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 ,   ,      ,     .  ,  ,     ,            (   ),  ,   - ,   軠       ,     ,   .[1 -    .       . ,    . ,    ,        (Pareto V. Elites and Their Circulation // Structured Social Inequality: A Reader In Comparative Social Stratification. New York, 1969). ,      . ,           (Mosca G. The Ruling Class // The Logic of Social Hierarchies. Chicago, 1971),               .]   ,                 ,           ,     .        .: ,   ,   ,   ,                           ,    (     ),    ,   .         . ,  ,     :   ,     [2 - -- .  . ., 2003. . 334335.].       ,   ,     ,   ,    .

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      ,            .        ,             ,      (         ).   ,         .            ,   ,       34    .             [3 - Carlton E. The few and the many: atypology of elites. Scolar Press, 1996; Clark G. The Son Also Rises: Surnames and the History of Social Mobility. Princeton University Press, 2014; Kaelble H. Social Mobility in the 19th and 20th Centuries: Europe and America in Comparative Perspective. St. Martins Press, 1985; Keller S. Beyond the Ruling Class: Strategic Elites in Modern Society. New Brunswick, 1991; Marger M. Elites and Masses: an Introduction to Political Sociology. New York, 1987; Reinhard W. Power elites and state building. Clarendon Press, 1996.]  [4 - The European Nobility in the Eighteenth Century / Ed. by A. Goodwin. L., 1953; Verba S. Elites and the Idea of Equality: aComparison of Japan, Sweden, and the United States. Cambridge (Mass.)  L., 1987.] ,            .   ,  -    ,  .

