a word     ,    ,   ( )


.



  ,   , , , ,    -      .               .         ,     ,  ,           ,    .  ,       ,   ,              ,    .

  ,            .         ,     .      (the Androcentric rule):         ;     ,  ,     .




2.2.  



            XX  (  ,      ).         ;        :  ,   , , , ,    .




2.2.1.   


       ,           .         ,       .     (     ),    (   ).    XVIII      ,           .

            XVIII.,      .  ,      The World  12  1754.,  ,          ,   :



               ,    ,    .           ,      (Cambridge 1754: .  [Tucker 1961,93]).


     XVIII.,     .         .        ,    .      ,         -.

   XX.,     ,    ,     .  ,  ,                [Jespersen 1922, 247].         (.  2.1).  ,  ,     ,      -.   ,   1922. ,     ,      ;         .

  The World (6  1756.)        :



     ,      ,     .       ,        ,  vastly, horridly, abominably, immensely, excessively) , , , ) ,   ,        ,        (.  [Tucker 1961, 96]).


            (1813),    :

 attachments are always excessively strong     

I must confess there is something amazingly insipid about her   ,     -  

I am so vexed with all the men for not admiring her  I scold them all amazingly about it        ,     !         ( ,  6,  ).

    ,    ,         ,           .

          , , ,       .  ,    The World  5  1754.,         ,  :



         (   ,    ),      ,  ,           .      ,  ,      . ,  (vast) ,    (vastly) ,   ,        .     ,  ,     .     ,    ;        ,   :    ,  ,   ,      (.  [Tucker 1961, 92]).


             ,  ,   (1755)      .  ,   ,             (vast  , , ).

         (Patron  ,       ,     ).     (flirtation)  ,  (frightful)   .     .  ,     The World,  , :   ,   ()       ,        . ,     XVIII.   :     ,         .

 XX.   -       .         :  ,    (1922).     ,                 .                .           .    ,     ,  ,  ,   .        ,       ,  ,      () .

     ,         ,   pretty ()  nice ().  ,           ,            XX.,      ,  , ,          [Lakoff 1975, 53].

 ,         .       vastly (. ),  ,       :            ,            [Jespersen 1922, 250]. (, ,  ,    .)        .  ,        ,      ,    ,        .

 so (, )     -  .     Punch  4  1896.:           .      : It is so lovely!  !]  is so charming!   /; Thank you so much!    /; Im so glad you've !     !          ,    ,  ,  ,   ,  ,   ,    ,    [Jespersen 1922, 250].

         so.  ,  so     ,   , , ,      [Lakoff 1975, 54].      ,          ,     ,     ,      .




2.2.2.   


 ,            (Whistling sailor, a crowing hen and a swearing woman ought ah three to go to hell together).

 

      , ,     ,     . ,     ,     ,  ,        .

    ,    ,     ,  ,   ,    .       (fabliaux)   , , ,         .  ,    (La Dame qui se venja du Chevalier) [Montaiglon et Raynaud 187290: 6]    ,        .      ,     (faux pas):         ,      .          -  .      :  lady, would you crack some nuts? ,     ? (.:     )  ( [Muscatine 1981, 11]). Croistre noiz (crack nuts)   foutre (, ).       .

         (  ,     ,     (La damoisele qui ne oir parler de foutre)   ,  (La pucele qui abevra le polain),               () .         (ddaigneuse)  ,    ,   ,    .        ,          .             ,     .        .      ,       .   , ,     ,     ,  ponies, meadows, fountains (, , )  ..       :     ,              (fuck out),   ,      ( [Muscatine 1981, 14]).                .        (Roman de la Rose) (1277)     ,     .  :        (coilles .: , ),    -   ( [Muscatine 1981, 17]).   , ,  , , ,    ,    ,   ,            .

 -                ,      (The Governour) (1531).  ,      ,         .      ,        .

, ,    .     IV        :



Hotspur.

		Come, Kate, Ill have your song too.

Lady Percy:

		Not mine, in good sooth.

Hotspur:

		Not yours, in good sooth! Heart!
		You swear like a comfit-makers wife!
		Not yours, in good sooth; and as true as I live;
		and as God shall mend me; as sure as day;
		And givst such sarcenet surety for this oaths,
		As if thou never walkdst further than Finsbury.
		Swear me, Kate, like a lady as thou art,
		A good mouth-filling oath; and leave in sooth
		And such protest of pepper-gingerbread
		To velvet-guards and Sunday citizens

(I Henry IV, III. I. 248ff.).



:

		    , .

