 :         
 

 . 


    (lean production)     ,     ?.      Toyota,       .





 ,  

 :         








 . 

 . , . 

  . 

  . 

 . 

 . , . 

  . 



 James Womack and Daniel Jones. 1996, 2003

All rights reserved.

     Simon & Schuster, Inc.

 . , . ,    ,   , 2004

    , , .  , 2018



  .      .                        ,         ,           .             5.  (. 49 ),            6  (. 146  ).


* * *







Editors choice   



     ,        .         ,        ,   ,       ,   ?

                 ,     ,        ,       .



 ,
  
 




  ,   


 ,   : ,   ;      ,   .

,  1,  10

  .   80-    .    .       ,          . ,   ;     ,  ,      .  -       ?

  - .    .           .           .       .   ,  ,      .   ,   ,     :      .          ,          ( ,  ,  )  .      .

   :  ?           .              蔻 (International Motor Vehicle Program, IMVP)   ,     . , .   .  (J. Womack, D. Jones and D. Roos).

     .  1984             /1/.    1985     .            .     .        lean production,       .      (John Krafcik),         /2/,      /3/.  ,       ,     /4/,      .

  ,       ,     ,      ,    ,     .        ,      .    ,    /4/:

 .

   .

     .

 .



,           .    /4/      ,              ,   ,      , ,       ,  ..     /4/  ,         ,   ,  ,        :   .

 ,  , ,    ,  ,    ,    젖  Toyota ().   , ,    ,     -  ,     -,    , ,          .

      Toyota (Toyota Production System, TPS)   ,      .    80-            TPS      .      TPS   -  .      /5/,   ,              .       ,   1985     /6/,     ,   /5/.          /5/,       Toyota,       ,  Matsushita Electric ( ). ,      1973          Toyota,       .   1988,  10       ,      TPS,   (Taiichi Ohno) /7/.             TPS  1945  1975 .

 ,      .      TPS      1982  /8/.  ,  1981    .  /9/,              . ,   /5, 6  8, 9/      /1013/, ,  ,    .  ,  /13/      ,     .        .  ,          .     ,  /14/,    ,  /15, 16/.      -      , ,   ,    ,    /17/,  頖  /18/.

  ,             ,       (..),    ,      .           /19/,            AT&T (   ) /20/.     ,   XX  ..                /2125/. ,  ,     ,      .

    ,       ,    . .        (www.lean.org (http://www.lean.org/)),  .       (www.leanuk.org (http://www.leanuk.org/)).        ,        .

 ,           .   , ,      ,        ,         .    Toyota     .

     1996 ,        .       Lean Thinking.   -  ,  .       .           ,   ,  , .  ,           ,     ,      ,  , ,  ,  ,  ,   ,       .         ,     /4/       .      ,    .

, , ,     lean   .   ,    lean    , , , , ,  /26/.  ,   Lean production,       ,         ,  ,   ,    lean, ,  ,  :       (lean and mean).  ,         -  ,         . ,      (..)       ,     (..)    .         ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  . ,    .    ,     ,   . ,             ,     ,  ,      . ,   .

       ,   2003 .  1996  2003   Lean Thinking   ,      ,    ,   ,               . ,   ,  .   ,   /4/          ,   ,         .  ,           [1 -    Lean,          /4/.   Productivity, Inc.  ,    1985   90-        50      20  (  ).            ,  ,   TPS.  ,       : /27/.],    Quality Progress /28/    ,  ,   2%.   2000       /4/,      /29/,       .               ,   ,     .

   2003     ,      /30/,       .  ,    ,   , ,     .    ,     -,     ,    /31/  ..    ,        McKinsey (-),    ,                  /32/.  - (SAE)           (SAE J4000)      (J4001).              .  ,               ,            ,       .        ,        /3336/. ,         ,        /37/.          /38/,   ,  , -,   .

