 :   ?     
  


            ,     .   ,    . 1.   .   1871 .             . 2.          . 3.         .  (19031930). 4.      1970-1980- .,    -               軠  ,  .      ,       .           (,       ,    .).                ,        .  -     ,       ,      . ,               .                   .





 

 :   ?     



     . ..  



E.N. Panov. Sexual Selection: Theory or Myth. Field Zoology against an Armchair Knowledge. Moscow: KMK Scientific Press Ltd. 2014. 412 p., ref. 776, 112 figs.

This book presents a critical analysis of the so-called sexual selection theory and how its predictions fit the empirical results initially used to shape it. The history of the question, consisting of four stages, is given. 1. The idea of sexual selection was suggested by Charles Darwin in 1871 and mostly negatively perceived by the scientific community of the time. 2. A long period of no mention of sexual selection in the scientific literature. 3. Re-formulation of Darwin's idea by the mathematician Robert Fisher (19031930) in the terms of population genetics. 4. A new wave of interest to this topic in the 1970s  1980s, after which the Darwin-Fisher theory was rapidly uncritically accepted by the bulk of biologists and turned into the ruling doctrine of normal science, following the pattern described by Thomas S. Kuhn in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, by the do as I do principle. Six main foundations of the sexual selection doctrine are analysed (e.g. distinction between among-and between-sex selection, the handicap idea etc.). In subsequent chapters each of these foundations is treated, looking into fit or lack of fit to the empirical results from most representative studies of the respective topic. Social and psychological motives of conformism in current zoology are analysed, based on the lack of serious attempts to falsify hypotheses that underlie the ruling concepts. The recent trend to go away from the firm belief into the reality of sexual selection is shown. The book presents much data on sexual relationships in various groups of animals, from arthropods to mammals.



  :      (   ).  




 :   


  ..        ,         ,        ,    .                   .  ,               .          ,          .

      ,        .  ,  ,      ,       ,     ,    ,             ,     .

      ,  .  ,      ,          ,   ,      ,     ,      .

             ,      ,  ,         ,  ,      . .  ,        ,    ,    ,          ,          ,   . ,     ,   .          ;      ,           ,     ,         ,          .          ,          .

     ,          , , , ,            ,           .       ,       ,    .   ,      ,    ,     ,      .

    ,           ,            .     ,     .      ,      ,  ,      .   ,      ,          ?

   ,  ,     .        ,     ,    ,             ,      ,     ,     ,        ,     

      ? ,      . ,        ,     .  ,        ,   ,    ,    .       ?     , ,     ,     .     ,            ,    ,  ,     .

 ,      ,   .  ,          ,   .     ,    ,          ,             .  ,      ,      ,       :    ,    .

   ,   ,   .       ,       ,     .    ,  .     ,   ,  ,  .   ,      ,     .            ,    .

,                .     ,   ,   ,    .  ,  ,           ,        .

   ,      ,     ,     .      ,          ,    .             ,   ,           .  ,      ,      ,     .

    ,     .           .                  ,           .

 ,       ,          ,      .           ,              ,    .



   

1)    .   ,                 .

  ,       ,     . ,       .   ,     ,    . ,      ,   ,   .

    : ()  .        ,      .

 :    .            ,     .       ,      .  -      ,  -     .          ,              .      𻠖  .

2)    .   ,        ,       ,   .

      ,           ,   , ,   . .        ,      ,      .

    : ()  .            ,    ,          .  :    ,    .

3)    .      ,   -.      ,    ,   .      ,     .

:  ,    .         ,   ,          ,        .     ,     ,    ,       .

:     ,      ,     ,   ,   .

          ,   .       ,          .      ,           ,     ,      .

,  ,  ,    ,   . ..       .        .    ..   ,   ,  -    .      ,        ,                      .

   ,   ,   ,        .      , ,   .     ,    ,         ,        .                .      ,  ,    ,                         .    (   )      ,    .



  

    , ,      .  -              ,      ,        ,     ,   ,   ,        ,       .

           .              ,   ,     .         (- )      .

    ,   ,  ,   ,      .       ໠      ,       ,        .          ,   ,           ,    , - ad hoc        ,             ,      ,                ,           ,    ,    . , ,     (    )  .

