    
  


    -      :  ,        ( 14-18-01093)  2014-2016 .      ,     ,          ,   ,       .              ,    .       ,       .       ,         .





    

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              ,        [Li?n, Rodriguez-Co-hard, Rueda-Cantuche, 2005].  ,    ,             .                        .

                      .            ,     ,          ,           [Baumol, 1968, . 71].  ,  ,      ,                .

       ,        ,                 [Martinez, Mora, Vila, 2007].        [Global Entrepreneur-ship Monitor, 2013],             25  34 .  ,         , 21,3%        18  24 .  ,    ,           .

            ,                 .          ,      [Reynolds, 2005].              , ,   ,   .

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           ,    ,             [, 2014].     ,     ,   . ,        ,        ,   -  [  ., 2008].      ,             [, , 2015].

  ,       , ,    ,   ,     ,     [Autio et al., 2001; Iakovleva et al., 2011; Kolvereid, 1996b; Krueger et al., 2000].   ,    ,         .        (Theory of planned behavior, TPB) [Ajzen, 1991],    (Theory of the entrepreneurial event) [Shapero, Sokol, 1982],     (Model of implementing entrepreneurial ideas) [Bird, 1988]      (Maximization of the expected utility model) [Douglas, Shepherd, 2002].

 ,      ,   ,   [Van Gelderen, Jansen, 2006],   [Van Auken et al., 2006]   [Hmieleski, Corbett, 2006],         .      ,     [Bonnett, Furnham, 1991],    [Hisrich, Peters, 1995]     [McClelland, 1988].

  ,           ( ,    ) [Autio et al., 1997; Franke, Luthje, 2004; Luthje, Franke, 2003].   (., .: [Luthje, Franke, 2003]  .) ,     (    )       .  ,  ,              ,         [Franke, Luthje, 2004].       .

 ,          .        ,       ,   [Shapero, Sokol, 1982].      ,   ,    ,        [Newman, Nollen, 1996, . 754].

      ,  ,    [Hayton, George, Zahra, 2002],       [Davidsson, Wiklund, 1997].  ,        ,     [Busenitz, Lau, 1996].    ,     ,   ,     ,    .                [Etzioni, 1987; Hayton, George, Zahra, 2002]             .

      .  ,   ,   ,   ,       [North, 1990; Peng, 2009].       ,  ,      .       ,      [Li, Zahra, 2012; North, 1990].

  ,            ,           [Estrin, Prevezer, 2011; Smallbone, Welter, 2001]         [Bowen, De Clercq, 2008],     [Estrin, Prevezer, 2011; Smallbone, Welter, 2001], ,         [Manolova, Yan, 2002; Peng, 2003; Vorley, Williams, 2015].

          ,   ,        ,          [Khavul, Bruton, Wood, 2009; Webb, Tihanyi, Ireland, Sirmon, 2009; Webb, Bruton, Tihanyi, Ireland, 2013].    ,     ,      ,  ,  ,    .

     -      :  ,        ( 14-18-01093)  2014-2016 .   ,        ,          ,     ,           ,   ,       .            ,         .

          [North, 1990],    (Theory of planned behavior) [Ajzen, 1991],    (Theory of the entrepreneurial event) [Shapero, Sokol, 1982],   (resource-based view) [Barney, 1991],   (embeddedness perspective) [Granovetter, 1985],    [Hofstede, 1980],    (institutional voids) [Khanna, Palepu, 1997],    (entrepreneurial learning) [Souitaris et al., 2007],   (effectuation theory) [Sarasvathy, 1998].  ,            ,   . . , . . , . . , . . , . .   .

              (Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students Survey, GUESSS


)  2011 . 2013/2014 .     GUESSS         .  (Swiss Research Institute of Small Business and Entrepreneurship at the University of St. Gallen (KMU-HSG)).          -,        .      ,    .

              2003 .    ISCE  International Survey on Collegiate Entrepreneurship (   ),     2008 .       : 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2013/2014  2016 .

        2011 .,      2882   23    .  2013/2014 .   GUESSS       .        2013   2014 .,     32  .   2016 .,     ,   33  .    -   ( )    .           ,       -    .

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1)            ;

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  -      :        GUESSS  2011 . 2013/2014 .  2011 .    26   489 ,   93 265 ; 2013/2014 . 34   759  ,    103 010 .

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  [1 - : . . , . . .       : [, , 2015].]       ,               1991  2016 .,          .            : ,   .  ,     ,     ,                .

  [2 - : . . , . . , . . .       : [, , , 2015].]    ,         .          2013/2014 (Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students Survey  GUESSS),     ,             .                 ,           ,            .

      . ,    ,                 .               ,         .

  [3 - : . . , . . , . . .      : [Shirokova, Osievskyy, Bogatyreva, 2016].],   ,     GUESSS (2013/2014),               ,            (  , , )     (  ,      ).




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              ,        [Li?n et al., 2005].         ,             .

