.     
 


   ,   1986.    ,    ,    ,    , ,   .       ,   ,    ,     .  ,    ,       ,   , ,      .





 

.    



 . 

  . 

 . , . 

  . 

 . 

  . 



TheKAIZEN Institute, Ltd., 1986 (KAIZEN isatrademark ofTheKAIZEN Institute,Ltd.)

Allrights reserved

. ,     ?, 2004

  , , . Π , 2015



 .     .                 ,      ,        .          5.  (.49 ),        6 (.146 ʠ).


  ,     ,     ,    







  


 !       :    .  蠖  ,   1950?          .   蠖          .       ,  ,   ,      ,       .       ࠖ .

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     ,     ,   ,  ,  ࠖ   .       ,  ,      (,  ),     . 堖   .    ,  .     .   ,              .      TOYOTA,      Lean Production ( ).

,   ,  ,      .   ,    ,   ,        ?  :       .        !      ,   ,    ,    .              ,  ,  .

   ,     , : -,   , -,    , -,   .  ,           .              .

    ,  . ,   ,      -  ,       .   ,     ,  ,   .         .      ,   ,    .

    ,       ,   , ,      .    ⻠ ,       .  ,        .       ,      .

     1986,     ,  ,     - .     ,   .   ,     XX   .     ,    ,       .       , ,    , , , .

              .



 ,
 ,
KAIZEN Institute 




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		,
		  .

. 

  .   80?    ,    . Ƞ     ,    .      㠖  ,    :    ,  ,   .

         ,    ,     ,   .        ,    ,  , ,    ,       ,   50.

,         ,  .     . , ,       ࠖ      .      . ,  ,  .      ( )      ,     ,   ,  , .    ,        , ,         .

  :       , , , ,     ?    .    (,   )     , ꠖ  .      ,  , ,  ,  . ,   ,   . Ƞ  .     ,    .

-     .   , , ,    - .              ,    . ,  ,    ,     ,     ,    .

 ,       , ,     .  ,    -,   ,     .   ,  , ,    .     ,    (  )   .   , .  ,    . Ƞ ,   .   .

      . ,    ꠖ      ,      , ,     .             .    ,      .

1.  .      ,   ,     .   ,      ,   .    ,       .  젖        .      ?

2.   . ,             .          .   .    .       .     .    ,    .   ,   .      .        .

3. . Ѡ        -         .        .    .     ,      .  . ,   ,  ,    ,     ,    ,     .       ,    .

4. .   .      ,             .  ,  ,  .     ,      ,     , ,    .         . ,    , , .       ,    ,     ,      .       ,    360.     . ,,      .

5. .   ,  , , ,   ,     .  ,       .   .       .  ,          ,   .      ,         ,   ,  . .         .



 ,     . ,   - ,  ,    -  . ,    ,  ,  . ,     ,    .

    .  ,    .   (  , ,  ,   ).  ,  . .      .  ,     ,       , ,  ,    .

 ,       .    ?          .     ,   .  ,        . , ,   ,   .      ,        ,   .

 , ,  . Ѡ , , , ,     .     ,    ,  100%. ,       .     , , ,  ,  3%.         , , , ꠫  ( ).

      ,     .     .   ,      ,    .   .      ,   ,   ࠖ . ,  -  ,    ,    . Ƞ ,      . ,,  , ,  ,  ,      ,  ,     .    ,     ,      .           .      .

,  .        (TQC).             (TQM).  ,     ,        .    ,    .         ꠫. , ,    ? -  ,  .      : , ,  .  ࠖ  ,         .

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 ,      ,  ,   ,  , . ,  .  ,              . ,   .    ,           .

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,   ,  , .   ,    ,   , Matsushita, Canon, Nissan, Honda, Komatsu, Ricoh  . ,    ,    .

 ,   ,    ,     ,    .    ,           . Ӡ      ,    , ,    ,     .     ,     .        ,       . ,    ,  ,  .     .   1990    .   90?           .       ,      . , ,  ,   ,          .  ,   ,   ,      .

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    ,    ,          , ..  .. .

  , , ,  ,       .



.. 
10 2004
.

           :



  Jeremy Main. Fortune, 2 1984.

1984 Time Inc.  ;



 Quality Progress. , 1983, copyright American Society forQuality Control, Inc.   .



      Japan Economic Journal (Nihon Keizai Shimbun) When inJapan (Hotel Okura).







  ,   ,  . ߠ       ,  ,        .    ,       .

        ,   , - .       ,       .

     Musashi Institute ofTechnology  ,        (TQC)   - Toyota  ,        .      Cambridge Corporation             ,    .

 ,  ,   ,      蠨   Tamagawa;        - Aisin-Warner;  ,  Japan Steel Works;  ,   Kayaba Industry;  Yokogawa-Hewlett-Packard    Fuji Xerox  .

       ,      ()   ,     Toyota;   Pentel;   Kobayashi Kose;  ,     Komatsu;   Canon;     Ricoh;   Japan Steel Works 蠨  Toyoda Gosei.

 1957      Japan Productivity Center ,        .                   .  蠖 ,   Japan Productivity Center 30       .              1961.

        , Union ofJapanese Scientists andEngineers (JUSE), Japan Productivity Center, Japan Standard Association, Central Japan Quality Control Association Japan Management Association.  ,      ,  .

 ,        Philips . ;  Dynamic Management International  ;  Japan Research  ;   Academy forEducational Development; - Educational Systems andDesigns  ;  , - Alberto Galgano & Associati. ߠ       Austin & Lindberg,     Random House,     ,   .    Random House,     .