,         .           - ,        .       .    ,      , ,             ,     .    ,  ,     컠 ,       ,    ,    .                 ,              .     .  ,             .

,    ,   .      ,      .              ,  ,   ,                .   ,     .   ,       ,          ,     .          ,   ,    ,          .       ,      ,       ,      . ..      ,           .             , ,       ,      .

   ,     ,    .    ,  ,     ,     .         ,                    .      ,      ,   .  ,              ,      .        ,      .

 ,         ,  ,            .       ,          .   ,   ,   , .

       (ignoratio elenchi),            ,     ,  ,      ,      (    )  , ,   ,   .    ,        ,   .

           ,                   ,      ,   non sequtur ( ).  ,      ,    ,    ,       ,       . ,   -   ,               ,          .

     , error fundamental.            (    ).      ,    . .    :   ,       ,  ,    ,               .

    fallacia accidens,   .     ,         ,       .     ,     ,       ,         .    ,     ,  , - . .  .               ,          (,       ).

   ,      ,      .         .        ,     ,     .          ,    ,      .         ,     . ,  ignotum per ignotius     ,           ,  .       ,     (,      . .),      ,           .              ,     . ..        ,    ,    ,      ,       .

       (argumentum ad ignorantiam). ,           , :   ,   ;  ,    ,    ,   ,       , ,           (,  ) .               ,   ,        .

       ad hoc (  ).        ,          ,    ,      , ,  ,  .

    ,     ,    ad hoc,    argumentum ex culo   .       ,    ,    , ,    ,        ,           .



 :  

  ..        .         ,  , ,     ,      .           .   ,     ,   ,   ,   .

      .  ,    ,      ,    ,      .    ,        ,    ,            .        ,          ,     . , ,         ,     ,        ,   .

           ,      .

  ,    ,     .    ,      ,         ,   ,   .

,       .   ,      ,  ,     -  .                 , ,      .  ,     ,  ,      .       ,           .         ,     ,      ,   ,  ,    -   ,     ,  ,        .

   -     .   ,             ,  ,  ,      ,    .    ,     -    , ,     . ,  , ,      , ,     .               ,   ,  ,      ,              ,  -   .      ,        .  ,  ,    .. ,     ,  , ,     ,               .

,            . ,          ,     ,    ,  ,     .  ,   ,    ,    ,             . ,      ,                 .  ,                .

 ,         ,      . ,          .   , -,     .      ,        ,       ,   .               ,              .  ,        ,      ,            .

  ,    ,   ,      ,        .    ,       ,       .  ,   ,          ,    ,        ,         .      ,    ,        .       ,                    ,    ,     ,   ,           .

    ,            ad hoc,      .            ,   ,    .        ,                .

      ..   ,      .  -,      ,   .    ,      ,  ,      ,     .     ,    .           ,   .

            (  ),     ,             ,       . ,    .      ,   ,       :    .

    . ,          .    : 1994 .     Two concept of constraint,                .       -,    ,       .        ,  ,    ,      ,        .       ,     ( 1979 .).       ,                ( , )   .

           ,    ,        .

.. 




 


  ,     ,          ,    .         .      XX      ,     ,    .    ,        ,       , , ,    .            .  ,  ,      ,        ,       .      ,       . ,         .

,                 -   (1970-1980- .),            .       ,           .         ( . )         .

  .   ,  ,    ,      ,  ,    ,           . ,  ,          ,          .      ,       -         ,     ,  ,    .

  . ,       (1994),              (, ,   ),         ,    ,    , ,     .   ,  ,  ,     ,   ,    .

          .       .      ,  ,            (,  )     ,       , ,   ,          .                       ,  ,     .               ,              .

     ,   - ,           ,           - .   , ,   ,    ,      .

        ..               , ,  ,       .        .    , ..       :     .

           ,          , .              .. ,    ,          .       .  , .. ,   ,           ,   ,   ,    -            .          ,             .  ,  ,       ,  .

          (  ,    ),          ,     . .. ,     ,           ,        .    .. ,      ,  ,       .




:  


,                -   ,       .          (Darwin, 1971).   8-18          , ,    ,    ( 12),  (1316)   (1718)[1 -            ,        ,       .].

         ,                .       ,            19-     20-,      ..     (1961: 7-66).       46 ,            (, , , 1906; , , 1940).     (27)   , 17  .

