, ,     
  


      (   2004, 2009  2013 )   ,       2013  2016 .           ,        ,     ,     ,      ,        .        ,   .    ⠖ , , ,     .





..

, ,     



 .., 2017

   (.), 2017


* * *







 2004.  70-      , ,   (.:   , 2004). ,   75-       , ,   (: DEAN, 2009).      : (1)  ,        (2)  ( )   .       ,       廻 (:  , 2013)     .     .     ( ,  )     , ,     ,   .

   ,    젖 젖     (   )   ,         .

     ,        .     (). ,  ,   ..頖  ,  ,    (   ⠖     ).




 [1 - : . . . 1995. 2 3. . 197 212.  :  .., ,  . :   . 2004. . 71 87.]


, ,    . ,     , , , , ,      .

    .     ,  ,   .          ,  ,   , , ,   ,   ,   .



 




 


  .    ⠖        .      ,        .    ,  .           .

       ꠖ  , ,   

 , ,   ,   ,         .      .      렖 ,     : . . .    ,    .     .    ,        .




     


    .

.




 


         .

.

         .,     .,   .,   ? .,  .     ,  ., . ., .,      .,   ., ., .    ,     1922                 : . (   )  . (    ).        .     .  : .    , .  :  ,  : ߻     ,     (1993, 1)  ..

,           . 堖 ,          (  ,     11 12  !)   ,   .   ,  ໠    (  :    ,  !).   ,                .  ,  ,    ,  ,   蠖 ,    Homo sapiens    ,         ,  ,  , ,  , ,  : , ,  ( ).

   ,      ,    .     렖   .  ,          .       ,  ,           .

 ,        ,        .            ,     蠖          (   ).                        (.). :           (  ., 35 , ), ,      ,   (  ., 47 , ),  ? (  ., 21 , )

        , ,  .       .    , ,   , ,      .

 ,       . ,           (, ) 蠖  . 堖 ,  ,    .    (, , )  ࠖ  ,    .

    ,   ,       . ,  .,     , 頖      ࠖ     ,       ( 젖    !),    , ,  (?!)  (      ).  ,  ,     ,  ?..  ,  ,   .,         ,     .         ?




Sub specie aeternitatis


      .

.

  ,   , :     ,       (  !),      .       ,   ,    堖 , , .       ,    !   ,    .

     !  ?             ,   ?        ,    :  ,      -  ?! ,       ,   ,    .

          pro et contra.  ࠖ   ,       ,  Theory of Everything. ,  ,   ,   :       頖       ,       .        ,  . !    ,  ,    ,  ⠖    !  .           .    .

        ,  ,    ,        (, , ).   - (.)   (.),   ,         ,        .  , ,           ,  ,        (., .).

           ,   (.).

 Big Bang ( ),  ,                 ( 15 20 ).     .      ,     蠖    (     )     ,  ..         (20  )      ,   ,   .   ,      ,               ,   ,        ,    . ,  20     ,           ( ),            (.),  1


   


              .        ,      10 





 .      ,    ,    1 / 30   ( 300 ),         ,    . ,    ,    ,         .

        100  ,   ࠖ 300 .       .       3 4  ,    .   -     ,      ,   (    ). ,  4  6             ,    ,  .    2      ,  1900  䠖  , 220 230  䠖  ,      .

     ? , .         .

  ,        ?   .        .         ,     ( ). 頖  頖        (   ࠖ  10 ).          ,      ,       ,    ,  .    ,   ,  頖  .     (  20 )    .    ,  , ,   ,    ,        () .

,          ,  ,       ,     ,  蠖     ( ).   ,           ?

        (  !),         ,     .              ,   .           .

 ()      (   ) :  ( ,     )   ( , ,   ).      ()     ( ):      ,  ,  堖    ,    (., ., .  .).

      ,     .        ( ).  , ,                 (.).       ,   ,    (  ,   )       . !     ,   ,      ,  (!).  ,                 (.).     !   (    ), ,     ,     .       ( ).      .             ,    (.).        (.),      (.),    (X. ),        (.). , , , ,   ,    ( . malum , malitia ).




,  


      ,          .

.

 :    .

.

             .     (,  , )  ,    ,      ,       (   ). , ,      5?10 ,    , 5?10


   ,     蠖 5?10


 .       .                  . ,                (1    100. )   ,       ,      ,         ,   (  10


    ) (., .).

   (?)   :     ,     ,     , ,      ,      ,             ,       .   ,    (,  )  Homo sapiens     (, ). , ,      !

 ,   .

 (  )         ()  .      (頖 , , ),      ().             ( ).       ,      (        ;        ,   ;   ; ꠖ  ). ,   ,                젖 ,    .

,           ,      (.). ,   ,  .,       ,   ,        .   , ..     ,        .                      . ,                 .          10 . ,         ,     ,       (.).

                :    ,      ,    ,   ,       (  ),     ( ). ,   ,       (        !).    ,   ,     ,  3600.  ..    (..  5590 )     300  ,  15. ,   3,5   .  1900  1980.   154 ,    100. .          ?     (    , ,    ,    ,             ) !   1980-            10    .   1980.    ,  27    .      . ,         ?..

             ,     .        ,    .

                , ,   堖  ,   .,     .