           ,     [, , 2014; , 2014].            ,         ,      [Reynolds, 2005].    ,          . ,        ,   2013 .,             25  34  [, , , 2014].  ,            , 21,3%        18  24 .  ,                 ,                 .

        .         [Armitage, Conner, 2001]   ,              [Ajzen, 1991].

      ,        .   ,              [Kolvereid, Isaksen, 2006; Krueger et al., 2000].

            ,   ,     [Krueger et al., 2000].        ,   ,     .  ,        ,    ,        .

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          ,     ,    .            ,               [Ajzen, 1991; Krueger et al., 2000].

   ,     ,  .  [Bird, 1988].   ,       ,    ,       .               [Bird, 1988, . 443].         ,      (., .: [Fini et al., 2009]).            [Crant, 1996, . 43],         .

            .       ,           .           (Theory of planned behavior) [Ajzen, 1991]     (Entrepreneurial event model) [Shapero, Sokol, 1982].

        ,              [Ajzen, 1991].                 [Krueger, Carsrud, 1993].    ,       :     (attitude towards behavior),   (subjective norms)     (perceived behavioral control).     ,       .   ,        ,    ,        ,     .

 ,   ,      ,      .

     [Shapero, Sokol, 1982]    ,          - .       ,    :    (perceived desirability),    (perceived feasibility)     (propensity to act) [Shapero, Sokol, 1982].

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 ,    ,   1970- .              .                        .

     ABS-  (ABSR),   -  ,       ,  Financial Times     -,    - ,   Journal Citation Report   Web of Science.             .       ,      : Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Journal of Business Venturing, Journal of Small Business Management, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, International Small Business Journal, Small Business Economics, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research  Journal of Enterprising Culture.

      ,     .      ,            : EBSCO, Wiley InterScience, Elsevier, Sage  Emerald.          ,                : entrepreneurial intentions  students.          : start-up intentions, self-employment intentions  business intentions.

 ,      ,      .       ,           ,        .       . 1.1.



 1.1

   , 19912016 .






         1991  2016 .         :     ,   ,       .  ,     ,        .         .                     .

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         ,     [Brenner et al., 1991; Kolvereid, 1996a; Stavrou, Swiercz, 1998].             ,     ,    . ,  ,   , ,       ,      [Brenner et al., 1991].    [Kolvereid, 1996]     ,     .    11  ,   , , ,             ,     ,                [Kolvereid, 1996].

  ,       ,    ,     [Douglas, 2013; Douglas, Fitzsimmons, 2013]. , ,   ,       ,   ,   ,     [Douglas, 2013].   ,          ,      ().       ,        ,            [Douglas, Fitzsimmons, 2013].

            , -         [Crant, 1996; Dimov, 2007; Frank et al., 2007; Gupta et al., 2009; Ilouga et al., 2014]. ,   ,                , ,          ,           [Frank et al., 2007].

   -           . ,         ,             [Gupta et al., 2009].       ,      ,    [Gupta et al., 2009; Shinnar et al., 2012].

    ,     ,      [Dawson, Henley, 2015; Douglas, Shepher, 2002].  ,           [Douglas, Shepher, 2002]            . ,      ,     ,     [Dawson, Henley, 2015].    ,             [Ilouga et al., 2014].                [Kuckertz, Wagner, 2010].

                     (., .: [Hmieleski, Corbett, 2006; Kickul et al., 2009; Urban, 2012; Zampetakis et al., 2009]). ,            ,    ,                [Kickul et al., 2009].  280 ,     - , ,                    [Zampetakis et al., 2009].

        1.           -   .                 .

 .                 .            ,         [Azjen, 1991]     [Shapero, Sokol, 1982].              [Bird, 1988].         .    ,           .

            (., .: [Kolvereid, 1996b; Lin et al., 2013; Schlaegel, Koenig, 2014; Tegtmeier, 2012; Tkachev, Kolvereid, 1999; Zellweger et al., 2011]).       ,    . ,                   [Kolvereid, 1996b; Tkachev, Kolvereid, 1999].  ,          -  ,       .              [Kolvereid, 1996b; Tkachev, Kolvereid, 1999].      -        .  ,               ,      [Tkachev, Kolvereid, 1999].              ,        [Kolvereid, 1996b].

   [Tegtmeier, 2012],           .     [, 2012; Phan et al., 2002],     [Lin et al., 2013; Zellweger et al., 2011]            [Tegtmeier, 2012].

           [Shapero, Sokol, 1982],       (., .: [Devonish et al., 2010; Krueger, 1993; Krueger et al., 2000; Schlaegel, Koenig, 2014]).   ,       [Segal et al., 2005],            [Krueger, 1993].                ,     .                 [Fitzsimmons, Douglas, 2011].

        ,         [Krueger, 1993].                         [De Clercq et al., 2013].     98 ,           ,           [Schlaegel, Koenig, 2014].