     (1860-1920- .)           ,     16,               .          ,  ,  (3  3),            (9).               XX ,  9  , 19      (18),        .

           .    ..      .        536    ..     (1939). ..  (1939)       , ,        ,        .    ..  (1945) ,           .    , ..  ([1827] 1923)    ,       . ..               : ,  ,                (, 1940: 349). ,       [2 -    ,    ..    :            ;     ;  ,    ;  ,    ;     :  ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,    ;   ;     ,  ;  ,  :    ,   ,   ;         ,      ;      ;   .]     . ,  ,     ,        ,      .

         .     ,        ,   .    (, 1961: 3),    ,     ,  ,     .    ..  (1910),            ,    ,   -. ,        ,          .    .  . 214     ,            , :

- ,   ,  ,       (Helix pomatia),     ,      .       ,         ,          . -    ,     ;      , ,       ,             (, 1908   .. ;    ..).

   ,           (Gardner, 1846: 111):   , , ,      . ,     , , ,     . ,    ,  ,    Gelasimus         .   ,         .               ; ,      , , ,       ,      ,      ,  ,       ,   ( : 219;    ..).

           . ,   . ,   (language)           .          [   ],       .                 ,     .  :        . ,      ,      (facts of nature)    ,         ,     (Hubbard, 1990: 94;    ..).

     ,   ,     ,      -     ,      .   ..  (2001: 5053),    ,    ""  " " .          ,   ,      .        "    " (Darwin, 1871)  "     " (Darwin, 1872),  ,   [3 -  !],   (, 2001;    ..).

      ,      ,   ,        . , ,     ,   ,     ,       [4 -   . ,       ,  ,        .   : ,     ,           ,                 ,           .  ,         ,     .         ,   , ,    ,  ,     (Ruse, 1973: 196;     ..)].

           ,        ()   .           8 (  ).     ,                  (, 1908: 170).  ,   ,    ,     , ,           .

    .  ,  ,  ,    ,    .       ,       -       . ,  ,    ,                , ,   ,      ,        . ,      ,             -  ,    , ,           (. 57)[5 -  , ,    ,     ,        58.].

      .  . 496 :  . , .  (1954: 233) ,  '"           .        .          .  ,         .           ,  ,  ;         ,        ( ),     ,    :       ,      .          (    ..).

   ,     ,     .  ,     ,            .      ..      .   :       , ,       .  ,               ,        .    ,    ,      ,       .   ,     ,        .      ,       .        , ,   ,     ,    ,      ,    ,       .        -,         -, ,   ,     - (, 1923: 127).

         .                 ,        -   .                   ,     .                 .

 ,  ,     .   ,     ,      -  .   ,            ,        . [6 -  . peri  , gamos  .],  ,       ,        (, 1961: 11).   ,                 .

 :            .        [7 -  ( . orior  )   ,           . :  .],  ,    ,      , ,   ,  ,   (),      .            , ,                .         ,        .   ,          ,   ,         . , ,      :        ,    -   , ,  [8 -  (  aristos   )    .  (1931-34),              .  ,  ,  ,      .         ,          .         .], . .       (, 1961: 496497).






. 1.   Styracosaurus parksi.

: , 1961.



                            ,    .  ,    (     )            11         .               ..   .. ,     .

 . 1      Styracosaurus parksi,       ,     (9466 .  ).      ,          (Lull, 1933: 88). , , .       .      .

            .                            .           , -,        ,  ,      .         ,       ,        ,  ,    ,   [9 -        ,   5.].

          ,  . ,      ,    ,  , ,              ,  ,   -.

,   ,   ,         ,        ,     ,    ,  ,    . ;    ,       ,     ,           .

    , ,          ,   ,    .           ,   [10 -    ,  .   , ,   ,           (Huxley, 19386: 13). -          .          (Cott, 1954: 54).] ,        - , ,      .

  ,  ,      ,        .    .          ,  , , ,   .        ,    ,        ,   ,    ,          ,  ,    (, 1961: 347348;    ..).

     ,      .      ,                .    - 껠         .           ,    -  [11 - ,  . 346      ,      ,     .      ,    ,     ,    ,            (. 358  .).].          ,            .       ,    ,   .. ,   .   ,                    .

       (   ),    , .. .               ,                 18 .    (23-5 .  ).