      , ,              , . ,          [5 -  . .    . ., 1980;  . .       VI. //  , 33,1972.]  [6 -  . .      XIXII. ., 1974.]   ,      ,[7 - Stone L. The Crisis of the Aristocracy, 15581641. L., 1965; Tawney R. H. The Rise of the Gentry, 15581640 // Past and Present, XI (1941), repr. in Essays in Economic History. Vol. 1 / Ed. E. M. Caruc-Wilson. L., 1954; Razzell P. E. Social Origins of Officers in the Indian and British Home Army, 17581962 // British Journal of Sociology. Vol. 14 (3), 1963; Otley C. B. The Social Origins of British Army Officers // Sociological Review. Vol. 18 (2), July 1970.] ,[8 -  . .     . ., 1986;  .   . ., 2005; Couturier . Reshershes sur les structures sociales de Chateaudun, 15251789. Paris, 1969; Ford F. Robe and Sword: The regrouping of the French Aristocracy after Louis XIV New York, 1965; Huppert G. Les bourgeois gentilshommes: an essay on the definition of elites in Renaissance France. Chicago, 1977; Mousnier R. Le Conceil de roi. Paris, 1970.] ,[9 - Rosenberg H. Bureaucracy, Aristocracy and Autocracy: The Prussian Experiens, 16601815. Cambridge, Mass., 1958; Demeter K. The German Officer Corps in Society and State, 16501945. L., 1965; Craig G. A. The Politics of the Prussian Army. New York, 1964.] ,[10 - Fahlbeck P. E. Der Adel Schwedens (und Finlands): Eine Demographische Studie. Jena, 1903.] ,[11 -     IX   XVIII.  . ., 2006;  . .        . ., 1992;  . .   . ., 1993;  . .     XVI    XVIII. ., 1998;  . .     18611904. ., 1979;  . .,  .   ,         17821858. //  . 1971. 4;  .      XVIII. ., 1974; Freeze G. L. The Russian Levities: Parish Clergy in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press, 1977; Pintner W. M. The Social Characteristics of the Early Nineteenth Century Russian Bureaucracy // Slavic Review American Quarterly of Soviet and East European Studies. Vol. 29. 3. Sept., 1970.]    [12 - Chang Chung-li. The Chinese Gentry. Seattle, 1970; Chu Tung-tsu. Han Social Structure. Seattle-London, 1972; Eberhard W. Social Mobility in Traditional China. Leiden, 1962; Eberhard W. Conqueres and Rulers. Social forces in medieval China. Leiden, 1965; Ebrey P. B. The Aristocratic Families of Early Imperial China. Cambridge, 1978; Hsieh Pao Chao. The Government of China (16441911). New York, 1966; Kracke E. A. Civil Service in Early Sung China, 9601067. Cambridge, Mass., 1953; Marsh R. M. The Mandarines: Circulation of Elites in China 16001900. Glencoe, 1961; Parsons J. B. The Ming Dynasty Bureaucracy: Aspects of Background Forces // Chinese Government in Ming Times. NY.-L., 1969; Twitchett D. The Composition of the T'ang Ruling Class // Perspectives on the T'ang. New Haven-London, 1973.]     [13 -  . .      . ., 1999;  . .       . ., 1987;  . .     VII   VIII.  . . ., 1998; Mannari . The Japanese Business Leaders. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1974; Ch'oe Yongho. The Civil Examinations and the Social Structure in Early Yi Dynasty Korea: 13921660. Seoul, 1987;  .      (       ). , 1998;  . .     . ., 1981.]  - .[14 -  . .        //    , 1983, 3;  . .       XVIIXVIII.  . . ., 1991;  . .,  . .        //     . . 1. ., 1985.]                       ,      [15 - Elites: choice, leadership and succession / Ed. by Pina-Cabral de J., Pedroso de Lima A. Oxford-New York, 2000; The Rich, the Well Born, and the Powerful; Elites and Upper Classes in History / Ed. by F. C. Jaher. Urbana-Chicago-London, 1973;   XVIXVII.:  . ., 1997;       . ., 1986;     . . 12. ., 1985.]     ,[16 -     XIX. ., 1982;    . ., 1993; - . ., 1970;     . ., 1987;    . ., 1981;        . ., 1982;   . ., 1993.]           . ,     ,         ,         .[17 -   (698926.)     . ., 1994;  . .      . ., 1997;  . .    . ., 1968;  . .    . ., 1975;  . .      XIXIII. ., 1978;  . .       XIXII. ., 1991;  . .       . ., 1977;  . .  . . 12. ., 19891993;  . .  -. 10971231. ., 1986;  .    . . ., 1941;  . .    XIVXV. ., 1988;  . .    . ., 1974;  . .  . ., 1958.]      -               ,      ,        ,  ,                 .




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               ,      III   II.  ...[65 -   . ., 2001. . 41.]      1 5001 200.  ..     ,  ..       , , , , .[66 -  . .          . ., 1976. . 25.]           .    (XVIXIII.  ..),     ,       ,    (         ).     ,    ,       (   ,  .. -,     ,      16      ;    , ,   ).[67 -  . . -   . ., 1978. . 4,264;   . ., 2001. . 6364.]

   (XIIX.  ..)       (  )   .    IXVIII.  ..    ,        .      ,      ,     .[68 - Seager R. Elitism and Democracy in Classical Athens // The Rich, the Well Born, and the Powerful; Elites and Upper Classes in History / Ed. by F. C. Jaher. UrbanaChicagoLondon, 1973. P. 8.]  VIIIVII.          ,      ,     .    ,     ,      ,    .  ,     (       ,   ,          [69 -   . ., 2001. . 117,179180.]),            ,   ,  , .   ,          ,          ,         .[70 - Seager R. Elitism and Democracy in Classical Athens // The Rich, the Well Born, and the Powerful; Elites and Upper Classes in History / Ed. by F. C. Jaher. UrbanaChicagoLondon, 1973. P. 11.]