      (=   )  (   ),     . ,          .        ,       ()   

        .   젖 ,    (,    ,    !).

         (    !)            蠖 .      ()   (    )         ,    () ,       (.).           ,   ࠖ  ,    (, ,       ).

      ,       ,  ,     .          (.).  ,   .,         . ,        ,                         .  ,     

   (, , ,  .)  ,           ,   ( )   .     ,          ,      ,  蠖  .

 ,              ,          .             .  (    )         .  ,   ,   ,    ,  ,   .     蠖  , ,   .,         蠖   , ,  (.).      ,   ,     , .   ,              ( ,   X. 蠖 蠖 ,             .    ).

, ,         .   ,    ,   ,         , !    . ,        ,   ,    ,     ,  ,     (,  !),        .       ,   ,    ,      ,   (   ,    ),         (   ).                 ,   ,     蠖     ,        廅      .

,  ,    ࠖ  , ,      . -,    , , ,          -,   ,  , , ,       (ࠖ    , , ; ࠖ   , , ,  ).    , ,   ..  , ,    , , ,    ̠      ,    頖     ,      ,     :    .   ,   ,   ,   ,  ,   ,    (   ,  , , ,   ..,  ..).    蠖      ,      (.).




   


       .

. .

  .     ,   ,       .

..

?  ,  ,   ,     ?..    ,         ?.        ..    ,      (   )?     .        .  ,     ()          ().         ,    (.).     ,     ()

  ,    蠖 , , , . ,    .             , , .      :  , , .  , ,    :    ,   ;  ,   ; ,     ();  ,  :    ,  ,   ,    (. ); ,    ,   , ,   ,     ().

   (  ).  ꠖ  ,    (    ,    ).   ( )  .     .

              .

 ,  ,     , ,  .  ࠖ            (carpe diem!),    ,   ( , )      :             (.).  ,    ࠖ ࠖ  .

   蠖     .    蠖     .  蠖     (.),  蠖  , , ,   (        :     ,      ?!).       :     ?   .          .      ,   ,  ,     (, ,   堖 )    ?!

  ,    蠖  ,    ,   .         蠖 .: ,     ,     .        .

  

 ,        ,         ,   (  ).      , ,          . ., ., ..   ,      (.)    .    ( ,  .)  .  ,    ,           ,        .

젖   .    ,  . ,      1990.    . , .         .  ࠖ    ,     .  .




Non sequiter,   


,  .



   .          ,        蠖  ,      .  ,   ,     (     頖     ,  ..)  ࠖ    .   ,     .          ,  .

    ,         (    ).      veneratio vitae .?        ,   ,  :     ,   .

     ( ),        ?    :

		  
		 ,
		  .

  , ࠖ         :  ,   . (  .)




       , ,    [2 -        , 2004. 6. . 69 77.  :  ., ,  . : , 2009. . 8 17.]


      ,  .

.

      ,        .      ,   , ,         ,  ໠  , , ,   ..        (dangerous class).       :       (street crime)     [3 - .: Gilinskiy Y. The Underclass in Todays Russia. In: A Dangerous Class: Scotland and St. Petersburg: Life on the Margin. Edinburgh, /1998/. p..99 108.].       蠖 , , , , ,         蠖           .

 , .  1939.          (white collar crime),            [4 -  .    : Sutherland E. White Collar Crime. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1983.].          ,      .    [5 - ., : Coleman J. The Criminal Elite: The Sociology of White Collar Crime. New York: St. Martins Press, 1985; Podgor E. White Collar Crime in a Nutshell. St. Paul (Minn.): West Publishing Co, 1993.].

   ,  .  ,     ,   ,      :    ( , ,      ,   );  ( , , ,   .);    (  ,  ,   , ,   ).

         .    頖 , .          (  ,   ,   ,      ),           ,          (  ,   ,     ).            (      )        (   )    .

       , ,       (, , , ,   ..).        .   ,        (   ,   ,     ).      (           )  ,  (, , ,  , ,    ..). ,            ,      ,        ,    .           () ,  ,    () 蠖  ,    , , ,       , , .

        ,    (     ),       .            .   .,     :  ,  ,    .  ,             ,          .

        ,       .      .

-,       (  堖 ),      ,  ,     .    .     .               . ,     ,     .

   ,  ()      ,         ,  (  )      .      , ,  ,  ,    .   ,    ,      [6 -  . . :  : , , . .: , 1972. . 375.].

-,    ,  ,        ,    ,   ,    . , ,         .         .:      - , ,       ,        .        ,       .  ,         ,             ,              ,   ,   [7 - .,  .. 2- . . 6. . 446.].        ,               , ,     , , ,    ,   堖  ,       ,  蠖      , , .       ( , ),         (      [8 -  .    . .: , 1981. . 198.]),      [9 -  .. . .:  , 1974. . 306 310, 449 459; Podgrecki A. Patalogia zjcia spolecznego. Warszawa, 1969.].

            XIX. ,   ,        .        [10 -  .. . . 111.].                  [11 -  . . 119.].    ,   ,    ,     .     ,       ,         [12 -  . .375.]. . ,        ,        [13 -  .    . :  . .: , 1966. . 267.].

        ..      :  ,            ,           (  ,       ..) ,     ( )         ,        ,      : ,   [14 -       / . ... ., 1979. . 29 30.].              /          [15 - .., ..,  .. ,        //    . 1982. 1.].

