  .       
  


  ,          ,     ?  ,     ,   ,     , ,        .   ,   ,     .       ,  , ,    ,      .

      ,   .       ,        .   -   ,           .

    .





  

  .       



   Brockman, Inc.



   



  .

                    .



Published by arrangement with William Morrow, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers

 Lisa Feldman Barrett, 2017

    ,    , .  ,  , 2018


* * *










. ,    


14 2012       -   .     ,     .        ,             .         ,     .      .



      .   ,            ,   .                 ,     .      ,   [1 -   ,   .      heam.info/malloy (http://heam.info/malloy).].


     ,  ,     .       ,  , ,    .      .    .   .   ,       .       .

,     ,  蠖   ,  ,     .   , ,          .          .

           .     ,     -    ,   ,     ,  .

      :     .       .    -     ,      ,  -  .         ,     ,      .         .          .

     ,        .             ,     .   ⠖    軠            .   ,  ,   .          ,        ,        [2 -        ,     㠖         .     ,  ,    .].             ᠫ,    ,          .

    ,          ,      ,    . ,      ,      ,  ,    .         ,     ,       .    , ,          ,   ,           .

   ,     ,       ,        .     :   ,             ,  ,    ,   ,        .   ,    ,  ,           ,  - .   ,              .      堖    [3 -    . Tracy and Randles 2011; Ekman and Cordaro 2011; Roseman 2011.].

     ,     .     ,     ,   ,    ,     ,     .              .       .      .

         .     .    , , ,  ,    .   蠖    ,    -ࠖ     ,     .                   ,   .  Facebook   ,   [4 -  ,   .    ;  heam.info/magazines (http://heam.info/magazines). ,   : Sharrock 2013.   heam.info/facebook-1 (http://heam.info/facebook-1).].

       .      (Lie to Me) 蠫 (Daredevil)   ,          .    ,  蠖     ,     ,      (Inside Out)  Pixar.   Affectiva Realeyes           .   [5 -           . . .]          蠫    .         ()           [6 -     .    heam.info/analytics-1 (http://heam.info/analytics-1).     . ESPN2014.   heam.infp/bucks (http://heam.infp/bucks).                   .].

  ,          .    ,                ,        .        , ,          . ,     ,      ,       ,       頖   ,          .

                     ,    ,      .                 .       -   ,      ,    ,    ,   .         ⻠       .    ,          .         ( ,     )   .

,        .        .   ,      ,  蠖   ,     .

      ?          ,      .  ,   ,     ,     .   ,     .    ;   .           ,     ,   ,    ,    .  ,      ,      .      ,    ,     ,     [7 -   . Searle 1995.].

 ,      ,          .    ,    -     ,      .   , ,     ,   ,    ,   ,        .    ,            ,    ,     ,     .     ,         .       ,     .     ,    .

 ,      .         .       ,   ,    ,    -     .       ,  ,        -  ,    ,   .     , ,  ,         .

          ,  ,    .         ,  ,  ,     ,       ,    ,     .           ,   ,      .      ,  ,  ,      ,   ,       .

          ,    .            :       ?      ,   ?         ?

       .      ,          ,      .       ,     ,         ,   ,           ,    .           ,   ,     .

   ,     ?             ,      .        ,             ,     .        SPOT (     )             ,    ,        .   .        ,      ,     ,    ,      [8 -   900 . Government Accountability Office (GAO) 2013.       SPOT   HIDE (    );  heam.info/spot-1 (http://heam.info/spot-1).].

 ,              ,      .   , ,  ,      ,    ,   ,  ,        .       65      .  ,         :  ,            ,     [9 -     .     ,    ,        (Martin et al. 1998; Martin et al. 2004).].

       .       - ,      ,           ,      .     175      [10 -     . Triandis 1994, 29.].

 ,          ,   ࠖ ,           ,      ,   ,     ,   ,     .       ,              .                      .        ,      ,        .

  ,  ,  - -  ,     .   ,     ?          ,        ?        .           .    ,    .

          . 13      :  ,         ,     ,   . 812           ,  ,  ,  ,       .        ,      .




1.  


- ,   1980- ,  ,    .       , ,            .    ,    .                ,     .       .

         .                .   ,     ,           ,      ,   ,   .            ,        .         ,      ,    [11 -    󅠖 Higgins 1987.].

       ,       .     .           .       ,    .     ,    .         .      ,    䠖   .    :     .

      ,          .   , ,           .      ,   ;  -      .    .  ,           .   ,   , ,  ,   - .         ;   ,   .          ,      -,       .     ,       .   ?

 ,     .                     .       .    .           .

  ,    ,     .   ,              .        ,       ,  ,    .

   ,    : ,   ,           ,  ,  蠫,         .        : ,         .       , ,  蠫       (,  ,    ).         ,   .       ,       .

           , , ,    .        .        ,       [12 -     .         ;  heam.info/granularity-1 (http://heam.info/granularity-1).].

       .               . ,     ,   ,  , , , ,  蠫,             . ,              蠫 ,     .