          ,    ,          .    ,                 .     ,     . ,     ,        .      /39, 40/.     ,   /59/          .      .    ,           ࠖ       ,       ,         ,      .           /4/,         . ,          XX :        .          ,          ,         ,             .. ..  ,         ,  Toyota      ,        , , , , , , , , ,      ,        .

 ,      , -,   .   /1013/,  -     ,      /1425/,      ,         , ,  ,    XXI .           ,       TQM,   ,    /41/,     /42/   /43/,     .  ,   /42/           ERP-.  ,              MRP II /44/     /45/.     ,    ,   ,        ..,       .  ,      ,      /30/,   ,  .

 .                       .   , ,      ,              .  ,        ,        ,        ERP-  ..       ,        ,       .  ,       ,         .  ,    ,                   .  ,   ,         ,      ,   . ,   ,       XXI     ,          ,     .        䠖                      .

  ,             . ,        ,        ,          ,   ,         /46/.

  ,           ?  ,      ,          ,         .               [2 -      (.. ..)      agile   ,     .]/4749/.    ,     ,       , ..         :

 () ;

 ;

 ;

 .



        ,       ,         ,   .

  ,      .   ,            .  ,     .     ,   ,    (  )     /50/.  ,     .           ,       -   /51/.     /31/, Toyota         ,      . ,         ,        .

       ,        .

    ࠖ    . Toyota   30 ,     .      ,        .  ,           (. )    ,    /30/,   .    13  2003 ,   -   /52/,      ,        ,    .     . -,           . -,         . -,              (                ).

         ,   20  :        -   ,        /53/.          ,        ,   ,    /54/. ǻ     ,       /55/. .. ,     ,        .  !      , ,  ,     ..  /56/,             .        , ,   /57/,      ,   ,   /58/,     ,   .

 ,   ,   ,   ,    ,  ,          ,       .



 ..,  ..

          .



 ..      ,     ,   (c)              (ENBIS),       ( ),

adler@astroinform.ru. (mailto:adler@astroinform.ru.)



 ..      ,               (ENBIS),     ,             ( ),

shper@vei.ru. (mailto:shper@vei.ru.)




1.Altshuler, A., Anderson, M., Jones, D., Roos, D., Womack, J. The Future of the Automobile. Cambridge: MIT Press. 1984.

2.Krafcik, J. A Methodology for Assembly Plant Performance Determination. IMVP Working Paper, October 1988.

3.Krafcik, J. Triumph of the Lean Production System // Sloan Management Review, MIT. Vol. 30. # 1. Fall 1988.

4.Womack, J., Jones, D., Roos, D. The Machine That Changed the World. The Story of Lean Production. How Japans Secret Weapon in the Global Auto Wars will Revolutionize Western Industry. New York: Rawson Associates. 1990.

5.Monden, Ya. Toyota Production System. Practical Approach to Production Management. Atlanta, Georgia: Institute of Industrial Engineering. 1983.

6.Monden, Ya., Shibakawa, R., Takayanagi, S., Nagao, T. Innovation in Management. The Japanese Corporation. Atlanta, Georgia: Institute of Industrial Engineering. 1985.

7.Ohno, T. Toyota Production System. Beyond Large-Scale Production. Portland, Oregon: Productivity Press. 1988.

8.Schonberger, R. Japanese Manufacturing Techniques. Nine Hidden Lessons in Simplicity. New York: The Free Press; London: Collier Macmillan Publishers. 1982.

9.Ouchi, W. Theory Z. How American Business can meet the Japanese Challenge. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publ. Co. 1981.

10. . ໠   . . . .  . ..   .. . .: . 1989.

11. .,  .,  .,  .    . . . .  . .. . .: . 1989.

12. .    .   . . . .  . .. . .: . 1988.

13. ..   :    . . . ./. . ..   .. . .: . 1984.

14.    ()      ,         .  . .:      .     . 1989.

15. ..   .   . .: . 1981.

16. ..,  ..    . . .: .    . 1989.

17. .     . . .  . .. . .: . 1987.

18. .   . . . .: . 1988.

19. . ,  ,  .   , 1991, 1, . 2129.