      -,          ,    594.  ..    4     (500,300,200   200  ),  1- ()  2- ()   ,    , 3- ()   , 4- ()     .              .    ,    ,   , ,  ,     ,          .   ,      ,       ,       .     VII   VI.  ..     (    )   9. ,       -,      (  ,      ,     ).                ( 30 : 2  28  ),    5  (  1 ).[71 -   . ., 2001. . 113,115,119120,180181.]   VIIV.  ..,    ,    ,   ,       ,     (),   ;       (     ,    ,    ).[72 -    . . III. . 3.   . VIIIVI   .. ., 2007. . 287,289290.]      ,   ,  ,   .  ,      ,      ,     (, , )      ,    .[73 -  . . .    . ., 1983. . 118124.]

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 , ,    ,             ,            .          .        (  ) ,       .[75 -             . .  : ,   ,        , ,   ,        ,             .       ,      ,     ,       .           ;     ,   ( .  . . 1. ., 1994. . 248249).] ,   ,   ,    ,        ,           (         , ,     ).[76 -   . . 2.   . ., 1882. . 462463.]

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1


   .       . ,    . ,    ,        (Pareto V. Elites and Their Circulation // Structured Social Inequality: A Reader In Comparative Social Stratification. New York, 1969). ,      . ,           (Mosca G. The Ruling Class // The Logic of Social Hierarchies. Chicago, 1971),               .




2


-- .  . ., 2003. . 334335.




3


Carlton E. The few and the many: atypology of elites. Scolar Press, 1996; Clark G. The Son Also Rises: Surnames and the History of Social Mobility. Princeton University Press, 2014; Kaelble H. Social Mobility in the 19th and 20th Centuries: Europe and America in Comparative Perspective. St. Martins Press, 1985; Keller S. Beyond the Ruling Class: Strategic Elites in Modern Society. New Brunswick, 1991; Marger M. Elites and Masses: an Introduction to Political Sociology. New York, 1987; Reinhard W. Power elites and state building. Clarendon Press, 1996.




4


The European Nobility in the Eighteenth Century / Ed. by A. Goodwin. L., 1953; Verba S. Elites and the Idea of Equality: aComparison of Japan, Sweden, and the United States. Cambridge (Mass.)  L., 1987.




5


 . .    . ., 1980;  . .       VI. //  , 33,1972.




6


 . .      XIXII. ., 1974.




7


Stone L. The Crisis of the Aristocracy, 15581641. L., 1965; Tawney R. H. The Rise of the Gentry, 15581640 // Past and Present, XI (1941), repr. in Essays in Economic History. Vol. 1 / Ed. E. M. Caruc-Wilson. L., 1954; Razzell P. E. Social Origins of Officers in the Indian and British Home Army, 17581962 // British Journal of Sociology. Vol. 14 (3), 1963; Otley C. B. The Social Origins of British Army Officers // Sociological Review. Vol. 18 (2), July 1970.




8


 . .     . ., 1986;  .   . ., 2005; Couturier . Reshershes sur les structures sociales de Chateaudun, 15251789. Paris, 1969; Ford F. Robe and Sword: The regrouping of the French Aristocracy after Louis XIV New York, 1965; Huppert G. Les bourgeois gentilshommes: an essay on the definition of elites in Renaissance France. Chicago, 1977; Mousnier R. Le Conceil de roi. Paris, 1970.




9


Rosenberg H. Bureaucracy, Aristocracy and Autocracy: The Prussian Experiens, 16601815. Cambridge, Mass., 1958; Demeter K. The German Officer Corps in Society and State, 16501945. L., 1965; Craig G. A. The Politics of the Prussian Army. New York, 1964.




10


Fahlbeck P. E. Der Adel Schwedens (und Finlands): Eine Demographische Studie. Jena, 1903.




11


    IX   XVIII.  . ., 2006;  . .        . ., 1992;  . .   . ., 1993;  . .     XVI    XVIII. ., 1998;  . .     18611904. ., 1979;  . .,  .   ,         17821858. //  . 1971. 4;  .      XVIII. ., 1974; Freeze G. L. The Russian Levities: Parish Clergy in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press, 1977; Pintner W. M. The Social Characteristics of the Early Nineteenth Century Russian Bureaucracy // Slavic Review American Quarterly of Soviet and East European Studies. Vol. 29. 3. Sept., 1970.