  ,         ,       .    .    ,   ,  -      ? ,       ,      ,   .  - ,    ,    ,      ,      .   ,    ,    ,    ,    .      ,     .     ,    ,         .        ,    ,      ,     .

   -,  ,          頖  ,  .  ,      ,         ,     ,  ,        .           ,    . ,              ,    , ,   .        ,   ,   ,       ,   .

  ,          .     ,        .     ,   .


* * *

    ,          .              ,   ,           . ,             - [13 -    .       ;  heam.info/darwin-1 (http://heam.info/darwin-1).].

  ,        ,       ,           .      , ,   ,        ,       ,    . ,  .

         .  ,      ,   ,   ,    蠖        ,       .          ,       [14 -     . Tassinary et al. 2007.].



.




.1.1.   



    ,          頖  .   , ,   .   , ,    . ,         .

 1960-                .     ,    .1.2,       , ,   ,   : , , , ,   .   ,  ,          . (       ,       ,   ,           .)[15 -   . Ekman et al. 1969; Izard 1971; Tomkins and McCarter 1964.]



.




.1.2.   ,      



  ,         ,      , ,  ,         .       ,   -   .      ,  ,    .1.3.



.




.1.3.   :  ,  



   ,      .       .            ,   .1.4,    ,     .       [16 -      . , Ekman et al. 1969; Izard 1971. ,     . , Ekman and Friesen 1971.        ,    (1927).].



.




.1.4.   :  ,  



 ࠖ      頖    ,      .   ,  ,             ,   (   )   .          ࠖ        ,  ,      .             .         .         ,         [17 - (   )   . Ekman and Friesen 1971; Ekman et al. 1987.    . Ekman et al. 1969; Ekman and Friesen 1971.          Russell 1994.    . Russell 1994; Elfenbein and Ambady 2002.].

     ,    :   ,     ,      -,    .     :         ,     ; ,       ,  [18 -  ,  .              .         , , ,    (Ekman 1992, 175176).].

 , ,   ,         ,    .   ,    (),   .         .    ,     .       ,         .             ,   ,         ,  ,     .                .          ,        ,   ,     ..,   ,     ,       [19 -      Tassinary and Cassioppo 1992.      .             .].

         .     ,       ,  - ,   ;        .      ,         .    ,         ,     [20 -     . Cacioppo et al. 2000.].



.




.1.5.  



        .   ,                ,   ,       .               ,     . ,       ,       ,         .        ,      ,     .

 ,     ,          .          ,         .   ⠖  ,        .    ,      (),               .   ,   ,    , , ,  ,         .     ,      ,     [21 -       . Ekman and Friesen 1984.     ,     -  1969.;  heam.info/FACS (http://heam.info/FACS).     . Matsumoto, Keltner, et al. 2008.       ,          ,     .    ,  , ,      ,            - .   ,         ,    .  heam.info/FACS (http://heam.info/FACS).].

      .     ,          ,     ,         .        ,    ,     . ,              .   ,   ,      ,  .      ,           .   ,      ,  -  ,       ,        ,    ,          !        ,     [22 -     .        (Matsumoto, Yoo et al. 2008).      . Camras et al. 2007.           (Oster 2006).       heam.info/infants-2 (http://heam.info/infants-2).     .      ;  heam.info/camras-1 (http://heam.info/camras-1).].

  :        .     ,                       .      (  ) ,      [23 -     .        ,    ,     (Oster 2005).    .  heam.info/newborns-1 (http://heam.info/newborns-1).        ;  heam.info/newborns-2 (http://heam.info/newborns-2).].

  ,    ,         .      ,    , ,      ,    .     ,   ,   ,    ,   .   ,           ,  ,  ,  ,       [24 - ,   . Aviezer et al. 2008.].

    ,      .                 .    ,   ,     .         [25 -    . Silvan S. Tomkins and Robert McCarter (1964)          -- ,   Darwin ([1872] 2005);   Widen and Russell 2013.].

   .   ,            젖  .       :  ,            .        .     , :            .     ,        (.1.6,  ).     ,  .           ,        [26 -   젖  .     ,     .   . Schatz and Ornstein 2006.].



.




.1.6.    ( ).       , ࠖ  



      66 ,         ,      .   ,       ,  38     , 56    . (.1.6            蠫.     ?     ?)

           .          :   ,         ,    ,       - .   ,  ,   .      ,      ,   ,      70  ,     [27 -   .  ,          .].

         .  -  (, )    ,     ,      [28 -      ,     ,        .]. (  :           ?)

   ,          .    - ,   ,       .          ,        .   ,      ,    ,     .      ,     ,    .      .   .  , , ,               [29 -    . Susskind et al. 2008.].

          (, ),     ,          .  :  , ,         .        :   .   .     .     ,  ,   ,        .     -.     .         . , , ,  .  ,           ?   .      ,      .

