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    .. (3.02.194930.12.2000),      .        ,       ., ., ., ., ., ., ., .-  .,    ,      ,        ,    ,   ,   .

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       25       ,            ,  ,      .   ,          ,      ,   , ,      ,             (1945, . 97).     , ,  ,   ,  ,  ,   ,          .

      ,   ,       .       ,      ,           . ,     ,     ,            .      ,          .    ,          .       -   ,         (., ., Olmsted, 1950). , ,    .      (: Sapir. Time Perspective, 1916),          ,    :      (Voegelin and Harris, 1945, . 457),           ;  (: Mead, 1939,   Lowie, 1940)         ;   (, 1941)          , , ,    .   ,     (           ),    -     ,   ,        (Carrol et al., 1951, p. 4).

1.     (      ,      )  ,       ,     .       ,   .  :



,        ,        ,  ,  , ,  ,      ,     ,   ,       ;      ,     ,    . ,    ,  (   ) ,      ,      (1949, p. 36).


,     ,      :



      ,                   .   ,        ,       ,    ,        ,  .

      ,         ,  ,  ,     .           ,  .  ,   Polly wants a cracker (  )      ,           (Polly wants a)     .       ,          ;      Polly wants a cracker   .    ,   :             (1949b, p. 45).


    ,               ,    .     ,   (        )      ,   .   ,           , ,   .   ,        ( ),     ,    . , ,        ,    ,     -        ?

 ,         -   (  ),        ,      .                ?  ,           ,    .          ,        ;   ,           ,     ,     . ,              ,  ,      ( ),    . ,  ,    ,     ,    ,    ,         .

 ,   ,      . ,       , -   ,  ࠖ     ,   .    ,     ,         ,         (1945, p. 98).          ;       ,     .  ,       - ,   ( )   ,       ,       .         ,      (          ,       ),           ,        ,     .               ,  ,    ,              , ,    ,    ,       .

       .      ,   ,        ,        (  )     . ,      ,      ()  Polly wants a cracker,  ,        . ,     ,   ;     ,      ,           . ,     ,            (Sapir, 1921, p. 235). ,           ,  ꠖ    ,    ,   ,            ,             ,      .   ,         ,          .

2.  ,  ꠖ    , ,            . ,  ,              ,       젖    蠖   ,    . ,   ,               ,      (1933, p. 11).    ,                  .

                       .    ,                   ,        ,  ,  ,   . , ,  -, ,    ,         ,          . ,   ,         ,       .    ,    ,                  , , ,   .

            . ,                        . ,       ,    ,   -         ,   ,   , ,        ,       .   :    ,         ,      - ,    ,      .

     ,   ,   ,   :



,   ,      ;         ,         .           ,    (   ,   )      .          ,          (1916, p. 432).


    ;          :        (1936)      :     (1941).

         ,      ,        ,    ,   ,      .                 ,  ,      .        : ,     -  ,      ,    . ,      ,            ,               .             (1921, p. 234).

, ,      ,    ,  ,   ,     ,    .         ,      ,   : ,   堖    ,   ,         .       .

3.   ,  ,  ,              .   ,  ,  ,    ,    ,   ,  ,    ,         ,       .     :



ꠖ     .          ,           .             ,    :           ,       .   ,      ,  ,   ,              ,    .     ,    ,          .        ,             . ,     ,   ,          ,    .

, ,               :       ,         .         ,    ,      ,  . , ,       ,         (straight), 堖   (crooked),  (curved),   (zigzag)  ,             .  ,        ,   ,    ,            (1929, p. 162).


    ,   ,     [  ]  ,    .  ,      qua  ,      ,          (1941c, p. 75).  ,  , ,  ,            ,     ,       ,          , ,    ,         (1941c, p. 77).

          ,           .   , ,        ,    ,        ,    .    ,  father (), mother (), brother (), sister (), cousin ( , ),       ,      .    -, ,    ,  ,   :  , k?s  -l?h,        ,           . -k?s ,        ,  -l?h   ,    .         ,  , ,      .  -,   ,  k?s,   ,             ;       ,            . ,  ,      l?h, ,    ,      ;      -l?h ,     (Opler, 1941).

       ,     .   ,  ,   ,  ,    white (), red ()  yellow (),   ,      black (), gray (), brown (), blue (), green ().      ,   ,    , 頖   ,  .    gray  brown     - ,     blue  green.  ,       ,     ,  ,    .

       ,     .

 ,           (  tu, vous),        .       he (), she (), it ();  ,       ,   .         : 1)    ,   ,  ,    ; 2)   ,    , ,      (  ),  ,      (  ,     ); 3)   , ,       ; 4)  ,     ,   .

