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 Text Copyright 2009 by Daniel Ammann. Published by arrangement with St. Martin's Press. All rights reserved.

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 1

  


,    .             [1 - Leonardo Maugeri, The Age of Oil: The Mythology, History, and Future of the World's Most Controversial Resource (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 2006).          Eni       ,     .].           ;   ,   .         ,          .           .        .     .      蠖        .     .   ,       [2 -  . .     ,   . .:  , 2016. 956 .].

          .       ,      ,     $2  .   2008.      $140[3 -  1970.   36     (   ).     $2.        $4,11   2008. (AAA American Automobile Association, www.fuelgaugereport.com).].        .  1970- .          , ,           .          .    .    ,      ,   ,          .        ,        .

        堖 ,     ,   .          ,    .        ,  , , .       ,            ,   ,      .

    ,       .        -,      1983. -                .         ,            2001.,       ,      Forbes[4 - Robert Lenzner, "Candidates Need an Economic Clue," Forbes, June 9, 2008.].    , ,     ,             19972002.,          [5 - .  U. S. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform. The Controversial Pardon of International Fugitive, 5. (堖 Controversial Pardon).].

   ,     -  -  ? ,      , , ,       ?        ,   20          ?                 ,        [6 - A.Craig Copetas, Metal Men: How Marc Rich Defrauded the Country, Evaded the Law, and Became the World's Most Sought-After Corporate Criminal (New York: Putnam, 1985).].  ,       1983., -        .      ,       ,   ,   .      , ,    ,    .      .  -      20  .    ,     .       .         .

  ,      2006.,   .       ,     .     .

   ,      .   :          ,    ,   - 頖  ,   ?   ,         ,      [1 - ,  (Rudolph William Louis Giuliani; . 1944.)  .   ,   19942001.  -,         . . .].       ,     ?        ?   ,     ,          .   ,   ,         .

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 2

 



   -   .    ,    ,     .          22 ,       .     ,       .  , ,   ,  ,   ,  .  !  ,     . ,          ,       .    .    ,     ,   :   . [8 -        2007.].   ,   .

       .         젖  ,  ,      .        ,       .      ,       .     ,    ,      . ,  ,      74 ,    - ,   .  ,     2001.   ,   .  ,     .     ,       ,  ,               [9 - "The 10 Most Notorious Presidential Pardons," www.time.com/time/2007/presidential_pardons/10.html (http://www.time.com/time/2007/presidential_pardons/10.html)].

  ,        ,    .     ,    ,    ࠖ           ,     Financial Times?[10 - Financial Times, September 1, 1988.] ,   ,                ?           ?       ?      ?         ?    ?        ?

   ,     .  . ,             : ,  :   [11 - A. Craig Copetas, "The Sovereign Republic of Marc Rich," Regardie's, February 1, 1990.].      ,          .      -,    -񻠖    .       ,   ,   -       .          -.            .

     .  ,  Rolling Stones,  40     1968.,         .   ,     ,      뻠 ,     .    ,    ,              . ,    , ,      .

 ,             ,     [12 -     ,          .].    ,  ,  ,    ,     [13 - "Marc Rich Indicted in Vast Tax Evasion Case," New York Times, September 20, 1983.].          蠖     .

   ,     -   . 19  1983.,  ,          -  () .      ,     ,         .          .  The New York Times     [14 -    ( 1984.)  65 . Indictment, U.S. v. Marc Rich, Pincus Green, et al., March 6, 1984, S 83 Cr. 579.].

  ,    48 ,  51 [15 -     11  2009.].         $48      ,       蠖      . ,     ,      ,          .        ,             .             ,   -  Marc Rich + Co. AG (AG  Aktiengesellschaft,  ),    .

              , 蠖   -,            ,    Google         [16 - Controversial Pardon, 109.]. ,           . -  ,   ,    []   [17 -   ,    1200   Petit Upmanns. "Kennedy, Cuba and Cigars," Cigar Aficionado, Autumn 1992.].        .

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              -.       ,             .                 ,     .    ,        ,  ,   ,  .       .             MARC RICH GROUP.    ,     ,  .  ,        ,         .  ,      .      ,   ,       .

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        ,   .           .      .     ,      ,   ,   ,     . ,     . ,    .  ,       ,       ,     ,        .            ,        ercedes.

    ,           .      ,    ,        ,   .     .    ,   ,   .    ,   - ,      .        14    . (        12.)

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    ,     .        -   ,       .  ,  ,        .  ,        .   ,      .        Cohiba    ,       .  7  1962.  ,      ,    .            ,     -             [18 - BP, Chevron, Esso, Gulf, Mobil, Shell  Texaco.    1960- .     ,      Eni,       .].

  ,    ,        .     ,  :             .     蠖    ,   ,   .   堖           .      1996.  27 .   蠖  -      .             ,    2007.    ,           .       ,    ,      .

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             ,     .      ,    : ,  ;   ,    ,    74 . ,    ,  ,                ,    ,         ,    .

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    ໠       .       ,    .     ?         ?     :     .       ,            .   , ,     ,          .

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   -            .     ,          .  ,     .    ,   ,  . ,    ,   .   [ ]          ,           ,   ,    [24 -  , 16.].