 ,     .     ,  堖 ,          ,    ,   ,  -     ( ,  ,   ..).     -  堖 ,  ,   ,      ,         .       ,      -  ,        [30 -  ,     . Fridlund 1991; Fernndez-Dols and Ruiz-Belda.       . Barrett 2011b; Barrett et al. 2011.       . ,       ,  : heam.info/primates-1 (http://heam.info/primates-1). ,        ,  : heam.info/blind-2 (http://heam.info/blind-2).].


* * *

         ,   , ,       . ,     ,         ,       .

          ,        ,    Science 1983.     ,       :    ,     ( ).  ,    ,     .   , , , ,           .        ,          ,     .  ,  ,          ,          [31 -   Science 1983. Ekman et al. 1983.    兠  ()      : ,  ..       (      ,     ). ( ).          - ;  heam.info/galvanic-1 (http://heam.info/galvanic-1).].

,    1983              .  , , ,         .   ,    .     ,    ,         [32 -    .    ;  heam.info/recall-1 (http://heam.info/recall-1).].

,         ,      . ,             ,    .  .        䠖  ?  .   ?         ,        [33 -             ;  heam.info/faces-2 (http://heam.info/faces-2).].

 1983     ,   ,      .   :      ,        ,          .          ( ).            ( )    ( )      ,   .   ࠖ     蠖       [34 -   .      ,    ;  heam.info/body-1 (http://heam.info/body-1).].

     ,   ,       - ,   ,  ,   ,  ,      .     1983    .      ,      .  ,        ,    .

 ,   ,          .      ,       ,    .     1983    .        ,   ,   , ,   ,         ,     ,     .    ,    .        ,        .      ,        ,     ;         ,     [35 -   ,    . Levenson et al. 1990, Study4.    . Barsalou et al. 2003.  heam.info/simulation-1 (http://heam.info/simulation-1).    . Levenson et al. 1992.      ,    ,   .     . ,        ;  heam.info/sumatra-1 (http://heam.info/sumatra-1).].

       ,      ,     1983.     ,         ,         ,      .         ,       ,    .       ,         ,         .  ,        ,      ,    ,   ,    ,      ,   [36 -    .  heam.info/body-4 (http://heam.info/body-4).  ,    .     ;  heam.info/body-2 (http://heam.info/body-2).      . Kragel and LaBar 2013; Stephens et al. 2010.].

      ,    ,   ,    .  ,            .   .     ,   ,     .      : ,   ,           .      ,       ,          ,       (,                 ).           ,    .

          ,      .      220      22 .              . ,           ,    [37 - 22 .               Ph.D. Siegel et al., .     .       heam.info/meta-analysis-1 (http://heam.info/meta-analysis-1).].

        ,     :     ,                  ,   .   ,      ,      .    ? .  ,  ,  ,     .     ,   .     .   .   (, ,   )     ࠖ ,   ,        .      ,           ,       [38 -    ? .         ; ,    (8 (#litres_trial_promo)) ,  ,   ,    -  .  heam.info/appraisal-1 (http://heam.info/appraisal-1).     .          .            (,    ,  ).  ,       ,     ( ; Obrist et al. 1970)    (,  ; Obrist 1981).   heam.info/threat-1 (http://heam.info/threat-1).    . Kassam and Mendes 2013; Harmon-Jones and Peterson 2009.].

          ,    :   ,       ,    ,  ,   ?   : ,    ,   .  , ,       ,          ꠖ    ,      .     .       .     ,    ,    .      ,    -  ,     - -  ,         .    ,      (,    ),       .        ,  ,  ,      [39 -  30,48. . .].         ,  ,    . (       .)           ,     .

   ,   ,   ,          ?   ,         .  ,    ,   ,                    .   ,   .     ,      :        ,    [40 -      .  ,     (, )   ,    ,       .   ,   .  heam.info/variation-1 (http://heam.info/variation-1).].

       ,           .


* * *

        (   )   ,      . ,  ,   ,   .     ,     ,   ,       . ,    ,         .     -,       ?  ?       ?        ,      .   ,     ,  ,  .           ,           .

          ?   ,         ?  ,         ,           ,   ?            ?    ?         .

       ,         ,      ,     ,    . ,   ,    ,     .            .   ,        3,13,            (      ).        . ,    , ,  [41 -  ,    . Darwin (1859) 2003.    . Mayr 2007.       .     2015  3,14. (U.S. Census Bureau 2015).].

      ,   .   ,      ,     .           ,        .            .     [42 -    ࠖ ,    堖   1 (#litres_trial_promo).].

      ()      ,   .  - ,     ,       -  ,    ,     ,      ,    .     ,           .      ,     .       (   -  )  ,       ,     .

     ,                 ࠖ    ,  ,      [43 -       ,       x .].        1930- ,             .        ,   ,   ,     .       [44 -     .   (Kl?ver and Bucy (1939))    ; heam.info/kluver-1 (http://heam.info/kluver-1).].