20.   .   , 1991, 1, . 3055; 2, . 3157; 34, . 2059.

21. ..,  ..,  ..       . : , 1998. 92 .

22. ..,  ..    .   . : , 1999. 292 .

23. ..,  ..,  ..         . : , 2000. 176 .

24. ..       .        . , 1999. 312 .

25. ..      (    ).        . , 2000. 119 .

26. .. - . .:  , 2001.

27.Sekine, K. One-Piece Flow. Cell Design for Transforming the Production Process. Cambrigde, Massachusetts, Norwalk, Connecticut: Productivity Press, 1992. 286 p.

28.Hutchins, G. Learn Lean. Quality Progress, 2001, #9, p. 97.

29.Womack, J.P. and Jones, D.T. How the World Has Changed Since The Machine That Changed the World. The Lean Enterprise Institute. Brookline, 2001.

30.Womack, J.P. and Jones, D.T. Lean Thinking. Banish Waste and Create Wealth in Your Corporation. New York at al.: Free Press, 2003. 397 p.

31. ..    //   . 1999, 10.

32.Dorgan, S.J. and Dowdy, J. How good management raises productivity. The McKinsey Quarterly, 2002, #4.

33.Nave, D. How To Compare Six Sigma, Lean and the Theory of Constraints. Quality Progress, 2002, #3, p. 7378.

34.Are Six Sigma and lean manufacturing really different? Are they synergetic or in conflict? Six Sigma Forum Magazine, 2002, v.2, #1 (       ).

35.George, M.L. Lean Six Sigma: Combining Six Sigma Quality with lean Production Speed. McGrow-Hill Co. 1st ed., 2002. 300 p.

36.George, M.L. Lean Six Sigma for Service. How to Use Lean Speed & Six Sigma Quality to Improve Services and Transactions. N.Y., McGrow-Hill Co., 2003. 300 p.

37. ..,  ..  :   ,    //   , 2000. 10. . 1523.

38.Multiple Choice. Quality Progress, 2003, #7, p. 2545. (          ).

39.Henry Ford on Continuous Improvement. www.sme.org/cgi-bin/get-newsletter.pl?LEAN&20030709&5&

40. .  ,  . .  . ... .: , 1924 (: .:   , 1989).

41.  :   /  ..,  ..,  .,  ..;  .  .. .:   , 1999. 600 .

42. ..,  ..,  ..    .   ERP-. .:  , 2002. 368 .

43. ..,  ..       ,  ,      ,     . . . . ,  , 2003. 98 .

44. ..      MRP II.   . .: , 2002.

45.Goldratt, E., Cox, J. The Goal. Excellence in Manufacturing. North River Press, Inc., 1984.

46.Harris, R. The Right Automation Level for Lean. www.sme.org/cgi-bin/getnewsletter. pl?LEAN&20020109&1&

47.Maskell, B. The age of agile manufacturing. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 2001, v.6, #1, pp.511.

48.Hormozi, A.M. Agile manufacturing: the next logical step. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 2001, v.8, #2, pp.132143.

49.Li Jin-Hai, Anderson, A.R., and Harrison, R.T. The evolution of agile manufacturing. Business Process Management Journal, 2003, v.9, #2, pp.170189.

50.Cooney, R. Is lean auniversal production system? Batch production in the automotive industry. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 2002, v.22, #10, pp. 11301147.

51.Spithoven, A.H.G.M. Lean production and disability. International Journal of Social Economics, 2001, v.28, #9, pp. 725741.

52.Womack, J. Beach Reading www.lean.org/Community/Registered/ShowEmail.cfm?JimsEmailId=28 (http://www.lean.org/Community/Registered/ShowEmail.cfm?JimsEmailId=28)

53.Toyota  Mercedes   . , 14 , 2002. . 32.

54.     ? www.bkg.ru/cgibin/new_detail.pl?id=5699

55.    . www.bkg.ru/cgi-bin/new_detail.pl?id=5560

56. ..   :        . .: , 1994. 200 .