 ,                  (  10%    10%    )    ⠖  [16 -         .:         / . .. .: , 2003. . : ..      ( ) //   . 2004. 8. . 73 78.].



-,           .          .

            /  (inclusive / exclusive).   (exclusion)       60- .   ,     .            [17 -  .:      //     . .II.  :   , 1999. . 140 156.].    (1974) ,       ,    (),   ,        ,     [18 - Lenoir R. Les exclus, un fran?ais sur dix. Paris: Seuil, 1974.].   ,   ,   , ,  .     ,                     .            ,   , ,     [19 -  .. . . 147].

   XX.  XXI.       ( , )      ,     ()  .

 inclusion / exclusion   .           .:      ,    (  ..)     / .    ,     ,  堖  ,       ,     ,  ,     ;         ,            ,     :                [20 -  .  :       . :    XXI :   . .: , 1998. . 94 108.].

        ,  .:          !..  ,      򻠖    .                                 ,       .      . ,       ,     ,   [21 -  ..  . .: , 1998. . 360, 447.].

    .:        . ,     ,    ,            .     , ,     ,          ,     [22 -  .,    . :      :     . .: George C. Marshall, European Center for Security Studies, 2003. . 30.].          ,             ,     , ,  ,   [23 -  . . . 31.].



  ,         ?   . (, , ),     ,      ,      [24 - Pro et Contra.  . 1999. . 4, 4. . 227].

             ..    ,      () (wasted life),    .    , ,   ..       ,      [25 - Bauman Z. Wasted lives. Moder nity and its outcasts. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004. Pp. 5 7.].    ,       ,     (     .:     [26 -  ..  . .: , 1998. . 360, 447.]).       ..:             ,            ,      .          [27 -  ..    //  . 2004. 1 / 2. . 205.].

      / .         (, , ,   .). ,    ,    ,     ,   ,    [28 -  .. . . 150.].        [29 -  ..: , ,  //        . 5. 2003. . 66 70;  .:  , , ,    . .:   , 2004. . 248 255.].



,       inclusion / exclusion,     [30 - Finer C., Nellis M. (Eds.) Crime and Social Exclusion. Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 1998; Young J. The Exclusive Society: Social Exclusion, Crime and Difference in Late Modernity. SAGE Publications, 1999.].

       .. (       ,    ,     )[31 -  ..   :     //  ,   .   . 2003, 2. . 21 39.].

1. .     20: 80: XXI     20% ,  80%  .    ,    inclusion / exclusion.  80%   ,    ,     ,  .

2.   .  80%       .     .        ,      (    1998.,       .).

3.               .  ,          (    ).                 .[32 - Wallerstein I. Globalization or the age of transition? A long term view of the trajectory of the world system // International Sociology. V. 15. 2000. N 3. p. 263.]. ,      .  :    ,    .

, , ..        堖 , , , ,     ,       . ,  ,   (   ). -,         ().   ,                 ,  ,      ,       蠖    (),  ,     ..  ,           , .

           , , ,    ..   1914.    :  ,     ,     ,       ,      ,        ,         ,       ,     ,     ,       :    , , 頖  :    ,    ,   [33 -  .. . . . . 277 287.].

  ,   ,      :        ;          , .

   ,       :   ,      .

    ,   ,      ,       .        , ,   (    頖 ),    ,    ,  ,  , , .     ,   ,   ,    (     ).

           .    ,    . 廠       ,         , 廠    ,   ( ).                 ?



.  ( %)         (1987-2001)












   () [34 -   , 2009, 3.  :  .,       . :  , 2013. . 34 56.]



     ,  ,    .

.

        .

.

,     ,   [35 -  .:  ..: , ,  ,  . 2- . , 2009. . 37 44;  .  . :  ,           . , 2009.].     蠖  ໠       (    : ex senatusconsultis et plebiscitis crimina exercentur       ).

    ,       ,   ,    . ,   ,    ,  ,     ,     ;      ,     ;             ;   蠖   (),  腠      .       , :  jus prima noctis       .

   , ,  ,     :   ,             (,   , , ,     ).     ()   . -,     ,     ,   ,          (    ).    ,         ,    ,         mala in se (  )  mala prohibita ( )[36 - Burke R. An Introduction to Criminological Theory. Third Edition. Willan Publishing, 2009, pp. 5 7; Hagan F. Introduction to Crimonology. Theories, Methods, and Criminal Behavior. 6


 Edition. SAGE Publications, 2008, pp. 8 9.].



          : , ,    .                      ( )  .     [37 -  ..  . . .184 193;  .  .    . :     2007.  , 2008. . 382 398.].

   ( )  (      )   [38 - ., : Burke R. Ibid.; Grover Ch. Crime and Inequality. Willian Publishing, 2008; Hagan F. Ibid; Maguire M., Morgen R., Reiner R. (EDS.) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press, 2007; White R., Habibis D. Crime and Society. Oxford University Press, 2005; etc.].                ( ,  , ) .                .

      :       ,   .   ,     ,         , ,    .   ,              (   ,   ,        ..),   , , ,            ,     [39 -  .  . . . 384.].          (   ).         蠖    (  ) ⠖ , ,      .