 :

		   ,    .

:

		   ,    !
		  ,    .
		   ,   ,
		  ,     .
		 ,     
		    ,
		    ,
		 ,   , -.
		    
		    ,
		    [27 -  . . . I. . 109,  III.].

    ,        ,     .      ,        (),  ,    ,   .

    ,  XVIII.    .        Grays Inn  29  1754.       .     :



       ,   ,   ,  ,   , , D-n  blood   ,  Pshaw; Fiddlestick ( ) ! ! !     (.  [Tucker 1961, 86]).


         -  .  200        ,    :



:

)Oh dear! Youve put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again. , ,       ;

)Shit!! Youve put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again. 

,       .    ,         ,     . [Lakoff 1975, 10].


    :       ;        [Lakoff 1975,55].

   ,       ,    ,        - ,  -  ,     .  ,    1922.    :



    ,  ,                ,          (  )    .


      :



 ,      ,      .


   :



         ;   ,        ,    ,      ,   ,   ,     [Jespersen 1922,246].


         ,     ,    ,   ,   ,    .           ,    (    ,      ). ,                   .     ,   -    ,      .




2.2.3. 


       ,        ,    .     ,  ,   ,   .  XVIII.        .  , , ,  ,    .         ,  ,          .

           ,    :



    , ,  :      ,      .      (  , ), ,   ,           ,   [28 - Some will set the Carte before the horse, as thus, my mother and my father are both at home, even as thoughe the good man of the horse ware no breaches, or that the grayer Mare were the better horse. And what thoughe it often so happeneth (God wotte the more pitte) yet in speaking at the least, let us keep a natural order, and set the man before the woman for manner sake (Wilson 1560, 189).].


          :   ,   [Poole 1646, 21]. ,        ,   (sex-indefinite) he,   they  he, she   ,    .

   :

1.Someone knocked at the door but they had gone when I got downstairs (-   ,    ,  );

2.Someone knocked at the door but he or she had gone when I got downstairs (-   ,    ,    );

3.Someone knocked at the door but he had gone when I got downstairs (-   ,    ,  ).

           (  ,    ).          (New English Grammar) 1746. :



      ,      ;     ,    [Kirkby 1746, 117].


             (generic) he  they      ,  ,     (   . [Bodine 1975b]).     ,   (  ) ,       ,          .          he        . (        [Lakoff 1975, 45]).       ,        - XVIII.  ,         : ,   , ,      ,    -  .

  , ,   ,  ,        .       :



    ,    ,    ,   ,  ,  ,    ,        ,   ,        , ,     ,           ,    ,   [Richard Steele 1713]; .  [Tucker 1961, 69].


   (1741):             .     ,    ,   , ,    :    ,          ( , 1813).   ,   ,               .

, ,           .     (   so .  2.2.1),  ,       (  ,       !).  ,  ,  ,   ,       :



Mrs. Eversleigh. I must say (   ) (  ) (Hankin; .  [Jespersen 1922, 251]).

The trouble you must have taken! Hilda exclaimed (,   ,  , !  ) (-ton-MacKenzie; .  [Jespersen 1922, 251]).


         .          .       ,     (  )   ,        .   ,     ,  , ,      . ,  ,          .      ,   .

       .         .   ,       ,         (    ): 1- , 2-  (, I got up, I went to work).   ,        , .            (and, but  ..): 1-  and () 2-  (, I got up and I went to work).   ,       ,    (after, when, because  ..): after 1- , 2-  / 1-  after 2-  (, after I got up I went to work /I went to work after I got up).

      ,      ,   ,           ,  .          ,     .

          .    , , - ,         .  , ,  ,   .  ,       ,      .

              :



     (= ),    ,              ;      , ,    ,         ;                     ,      ,     .   ,   ,    [Jespersen 1922, 251].


     , , ,   ,     ,       .     :



     ,   ,      ,      and     [Jespersen 1922, 252].


,    ,  - !

              


.

,     ,     ,      :  ,      ,        .    , ,  ,   ,  ,   .  ,       ,         .

        (2.1).



 2.1

     (  )






   ,          .               .   ( ,  )     (.  2.2.4).  ,         ,    , ,  ,    .




2.2.4. 


     .  ,      XX       ,      ,  .  XIX., ,        ,   ,    ,      .          .           .        ,   .    ,       ,   :     .

  ,    XVII  XVIII.   ,   ,  ,   ,              .       The Many Advantages of a God language to any Nation: with an Examination of the Present State of our own: As also, An essay towards correcting some Things that are wrong in it (          ,      ).      (16631755),    .     ,  ,         .