57. .,  .   .  -     . . . :  , 2000. 264 .

58. -.    . . . .:  /, 1999. 280 .


,

  ,   .

 

,

    .

 






   2003 



      1996 ,      1997     1998-.    ,       ,   1990- ,    ,  .      ,     ,        1991 ,        .

           ,  ,      ,  ,     . (            ,      ,       .)   ,       1997   2001         XX  ,        .

      ,         ,  ,          .        300 000 .     , , , , , , ,    .             ,      .

   -    :   2001     2002-      .    : 2001 ,       ,          -  Business Week.   ,    .

  ,         ,    ,     ,  .

                .           ,       ,   .       , ,         ࠖ     ,    ,     ,       ,   ,      ,   .

          ,       .    ,          (    ):          .  ,     ,       .  :   ,   1990-   ,   ,   ,    ,       ,     Toyota,    ,    .         ,    -    ,   .

         ,     1996 ,       .       蠖           .

  ,      ,    .      .              ,     ,     ,  ,      .

,          ,      ,    ,   ,                . ,  ,    ,   ,            .   ,  ,      ,         .



    
,   --, , ,
 2003




   

     


 1990     ,       , The Machine That Changed the World (,   ).       ,    ,     ,    ,      .    [3 - 㠖     -  (     -)     (  -),     . . .],    , ,      ,  ,      .      Toyota     .     ,         ,        .

            (    ),   .      ,       .         ?      ,   The Machine That Changed the World  [1 -          Rawson Macmillan      HarperCollins  .]:    400 000     (    )[4 -  ,    . . .].      ,       , ,   , ,               .      :    ?

      , ,  ,   ,                  (  ࠖ [poka-yoke]).       .    ,     .  , , , ,            ?      :   ?     ,       ,  Toyota?

  ,    .          . The Machine       , ,  , , .       ,   ,           .  ,         ,        ,     ,  Toyota.

         . -,  ,        ,        ,   ,       .         .  ,   ,   .         ,    ,   ,   ,  ,  .        ,    ,        .     ,   ,      (,   )[2 -             .].           .    ,     ,                 ,      .

   ,  ,          . 頖    . 頖       . 頖       . 頖    . 頖   .        ,          ,     .  ,           .

    ,     ( )    ,    ,           .      .

      [5 -  (),   ,   ,         .   ,  ,           . . .] (,  ,            General Motors, The Concept of the Corporation[3 - Peter Drucker, The Concept of the Corporation (New York: John Day, 1946).])       .            ,     ,   ,       ⠖    ,    .     ,        ,       ,     ,        [4 -     ,          Unipart University, .            ,         ,   .].    ,      ,   .

       ,    ,        , , ,  ,         .

    ,         Simon & Schuster[6 - Simon & Schuster ,     . . .].  ,    .

       ,           ,   ,    ,     ,    .      ,      ,  ,  ,               ,    ,        .   ,       ,         .                  .          ,      . ,    -   .

          ,        .       ,               ,  ,    .  ,   ,    ,       -.       ,     .  , ,   :   ![7 -        Nike Just do it!. . .]




 I

  







     


.     ,     .    ,   ?      ,    , ,    ,   ,    [8 -   value   ,    .         ,   -  .         .             . . .].  ,   .   ,     (        ).   ,     .             .       - ,     . ,    ,     .

  (19121990),   Toyota,      ,     ,    .    [5 -   ,       :  ( ),   ,  ,       ,   ,   (),   (),  (          ,    ). (. Taiichi Ohno, The Toyota Production System: Beyond Large Scale Production [Portland, Oregon: Productivity Press, 1988], pp. 19-20.)              .           ,       ,         .]. ,     .      ,   ,     .    ,         .  ,   ,    ,  ,    ,     .

  ,        .    ,     ,  ,             .       ,     ,      堖   ,  ,      ,       ,     ,   .

      ,      ,   ,         .     ,        ,       ,           .


 

     .  [, ]      .     ,       (     ),            .