         -   tn?og?h,   ( )   Dripping Springs ( ).  ,    ,      -,               ; ,      ,         .                 .  t,    ,   n?og?h, , ,    .   tn?og?h         ,     ,      ,   ,    .

  ,         ,         ,      .  , ,        -     -k?s,          ( )           . , ,     ,        ,  -k?s  -l?h,      .      ,  ,      brown ()  gray ()  젖 blue ()  green (),       ,    .       ,      ,    ,        -       ,   ,   black.

    ,         ,   ,               . ,          (      ,    ),      ,  ,     ,          .       ( )    ,   ,         ,   .              ,  ,    .  :



               .  ,    ,       ;   ࠖ        .         ,        ,  ,                ,      .           ,        (1924, p.153).


4.   ,  ,    3, ,    .,           (1941c).               :    (1940b),     (1941a)     (1941b).       1949.    , ,    (),       (Four Articles on Metalinguistics).       .

 ,    ,    ,  , -,        .  , ,      ,                      ,  ,     (,   ..), ,     ,    ,      ,     :  ,      (1941c, p. 77).        ,         .  ,            -   (,    )  ,       ,                ,      , ,      ,     (1941c, p. 92).

   ,   ,      ,   ,  ;      ,         .         []           ,       ,     ,       . ,      ,               ,       (1941c, p. 84).

 ,  ,      ,    ,           ,          .   ,    , ,          젖           ,   ,            (1948, p. 215).    ,        ,      ,     ,          .             ,     .

   , ,       ;        ,      ,   .          .     :



        ,        .  The grass waves in the wind (   )              ,   The man works in the house (   ). ,             ,     ,            ,    .        ,   ,               -   , , : The grass is waved by the wind (  )  The wind causes the grass to wave (   ).     ,    ,       ,              ,    .     Friction causes such and such a result (   -  - )     The grass waves in the wind (   ).        ,      ,            ,    (1916, p.1011).


5.  ,            .       ,       ,        ,  , .  ,               ,  time (), space (), substance (), matter ().    ,    ( )  -   ,  , ,         ,        ,   (SAE),    (Standart Average European (1941c, p.7778).

 , ,    ,     : (1)      ,   ,   ,           ? (2)      ()      ()   ? (1941c, p. 78).

    ,          ,  ,     (, , ,   )       ,     (,    ,  ..).       ,     :                ,                  (1921, p.234).      ,     (. . 4),   ,     ( )    ,     raison d?tre[1 -   (.).]   . , ,   ,     ,  :     ,     ,  ,           ,        ,                   (1921, p.23334).

    , ,          : (a)   , () ,   , ()  , ()     () , , .        :

a) E        (cardinal number plus plural noun)      : ,  ten apples ( )  ten men ( ),      ,   ,  ten days ( ),    ,        .   ,             ,        () ;    .    ten days          ,      until the eleventh day (  )  after the tenth day (  ).           ,            ,    (      -),   ,           .

b)        :  (),      (, dog (), man (), stick ()),   (),          (, air (), water (), milk ()).     ,   ,   ;              ,    ,  of  ,  ,   glass of water ( )  piece of cheese ( ).          container full of something (,  -),  ,   cup of coffee ( ), bowl of milk ( )  bag of flour ( ),                 (body type), , , piece of wood ( ), lump of coal ( )  pane of glass ( ).  ,     (container contents)       ,         - stuff (), matter ()  substance ()            .           ,        (1941, . 80).

    , ,    ,    ,       .          , ,        ,    ,         :     (Whorf, 1941c, p. 80).

c) ,         ,  summer (), morning (), sunset ()  hour (),       .     (summer has come) ( ),  (he likes the summer) (  ),        (one summer ( )  many summers (  ),          (forty summers) (  ),  ,  ,   .                .  ,  time()         ,   ,        moment of time ( ) (  glass of water ( )  piece of wood ( ))   ,   (a summer)   ,    - ,  (time) (Whorf, 1941c, p. 81).

   ,   ,        ;     ,   temporals ( ).  ,  ,    ,  , , ,   .  ,       ,    , ,     (getting later).         ,   time (ibid.).

d)   ,           ,   , ,  ,         ,        .       ,  ,   ,  ,    ,      :   ,    .  ,  ,     ,   , ,      , ,              ,         ,           (ibid., p. 82).      ,          ,     (, Man is mortal ( )),     (, I see him (  )),      (, We see with our eyes (   )).