     ,          ;    -     ,      .         ,  ,       ,       .         ,    ,     ,     ,  ,      ,   ,    ,   ,    ,   -  ,  -      .      , ,     [Wilson 1724, 37].


      .       , , ,       (,       ,    ).        (1724),      ;   ,      .                    (1727):



 ,          ,             ,    .


          ,    , ,   -    .

 [Rousseau, 17121728]       ,  ,     .  :



 ,   ,      ,      .     ,   .     ,    (Rousseau, la Lettre dAlembert sur les Spectacles,  [Peggy Kamuf 1980, 290]).


  , ,    ,      .            (.  2.2.3),     ,     .       ,     ,         ( ).       ,     ,  .

   XX ,      ,   ,                (  ,  ).            ,     ,       . ,      :



-  ,   ,      ,  ,     .       ,    ,       ,    ,      .    ,   ,        .   ,   ,        ,              .       ,        ,        ,       (Woolf 1929,   [Woolf 1979, 48]).


        ,              ,    ,          .    ,          .       -     , , , ,     ,     .          .  ,          ,     .




2.2.5. 


            .           . ,      , R. . (Received Pronunciation),        ,      -  .        ,     .         ,      .                   () .

,   (1531)          ,      :



[ ],       , , , ,   ,     ,     ,   ,                [Elyot 1531].


,                 .   ,           ,      . ,      (     ,    ),            .        ,              ,   .

 ,   Logonomia Anglica (  , 16191621,         :



         .       ,   ,  [mulierculae]  ,  ,        [docti autculte eruditi viri] ( [Dobson 1969, 435]).


    (mulierculae)      (viri),        .  ,       ,       .    ,    XVII.        -,      XX.      .

                    (  ?).               . ,    [Mulcaster 1582]: Ai is the mans diphthong, and soundeth full: ei, the womans, and soundeth finish (e.g. fineish) in the same both sense, and use, a woman is deintie, and feinteth soon, the man fainteth not because he is nothing daintie. ([ai]    ,   ; [ei]   ,    ,  fineish,  ,   ;  ;   ).

 :  , ,           ,        [Jespersen 1922, 243].  ,    ,    ,         .           [ , 244].  ,   ,    ,      .      ,   :         ,  ,  ,   ,   ,  ,      [ , 244]. ,  , ,  ,   ,    .             ,        (     )   .

  1922.   :            .     2.2  ,   (    ,    ).



 2.2

     , 1922 ( [ 1922, 245])






 , ,          ,    :    [soft], [qo: l], [wait], [tjildren]  [weiskout]     .

  ,     ,     ,         -      :              [Jespersen 1922, 245].     XX.         .          8.




2.2.6. 


		Many women, many words;
		many geese, many turds.

		 ,  ,
		 ,  .

 

    ,     .         XV.,    ,        ,    .

		Of all creatures women be best
		Cuius contrarium verum est [of which the opposite is true] 

		      ,
		    [Davies 1963, 222].

       .    ,     .

		For tell a woman all your counsaile
		And she can keep it wonderly well 

		   , 
		    .

        :

		Trow ye that women list to smatter [chatter]
		Or against their husbondes for to clatter?
		Nay! They had lever fast, bred and water,
		Then for to dele in suche a matter. 

		    ,  
		       ?
		!       ,
		    .

     ,    ,      .             ,  , , ,         (.  2.2.4).

    ,    .   As you like It (III, 2, 264) :    ,    ?   ,   .       (Beaumont and Fletcher, II, 4, 13) :

		Come, ladies, shall we talk a round?
		As men do walk a mile, women talk an hour
		After supper; tis their exercise. 

		, ,  ?
		      ,
		       .

 ,      1856., :     .

          ,           , ,         ,  ,        .     :   ,        ,         ! [Jespersen 1922, 252].           (1894)   ,   ,                   [ , 252],    :



                 ;  ,         ,     ,          ,      ,      (Swift;   [Jespersen 1922, 252]).


  ,         . , ,         .        ,  ,         -  (, )       ,     .           ,      ,   ,  -   XX.       .

        ,      .      ( ).       , ,      ,      .     : (. 1170)  (The Mabinogion)    (. 1300)     (Idylls of the King)  (1859).       ,       ,        .

		Eric says:
		and this
		I charge thee, on the duty as a wife,
		Whatever happens, not to speak to me
		No, not a word! 

(Tennyson, Geraint  Enid)
		 :
		    ,   ,
		  ,    ,
		 ,   !