        2.                .            .

 .                      .               .       .         ,          .   ,         ,    ,       ,     [Hisrich, 1990].

             ,                 [Chlosta et al., 2012; Laspita et al., 2012; Stavrou, 1999].   ,     ,     . ,    ,             [Chlosta et al., 2012].      ,    ,     ,   ,   ,      [Stavrou, 1999].   ,      40 .   15 ,     ,           [Laspita et al., 2012].             ,        .

                .             .         ,       [Markman, 2007].   ,                  (., .: [ et al., 2014; Fayolle, Gailly, 2015; Martin et al., 2013; Peterman, Kennedy, 2003; Sanchez, 2013; Souitaris et al., 2007]  .).         [Athayde, 2009; Fretschner, Weber,

2013],         [Pfeifer et al., 2016].           ,  ,    ,            .   ,              ,    [Wilson et al., 2007].

                 [Karimi et al., 2016; Piperopoulos, Dimov, 2015; Walter, Dohse, 2012].  , ,            [Walter, Dohse, 2012]     [Piperopoulos, Dimov, 2015].  ,           ,     [Karimi et al., 2016].

      ,     .      [Saeed et al., 2015],       [Walter et al., 2013].      -       [Falck et al., 2012].

     ,      ,       ,    .   [Shinnar et al., 2012],     [Dohse, Walter, 2012],  ,   [Griffiths et al., 2009]             .

       ,              [Nabi, Li?n, 2013].                [Dohse, Walter, 2012],     , ,    [Griffiths et al., 2009].

  ,           (., .: [Pruett et al., 2009; Shinnar et al., 2012; Swail et al., 2014]  .).     ,        ,     : [Swail et al., 2014].

     ,           .  ,   ,        [Siu, Lo, 2013].            [Sandhu et al., 2011].

  ,       ,      [Engle et al., 2010; Kristiansen, Indarti, 2004; Mueller et al., 2014; Shneor et al., 2013].                  ,      [Li?n, Chen, 2009; Thompson, 2009].

   -    . ,             ,              [Mueller et al., 2014].   ,                  [Li?n et al., 2011]    [Shneor et al., 2013].

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             ,        .       17%,            50% [, 2014].            [, , 2014],             .

        ,          [, 2014].                  ,  ,       ,         .

         ,    ,            [, , 2009].   ,     490      ,  ,           [, , 2009].  ,        ,        [, , 2009; , 2013],         ,                 [Chlosta et al., 2012; Laspita et al., 2012].

 ,  ,        ,    ,   ,   ,   , ,     [, , 2009; , 2014].   ,        ,          ,   ,     ,           [, , 2009; , 2014; , , , 2014].  ,    ,               ,         .

         ,         [, 2012; , 2013; , 2014; , 2014; Engle et al., 2010; 2011; Iakovleva, Kolvereid, 2009; Iakovleva et al., 2011; Tkachev, Kolvereid, 1999].          . ,  ,    , 65%       ,  55,3%            [, 2014].   GUESSS (2013/2014),   ,         ,  53%,      (31%).          34 ,    .         6,29%,    ,     [  ., 2014].

        ,       ,    [, , 2009; , 2012],       ,             ,    ,            - ,    [, 2014].                [, 2013; Engle et al., 2010; Iakovleva, Kolvereid, 2009; Iakovleva et al., 2011; Tkachev, Kolvereid, 1999].  ,    [Ajzen, 1991],         ,         [, 2013; Engle et al., 2010; Tkachev, Kolvereid, 1999].

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    ,       [, 2014; , 2014; , , 2014; Iakovleva et al., 2014].     ,               ,     ,   ,           [, 2014;   ., 2014; , , 2014; Iakovleva et al., 2014].  ,             ,        [, 2012].

         ,         ,       [, , 2015; , 2010]. , ,           ,      ,       ,      ,            [, , 2015].  ,                     [, 2010].

           [  ., 2014; , , 2010; , 2014].               -             .       ,   ,      ,        ,  , ,          [, 2013; , , 2010].

       ,          , :  -   , -   ,  ,  ,         [  ., 2014].

 ,            ,  ,          ,            ,          - [  ., 2014].                      [  ., 2014].

                    [  ., 2011;   ., 2014; , , 2007; , 2009;   ., 2014; , 2013].         ,       ,      ,                [, , 2007; , 2013].

   ,        -    - ,     ,     [  ., 2014; , 2013]. ,            ,                        [  ., 2011].

                      [  ., 2011;   ., 2014; , 2009].       ,     ,   ,        -,        [  ., 2014].

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  .


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   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/kollektiv-avtorov/faktory-formirovaniya-predprinimatelskoy-aktivnosti-stud/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


: . . , . . .       : [, , 2015].




2


: . . , . . , . . .       : [, , , 2015].




3


: . . , . . , . . .      : [Shirokova, Osievskyy, Bogatyreva, 2016].