         ,  ,       .     ,   .    ࠖ 堖  ,          .     ( )       ,         .     ,    蠫 ,              ,        .         ,    ,     ,         .      [45 -    . Adolphs and Tranel 2000; Tranel et al. 2006; Feinstein et al. 2011.      . Adolphs et al. 1994.].

          .            ,   .        ,      .     , ,    ,         .                 .            ,       ,      ,    .              ,     .  ,        [46 -    . Bechara et al. 1995.].

    ,        .  ,           .

    .  ,             .        ,         .    ,  . ( ,     .)  ,        ,     [47 -     . Adolphs and Tranel 1999; Atkinson et al. 2007.         ,     ;  Adolphs and Tranel 2003.      ,    ;  heam.info/SM-1 (http://heam.info/SM-1).     .         ;  heam.info/SM-2 (http://heam.info/SM-2).].

       ,          ,           . ,         ,  -  ࠖ      , ,  ,  .         ,         .    ,       (  ,     ),         .   , ,    :    ,      ,   . , ,      :         .  ,       ,     ,     ,       ,   [48 -      . Becker et al. 2012.      .  .   heam.info/twins-1 (http://heam.info/twins-1).].

     ,       . ,  ,        ,         -  .           ,      .    (  )   ,      ,    -  [49 -     .           ;  heam.info/lesions-1 (http://heam.info/lesions-1).].

     ,      ,    :  ,   ,      .       .     [50 -  ,     .       ,   ,        . . . .].     :       .               [51 -    . Edelman and Gally 2001.       ;  heam.info/degeneracy-1 (http://heam.info/degeneracy-1).].

         .    ,   (        ),   ,       .        ,           ࠖ      .             ,      .  ,              ,     [52 -      .    ᠫ  ,      -  .         -  .        .    ,   (   - )     ,        ,        .        ⠫,       .  heam.info/fMRI (http://heam.info/fMRI).      . Moriguchi et al. 2013.     .        heam.info/degeneracy-2 (http://heam.info/degeneracy-2).].

   ,       ,         .    ,       .        , ,  , , ,     .         :              . ,     ,           ,        .       [53 -     . Barrett and Satpute 2013.      ,    (Anderson 2014).   .           , , Yeo et al. 2014.].

 :  ,          ,   ,       . (    ,    .)  ,    ,    ,  ,            .

       ,   ,        ,     .      -  (),         ,       .      ,    [54 -    .    ,  , ,     ,   ;  heam.info/fMRI (http://heam.info/fMRI).].

         .  -          ,  ,   ,      .       堖        .      , ,   ,     ,    .         ,        [55 -     . Breiter et al. 1996.].

       . ,     ,      ,         .      ,     -   .               ,        .         ,      :      ,    ,  .  (       )  ,          [56 - ,  . Fischer et al. 2003.].

 2008        ,             .          堖     (       ).                  ,     .          ,        [57 -    .     Dubois et al. (1999);  heam.info/novelty (http://heam.info/novelty).     . Somerville and Whalen 2006.   ,   .       ;  heam.info/amygdala-1 (http://heam.info/amygdala-1).].

       ,  -      - ,   ,       .          ,      .       蠖  , , ,   ,      .     100 ,   1300   20[58 -       셠         .       Ph.D. (Lindquist et al. 2012).].

     ,       ,   (  ).             ,      .      ,      ,     - .      ,     .

   ,       .  , ,        ࠖ ,       ,           40    .     ,      .           , ,   .    ,            ,          .



.




.1.7.  ,   



,          ,       ,    ,  - ,       . ,   ,     .      , ,  ,   ,      ,     .

   ,            .   ,        ( )     .        , ,  ,  ,    .     ,   ,      .              [59 -           .        heam.info/meta-analysis-2 (http://heam.info/meta-analysis-2). ( ) Touroutoglou et al. 2015.    . Guillory and Bujarski 2014.    . Barrett, Lindquist, Bliss-Moreau, et al. 2007.  heam.info/stimulation-1 (http://heam.info/stimulation-1).].


* * *

 ,       ,          .   ,    ,      .             ,      [60 -       ,     :     ,   ,      ? ,     ,       ,     ,   .            ,    .].

   ,     ;  ,         .      .        ,       , ,       ,       ,   ,  ,   .          .          ;        ,   ,  ,      [61 -    . Levenson 2011.].

              ,          .      ,  ,       , -   .   ,        ,    .       (  ):   ,   ,          . ,             (  ).

 ,      :   .  頖  .

   -  ,       .   ,    ,  ,    -      ,       ,     . ,        (, , ),     ,        .      -     ( ,  ,     ) ,     ,            ( ,   , ,  ,     ),          [62 -     .     ,   ,         . ,      / 蠫 /,   heam.info/vocal-1 (http://heam.info/vocal-1).             : Wilson-Mendenhall et al. 2011, and Wilson-Mendenhall et al. 2015.].

         ,          .   ,     .  ,    ,        ,    (,   ).    ,     ,  젖           ,         .  ,   ,   ,       .

    ,          .     .         ,        .       [63 -     . Clark-Polner, Johnson, et al.,  .        ;  heam.info/pattern-1 (http://heam.info/pattern-1).].