  .    ,      .           ,       .  ,  -  ,    ,       , ,     . ,   ,     ,      ,       .       ,        . (       ,            ໠    .)                .

      ,     ,     , ,   ,               ,   ,                .      ,       :           ,          ?         ,         ?     ,      ,     ? ,    ,          ?      .       ,      ,         .                    .

     ,  ,        .   ,     ,      ,    ,         .           .           ,       .

 ,   ,   ?  !   ,     ,     ,     ,      .    ?

  ,   . ,   ,  ,    .  -        ,       ,    ,   .         :     ,      .     ,     ,       .

            ,  ,     ,     ,    ,          .

     ,       .        ,    .     ,  Toyota (, ,     ),        ,           [ ].      ,     ,      .        ,     .     ,    .    ,  ,       ,    .        ,     .   ,     . 堖    ,     .

       ,      ,      .    ,      .          , , ,       .

     (      ,   ,     )[6 - ,    ,      ,     .  ,            ,   .      ,       .],   ,      ,      ,        .     :        ,    .    ,        (     ).         ,       .

   (  )         .    ,        ,       ,    .      :       ,       . , ,   .         ,    ,   ,        ,         .  -   ,                ,    .

  ,    ,     ,       ,      350 .    ,   ,     -,      ,  ,     . .      ,           ,              (   蠖  ),   :         ,  -,      (      Northwestern Airlines),        -,  , , ,        .

       .   ,  Northwestern Airlines (    KLM),      Boeing  Airbus          ,        ,    ?            (     -,     ).       ,     ,          .     ,    ,           ,  頖     .

          .   ,          ,           ,       ,       .       ,         , ,    ,       .             蠖     . ,        .            .

- ,   15       ,       (        ),       (         ),   ( Southwest   , ,     ,     )         ,     .         .

     ,        ,       .                 .           ,    .       (   ,      ),      . ,          .       ,   .      .

 ,  蠖         .           젖    .


   

  蠖    ,   ,    (,    )      ,   :   (         ),    (          ),   (   ,        )[7 -                  ,           . (. Michael Porter, Competitive Advantage [New York: Free Press, 1985],  2, The Value Chain and Competitive Advantage. .  : . . . . . : . 2001.)   .          ,        .           ()   .                ,  , , ,   ,     ,   ,       ,       . ,      ,      .    ,           ,    .              .                   ;     ,  ,   ,   ,     .               ;        .                  ;       ,   ,       .].        ࠖ      ,      ,    ,    .

 ,     ,       : 1) ,  , , ,             ; 2) ,   ,      ,  , ,             (  ); 3) ,   ,       (  ).

 .   Pratt & Whitney,      ,          ,  ,         ,     ,  ,     ( ,  ,         ).   ,        ,       .       - ,      .      ,     .   ,   .           ,     , ,    ,      ,         Pratt.        ,     .

     ,  ,       ?  .     ,       ,    , ,    ,        .     ,    ,         .     .                  .             .           .

 ,     ,    ,        ,      ,    ,     :        ;           ;  ,    ,  ,     .  ,    ,    .          ,    ,      ,      .

        ,     ,     ,    ,    .      .              (outsourcing)[9 -           (, ). . .],     ,  ,      ,          ,         ,    .   ,    ,     ,     .      , ,   ,      .

           ,           ,       ,    ,      .        .


  

      ,     ,    ,     .   ,        , .         ,   .

,      ,      .   ,          ,      ,  堖  . ,           . ,               ,         .         ,    ,   .       ,     ,       ,     .    ,      ,      100 .    ,  .        ,   ?  ,   , ,        .

        .     ,    ,        ,    .    ,    ,     .      : ,      . 젖   . 젖       .      .

    ?  .    , ,       ?              .           ,           ?

   ,    .

     ,         ,     .            ,       ,   .   ,      ,    !