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,      ,      .  ,       ,           ,       [26 - .  Controversial Pardon, 5.].

    ,         ,     1980. .      ,   20            ,   ,     ,    ,      [27 - "The Billionaires," Fortune, June 28, 1993.      $2,3.].




 


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 ,  !      ,    ,   ,        .     -,    ,  .     ,    ,  .

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          蠖  ,      1992.          (. . 16).

   1990-      .    ,       .  ,  ,      .                 .    .   ,    ,        , .          .         - ,         .

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        ,   1938.   젖  ,       .

    30  1939.,        ,         .       :             ,      ,     ,    ,      ![28 - Lucy S. Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews, 19331945 (New York: Bantam, 1986), 33.]

   ,  ,    ࠖ 8  1940.   . ,     ,      .    1902. - ,        ,     .      - ,     .       -  ,      ,           .

       1200      .      ⠖ ,      .            ,         . 30  1933.     ;    .    ,     . ,    ,      .

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           XVI.[29 - Fernand Braudel, The Perspective of the World, vol. 3of Civilization and Capitalism 15th 18th Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 143.]      :  ,  .           ,    .     ,       .         ,    ,  ,    [30 - David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations (New York: Norton, 1998).].

,    1933.     ,     .     80%   [31 - Eric Laureys, "The Plundering of Antwerp's Jewish Diamond Dealers, 19401944,  Confiscation of Jewish Property in Europe, 19331945 (Washington: Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, U. S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2003), 5774.]. 90%      ,       ,        ,  .       ,     , .         :  ,   , ,   .       .      ,    .         .

     蠖 ,      ,     ,      .           .     ,  18  1934.,   ,    .   젖   ,   .     ,   .

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  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/daniel-ammann/neftyanoy-korol-sekretnaya-zhizn-marka-richa/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes









1


,  (Rudolph William Louis Giuliani; . 1944.)  .   ,   19942001.  -,         . . .




2


                     1988. . .










1


Leonardo Maugeri, The Age of Oil: The Mythology, History, and Future of the World's Most Controversial Resource (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 2006).          Eni       ,     .




2


 . .     ,   . .:  , 2016. 956 .




3


 1970.   36     (   ).     $2.        $4,11   2008. (AAA American Automobile Association, www.fuelgaugereport.com).




4


Robert Lenzner, "Candidates Need an Economic Clue," Forbes, June 9, 2008.




5


.  U. S. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform. The Controversial Pardon of International Fugitive, 5. (堖 Controversial Pardon).




6


A.Craig Copetas, Metal Men: How Marc Rich Defrauded the Country, Evaded the Law, and Became the World's Most Sought-After Corporate Criminal (New York: Putnam, 1985).




7


 ,       ,         ,    .




8


       2007.




9


"The 10 Most Notorious Presidential Pardons," www.time.com/time/2007/presidential_pardons/10.html (http://www.time.com/time/2007/presidential_pardons/10.html)




10


Financial Times, September 1, 1988.




11


A. Craig Copetas, "The Sovereign Republic of Marc Rich," Regardie's, February 1, 1990.




12


    ,          .




13


"Marc Rich Indicted in Vast Tax Evasion Case," New York Times, September 20, 1983.




14


   ( 1984.)  65 . Indictment, U.S. v. Marc Rich, Pincus Green, et al., March 6, 1984, S 83 Cr. 579.




15


    11  2009.




16


Controversial Pardon, 109.




17


  ,    1200   Petit Upmanns. "Kennedy, Cuba and Cigars," Cigar Aficionado, Autumn 1992.




18


BP, Chevron, Esso, Gulf, Mobil, Shell  Texaco.    1960- .     ,      Eni,       .




19


    ,  ,     .




20


Donella H. Meadows, Dennis L. Meadows, Jorgen Randers, and William W. Behrens III, The Limits to Growth (New York: Universe Books, 1992).       1957.  Shell   .     .




21


 ,    Elders IXL, . : John N. Ingham and Lynne B. Feldman, Contemporary American Business Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1990), 557.




22


Richard M. Auty, (1993). Sustaining Development in Mineral Economies: The Resource Curse Thesis (London: Routledge, 1993); Jeffrey D. Sachs and Andrew M. Warner, Natural resource abundance and economic growth. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 5398, December 1995.




23


U. S. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform. "Take Jack's Word: The Pardons of International Fugitives Marc Rich and Pincus Green," chapter 1 of Justice Undone: Clemency Decisions in the Clinton White House. HR Report 454, 107th Congress, 2nd session (2002). (堖 Take Jack's Word.)




24


 , 16.




25


 , 14.




26


.  Controversial Pardon, 5.




27


"The Billionaires," Fortune, June 28, 1993.      $2,3.




28


Lucy S. Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews, 19331945 (New York: Bantam, 1986), 33.




29


Fernand Braudel, The Perspective of the World, vol. 3of Civilization and Capitalism 15th 18th Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 143.




30


David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations (New York: Norton, 1998).




31


Eric Laureys, "The Plundering of Antwerp's Jewish Diamond Dealers, 19401944,  Confiscation of Jewish Property in Europe, 19331945 (Washington: Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, U. S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2003), 5774.