  ,         ,     ,     ,             .            ,     . ,   ,      . ,       ,        ,           .   ,   ,    ,     .

          .       ,     .      ,       .        ,      .  , ,   ,      .     ,    ,   .     ,       .         (    ). ,    ( )     ,              ,       [12 -       2224  .. ,    : Kowalevsky, 1873.].

   ,                   ,     ,    .      ,     ()      .             .         : ..     ,         .       .. ,  .   ,            ,    ,             ,      .

   ,    ,              . ,      ,            ,       .          ,     ,    ,       .  ,           ,    .      ,              (, 1961: 339341  ).

                  -   ,    .  ,      ,              . -   ,       . , . , . .        ,      ,            -  .     ?    ,            -     .  ,      [13 -             ,  -.  ,   ,      ,   .        ,        ,       469471. ,  ,  :                  ..      ,    ,     ,             (. 469, 471,    ..).          .],       ,        ( : 459460).

 ,          ,     ,                 (. 2).        ,    .   ,  ,           .                (reproductive selection)  .   ,              ,      ,     (Fairbaim, 1997).       ,   3.






. 2.        Scarabaeidae ( Dynastinae   )  Lucanidae.

: . Libich (http://www.goliaphus.com/it/it-trichogomphus-mongol.html)



        .        ,      ,         ,    .  ,      ,          .          XX       1930- .    .

,          (, 2005)              ,          [14 - ,        Behaviour  19451995     (. Index to Behaviour 1-132, 1996).].               , , ,       (, 1978/2009, 1989; Panov, 2012).

     1980- .          ,        .       ,           .         (mating behavior)                       (1930) ,   ,      (in order to have begun in the first place)      ,            .  ,   ,       ,                .     (Trivers, 1972) ,     ,    ,         ,   ,       ,     .  ,           ,          . , ,   ,     ,    ,  .   ,          (Rotowski, 1984).

        ,     ,            ,     .    ,     -     ,  ,   ,     ,  :     ,    .      ,  ,     , ..  (1982).        (. , .   .),        .         :  , ..      . -,               ,     ,       (, , 1982).       ,             ,       ,             ,   , ,    .

  ,   -   ,   . ,        ,    .   1980- .           ,      ,         .  ,   10            .    (Andersson, 1994),            .

  ,    ,     :       (exciting) .   ,               , ,       [],     ,           (Andersson, 1994: XV;    ..).

 ,    ,  ,      ,   ,    . ,              -  ,            .       ,           .        ,  . ,          (Kuhn, [1962] 1970; , 1975).

    ,  ,    :  11 300 000       .  ,                    ,       .       ,     -   .

     .  ,         ,         .  1970- .             (., ., Parker, 1979).         .    ,            ,       :          .         ,    ,    , ,           . ,               [15 -     ,        .].

        ,            ? ,      . ,   ,  ,     .     ,   (costs)     ,    ,       (benefits)       .   ,      ,    ,    ,    (costs),          -      . [     ]   *,   *,  *,   **,    *,   *,     **      ,               .     ,  ,     *[16 -          .] (Eberhard, 2004: 1948).

          ,            .    ,   ,  ,                ,        ,            .      ,   61 ,    ,       .     ,          ,         .         106 ,   84 .  ,  53.8 %     ,      ,      -  .

        ,     ()  ,  ,    .    ,          ,     ,          .     ,           .

  ,          ,   .            ,         (        ),       .   .  (1978: 25),     ,    ,         ,       ,       ,      .    ,      (   ..).

 ,       .  : ,    ,       ,  .  , ,              ,          .     ,               .        ,      ,   .  ,    [  ]      .    ,                [17 -              .  : Bertin, Fairbairn, 2007.]  ,      .   , ,      . ,  ,        . ,     ,       , ,     (Eberhard, 2004: 1956;    ..).

,  ,          ,    ,            .        , ,    ,           ,        ( ,      . , 2012  ,)?    ,       ,        9.3  9.

  ,       ,    .  :          , ,    ,       (cryptic).          ,        ,      ,       (Eberhard, 2004: 1949;    ..).

  .    ,  , :    ,       ,    (few, if any),       ,   .    (Fisher, 1915),             (Darwin, 1871),   , ,    (Andersson, 1994: xv).          :  ,     (. ).