             .        150.      ,  ,   , ,       , , ,   .       . ,         ,            .  ࠖ  .             [64 -     . Wager et al. 2015.].

    ,     .   ,    ,    ,         .  堖 ,     ,        .    ,                (, ).         , -        .        ,     ,        . (:     -  ,        [65 - -     . . .].)

      ,       ,    :      ,       .        ,      ,   ,      .       ,            ,    .




2. 


,      .2.1.



.




.2.1.  



       ,       .        .     ,      .       ,  ,      -  ,     ,     -- .  ,      ,      .

    ,     2 (#litres_trial_promo).      .      ,   .

      ,      ?                ,      .           ,  ,    ,    .      .        ,      ,    .

  .2.1 (#ris2-1)    .      , ,   㠖     .  ,      .     ,      ,     .     ,    ,    .        ,   .2.1 (#ris2-1)    ,     ,    .     ,  , ,          ,             .

      ,       ,   ,   .     .  ,              .    ,      ,    .  -   ,      ?      [66 -     . Barsalou 1999; Barsalou 2008b.     ,              .     蠫  (Pessoa et al. 1998),   蠫 .].

,  -      .   ,     .            .   ,    ,    ,      ,       ;    ;    ; ,  ,   ;      .       ,      ,        ,         ,   , ,      .    : ,     ,       ,        .        ,     ,         ,       .           [67 -   .        ,      ; , Press and Cook 2015; Graziano 2016.      . Barsalou 1999.].       ,  .

    ,     (  ),    .   ,    ,    ,    ,      ,    .              .     (  ),          ,       .   , , ,     :       .       , ,    堖     ,        .    ,    ,        [68 -    .  ,         ;  heam.info/simulation-2 (http://heam.info/simulation-2).].

      ,    .          ,   , ,     .     ,    ,     ,  .           ,  ,    ,   .

    1990-        .   ,  ,   , ,  ,    ,      ,     .    ,         ,     ,  , , ,      .    ,  ,   堖      (   ,     ),      ,      .       .      ,    [69 -     .     Chanes and Barrett 2016.].

          .        .           ,    .    ,             ,     ,     ,   ,   . ,       ,         頖  ,      .  ,       ,       ,     .

         ,   .          (  ,  ,     ,              ),   ,    ,    (, , , ,   ).               .  ,          ,    .       ,           [70 -   . Barsalou 2003, 2008a.].

  ,    ,   .                 ,    .        ,     ,   ,     ,       . ,     ;       [71 -      .  : Boghossian 2006.].

    ,   ,       . ,      ,        ,     .         ,     :   ,     XVIII.             ,        .       .       [72 -    ,   ,     .    ,      . . .],         ,  ,    . ,     ,      .      [73 -     ,      XX. . .],   -   , , .

     ,     .      , , ,  ()  ,       ,     , ,  .     ,      ,    , ,        ( ,    ).   ,      ,       . ,     :      .      ,       ,  ,     ,     .     [74 - ( ,    ). Yeomans et al. 2008.].

  ,   ,    ,    .     ,      .           ,  ,       ,  .

   : ,              ࠖ  ,    ,     ?

               .      ,   ,     堖     .2.1 (#ris2-1).            .         ,      .      ,    , ,  ,   .     ,         .      , ,        ,    .           ,     ,     젖 .     ,     ,   [75 -   . Danziger et al. 2011.].

      ,        ,       .        . ,         ,         .       ,        .    ,    ,    ,   .   ,            ,      .

 .

,     .


* * *

   ,  ,      ,    .          , ,  ,       ,         ,   .     ,     ,       .          .  ,   . ,     .      ,       - ,  , ,  .    ,    ,  ,          .

     ,   ,    ,           .       ,     ,       .   ,         ,    XVII    (   ) XIX.      ,    (  )    ,     .       [76 -     .       ;  heam.info/coffee (http://heam.info/coffee).   .          .  .]:



        ,    ,         .      ,      .


       ,     ,               , ,      ,  ,   .        ,         ,    .           ,     ,      ,      ,     .

   ,       ,          ,       ,      .          ,           ,       ,      .         ,     ,  , ,     ,     . (,     ,         ,     .)[77 -   .      ;  heam.info/affect-9 (http://heam.info/affect-9).     .       ,      ;      7 (#litres_trial_promo).]

蠖     .       ,     .      ,       .     ,    ,        .   ,    ,          .  ,     ,      .

         - ,      .    :        .          ,      . ,     ,      ,        ,     .       ,   ,       .

,     ,       . ,        .       ,     ,    .    ,     ,   ,      ࠖ . (    ; ,            .)        - ,       .          .

          ,      .   ,          ,   ,             .   ,           , ,   , , ,           ,     ,        .


* * *

   ,  ,   .            ,  ,                .       ,    ,               [78 -      ,      :            ,     . . .],           .      ,  , ,   , , [79 - , , .      heam.info/construction-1 (http://heam.info/construction-1).].