 ,  ,        .  ,         ,      ,   .

,,             , ,     , ,      ,    .

 ,    ,  ,   ,       , ,             ,  .



 




 


.1.1  

.1.2     (1)

.1.3      (2)

.1.4     

.1.5    

.1.6     

.1.7  

.1.8 ,   (), ,   ()

.2.1   

.2.2     

.2.3     

.2.4   

.2.5   

.2.6   

.2.7     

.2.8     

.2.9     

.3.1    

.3.2    

.3.3  ꠖ   

.3.4 ,      

.3.5 ,      ( )

.3.6   (   )

.3.7    ( )

.3.8     PDCA

.3.9  PDCA-

.3.10   PDCA-

.3.11  PDCF-

.3.12   SDCA PDCA  

.3.13   

.3.14      ()

.3.15   

.3.16   

.3.17     

.3.18      ? R

.3.19  

.3.20   

.4.1   

.4.2   PDCA,   PDCA

.4.3    

.4.4    Aisin-Warner

.4.5    Canon ( )

.4.6    Canon   ( )

.5.1 ,  , ,  

.5.2  

.5.3 - 

.5.4    

.5.5    

.5.6        

.5.7       

.5.8   TQC Komatsu

.5.9  /  

.5.10     

.5.11    

.5.12     Japanese National Railways

.6.1    

.6.2    

.6.3    (QC)

.6.4   

.6.5  

.6.6    

.6.7     ()

.6.8      (  )

.7.1     A

.7.2     B

.7.3    Kobayashi Kose   TQC

.7.4  Kobayashi Kose   TQC

. G.1     Canon (CPS)

. G.2    Canon

. G.3    

. G.4 - 100

. G.5  ,    Canon






    KAIZEN ()


 () [Autonomation (Jidohka)]: ,       Toyota,    ,      .

  (Analitical approach) ( ): ,     .

- (Warusa-kagen):  TQC,    ,    , .    ,     .  warusa-kagen     .   -     , ,       .

  (Visible management):       ,  , ,      . (  ࠖ  kanban, .)

  , TQC [TQC (Total Quality Control)]: ,   ,     蠖 , ,    ,      .       , , ,  ,      . ,       . (. CWQC     [1 -      . ..].)

   (TPM) (TPM Total Productive Maintenance):              . TPM     ;     ,     .  :    ,      ,     ,      .

    ,      ,   TPM.

  (Manageable margin):    .     ,    ,     ,  , .

     ,     .      , , ,   ,      ,   .      堖     .

 [Jidohka: (. Autonomation)].

 (kaizen):   .      , ,   .      ,   堖 , .

 e  (Seven-up campaign):  -  Nissan Motors 1975. (.2).

[2 -      ࠖ .  ,       .  .    ,    . ..] (kamban, kanban):         ,  Toyota  . , ,           .    ,      ,      .

           (TQC),        TQC.

 (Quality):      ,    .    ,  ,  .   ,      .       ,     .   ,  ,  .

  ࠖ ,  .        .       -.

 (, ,  ) [QCS (Quality, Cost, Scheduling)]:    ,   ,  - Toyota Motors,     ,  腻      ,    (,  )             Ļ.

 ( ) (Quality control):  ,     (Japanese Industrial Standards) (Z8101-1981),  ࠖ      ,    .

Ѡ   1950.  . . .           ,   .

 1954. . .             .          ,      ,        .

 ,       ,     -   ,      , ,    .

  ( ) (QC (Quality control) circles):   ,      .         ,   , ,  ,      .

  (Cross-functional management):            .           ,  .

           (TQC). (       ,           .)

,   (Process-oriented management):  ,  ,  ,   . ,  ,     ,       .         .     , ,  ,  ,  ,  .       (P) .   ,   ,    -,     .

,   (Results-oriented management):  ,  ,    , , ,  (, )    . , () ,   .       -.

    ,     ,  ⠖  .     :   .

  (Quality assurance) (Toyota):         ,   .

 (Maintenance):   ,    ,   .

 (Policy) ( ):         ,    .     ,     ,  , .

      , ,  ,    . ,  ,        . ,      ,   .  ,     ,   ,     .

  (Design approach) ( ):         .           .

     (Five management objectives offactory management) (.4).     ,   ,  Mitsubishi Motors, .

  (Quality deployment):     ( ꠫  )   ( ꠫ )    ,   ,    .             .

  (Policy deployment, hosin kanri):              .

  蠫  (QSeven andnew seven):    (   Q-)    ( ),           (. ).

  (Suggestion system):   蠖    ,  .  ,      ,   .            .

    ,  ,  ,        ,    ,     . (Π        .  1985.        Matushita.  6!)

 (Improvement):    -   ,    .     ,     .         ,          ,         / .

  (Standardized work):   [] Toyota,   ,  .

 (Standards):  , ,  ,     ,        .

    (Check points andControl points):     ,  ,   .     ,  .     ,  .            .       ,  ,   ( ).

  (Just-in-time):    ,      Toyota.   Toyota     .

            (TQC),        TQC.

  (University ofLabor):    (Japan Productivity Center)      (union executives)    ,       .

   (Policy prioritization):           .        .              .

  (Goals andmeasures) ( ) (.Policy).

 PDCA (PDCA cycle):  PDCA 頖 頖 頖 黠   .           , ,  ,  PDCA       ,    : , , ,  (.  SDCA  ).




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