      ,   ,    ,  .      : (1)  ,        , (2)   ,   , (3)      .       ;  ,    ,       ,    ,     ,   .            ,        (ibid., p. 82.).

e),    ,  ,     ,  ,       .           , ,   (size),  () (number (plurality)),  (position),  (shape)   (motion).   ,   long (), short (), great (), much (), quick (), slow ()  ..;  large (), great (), much (), heavy (), light (), high (), low (), sharp (), faint ()  ..;  more (), increase (), grow (), turn (), get (), approach (), go (), come (), rise (), fall (), stop (), smooth (), even (), rapid (), slow (); ..     ,       ,          .     ,  early (), late (), soon (), lasting (), intense (), very (), tending (),    ,   .  , ,          ,      (     ,   );    ,   (ibid., p. 83).

  ,   ,   .   ,   ,         ,      ,       ,  ,    .         ,     (voices)  ,      ,  .  ,    ,  (tensors),    ,   , ,           ,        .          (ibid., p.8384).

7.  ,    6,                ,  ,  ,      ,        ,     .

       ,  ,    things (  ),   ,   ,    (substances)   (matter).        ,    -        ,   ,      ,    .     ,        (1941c, p. 84).  ,   ,



-,         (events),     (eventing),       . ,  ,    ,  ,  ,  , ,       . ,  ,         ,     ()   ,     .  ,         (become later and later)  ;         ,  , 堖   ,    ,            - .     ,     ,    , , , ,   .         ,  ,   ,   ,       .               , , ,       (quality of reality),      (matter),   (stuff) (ibid., p. 84].


,             ,   ,  ,    , ..  ,          ,  .     ,       ,  ,    :          ,      ,     ,              (ibid., p. 85).         : ,  ,  ,         .       , - (Crier Chief).     , ,    ,  ,     .. (     ,    ), ,   , ,    , , , ,  ,      (,   ),  ()      , ,     , ,     ,        ,  (ibid., p. 85).

 ࠖ      ,   ,            (ibid., p. 85).  ,     ,        ,    , ,  ,     .  ,               ,      (ibid., p.8586).    ,       ,  ,   , ,   , ,       .          .   , ,    ,    ,   ,   (ibid., p. 86).

 ࠖ    ,       ,    , ,   ,            ..          ,        (ibid., p.8687).

, ,      ,           ,       , ,                  .  ,      , - ,   ,    ,     ,    .    ,                  ,   ,      ;         , ..    .        ,    ,      ,       ,       ,    , ,   ,    (ibid., p. 87).

8.               ,  ,      :    ,  ,    ,       , .. ,  ,   ,   (ibid., p. 87).  ࠖ ,   ,     ,   ,   ,      ,      .    ( , , ),    ,      ,        .     ,     ,        .   ,  ,             ,      , , ,     (ibid., p. 88).

       ,       ,   -    ,     , , ,    (Whorf, 1941, p.88),     ,     .     ,   ,   ,    ,    , , , ,               , , , , ,    .  ,      ,        ,               , , ,       ,  Ż (ibid., p. 89).

9.          ,   , ,  ,    ,      .  ,     ,     :    ,    [   ]  ?   :     ?    :



    ,     .        ,          .  ,     ,     .        -   ,            (ibid., p. 91).


 , ,              ,    .         ;     , , ,   ,  , , ,       .        ,   ,    ,       ,   ,             .        ,   ,        .

       :               ,    (,   )    ,     , , ,  ,     (,    ),     ,      ?             ,    ࠖ    ,    -  ?

          (,  , Carrol et al., 1951, p.37),  , , , , -,    , , -,    (    )        ,        .

 ,          ,      (  , ),               .   ,          ,        ,     ,           .       ,  ,             ,                 .  ,           ,       ; ,      .

,        ,   ,          , ,         ,           ,       . ,     ,   - ,     :   ,       ,      .           .      ( )  ,  ,    ,    .  ,      (1941c)     (1951),          ,   ,     ,     (1948, p.21638),       ,  .

10.  ,   ,    ,    .      (     ,            , ,    ? (1941c, p. 78)),  ,   ,   ,    ,   ,  , -,          .



        .         -       , ,    .   ,      ,    in toto    ,         .  ,     , ,   ,          ,           .         ,    ,      ,        - . ,     -  ;     ;        ,      ,      ,        (1941c, p. 92).


     ,   , ,



,    ,   ,       (concept of space)      ,      (, ,     )         ,  ,   ,   .          ,   ,              ,  , , ,     ,      ,       .           ,    ,      (ibid., p.9293).