       .     ,    ,    ,   .             ,          . 堖  .       ,   ,       ,  , ,  - .

    ,     ,      .      ,      ,                , ,       (#litres_trial_promo),       .          .      蠫    .        ,       ,        ,         ,    .     ;   堖 .             [80 -      . Freddolino and Tavazoie 2012; Tagkopoulos et al. 2008.].

        .  ,   ,         ,       .    ,     ,      ,   .           ,   ,     ,  .      ,  ,         .        ,            . ,      ,   , , ,    ,  ,   ,  -  ,      ,   .   , ,         .     ,     ,      .              ,         [81 -    .      Hacking 1999.      . Harr 1986.].

   ,    ,    .  ,   ,        .   XIX      ,        蠖  ,     .          Lego,      ,    .   ,           .  :           ,           .  1960-           (  )  ,           ,     .               ,      ,         ,       (, )   ,   .                  ,   .       ,     ,   ,   ;                [82 -  ,    .       heam.info/construction-2 (http://heam.info/construction-2).     . James 1884, 188.     . Schachter and Singer 1962.       heam.info/arousal-1 (http://heam.info/arousal-1).  ,   .    ,  ,      ;  heam.info/james-wundt (http://heam.info/james-wundt).   ,   .             Barrett and Russell 2015; LeDoux 2014, 2015.      .      ;  heam.info/construction-3 (http://heam.info/construction-3).].

,  , ,           ;    .   ,   . ,       .     ,       -,    ,       ,    .       . ,         .   ,     .        ,     ,      (    ).  ,          ,           .  ,       .      ,  軠 .           .  ,       ,            .   ,     , ,                      蠖      [83 -     .         Hox-,      ,   ,       ,        (Donoghue and Purnell 2005).     . Mareschal et al. 2007; Karmiloff-Smith 2009; Westermann et al. 2007.].

        .      ,    .  ,         ,    .   ,       ,   .


* * *

          . ,   ,  ,         .       .   ,      , ,       蠖    ,      .      ,      頖    ,      ,   .    -   ,     .    ,  ,    ,     ,        .        ,      蠫 .        ,       ,     ,    (, )    [84 -   .  :       ,   ,       ,    ,    ,    (1894, 454).].

      .   ,   , , , , , , , ,  ,  ,      .     ,       :      .          ;    .      ,     , -  ,   ,  ,     ,      ,    .       ,    [85 - ,    .      heam.info/chocolate-1 (http://heam.info/chocolate-1).].

         ,    .   ,     , :   ,   ?    ,  -      ,          .        (, ,   )              ,     .    ,   ,     .               ,  ,          .

      ,      ,   ,  , ,   .    ,     : , , , ,   .       ,     1  .    ,  ,     , , ,    .       ,    ,     .     ,     ,      ,   ,       . ,     , , ,      ,   ,     ,   .  堖    , :          .          ,               [86 -   . Barrett 2009.].

   ,      ,   .              .   ,         ,    -       .        ,      ,          [87 -     ,     .      9   25,        ,    ,      .].     .  ,   ᠖    ,                       .      ,    ,  ,       [88 -     . Marder and Taylor 2011.].

 ,   ,   ,   -        .      ,    ,       .   ,      ,     .  ,      , ,   ,        .    ,      ,      . ,      ,   ,    .  :     ,    .        .      (  ᠖  ),      .       ,     ,    (      )   (     ).           [89 -    .         ;  heam.info/croissant (http://heam.info/croissant).      ,       (Barrett 2011a),       ,     .   heam.info/emergence-1 (http://heam.info/emergence-1).].

      ,      ,      ,       .         ,        .   ,         :   ,     ,   ,  .  ,     ,   ,   ,   .             ,    .  ,    [90 - 젖  , ,     ,     . . .], ,     ,       ,        .    .         .         .     ,       .           ,  ,  .   ,      ,     , ,  ,    ,      ,    .  ,  ,     ,     ,  ,       .      -   ,     ,  -    .         ,     . ,          [91 -     .      ;  heam.info/holism-1 (http://heam.info/holism-1).].

          ,   ,   .   ,         堖   ,   -,         ,      .          ,         .

           . ,                     .                       .        [92 -    . Whitacre and Bender 2010; Whitacre et al. 2012.   . Rigotti et al. 2013; Balasubramanian 2015.    .       ;  heam.info/degeneracy-3 (http://heam.info/degeneracy-3).].

       ,       : ,           .   , , ,     ,    ,     .     ,      ,        gezellig (    ),        .

      .             : , ,   .       , , ,   .              ,     ,    .       ,    .      ,   .    ,   ,   [93 -         .  (muffin)    (     ),     (cupcake)   ,         .        ( ),          . . .].     젖  :     (, )      .       .  ,     ,    ,     ,       ,      ,       .               ,   .       (,        )      [94 -  ,   .     ,      .   ,      ,  ,      ,   .].

     ,     .              ,   ,        -.                    [95 -      -. Crum et al. 2011.].