12


Chang Chung-li. The Chinese Gentry. Seattle, 1970; Chu Tung-tsu. Han Social Structure. Seattle-London, 1972; Eberhard W. Social Mobility in Traditional China. Leiden, 1962; Eberhard W. Conqueres and Rulers. Social forces in medieval China. Leiden, 1965; Ebrey P. B. The Aristocratic Families of Early Imperial China. Cambridge, 1978; Hsieh Pao Chao. The Government of China (16441911). New York, 1966; Kracke E. A. Civil Service in Early Sung China, 9601067. Cambridge, Mass., 1953; Marsh R. M. The Mandarines: Circulation of Elites in China 16001900. Glencoe, 1961; Parsons J. B. The Ming Dynasty Bureaucracy: Aspects of Background Forces // Chinese Government in Ming Times. NY.-L., 1969; Twitchett D. The Composition of the T'ang Ruling Class // Perspectives on the T'ang. New Haven-London, 1973.




13


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14


 . .        //    , 1983, 3;  . .       XVIIXVIII.  . . ., 1991;  . .,  . .        //     . . 1. ., 1985.




15


Elites: choice, leadership and succession / Ed. by Pina-Cabral de J., Pedroso de Lima A. Oxford-New York, 2000; The Rich, the Well Born, and the Powerful; Elites and Upper Classes in History / Ed. by F. C. Jaher. Urbana-Chicago-London, 1973;   XVIXVII.:  . ., 1997;       . ., 1986;     . . 12. ., 1985.




16


    XIX. ., 1982;    . ., 1993; - . ., 1970;     . ., 1987;    . ., 1981;        . ., 1982;   . ., 1993.




17


  (698926.)     . ., 1994;  . .      . ., 1997;  . .    . ., 1968;  . .    . ., 1975;  . .      XIXIII. ., 1978;  . .       XIXII. ., 1991;  . .       . ., 1977;  . .  . . 12. ., 19891993;  . .  -. 10971231. ., 1986;  .    . . ., 1941;  . .    XIVXV. ., 1988;  . .    . ., 1974;  . .  . ., 1958.




18


  ,        .            ,     : 1)   ,    ; 2)   ; 3)      ; 4)   ; 5)  ; 6)    ; 7)  ; 8)  ; 9)  ,   ; 10)    .      , ,  ,       .  ,        ,  ..   - .




19


  ,       - ,    , .. ,   ,   ,     (        ).        ,        ,         (       ).       ,           ,         ,         ,       .




20


  ,       ,    - (    ,         ).  ,             ,    ,  , -  ,      34 ,     10  . ,         (  ,   ,     ),        ,           .        34,          (    , ..     ),   .       ,             (,   , , ,     ..),       ,     . ,          ,     ,    , ..    ,      .   ,        ,     (    )      :  , ,   ;     .     ,             (   ,         ),                .    ,           ,       .     X .      ,    ,  ( - ),    ,       4 : , ,   ,    ,    ( . .       //       . ., 1986. . 9295).             (     ,  ),  ()   (      ).                .       ( ..  )    . ,           ,         ,       .    ,  , -,  ,  -,    . ,         ,             .  ,  ,  ,           .   ,           .            ,           .    (        )      :    .        ,   ,  .    ,      (923937.),              .




21


     (. 13. ., 1971. . 347)                     ,   ,        ,     (., 1983. . 1240)   ,       ),     (., 1983. . 627)   ,      ,         ( ,    ..),        ,   ,          .




22


., :  . .     XVI  XVIII. ., 1995. . 37; . .  :       ,        ,                        - .         ,                      ,   ,     ,               ( . .            -  //       . ., 1986. . 180,183).