     .

        . ,       .             .   ,   ,   : Ne in this tyme word ne spak she noon (       ) (  ).   ,    .     ,            ,    XX. ; , ,     ,     ,    ,   .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/antologiya/gender-i-yazyk/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


., , . . . Sexus,       // . . : . 60- . .  /  . . .   . ., 1996. . 510525; . . .      //    :   . ., 1996. . 226273.




2


D. Weiss. Kurica ne ptica, (a) baba ne celovek // Slavische Linguistik. 1987. S. 413443.




3


..      :    //  . 1997. 8. . 154155.




4


. .   (  ,    ) //   . ., 1996. . 148.




5


. . . . . 149.




6


. . . . . . ., 1996. . 225.




7


 .: . .   :  //     ( ). .: , 1992. .156163.




8


Robin Lakoff. Language and womens Place // Language in Society. 1973. 2. P. 4579.




9


S. Tr?mel-Pl?tz. Frauensprache: Sprache der Veranderung. Frankfurt am Main, 1982. S. 137.




10


Dietrich Homberger. M?nnersprache  Frauensprache: Ein Problem der Sprachkultur? //Muttersprache, 1993.193. S. 89112.




11


 .: . . .      //     :  .  . -. , 1997. . 5762.




12


S. Gal. Between speech and silence: The problematics of research on language and gender // Papers in Pragmatics. 1989. 3. Y. 1. P. 138; St. Hirschauer. Dekonstruktion und Rekonstruktion: Pladoyer fur die Erforschung des Bekannten // Feministische Studien. 1993. 2. S. 5568; H. Kotthoff. Die Geschlechter in der Gespr?chsforschung. Hierarchien, Teorien, Ideologien // Der Deutschunterricht. 1996. 1. S. 915.




13


H. Kotthoff. Die Geschlechter in der Gespr?chsforschung. Hierarchien, Teorien, Ideologien // Der Deutschunterricht. 1996. 1. S. 915.




14


St. Hirschauer. Dekonstruktion und Rekonstruktion. Pladoyer f?r die Erforschung des Bekannten // Feministische Studien. 1993. 2. S. 5568.




15


. , . .   (doing gender) //  . . 1. ., 1997. . 94124.




16


. Kotthoff. Unruhe im Tabellenbild? Zur Interpretation weiblichen Sprechens in der Soziolinguistik // S. Giinthner, H. Kotthoff (Hrsg.). Die Geschlechter im Gespr?ch: Kommunikation in Institutionen. Stuttgart, 1992.




17


H.Kotthoff. Die Geschlechter in der Gespr?chsforschung. Hierarchien, Teorien, Ideologien // Der Deutschunterricht, 1996. 1. S. 915.




18


/. /. Gumperz. Discours Strategies. Cambridge, 1982.




19


D. N. Maltz, R. A. Borker. MiBverstandnisse zwischen Mannern und Frauen  kulturell betrachtet // Giinthner, Kotthoff (Hrsg.). Von fremden Stimmen. Weibliches und mannliches Sprechen im Kulturvergleich. Frankfurt am Main, 1991. S. 5274.




20


I. Samel. Einfuhrung in die feministische Sprachwissenschaft. Berlin, 1995. S. 224.




21


. J. Collier, . Thomas. Cultural identity: An interpretive perspective // Y. Y. Kim, W. B. Gudykunst (eds). Theories in intercultural communication. Newbury Park, 1988. P. 99122; Coupland J. Dating advertisements: Discourses of the commodified self // Discourse and Society, 1996. 7. P. 187207.




22


J. K. Burgoon, L. A. Stem, L. Dillman. Interpersonal adaptation: Diadic interaction patterns. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995; H. Giles, N. Coupland, J. Coupland. Accommodation theory: Communication, context, and consequence // H. Giles, J. Coupland, N. Coupland (eds). Contexts of accommodation: Developments in applied sociolinguistics. Cambridge, UK, 1991. P. 168.




23


. . . -:            . .: , 2001.




24


. . .     :    : . . .: , 2002.




25


   /  . . . .      :   . .:   XXI , 2002. . 24.




26


Coates /. Women, men and language. Longman, 1991.




27


 . . . I. . 109,  III.




28


Some will set the Carte before the horse, as thus, my mother and my father are both at home, even as thoughe the good man of the horse ware no breaches, or that the grayer Mare were the better horse. And what thoughe it often so happeneth (God wotte the more pitte) yet in speaking at the least, let us keep a natural order, and set the man before the woman for manner sake (Wilson 1560, 189).