               (, , ,   ..)[40 -  . :  . :     (  ). ., 2008;  .     //  1 (4), 2009;  ..     . , 2004; Maguire M., Morgen R., Reiner R. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 179 337.].   ,   ,            .

   .

 ,     ,      ,     .                  ,    [41 -  ..        . ., 2009. . 83.]. ꠖ  蠖    ,   , , , .           (, , , ),      ,   .          :     ,     ;        , ;         ;       ;       ( ,  ),  蠖 ,     (, )    ,  .

,     ,   ,      :    (    ,    ,      ,     );  ( , , ,   .);    (  ,  ,    , ,   ).  ,         . ,  ,    ,      蠖 , , .

 .    [42 - .:  .  ? ., 1990.],     . ,   ,   ,   .    ,       .  ,  ,    .     (, , , )      ,  ,     (, ),     ,   ,      ..,  ..    ,  - ,    ,   .             .  ,    , ,  ,       .    ,         ,     

 ,         .         ,   ,      젖  .  ,       ,            .   ,      () [43 -  .  :   //  . :  . ., 2003;  ..  :    . , 2006; ..,  .. :   . ., 2000; ..,  .. . ., 2006;  ࠖ 2007.       / . ... ., 2008;  ..    .  砖 . ., 2008.].

-,    ,      ,      [44 -  ..    .  砖 . ., 2008. . 31.].  ,   ࠖ shadow economy (   ໠ informal economy,    ໠ underground economy,    ໠ hidden econome,    ໠ second economy,      ࠖ black, gray economy)   ,       .

-,             ࠖ       .           [45 -  .. . . 13 14.].      1995. , ,   ,       ,         [46 - .:  .. , , . ., 2004. . 1.].     ,  ?

-,           [47 -  .. . . 12.].

  ,          ,                    蠖  ,                       蠖  ,         ,  [48 -  .. . . 12, 18.].

, ⠖ ,           ,      ,        ,  ,  ,  ,   ,   堖               [49 -  .. . . 9.]. ,    ,   2009.  2010.        20%.              .   ,     :    ,         ;  ,     ,    ,     ;      (, );      ,       ( ,     ..).          ,   ,       20%.

   ,  , ,       ,      (젖    ).   ,    ,      .     ,      ,        ,    ,   .        ,       ,   ,   ,      젖         ,  ,   ,      [50 -  .     // THESIS. . 1. . 1. 1993. . 33 34.].

   :  ,    ,       .   ⠖     (),   ,  ,  ,  , [51 -    :  ..   . :  .  . 3. 2006. . 91 124.]. -,         ࠖ        (, ) .  ,      [52 -    (  )  :  ... . . 9 47;  ... . . 30 37.].          .




 


  ,               ,   (addiction)   .  ,            (, 30.        ,          .).



  ,          ,    蠖 , , ,    .[53 - .:  .:  , , ,    . 2- . ., 2007. . 287, 307 322.]      ,      .             ( , )  ?          :      ,       ..

              .        :  (1912 1923),  (1919 1926),  (1919 1932),    (  ).                 . ,            6.  .

        1865.,      ,  ,     .

        (1920 1932).            .   20-     2    .         

       蠖 : 1914., 1917., 1919.   ,        .     1985 .      ,     頖            蠖    .        1986.         :      16 ⻅

                 (, , ,      ).             .

     ? , .          , ,  .

       頖   ,  ,   ,       (), ,      .







           .   ,                    ,   :  , , , , , ,      ,     . . . 228 234  .        ..      .

       .          ,         .        , .. 6  .            2300  . , ,     (   , ,         ,   ),         ⠖   , ,  ,      ( ),    ..

 ,     ,   ,       .    (   ,           ,    ),     (   ),  (,  ),  (    ),  (  ;        ).       ,   (    ),      ,  (, )    .  ,     ,         ,  , , , .

          (., ., .  .),     , ,      (.).

       .  蠖    ,          ,        , ,      .        , ,  ,  ,  [54 -  .  :    // , 1985. . 98.].     ,     (),     ,     .

     (        蠖 ) ,  ,  ,  (exclusion), ,   ,     .      ,      ,         ,      [55 -  .   . ., 1990. . 30.].

                   :        ,  ()  .       ,      ,   ,  ,  (),  ()  .   ,     ,   ,  ,  ,      1642.  VIII         .     ,     IV       .       ,    ,      ,     .       ,   [56 -  / . .. , 2003. . 312.].       ?

        ,      (  ,      ). ,            ,           [57 -  .   //  . 1991. 12. . 14 5.].       .  - .,       ( 1995.),                      .            ,    [58 - Schoncheck J. On Criminalization: An Essay in the Philosophy of the Criminal Law. Kluver Academic Publishers, 199 4.].   ⠖   ,  .       ,       [59 - .,  . .      . ., 2004.].

                (War on Drugs)     (Harm reduction).           [60 - Donziger S. The Real War on Crime: The Report of the National Criminal Justice Commission. Harper Collins Publ., Inc., 1996.],      .       , , , [61 - Klingemann H., Hunt G. (Eds.) Drug Treatment Systems in an International Perspective: Drugs, Demons, and Delinquents. SAGE Publications. 1998.].        ,     젖  .

         ..:      蠖 , ,      .  ꠖ    .  ꠖ   ,                  ,        . , ,  .  ꠖ         ,          [62 -  .:    . ., 1998. . 107.].