   ,     (     )      )   ? (ibid., p. 78)),   :



        ,        .                -,  ,      ,   ,   .  ,          ,   堖   ,      ,         ,   ,     .  ,  -, , ,       ,    ,  , ,  ,    .      ,    ,    ,    ,       (   ,          )   , ,   ,   ,    ,               (ibid., p. 93).


11.  ,        ,    ,          (.: Lee, 1938, 1944a,b).      :     (Conceptual Implications of an Indian Language)      (Linguistic Reflection of Wintu Thought).

     :



,        ,    . , ꠖ     ,    .       ,       ,           .           , Weltanschauung[2 -  (.).] .

,     ,              (1938, p. 89).


12.  ,           (   I  II),     (, wir-, I  wer-, II).   I    ,         ,     (     )   ,         (1938, p.94).

      I  ,     .               ,         ,       (ibid., p. 90).      , : 1)         ; 2)       ,      ,      ; 3)           ,      (,   , ,   ..); 4)            (, ,  ,             ,   ,  ,  ,   ); 5)           ,    ,        (, ,  ,            , :   ).



 ,  ,       ,     .  ,   ,        ,   ,         (ibid., p. 92).    : 1)    , 2)     ,  3)    ,     ,    (ibid., p. 93).


  II    ,         ,   ,      ,    (ibid., p. 89).  ,    ,       ,    . ,    ,   .   -  ,       .     .     ,  ,  ,      ,      (ibid., p. 95).

  II      ,  , -,    ,    ,   ,   ,       ,    .   ,   ,       (ibid., p. 94).  ,   II   ,      , ,  , , ; ,     , , ,    ,       (ibid., p. 95).

  ,   , ,   ,       ,       , .  ,    ,         ,      .     ,     ;        ,           -nte ( ) (ibid., p. 102).

13.       (1944b),      ,       ,    .  ,         ,       .  ,   ,       : man ()  wiDa,  men ()  qis (ibid., p. 181).          ,     ,  ,           . ,   ,    (whiteness), ..  ,  ,  ,   ,    (the white one);    (deer)    (,     (he hunted deer),   ,    (,    (he shot a deer).               ,        ,        .    sem   .       (hand)    (both hands)  , ,    ;          semum,  (fingers) (ibid., p. 182).

       I  II     ,     (  ) ,   (, sem, ),  ,       (, semum, ).    I    ,         () ,  ,              , ,    , -,     (ibid., p. 183).  ,      ,     ,         II.



        ,  .             ,         ;  ,    ,       .  ,        (ibid., p. 183).


  (          ),       ,   ,       .    ,      ,     .        .   ,     ,    .          ,    ,         .     ,     , ,   (ibid., p. 181).

    ,               ,       ,        ,        ,   , ,  this (, );    ( ),   ,  , neD  neDDan: my father ( ),           ,     , , ,  ,  ,   .  ,    ,        .         ; 堖  ,     (ibid., p. 185).

       ,        . ,  ,  ,   ,    ;   ,    ,   .    ,   ,    ,    , ,      .   , ,  , , -,    , ,    -,    ,  , ,    (fire)    (a fire).          .        -,   ,     .   , , , , ,        (ibid., p. 186).

14.,       ,            .       ;   ,   ,       ,      (Astrov) (1950)   (Hoijer) (1948, 1951)  ,  (Lee) (1940)   ,   (Whorf) (1940a)   .          (.:  (Kroeber), 1941;  (Nida), 1945;    (Voegelin and Harris), 1945;  (Greenberg), 1948;  (Hockett), 1949;  (Emeneau), 1950;  (Olmsted), 1950; , 1950; - (Levi-Strauss), 1951),    ,    ,   ,     .    ; ,   ,    ,     .

15. ,   ,      ,  ;   ( ),  ( )   ( )         ,    .  ,    (1941c, p. 93),       ,   ,     ,                  .   ,   ,    , ,             ,     .      ,              ,     .   ,     ,    ,           (1941b, p.16),             .         蠖  ꠖ     .    ,       ,     ,  ,           (1941b, p.18).




Astrov, Margot. 1950. The Concept of Motion as the Psychological Leitmotif of Navaho Life and Literature // Journal of American Folklore. LXIII. P.4556.

Carrol, John B., et al. 1951. Report and Recommendations of the Interdisciplinary Summer Session // Psychology and Linguistic, June 18-August 10, 1951. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University. (Mimeographed.)

Emeneau, M.B. 1950. Language and Non-Linguistic Patterns // Language. XXVI. P.199209.

Greenberg, Joseph. 1948. Linguistics and Ethnology // Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. IV. P.14047.