,        ,       .       ,   ,         . ,     1,        ,           ,       .      ,        , , ,      .      ,     .   , , ,      ,         ,       .      ,         ,                 .      -,      ,      ,  ࠖ .

    堫  堫   .   ,     ,    ,    ,  ,    .    ᠫ      .    ,     -  . 堖    ,       ,   ,   -  .             蠫,  .   ,     .       ,    (    ),      .

      - .        ,     ,       .    :    ,              - .     [96 -    . ,   ,       ,       ,     1 (#mio).   Srinivasan et al.,  .].

      ,   ,     .          ,   .


* * *

       ,   ,    .     ,   ,           ,   ,       ,    .    ,        ,      .             ,      ,     .       -   .     -   .           - .   ,          .  . .        :             ,   ,    .         ,        :     .

      ,  ,   ,    ,    ,      ,  ,     . ,         , ,            ,        .           ,  ,         .    ,     ,  ,     ,  ,    ,     , ,     .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/liza-feldman-barrett/kak-rozhdautsya-emocii-revoluciya-v-ponimanii-mozga-i/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


  ,   .      heam.info/malloy (http://heam.info/malloy).




2


       ,     㠖         .     ,  ,    .




3


   . Tracy and Randles 2011; Ekman and Cordaro 2011; Roseman 2011.




4


 ,   .    ;  heam.info/magazines (http://heam.info/magazines). ,   : Sharrock 2013.   heam.info/facebook-1 (http://heam.info/facebook-1).




5


          . . .




6


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7


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8


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9


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10


    . Triandis 1994, 29.




11


   󅠖 Higgins 1987.




12


    .         ;  heam.info/granularity-1 (http://heam.info/granularity-1).




13


   .       ;  heam.info/darwin-1 (http://heam.info/darwin-1).




14


    . Tassinary et al. 2007.




15


  . Ekman et al. 1969; Izard 1971; Tomkins and McCarter 1964.




16


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17


(   )   . Ekman and Friesen 1971; Ekman et al. 1987.    . Ekman et al. 1969; Ekman and Friesen 1971.          Russell 1994.    . Russell 1994; Elfenbein and Ambady 2002.




18


 ,  .              .         , , ,    (Ekman 1992, 175176).




19


     Tassinary and Cassioppo 1992.      .             .




20


    . Cacioppo et al. 2000.




21


      . Ekman and Friesen 1984.     ,     -  1969.;  heam.info/FACS (http://heam.info/FACS).     . Matsumoto, Keltner, et al. 2008.       ,          ,     .    ,  , ,      ,            - .   ,         ,    .  heam.info/FACS (http://heam.info/FACS).




22


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23


    .        ,    ,     (Oster 2005).    .  heam.info/newborns-1 (http://heam.info/newborns-1).        ;  heam.info/newborns-2 (http://heam.info/newborns-2).




24


,   . Aviezer et al. 2008.




25


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26


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27


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28


     ,     ,        .




29


   . Susskind et al. 2008.




30


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31


  Science 1983. Ekman et al. 1983.    兠  ()      : ,  ..       (      ,     ). ( ).          - ;  heam.info/galvanic-1 (http://heam.info/galvanic-1).




32


   .    ;  heam.info/recall-1 (http://heam.info/recall-1).




33


            ;  heam.info/faces-2 (http://heam.info/faces-2).




34


  .      ,    ;  heam.info/body-1 (http://heam.info/body-1).




35


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36


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37


22 .               Ph.D. Siegel et al., .     .       heam.info/meta-analysis-1 (http://heam.info/meta-analysis-1).




38


   ? .         ; ,    (8 (#litres_trial_promo)) ,  ,   ,    -  .  heam.info/appraisal-1 (http://heam.info/appraisal-1).     .          .            (,    ,  ).  ,       ,     ( ; Obrist et al. 1970)    (,  ; Obrist 1981).   heam.info/threat-1 (http://heam.info/threat-1).    . Kassam and Mendes 2013; Harmon-Jones and Peterson 2009.




39


 30,48. . .




40


     .  ,     (, )   ,    ,       .   ,   .  heam.info/variation-1 (http://heam.info/variation-1).




41


 ,    . Darwin (1859) 2003.    . Mayr 2007.       .     2015  3,14. (U.S. Census Bureau 2015).




42


   ࠖ ,    堖   1 (#litres_trial_promo).




43


      ,       x .




44


    .   (Kl?ver and Bucy (1939))    ; heam.info/kluver-1 (http://heam.info/kluver-1).




45


   . Adolphs and Tranel 2000; Tranel et al. 2006; Feinstein et al. 2011.      . Adolphs et al. 1994.




46


   . Bechara et al. 1995.




47


    . Adolphs and Tranel 1999; Atkinson et al. 2007.         ,     ;  Adolphs and Tranel 2003.      ,    ;  heam.info/SM-1 (http://heam.info/SM-1).     .         ;  heam.info/SM-2 (http://heam.info/SM-2).