23


  XVIXVII.:  . ., 1997. . 54,66.




24


  XVII.          ,        ( . .     . ., 1986. . 30).




25


 . .        //    . ., 1993. . 50,78.




26


 . .           //    . ., 1993. . 132137.




27


 . . :     -  //    . ., 1993. . 223224.




28


 . .          //    . ., 1993. . 165.




29


 . . -    //    . ., 1993. . 172173,175,178180,183.




30


 . . - . ., 1979. . 222224,228229,251.




31


 . .   . ., 1972. . 133,138.




32


  . . 1. ., 1983. . 241.




33


 . .      . . ., 1959. . 219.




34


  . . 1. ., 1983. . 260.




35


 . .      . . ., 1959. . 251.




36


  .       . ., 2004. . 372.




37


  .       . ., 2004. . 499500.




38


  . . 1. ., 1983. . 272,276.




39


 . . 374.




40


- .    . ., 1979. . 139;   . . 2.   . ., 1882. . 43.




41


 . .  . ., 1983. . 59,171,176.




42


 . .      . . ., 1959. . 222.




43


  . . 1. ., 1983. . 377.




44


  .       . ., 2004. . 502503.




45


 .   . ., 1992. . 78,82.




46


  . . 2. ., 1988. . 7374.




47


  .       . ., 2004. . 410.




48


 . .       . ., 1983. . 114116;  . . . ., 1987. . 63,65.




49


  . . 1. ., 1983. . 408,412413.




50


  . . 2. ., 1988. . 355,361,412,489,490,492,494.




51


 . .,  . .     . ., 1980. . 125.




52


 .  . ., 1972. . 84.




53


 . .,  . .     . ., 1980. . 130,186,233.




54


  . . 2.   . ., 1882. . 476477.




55


  .       . ., 2004. . 776779.




56


 . .      VI  VII . . ., 1948. . 208209.




57


 . .  . . 1. ., 1989. . 2527;       . ., 1970. . 114115.




58


 . .   . VIIX. ., 1996. . 10.




59


 . .      . (, , ) //    . ., 1981. . 175.




60


  . . ,    VIIIVI.  ..          ,              ( . .          //        . . 2. ., 1983. . 4).




61


 . .       . ., 1981. . 17.




62


 .:  . .       . ., 1987.  V. . 281287.




63


 . .         (VI .) //       . ., 1986. . 219,221.




64


 . .      . ., 1997. . 272




65


  . ., 2001. . 41.




66


 . .          . ., 1976. . 25.




67


 . . -   . ., 1978. . 4,264;   . ., 2001. . 6364.




68


Seager R. Elitism and Democracy in Classical Athens // The Rich, the Well Born, and the Powerful; Elites and Upper Classes in History / Ed. by F. C. Jaher. UrbanaChicagoLondon, 1973. P. 8.




69


  . ., 2001. . 117,179180.




70


Seager R. Elitism and Democracy in Classical Athens // The Rich, the Well Born, and the Powerful; Elites and Upper Classes in History / Ed. by F. C. Jaher. UrbanaChicagoLondon, 1973. P. 11.




71


  . ., 2001. . 113,115,119120,180181.




72


   . . III. . 3.   . VIIIVI   .. ., 2007. . 287,289290.




73


 . . .    . ., 1983. . 118124.




74


  . ., 2001. . 304,308309.




75


            . .  : ,   ,        , ,   ,        ,             .       ,      ,     ,       .           ;     ,   ( .  . . 1. ., 1994. . 248249).




76


  . . 2.   . ., 1882. . 462463.




77


2-, 3-  4-    20 , 5-  30,    4,   1; 241238.   15    70 ;  ,     .      (  . . 2.   . ., 1882. . 437438,464).




78


 .  . . 1. ., 1994. . 217218,237,244245,614.       :    (  ),      20 ,        :     ,  ,   (  ); 104.  ..               ( .  . . 2. ., 1994. . 253254).