Herzog, George. 1941. Culture Change and Language: Shifts in the Pima Vocabulary // Spier, Leslie (ed.). Language, Culture, and Personality. P.6674. Menasha, Wis.

Hockett, Charles. 1949. Biophysics, Linguistics, and the Unity of Science // American Scientist. XXXVI. P.55872.

Hoijer, Harry. 1948. Linguistic and Cultural Change // Language. XXIV. P.335345.

1951. Cultural Implications of Some Navaho Linguistic Categories // Ibid. XXVII. P.111120.

Kluckhohn, Clyde, and Kelly, William. 1945. The Concept of Culture // Linton, Ralph (ed.). The Science of Man in the World Crisis. P.76106. New York: Columbia University Press.

Kluckhohn, Clyde, and Leighton, Dorothea. 1948. The Navaho. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Kroeber, A.L. 1941. Some Relations of Linguistics and Ethnology // Language. XVII. P.287291. Lee, D. Demetracopoulou. 1938. Conceptual Implications of an Indian Language // Philosophy of Science. V. P.89102.

1940. A Primitive System of Values // Ibid. VII. P.355379.

1944a. Categories of the Generic and Particular in Wintu // American Anthropologist. XLVI. P.362369.

1944b. Linguistic Reflection of Wintu Thought // International

Journal of American linguistics. X. P.181187.

Levi-Strauss, Claude. 1951. Language and the Analysis of Social Laws // American Anthropologist. LIII. P.155163.

Lowie, Robert H. 1940. Native Languages as Ethnographic Tools // American Anthropologist. XLII. P.8189.

Mead, Margaret. 1939. Native Languages as Fieldwork Tools // American Anthropologist. XLI. P.189205.

Nida, Eugene A. 1945. Linguistics and Ethnology in Translation Problems // Word. I. N 2. P.115.

Olmsted, David L. 1950. Ethnolinguistics So Far // Studies in Linguistics, Occasional Papers. N 2.

Opler, Morris E. 1941. An Apache Life-Way: The Economic, Social, and Religious Institutions of the Chiricahua Indians. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Sapir, Edward[3 -  .   : .      : . . /. . . . ... .:   , , 1993.]. 1916. Time Perspective in Abordinal American Culture: A Study in Method // Selected Writings of Edward Sapir. P.389462. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1949.

1921. Language. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.

1924. The Grammarian and His Language // Selected Writings of Edward Sapir. P.150159.

1929. The Status of Linguistics as a Science // Ibid. P.160166.

1933. Language // Ibid. P.732.

1936. Internal Linguistic Evidence Suggestive of the Northern

Origin of the Navaho // Ibid. P.213224. Voegelin, C.F. 1949a. Linguistics without Words // Word. V. P.3642.

1949b. Relative Structurability // Ibid. P.4445.

1950. A Testing Frame for Language and Culture // American Anthropologist. LII. P.432435.

1951. Culture, Language, and the Human Organism // South-western Journal of Anthropology. VII. P.357373.

Voegelin, C. F., and Harris, Zellig. 1945. Linguistics in Ethnology // Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. I. P.455465.

Whorf, Benjamin L. 1940a. Gestalt Techniques of Stem Composition in Shawnee // Prehistory Research Series, Indiana Historical Society. I. N 9. P.393406.

1940b. Science and Linguistics // Four Articles on Metalinguistics. P.15. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute, Department of State, 1949.

1941a. Linguistics as an Exact Science // Ibid. P.712.

1941b. Language and Logic // Ibid. P.1318.

1941c. The Relation of Habitual Thought and Behavior to Language // Ibid. P.2038.




.

    





   


 ,    ,   ,      ,       .               ,               .             . ,           ,         :       ,         .   ,          ,     .             ,   ,    -;       .       ,     .      .         . Verba volant, scripta manent[4 -  ,   (.).].             .             ,  ,   ,        .         ,           .

      ,      .     ,      頖  ,  ,      蠖  .

,          .       .  ,          ,   ,      ,   ,    , ,             .     ,  ,  ,       .            ࠖ      ,   .    ,    ,             . ꠖ  -ꠖ      .  ,    ,  ,         .

         ,    ,      ( .  . . 345) ,   , .   ,   ,         ,     ,  .   ,       , -,    ,   - Ursprache (),   ,   -.  ,       ,      .              ,  Lautwandel  Bedeutungswandel[5 -      (.).],            ⠖     ⠖         .  ,  ,    ,       젖 ,    젖  ,   ,    ,            .




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3


 .   : .      : . . /. . . . ... .:   , , 1993.




4


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5


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