48


     . Becker et al. 2012.      .  .   heam.info/twins-1 (http://heam.info/twins-1).




49


    .           ;  heam.info/lesions-1 (http://heam.info/lesions-1).




50


 ,     .       ,   ,        . . . .




51


   . Edelman and Gally 2001.       ;  heam.info/degeneracy-1 (http://heam.info/degeneracy-1).




52


     .    ᠫ  ,      -  .         -  .        .    ,   (   - )     ,        ,        .        ⠫,       .  heam.info/fMRI (http://heam.info/fMRI).      . Moriguchi et al. 2013.     .        heam.info/degeneracy-2 (http://heam.info/degeneracy-2).




53


    . Barrett and Satpute 2013.      ,    (Anderson 2014).   .           , , Yeo et al. 2014.




54


   .    ,  , ,     ,   ;  heam.info/fMRI (http://heam.info/fMRI).




55


    . Breiter et al. 1996.




56


,  . Fischer et al. 2003.




57


   .     Dubois et al. (1999);  heam.info/novelty (http://heam.info/novelty).     . Somerville and Whalen 2006.   ,   .       ;  heam.info/amygdala-1 (http://heam.info/amygdala-1).




58


      셠         .       Ph.D. (Lindquist et al. 2012).




59


          .        heam.info/meta-analysis-2 (http://heam.info/meta-analysis-2). ( ) Touroutoglou et al. 2015.    . Guillory and Bujarski 2014.    . Barrett, Lindquist, Bliss-Moreau, et al. 2007.  heam.info/stimulation-1 (http://heam.info/stimulation-1).




60


      ,     :     ,   ,      ? ,     ,       ,     ,   .            ,    .




61


   . Levenson 2011.




62


    .     ,   ,         . ,      / 蠫 /,   heam.info/vocal-1 (http://heam.info/vocal-1).             : Wilson-Mendenhall et al. 2011, and Wilson-Mendenhall et al. 2015.




63


    . Clark-Polner, Johnson, et al.,  .        ;  heam.info/pattern-1 (http://heam.info/pattern-1).




64


    . Wager et al. 2015.




65


-     . . .




66


    . Barsalou 1999; Barsalou 2008b.     ,              .     蠫  (Pessoa et al. 1998),   蠫 .




67


  .        ,      ; , Press and Cook 2015; Graziano 2016.      . Barsalou 1999.




68


   .  ,         ;  heam.info/simulation-2 (http://heam.info/simulation-2).




69


    .     Chanes and Barrett 2016.




70


  . Barsalou 2003, 2008a.




71


     .  : Boghossian 2006.




72


   ,   ,     .    ,      . . .




73


    ,      XX. . .




74


( ,    ). Yeomans et al. 2008.




75


  . Danziger et al. 2011.




76


    .       ;  heam.info/coffee (http://heam.info/coffee).   .          .  .




77


  .      ;  heam.info/affect-9 (http://heam.info/affect-9).     .       ,      ;      7 (#litres_trial_promo).




78


     ,      :            ,     . . .




79


, , .      heam.info/construction-1 (http://heam.info/construction-1).




80


     . Freddolino and Tavazoie 2012; Tagkopoulos et al. 2008.




81


   .      Hacking 1999.      . Harr 1986.




82


 ,    .       heam.info/construction-2 (http://heam.info/construction-2).     . James 1884, 188.     . Schachter and Singer 1962.       heam.info/arousal-1 (http://heam.info/arousal-1).  ,   .    ,  ,      ;  heam.info/james-wundt (http://heam.info/james-wundt).   ,   .             Barrett and Russell 2015; LeDoux 2014, 2015.      .      ;  heam.info/construction-3 (http://heam.info/construction-3).




83


    .         Hox-,      ,   ,       ,        (Donoghue and Purnell 2005).     . Mareschal et al. 2007; Karmiloff-Smith 2009; Westermann et al. 2007.




84


  .  :       ,   ,       ,    ,    ,    (1894, 454).




85


,    .      heam.info/chocolate-1 (http://heam.info/chocolate-1).




86


  . Barrett 2009.




87


    ,     .      9   25,        ,    ,      .




88


    . Marder and Taylor 2011.




89


   .         ;  heam.info/croissant (http://heam.info/croissant).      ,       (Barrett 2011a),       ,     .   heam.info/emergence-1 (http://heam.info/emergence-1).




90


젖  , ,     ,     . . .




91


    .      ;  heam.info/holism-1 (http://heam.info/holism-1).




92


   . Whitacre and Bender 2010; Whitacre et al. 2012.   . Rigotti et al. 2013; Balasubramanian 2015.    .       ;  heam.info/degeneracy-3 (http://heam.info/degeneracy-3).




93


        .  (muffin)    (     ),     (cupcake)   ,         .        ( ),          . . .




94


 ,   .     ,      .   ,      ,  ,      ,   .




95


     -. Crum et al. 2011.




96


   . ,   ,       ,       ,     1 (#mio).   Srinivasan et al.,  .