,  ,           (War on Drugs).

  2009.     ࠖ          :     .     [ 頖 ..]   .            軠    .    .     :         ,  .  ,   ,       ,      砖    .             ,    ,              ,    ,   ,   . ,   .   ,      ,  ,  ,          , ,    . , , ,    , ,        [63 - Santino U., La Fiura G. Behind Drugs. Edizioni Gruppo Abele, 1993, p. 36.].

    ࠖ      :  ,     ,      ,     ;      ࠖ   ;        ,      .  ,        .          ,    .

     :     ,        .            ,  ,  ,      .

 ,       .     ,      .               :   ,    堖   ,    ,  ꠖ  ,        .       [64 - .. 22 (825), 2009.].       ,  , ,        ,   ,   16%  1995.  27%  2007.

            .    ?

   ,           . ,  ,       ( ,      ,   ..). -,       ,       ,       . -,               ,     ,  .







 (gambling)    ,     ,          ,          , ,    ,         ( 10, 1994).

   ()        ,   .         .         .              .

, ,     ,    ,   ,      .      (,   )     젖      (,       ),   ,       .     ,  ,   ,     ,  .

 2007.,              ,  :             .     ,         ,  ,          ,                [65 -  .. :  ? .:    :    / . .., ... ., 2007. . 87 88. . : Tsytsarev S., Gilinsky Y. [Gambling in] Russia. In: Meyer G., Hayer T., Griffths M. (Eds.) Problem Gambling in Europe. Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions. Springer, 2009, pp. 243 256.].

   !   1  2009.        ,         5000 ..,   ,    (),   ,      ,  .  蠖  $ 2000[66 - The New Times, 23.03.2009. . 22 23;  , 02.04.2009. . 12 13.]. ,       (ala  )  

 :        ,    ,        ,    .    ?







        ,  堖    .  ,      .     ,        ,           ,     : , , ,   .

    .       ( )   ,   (VI.  ..),       頖  .        : ,  ,        ,    ,                .         :     .       (   ?)   . ,   :    ,     !.    :  ,    !.      ?

,   .     ,        , ,  (  )  .. , ,      ,     , , , , .      ,     ,     ,      .

       ,        ,   ,   (,   ).          ,      .







,  ,      . ,  ,        ,   , , , . ,  ,   ,     , , .       , , ,       .

   ,          1 6%   1 4% .       1 2%,       1,5 3.    .         .  :       :   , , .  ,     ,  .    ?

,  ,      ,      ,   ,      .       ,  ,   ,        . , ,         .           [67 -  .:  . . . . 391 397.].

     ,   ,   (  .121  ),        .

 ,        ,      (Hate crimes)  , .. ,      ,            .       ..,             ,            .







  ,   .         .        ( ࠖ       ).

    : ,           ,    .

  ?    ?       ?     ,  ?      (., .),    ( )?     ,           ?

 ,    (. . 242, 242 1  )  ,   

   ,     ,    : , , , , .

    ( ,  ),       ,   ,         ,       ,  , .

 :        ?     ? .    :  ,  . . 242, 242 1      .   :            ,  .




 


  .         ,   , ,  , ,   [68 - Schur E. Crimes Without Victims. Englewood Cliffs, 1965;  .  .       . ., 1977. . 262 309.].     (    )     .   ,      ,     .

              .    ,     ,        ,      .        .                .               .      ,       .       ,   ,   .     ,       ,      蠖         .  ,     ,     ,   ,   蠖    .

   (    )    1926. (. 140)  1960. (. 116).   1950-  1960-           ,          .  ,          ,    ,     ,       .

      ,       ( ) .   ( )  .




  (mala prohibita)  


      ,  (white collar crime) .  ,           ,    ,          .

  ,   ,          ,      ( , ,      ),      [69 -  . .   ., 2000;  . . . . 265 284.].







    .    ,     ,     (.),               [70 -  .    :     . ., 2001;  .  . ., 2006;  .  . ., 2008;  .  .  2  . ., 2004; Walmsley R. World Prison Population List // Home Offce. Finding 166. 2002: Walmsley R. Further Developments in the Prison Systems of Central and Eastern Europe. Achievments, Problems and Objectives. Helsinki, 2003.].         [71 -   .:  . . . . 420.].          ,        .  ,         .       ,            堖   ,   ,       .

        (       ) ,  ,    ,  ࠖ :         60%   1989. 39%  2005.;      63%  1989. 48%  2005.;       53%    1989. 48%  2005.       :          10%  1989.  54%  2005.[72 -  ..     . :     / . .. ., 2005. . 142.].   ?



   , ,      ,      .    , ,   . ,            ,       ,   ,   ,           [ ][73 -  .     . :  .  . . 2006. . 135 144.]. ,      2005.,        , , , ,   .   79-   155 .   堖 [74 -  . . . 143 144.].

 :  ,       () ,    ,   ,     ,       ,         .

,    ,     .




    ?[75 -   . 2013. 3. . 282 291.]


  ࠖ   

.


          .      .  ,   ,  . -,        ( . moral panic, fear of crime)[76 - ,  ,   軅]. -,      ,    (  ,  ,     ..). ,    蠖   蠖 ,     ,      .                   ( 11  2001    ,  ,    ..).