         ,        .         ,     .        ,      .     ,            (. ).        ,      ,    .          ,     (Roughgarden et al., 2006)    ,     (Dali et al., 2006; McNamara et al., 2006).                ,      (  )  ,     .

       ,    ,  , ,        (,   .)        (., Ruxton et al., 2004).     ,       .

    .           ,       .         , ,   ,         :                  ,           .  ,  ,       ,     ,           .

          -,    ,      ,           ( 4  8, ).          ,        .     ,            ,    ,   ,  .         ,    .   ,        (. , 2).  ,  ,  ,          ,         (. ., Dominey, 1983).     .

-,    ,             ,          .  , -,       .

        .      ,          (Kuhn, 1962).       ,        .         ,     .       ,        .   ,     ,   ,         .   , ,           ,   ,        .    ,        ,      (Bennett, 1968: 237). ,   , -        .

             ,                   (, ,        ).   ,         ,   :         ,  ,         .




 1

  



  ,     ,    ,       ( ),          , -    ,          , ,   ,       .   ,           . ,      ,        ,    .         . ,           .

         - ,  ,   ,         ( 2  3    ).               ,        ,             . ,    ,        .




1.1.   


I.    ,   .        :        ,  -      ,  ,  [18 -    ,   ,     ,                   (Hubbard, 1990; .    ).],   ,         ;                ,       ,         ;    ,             .           ,          ,    ,        [19 -  ,    .],       .             . ,   ,   ,     [20 -      ,               (Eberhard, 2004).],               ,          , . .  ,      .       ,          (, 1896: 197198;    ..).






. 1.1.      ,       .

: Andersson, 1994.



 , -,     .   ,      i     ,     ,      .    . 1.1,     .     :      .      (traits),    (favored by)    .        ,     -   (  NS  S).     (other?)  ,     (NS)    (?)   ( N). ,       ( S).     ,       .    ,   (survival),        . , ,       ,     (?)  .      .    ,        ,         (Andersson, 1994: 8;       ..).

         ,         .    ,    .                 .



II.   .   ,       ,         .         -.   , ,      - . ,    ,      ,         ,     -   .    . ,          (Huxley, 1938, ).  ,   ,   ,  ,           ()  (Huxley, 19386).

    ,            .     , ,   ,     ()    ,       .   ,          ,   (    )   ,         ,    .



III. ,     ,    . ,                    (, ,     ),        . ,    ,   ,   ,  ,  ,         .    ,           ,         (Zahavi, 1975, 1993; Zahavi, Zahavi, 1997).

    ,      ,    ,               .

        ,  ,  .   ,                 ,  ,   , ,  ,     .      ,       [21 -     .] (strong directional)  .   ,     ,    ,   ,      .          ,    ,    ,    (,   .[22 -  ,      .]).      (fluctuating asymmetry).

 ()   ,           (    ),         (Parsons, 1990;  .  10.3). ,                 (costs),     (elaborate)   ,      .  ,            ,         (., ., Moller, Pomiankowski, 1993: 465).        .  ,   ,            ,       .

 ,                    ,           .    ,         ,  ,     ,     , /     ,    .     ,   ,  , ,     ,     .  ,                 ,     (Hamilton, Zuk, 1982).



IV.        (cost)  ,            . ,   (benefit)     / .        ,        ,         - .

 ,        . ,       .      ,          .      (strategic cost)     ,           (efficacy cost).          (equilibrium cost)      (costs)   (benefits)       ,     (honesty)      (Szamado, 2011: 8;    ..).      .  (1978: 25),    :     ,    ,         ,       ,       ,       (   ..).



V.  .       ,      .     - ,       .       .   , ,  ,         .  ,  , ,  ,      .        ,               (.  10.1).

, ,    ,              ,    .       ,      ,     ,    ,       ,    ( )        . ,            ,           (. , 1.3). ,    ,        ,            .    , , ,    ,  ,   -  ,         .




1.2.         


       ,          .       ,        .    ,       ,         (runaway process),    .                (Fisher, 1930),  ,   ,         ,    (female taste)       [23 -    .       (Bennett, 2000).] (     ).

         . ,   [24 - ..  (18871962)   -  .       .   .],    ,      ,        ,           ,       (Fisher, 2000: 305306). ..  ,       .