  ,            , ,    (    ),         (,          )[8 - Taiichi Ohno, Workspace Management (Portland, Oregon: Productivity Press, 1988), p. 47.].   ,      蠖   ,         , ,     (     )   ,     (     ).                 ,        ,  ,       ,   .           ,      .  ,    ,           .

      ,      .  1913           һ  90 ,       .        ,   ,     һ,   .  ,               .        .          ,       ,     ,      . ( һ     .)

  20- ,      ,   ,    ,         һ.

        ,      [9 -        Toyota . Shigeo Shingo, A Study of the Toyota Production System from an Industrial Engineering Viewpoint (Portland, Oregon: Productivity Press, 1989).], ,       ,     ,     .           ( ,   ).         ,    .            ,        .              ,     ()  ,     (, ,   )   ,   .        .

      .     ,      ,       [10 -         ,  . . .] (      )    ( ).                 .   ,       .               , , . ,  ,  堖 ,     .   ,            ,        ,     .       ,       . ?

    ,       ,     ,       ,   .          ,          (  ,       ),         .

 ,       .         ()    , ,   ,      [10 - Michael Hammer and James Champy, Reengineering the Corporation (New York: Harper Business, 1993)   . (  :  .,  .  :    ,  .- , 1997.) .  Michael Hammer and Steven A. Stanton, The Reengineering Revolution: A Handbook (New York: Harper Business, 1995) ,    .].    ,        .  -              ,          .         ,    .      ,        .  ,      SWOT-        .       ,      ,      .

,    ,     ,      ,        ,                (          ).          .    ,    ,     .          .


 

                         ,    ,        .             ,        ,            .              ,        ,         90%,   - .                 .

     ?  ,                 .    ?     .      ,    ,   ,    , ,          .         ,   .  ,          ,    ,  ,     .      4,     ,   ,      ,          ,       .

   : ,     ,  ,     ,    ,        .   ,  ,   ,         ,     .       .      ,  ,   ,   .     ,    ,  ,  .            ,    .      ,     ,  .  ,          .    ,        .

    .   ,         ,          (  ,    4).           ,     ,     ,     . ,          .    ,         ,          .     ,          .




      ,     ,                ,  - .    ,    .     , ,  ,    ,    ,        ,    .     ࠖ    .

   ?        .       ,     .    ,      .            .  ࠖ              .

        ,      .      Pratt&Whitney.           U-    .  Pratt&Whitney          .       ,     99%,        .   Pratt&Whitney            ,   .       ,  ,        ,      Pratt&Whitney       .

   ࠖ .   ࠖ ,   [11 -    (first-tier suppliers)  ,   ,   .    ,    ..        . . .],  , , , 蠖    ,        .       ,         .        3.

,        [11 -  : Jack Stack, The Great Game of Business (New York: Harper Business, 1993),  John Case, Open Book Management (New York: Harper Business, 1995).], ,              .        .  ,               .    ,     ,       .        ,        .         ,  ,     ,     ,       ,   .


   

  堖  . ,    .          ,           .         ?

              .             ,  90%      .    ,   ,          .        .             .     ,   (    )   .

    -   ()   .        (),       .               ,      ,      .    ,    .

  ,   .   ,       .   ,  ,   ,                  .        ,     .


  

           .       ,  ,    .             .               .  ,              .

    .         ,   (        ), ,    . ,         (   ,     )        .

       ,        .    ,  Microsoft,       .     ,  , , ,       .  ,     ,               .           95%    .

 ,          ,   .          .     ,          . (  ,          .)

        ,                .

            (   ),      ,          .      ,    .    ,   .


 !

           (     ),   ,         .              .     , ,  ,  .




 1





   ?

   ,  ,       ,      .   1991       ,  .     ,  ,   ,   .   ,    .  ,      .          .

     Customer for Life[12 - Carl Sewell, Paul B. Brown, Customers for Life (New York: Pocket Books, 1991).],   ,       .    ,         .      ,         ,     .      ,      .       [12 -        .    , . 1, 2.     , ., 2003. . .].