      .  蠖    .      ,       : 1)   ? 2) ? 3)  ?

       . ,    ,       .         .  ,                   :



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    ,          ( ,   [77 -  .: , ,  ,  . 2- . :   , 2009.]).  ,        .           .




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   ,      .

.

  :   ,   . :   ,          [78 - White R., Habibis D. Crime and Society. Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 17.].     .     ( )              ,   ࠖ          軠     ,  .

   ,            ?   .    ,           : 1)  ,    2)    (nullum crimen sine lege        ).

,            ,  . ,    堖 ,     ,  . ,     (,  젖 . 121   1960., , ,    蠖 . 209  )  () ,   (  . 171   1996.,   . 197  ).

    ,     ( )   ,  ,  , sui generis, per se.

     (),  (:   ),    ,     :    ,    ,     ..            :    ,    ( ),      ,      ..

 ,           ,    ,  ,          [79 - Berger P., Luckmann T. The Social Construction of Reality. NY: Doubleday, 1966.].              (ex senatusconsultis et plebiscitis crimina exercentur       ),           ,      [80 - Barkan S. Criminology: A Sociological Understanding. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River. 1997; Caffrey S., Mundy C. (Eds.) The Sociology of Crime and Deviance. Greenwich University Press, 1995; De Keseredy W., Schwartz M. Contemporary criminology. Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1996, pp. 45 51; Hester S., Eglin P. Sociology of Crime. N Y. L. Routledge, 1992, pp. 27 46; Muncie J., McLaughin E. (Eds.) The Problem of Crime. SAGE, 1996, p. 13.].      .  .[81 - Hess H., Scheerer S. Was ist Kriminalit?t? // Kriminologische Journal. 1997. Heft 2.]:    ,   ,     .      ,        .     .

      .:       ,    .         [82 - Hulsman L. Critical Criminology and the Concept of Crime // Contemporary Crisis. 1986. N 10, pp. 63 80.].

   ,   ,  ,     ,     ,   .     ,   (invented) ,  .[83 - Robinson M. Why Crime? An Integrated Systems Theory of antisocial Behavior. NJ.: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004, p. 2.].

. ()   ,       .    ,    .[84 - Christie N. A suitable Amount of Crime. NY. L.: Routledge, 2004, pp. 10 11.]      :    (Crime does not exist)[85 - Christie N. Ibid., p. 1.].

        ,            ()  [86 - Maguire M., Morgan R., Reiner R. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 179 337. . : Young J. The Vertigo of Late Modernity. SAGE Publications, 2007.].

      (   80- .  .)  蠖   (Hate crimes), ..     , ,  ,   蠖      [87 - Jacobs J., Potter K. Hate Crimes: Criminal Law & Identity Politics. Oxford University Press, 1998.].    (Hate crime is a social construct)     ,   .                [88 -  ..,     . :    . .:   , 2001. .39 65. .  :   / . .. : , 2011.].              ..[89 -  ..     . , 2004.].

   ,       ,        .         ,   Marlboro,    ,   ,             , .       ,    ,    ,     ,      (      ,    ,              ..).  ,  ࠖ , ,           ,     (   )   (   ).

  ,    ,   ,  [90 - ., :  .    . :  :  . .:   . 1999. . 292 306.].        ,  . ,   ,        ,  ,        , .    :    (     )     ,       . ,  ,     ,       .   ,  ,  ,    [91 - Schur E. Crimes Without Victims. Englewood Cliffs, 1965.].         ໠   

 ,      ,  ,   , ,       ,  , 100%    . ,       ,  91%  100%  ,     ,      (   ,   , ,  .).

              ,   ,       ,   ,   .    ( ) ,  ..:    ,            [92 -  ..,     . ., 2003. . 7.]. ,   (  堖  )     (      )     [93 -  .:  .,     . :    . .:   , 2001. .39 65.].

      , ,  ,       ,    :  (, )       , ,       .      ..   1976.  ,       ,  (  ,   ),   堖 ,  (,    ).  ..     :  ꠖ   ,     ,  ,   .   ,      ()   .  ꠖ    ,     ,     .        ()[94 -  ..   . :  , 1976. . 37.].

    ,    ,       (),    ,  (  ) ,     [95 -  ..: , ,  ,  . 2- . .:   , 2009. . 45.].         :  ,        ,    [96 - Hagan J. Modern Criminology: Crime, Criminal Behavior and its Control. NY: McGraw Hill. 1985, p. 49.]. ,    ,        .




 ?


     ,       ,   ,      ,       ,        .

.

   (),           .     .                  ,   ,    ,      .    .

  ,          .   (  )              ,     ,  ,           ,    .

    ,         , .     :       (..[97 - .:  . 1926. 1. . 30.])  堖     ,          .

,              ,      (correlation versus causation)[98 - Winfree L., Abadinsky H. Understanding Crime. Theory and Practice. Chicago, 1996, pp. 9 11.].

        ,   .   ,     ,         , ,    .   ,             ,   , , ,            ,     .

        頖      . ,    蠖  ,  ,            (      )[99 -  .:  .  . .: , 1975.].      (  ,     [100 -                 ( .    . .: , 1986. . 135).]),    ,   , , ,  .