             .        ,         (Selous, 1927).      (Phylomachus pugnax),    ,   ,    [25 - ., , ..  http://www.vuit.ru/faculties/Ecological/beautyl.pdf].  ,  ,    (with perfect self composure)    [26 -       .      .  8.],     -  .     (perfect ecological framework).    (fashion)     ( : 308).

     . .  ,            ,          ..  (25  1932 .)  . ,      ,        .

  (beauty)   ,   (taste)   .  [  ..].       


. 


.    


      ,         .   


      : 


 = 0    ,  


     .     ,      ,                       ,     (  


)


,   (  


)


  .       ,     ,      (-


) (  


)  .

  ,   (beauty)     ,     [27 -              .  ,  ,     .],    (taste)     (measured)     (actual performance). ,    ,    (at random),          (a number of trials),      ,   ,  


.         (ugly)          (will score a higher average).      ,  ,      ,       


 + k.  k   (datum),       (powers of discrimination),    ,     (opportunities for choice)  . . (etc).

    (specifi cation) 


,


    x


y


,        (x


 + 


)/2, (y


 + 


)/2.    ,    ,   ,          .   ;             



(x


  x


+ 


  x


)(y


  y


+ 


  y


)/4



    (averaged over all matings).      ,     ,  ,  r  



(x


  x


)(y


  y


) = r  (


  x


)(


  y


) = r



      (while for the rest)



(x


  x


)(


  y


)= ky


(


  y


) = k  (x


  x


)(


  y


) = r


k



      ,     x


,


.

    



2r = k(l + r


)  r = (1  ?1  k


)/k[28 -  ?    (  1  k2).]



  ,        x  ky


/2,     y  kry


/2,   y


    (  ,  k, ,  r,  ). ,      ,      ,         .

     :  ,     ,   .      ,        (to get the argument across),  ,  ,        ,    ,    .



 ,  ,        .  48          ,    ,  .   1871 .,     ,       .  :   ,      ,          .            ,                  (, 1978: 237;    ..).

       ,                ,     ,   ,    ( : 37). ,         ,         XX :            , ,    , ,     .         ,    ,     .    -           ,       ,   ,   ,        .         ,          ,             ( : 194).

  ,   ,  ,   ,        ,     -  [29 -   .  (Dominey, 1983),       ,          (ODonald, 1980; Lande, 1981; Kirkpatrick, 1982).  . , 2.].  ,         ,     .       ,      ,  ,    .           ,       .     ,        :     ,     .      ,          ,   ?              .



       .

   (Dominey, 1983)          .      ,       (Fisher, 1958).  :  ,    ,    ,   (trait)    ,        .     ,        ,    ,        .   ,   ,    , ,   ,   ,     (disadvantage)  ,         ,  ,      .        -   ,    ,      ,          .  ,                        .

     ,      ,         [30 -            ,            .],  ,        .     ,      ,         ,  ,  .          ,           (      ) , ,       (,   .).          .           (Maynard Smith, 1978: 172).

 ,           . ,     ,             ,   ,  [31 - ,     (   ),         .        ,         . ,   ,         ,     (Dominey, 1983: 500).].         ,      ,     .      ,   (    ,   )          -     .          (exaggeration)           (Dominey, 1983: 495496).

         ,          ,      .           .  (Zahavi, 1975)[32 - .   ,        Turdoides squameiceps   ,      .   ,           . ,    ,     ,       , .     ,      .].       (1.1),       .              ,  . , ,   ,   ,  ,     -.    ,   ,    ,      ,       .  ,       (,     ),     ,      .   ,      ,     .

   ,     ,        ,  ,    ,    . ,            ,  .   . [33 -     Modem statistics for the life sciences (Grafen, Hails, 2002).],       ,    :     ,      (signals are honest) (Grafen, 1990: 517).   ,  .




1.3.   


    [34 - Sexual selection in plants and animals.].   1993 .  (, )          .     . ,        ,     ,     (Arnold, 1994).   ,     ,      ,           .      .             ,           10 ,         .  ,      (mate choice)    (sexual competition)       .        (mating success),      (unifying concept),     ,    (Arnold, 1994: 1;    ..).