           ,   1992     Doyle Wilson Homebuilder           (Total Quality Management, TQM).            TQM,        ,        ,        (        -    ),      ,          .

      .     ,    ,       .     1995   Doyle Wilson Homebuilder        (       ),     1998     .      .

 ,        ,    : 78%  ,      ,    . ,     22%  ,      78%?    ,   ,    ,  .

  ,   ,   ,     ,      .   ,     ,     ,     ,     .   ,    ,     ,   ,    .   ,      ,                  .

 ,         .     .  ,  ,  ,     ,    .       . ,    78%  !,   .

            .     ,           (,      ,    ,     ).         AutoCad,  ,      (,   ,   ,   ).  ,          ,     .              .

     (       )      ,        ,        ,         ,   .       ,      ,      .  ,          ,        ,         [13 - ,   Doyle Wilson Homebuilder     ,   ,     . -,    ,   , ,      .            .].

     ,             (    ).  ,     ,    .

      .  堖    .   ,   ,    ,   ,    ,     ,   .     ,       3.


 ,      

        ?  ,      ,   .   ,     ,   -,      .      , ,    .          ,      , ,             ,    ,      ,           .

       , -      Wiremold Company,  ,  ,          1992 .    Wiremold            ,       ,      .      ,     Wiremold   .      (    -   ),       .   ,         ,  ,   .     .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/dzheyms-vumek/berezhlivoe-proizvodstvo-kak-izbavitsya-ot-poter-i-dobitsya/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes









1


   Lean,          /4/.   Productivity, Inc.  ,    1985   90-        50      20  (  ).            ,  ,   TPS.  ,       : /27/.




2


     (.. ..)      agile   ,     .




3


㠖     -  (     -)     (  -),     . . .




4


 ,    . . .




5


 (),   ,   ,         .   ,  ,           . . .




6


Simon & Schuster ,     . . .




7


       Nike Just do it!. . .




8


  value   ,    .         ,   -  .         .             . . .




9


          (, ). . .




10


        ,  . . .




11


   (first-tier suppliers)  ,   ,   .    ,    ..        . . .




12


       .    , . 1, 2.     , ., 2003. . .










1


         Rawson Macmillan      HarperCollins  .




2


            .




3


Peter Drucker, The Concept of the Corporation (New York: John Day, 1946).




4


    ,          Unipart University, .            ,         ,   .




5


  ,       :  ( ),   ,  ,       ,   ,   (),   (),  (          ,    ). (. Taiichi Ohno, The Toyota Production System: Beyond Large Scale Production [Portland, Oregon: Productivity Press, 1988], pp. 19-20.)              .           ,       ,         .




6


,    ,      ,     .  ,            ,   .      ,       .




7


                 ,           . (. Michael Porter, Competitive Advantage [New York: Free Press, 1985],  2, The Value Chain and Competitive Advantage. .  : . . . . . : . 2001.)   .          ,        .           ()   .                ,  , , ,   ,     ,   ,       ,       . ,      ,      .

    ,           ,    .              .                   ;     ,  ,   ,   ,     .               ;        .                  ;       ,   ,       .




8


Taiichi Ohno, Workspace Management (Portland, Oregon: Productivity Press, 1988), p. 47.




9


       Toyota . Shigeo Shingo, A Study of the Toyota Production System from an Industrial Engineering Viewpoint (Portland, Oregon: Productivity Press, 1989).




10


Michael Hammer and James Champy, Reengineering the Corporation (New York: Harper Business, 1993)   . (  :  .,  .  :    ,  .- , 1997.) .  Michael Hammer and Steven A. Stanton, The Reengineering Revolution: A Handbook (New York: Harper Business, 1995) ,    .




11


 : Jack Stack, The Great Game of Business (New York: Harper Business, 1993),  John Case, Open Book Management (New York: Harper Business, 1995).




12


Carl Sewell, Paul B. Brown, Customers for Life (New York: Pocket Books, 1991).




13


,   Doyle Wilson Homebuilder     ,   ,     . -,    ,   , ,      .            .