,       ,         .    (             ),   (, ,  ,    .),  (     , ,  ),    (    , ,    ,  [101 -  ..  :    . . .: , 1995. . 350 405, 623.]).   ,               .

         () ,       .  ,       ,  ,       ,     (           ,  ,    ,    , ,  .      .:    ?).

   ,  ,   .  ,     ,   ,      : ,   (    ,    ,      ,     );  ( , , ,   .); ,   (  ,  ,    , ,   ).



         .    頖 , .          (  ,   ,   ,      ),         - ,   ,       (  ,   ,    ).            (    - )        (   )    .

             . ,     ,     .    ,  ()      ,       - ,    堖      .      , ,  ,  ,    .   ,    ,      [102 -  . . :  : , , . .: , 1972. . 375.].

   ,  ,        ,    ,   ,        . , ,         [103 - .:  ..-     ( .  .). :   . : , 2009.].

 ,     .  .-, .  ., .  .,     ..[104 -  ..  ( ).  2- . , 2003;  .      ( ) //   . 2004, 8;  .  . , 2007.], ..[105 -  ..    :   . , 2007.], ..[106 -  ..      . : -, 2005;  .        . , 2007].

 , , ,    ,   堖  ,       ,  蠖      , , .       ( , ),         (        [107 -  .    . .: , 1981. . 198.]),      [108 -  .  . .: , 1974. .306310, 449-459; Podgorecki A. Patalogia zjcia spolecznego. Warszawa, 1969.].

,        ( . , strain)       ()  , ,  ,         ,      .

     -               (  , , ,  )  .  (excluded)        ,  [109 - ..        , ,     //       , 2004. 6.].

     ,   , -    ,       .




 ?


   ,  -        .

 

  .

..

,   !

,  .   .

-,  (, , )  ,  .     (1623)   (1568-1639),     ,  ,    . ,      (  ࠖ ..)   ,   ,  ,  ,  ,   ,      ,     , ,       , , , , , ,     .        ,    ,       ,       [110 - .  . .-.:  , 1947. . 40.].

,   -     ,   ,       ,  !  ,              ,    . ,          ,  ,     ,   ( , ,   !).

-,         (, )        .                 (, , ,   ..).     ,   ,  ,   ,     .

   .       -  ,        .    (),  , .     (, ,  ,   ,      养)   ,   A.M. [111 - A.M.     . .: , 1985.]    . ,         ,       ,    ,   ()    , , [112 - A.M.  . .,2001. . 14.].

       .   (            )       ,      ,  ,    ().         ,    , [113 - . :  .  :  . .: Ad -ginem, 1999;  ..     . .: , 1957.].     

        . ,      (,  ) .

.          ,      ,   [114 - Mathisen . The Politics of Abolition. Essays in Political action Theory // Scandinavian Studies in Criminology. Oslo-London, 1974; Albanese J. Myths and Realities of Crime and Justice. Third Edition. Apocalypse Publishing, Co, 1990; Hendrics I, Byers B. Crisis Intervention in Criminal Justice. Charles  Thomas Publishing, 1996; Rotwax H. Guilty. The Collapse of Criminal Justice. NY: Random House, 1996; .].

  ,  ,  ,           ,         (   1990-  2000- ,         ). -,           (  ). -,    1974. .-,           ,      .   ,   ,  ( 5-6 )           [115 -  ..          //    . ., 1981. . 35. .4050;  ..   . ., 1985;  .  . .:  , 1991.]. ,   (     )          .      ..[116 - ..  :   . .. , 1930.].     ,    .          . , . ,      - 堖       ,      ,   [117 -  ..    . - . 2- . .: , 2009. . 18.].

         .      ,             .    . ,   ,   .         . ࠖ  ,  , ,  [118 -  .  . . . . 339.].

      ,           ,       ,    .

-,            ,       ,            () .

-,    , , ,     .      ,   堖  2-3 , ..     .

-,               ,           ( , -   ,  ,  ,  ,   ),  ,     ,      (),           ,    ..[119 -  .: Correctional Institutions in Japan. Correctional Bureau Ministry of Justice, 1985; Ingstrup O. Only those who believe can stay the Course in turbulent Times: A Value-based, strategic approach to the Management and development of Corrections. Canadian Centre for Management Development, 1995; Champion D. J. Corrections in the United States. A Contemporary Perspective. Fourth Edition. NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005; King R., McDermott R. The State of our Prisons. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995; Setter R. Corrections: An Introduction. NJ.: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005.  :        .      / . ... , 2012.].

  ,         ,       ꠖ ,      (retributive justice)   ,  (restorative justice)[120 - X.  :      . ., 1998; Abolitionism in History: On another Way of Thinking. Warsaw, 1991; Consedine J. Restorative Justice: Healing the Effects of Crime. Ploughshares Publication, 1995; Contemporary Justice Review: Issues in Criminal, Social and Restorative Justice: Special Issue on The Phenomenon of Restorative Justice, 1998. Vol. 1 1.].      ,        (    )      .

  -       (2001-2011)     (  6500 )[121 - .:  ..   . :     2012. : , 2013.] ,  ,           ,    [122 -         (   ,        ..)    ,       ,      .],       .      .         (Mediation versus imprisonment).