       . ,  ,     ,    [35 -  ,       . ,      ,      ,   -   .       (,       )     ,        ,        .             :       ,    . (Leese et al., 2010).         , ,   ,     ,     .            Stegastes leucostictus.  ,  ,  ,    . ,         ,         (: intra-sexual competition). ,    ,     ,   ,             .  ,       ,   ,  .  ,     (    )     (  ).].          (so troublesome),      ?      ,       ,      130 .     ,    .       [36 -   , -,  ,          (.  2).],      . , ,   ,        ,                 (Arnold, 1994: 3).

       .   ,    ,             (            ).        ,   ,   130 [37 -         1980- .   ,     3033 .].   ,        ,     .       ,      ,         .

     ,    ,   (Arnold, 1994: 9). ,    ,   .         .      ,   (arises)      [   (mates),  [38 -    ,    ,        .]       ].    -   ,         (??? ..).             ,         ( ,   ).

       ,    .        ,  ,              :  (fitness)      (. 1.2).         :         (fitness currency),       (straightforward).   ,         [39 -  : bear  -  sire   .]

  :  .              1983 .       (Willson, Burley, 1983). ,             (http://web.pdx.edu/~cruzan/SexualSelection inPlants.pdf)[40 -            ,      .     ,          .          ,      ,   . .     .     ,        .].






. 1.2.   ,    . Z


, Z


, Z


     .         . : Arnold, 1994.



          :     .      .      .       .  ,         ,    .      ,   ,           ,   .         ,         .             ,             (benefit)      (cost)          (Trivers, 1972).




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/e-n-panov-7522801/polovoy-otbor-teoriya-ili-mif-polevaya-zoologiya-protiv/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


           ,        ,       .




2


   ,    ..    :            ;     ;  ,    ;  ,    ;     :  ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,    ;   ;     ,  ;  ,  :    ,   ,   ;         ,      ;      ;   .




3


 !




4


  . ,       ,  ,        .   : ,     ,           ,                 ,           .  ,         ,     .         ,   , ,    ,  ,     (Ruse, 1973: 196;     ..)




5


 , ,    ,     ,        58.




6


 . peri  , gamos  .




7


 ( . orior  )   ,           . :  .




8


 (  aristos   )    .  (1931-34),              .  ,  ,  ,      .         ,          .         .




9


       ,   5.




10


   ,  .   , ,   ,           (Huxley, 19386: 13). -          .          (Cott, 1954: 54).




11


,  . 346      ,      ,     .      ,    ,     ,    ,            (. 358  .).




12


      2224  .. ,    : Kowalevsky, 1873.




13


            ,  -.  ,   ,      ,   .        ,        ,       469471. ,  ,  :                  ..      ,    ,     ,             (. 469, 471,    ..).          .




14


,        Behaviour  19451995     (. Index to Behaviour 1-132, 1996).




15


    ,        .




16


         .




17


             .  : Bertin, Fairbairn, 2007.




18


   ,   ,     ,                   (Hubbard, 1990; .    ).




19


 ,    .




20


     ,               (Eberhard, 2004).




21


    .




22


 ,      .




23


   .       (Bennett, 2000).




24


..  (18871962)   -  .       .   .




25


., , ..  http://www.vuit.ru/faculties/Ecological/beautyl.pdf




26


      .      .  8.




27


             .  ,  ,     .




28


 ?    (  1  k2).




29


  .  (Dominey, 1983),       ,          (ODonald, 1980; Lande, 1981; Kirkpatrick, 1982).  . , 2.




30


           ,            .




31


,     (   ),         .        ,         . ,   ,         ,     (Dominey, 1983: 500).




32


.   ,        Turdoides squameiceps   ,      .   ,           . ,    ,     ,       , .     ,      .




33


    Modem statistics for the life sciences (Grafen, Hails, 2002).




34


Sexual selection in plants and animals.




35


 ,       . ,      ,      ,   -   .       (,       )     ,        ,        .

             :       ,    . (Leese et al., 2010).         , ,   ,     ,     .            Stegastes leucostictus.  ,  ,  ,    . ,         ,         (: intra-sexual competition). ,    ,     ,   ,             .  ,       ,   ,  .  ,     (    )     (  ).




36


  , -,  ,          (.  2).




37


        1980- .   ,     3033 .




38


   ,    ,        .




39


 : bear  -  sire   .




40


           ,      .     ,          .          ,      ,   . .     .     ,        .