           (War on crime)     (Harm reduction).      11-        :         [123 - Donziger S. The Real War on Crime: The Report of the National Criminal Justice Commission. Harper Collins Published, Inc, 1996, p. 218.].             (community correction)  S. Barcan   [124 - Barkan S. Criminology. A Sociological Understanding. Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River. 1997, p. 542.].

        ,                 堖             ,   ,             [125 - A.3. . . .9, 15,18, 56, 68.]

. ,     . (        ,    :     ,   [126 -  . . ., 1955. . 201.])  .,   ,    .       .

  (, )         ,   ,     () ,     /          .

     ,        [127 -    , . : Lab S. Personal Opinion: Alice in Crime Prevention Land (With Apologies to Lewis Carrol) // Security Journal, Perpetuity Press Ltd. Vol. 12, 3,1999, pp. 67-68.]?

-,    ,     ,      (   ). ,    ,     100%     ,      ?

-,      , .     ,     ?         ,        .          ?

 , , ⠖ ,               .   .  .              .         [128 - .,  .       . : HEUNI, 1995. . : Hendrics J, Byers . Crisis Intervention in Criminal Justice. Charles  Thomas Publ., 1996.].

, ⠖ ,          ,        .         (), . Steinert   1991.:          [129 - Steinert H. The Idea of Prevention and the Critique of Instrumental Reason. In: Albrecht G., Ludwig-Mayerhofer W. (Eds.) Version and Informal Social Control. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter and Co., 1995, pp. 5-16.].

,          ,     .    ,   ,  ,                , ,       ( ,   ,  , , ),         ( , - ).




 


 ,      ,      ().

-      .

堖 ,   (堖 )   .

  ,        (        ),          ,   .

   ,    ( 蠖 . . 116, 128-1, 140, 168, 176, 177, 180, 185-1, 185-2, 185-3, 185-4, 185-6, 193, 198, 199-1, 222, 228, 228-3, 228-4, 242, 242-1, 244, 329     ,      - ).

    .     ;         , ,  ,     ,   .

 -   (  ,     ),  (  ,       )  - .          ,    .

    (restorative justice),         .

 -   (  ,   ,       , ,   ).




   : ,  , [130 -    . 7. 2013.  , 2014. .4258.]


   ,    .

.




I.  


  ,  ,     蠖  ,  ,   ()    ().   .  .:  蠖   [131 - Higgins P., Butler R. Understanding Deviance. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1982.].        [132 - . : . 1)        ? :   / . .. , 2011. .3554; 2)     . : -    / . ., .. , 2012. . 81 100.].            ( ) .               .

          ()              , ,  -  [133 - . :  .:  , -, ,    . 3- . , 2013. .506521.].



,        .   ,  , ,       (= !)       .  ,     ,          .       ,        (, , , ).

    :        ?        ,   堖 ,  , ?[134 -  .  . ., 1985. . 27, 70.]           ., ., ., .  ., ., ., .  .

   XIX              .      ,            

,   XX     ,  ,   ,   - , , ,    , ,   ..          (-   :        ).  ,  蠖  ,    .

      ,  3.   21.04.2011.     :        ,    텻.

 ,        XX.,   ..  .,         ,     .  ,     .   ,  - 젖          ,   ,      ( ,     )     .                         [135 -  3.  . ., 1996. .192, 193.].

      ,           ;    ()   (,  );     ()  ,    , ;  ()   ;     ()   .

 ,     ,  ,  ,                  ,  , .

       .   (            )       ,      ,  ,    ().         ,    , [136 - . :  .  :  . ., 1999;  ..     . ., 1957.].     

                    ()  , .

        (               )     (, , , ,   .), .. , , ,  ,   ()       ,    ()    [137 -  .  . ̅ 1969. . 210.].

 ,                . ..  ,    ,        .  ,    .     , , ,     , ,  -  -.             ,           (   ,     ), ,         ,   ,     ,        ,    ,   ,     ,     .    ,          , ,  ,   ,    [138 -  ..  . ., 1999. .3839.].   ,           ,    ,  ,    ,        

   :

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   ()      ;

       (, , ,   ,   ,  ..);

      ,     ;

           ,    ,  ,       (),    ;

 , ,         (     , , ,   neighbourhood watch):

  , ,  ,     () .

 ,            ,        [139 -  .:     / . .., .., ... ., 2004.].

 ,      (   ,    ), ,   ,   ,      (      ),       ,        , .

     ,  ,      (),     . ,       ,          ,    .  . ,       ,      ,        ,         .         ,       .




II.     


 1950- 1960-   ,            (   100. )     [140 - ., .:  ..: , ,  ,  . 2- . ., 2009. .7780.].   2002-2007 ,    ,          . ,     23,1  2001.  10,1  2012., ..     .        ,  ( 250,3  2006.  70,4  2012),  ( 44,4  2005.  13,7  2012.)     .               ,           1990-  2000- . , , ,  ,    .            ,   ,    . ,       72,2  2002.  33,2  2011.,    0,6  2004.  0,3  2011.,    1,2  2002.  0,8  2011.,    10,6  2000.  6,4  2011.,    11,4  1999.  4,8  2011.[141 - International Homicide, Count and Rate per 100 000 population (1995-2011). UNODC, 2013.]




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   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/yakov-ilich-gilinski/deviantnost-prestupnost-socialnyy-kontrol-v-obschestv/)  .

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