  
 


           .  ,     (    ),  -           .     ,              ,       , , , , , , , , ,         .             .





 

  








             .             ,   [1 -     .].                 .     ,          ,         .     ,    ,  ,         ,     .     -,         ,         ,  .           . ,     .             ,    ;  ,     ,     ,    ,         - .           .   ,            ,       ,      ;  ,    ,        .      , ,    ,             ,  ,  ,   ,    ,      .                ;      .       ,        ,            ,     ;   ,      , ,        .      ,            ,                 .   ,      ,  ,  ;        ,      .    ,  ,    . (          ,    ;       ,   .)        ,  ,      ,        ,         .

             . -,      ,    ,     . -,    ,    ,            ,         .   -   .           ,         .                ,         .      .  ,         ,     ,      .          ,       ,     .                    ,      . ,   ,                 .    , ,       ,        .       ,           ,     .   ,     ,     ,              -,   ,    .



-  ,          ,     .          .          , ,        ,        .        :   ,              .    ,          ,     ,        .  ,    ,        ,        .        ,        ,       ,              .         XVI. ;       XVII.;      XVIII.;      XIX.;       XX.                 .          ,       .          .         ,      .                       .       ,             .          .               . ,  ,    ,   ,  ,   ,  ,                  ,      .     .   .           :        ,     .      ,   ,    ,      ,     ,        .      ,    ,      .



, , ,       . ,        ,               , ,   ,       :           ,        .  ,              ,   .  󻠖         ,   .   ,      (    ).      :       ,  ,    ,             ,    .           .   ,    ,       . ,       ,         .           .  , , , ,         .




I

 





1.   


     ,   XIVXV.,   ,          [2 - .       Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism (London, 1974),    .].         ?   XVI.     .   ,              ,      .           ,                 :    , , ,       ,             ,     .    XVIIXVIII.,          [3 -  .  ,     //Marx-Engels. Werke. Bd. 21. Berlin, 1962. S. 167.].          . ,         ,  ,          .             , ,             [4 - Zur Wohnungsfrage// Ibid. Bd. 18. S. 258.].   ,                       .         ,                          [5 -  .,  .    // Marx-Engels. Selected Works. Moscow, 1968. P.37; Werke, Bd. 4. S. 464.]. ,          ,       .         ,     ,          [6 - Uber den Verfall des Feudalismus und das Aufkommen der Bourgeoisie // Marx-Engels. Werke. Bd. 21. S. 398.       , Staatliche.]. ,   ,  ,          .   ,  ,        .     ,   ,      , , ,     ,        ,     ,             [7 -        (Selected Works. P. 171);        (Selected Works. P. 289).].

                     ,    .          .  , ,        .    ,   ,            ,    ,   .     , ,      ,           .       ,       ,          ,        ,       .        , ,    .   ,          .      .    ,    ,             ,               .               ,  ,        ,      ,      .            :      ,       ,       . <>       <>  ,       ,    ,   ,     , <>    ,        ,     ,    ,   .   -       ,              ,   ,        ,   [8 -  . :    . 3. ., 1985. . 863867.                         : Science and Society. Vol. 14. N 2. Spring 1950. P. 157167,  P. 163164.    .     ,  , ,       ,        ,      .   ,          .].

,          , , ,  .         ,   ,    ,     ,    :  .           ;             .

   ,     , , ,  .   ,      .            ,   ,                ,       .  ,             ,            :        ,  ,    .     -,    ,   20  :       ,   - ,   ;       ,   ,  ,           [9 - Hill . Comment (on the Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism) //Science and Society. Vol. 17. N 4. Fall 1953. -351        .          ,    .].     ,   ,              .     :           ,            [10 - Althusser L. Montesquieu, Le Politique etlHistoire, Paris, 1969. P. 117.        .           .               Pouvoir Politique et Classes Sociales. P.169180,      .            ,     ; ., ,  ..           // . 1968. . .83104.       (. 92).                 .].      ,    . ,                 ,        .

           ,            .            -     . ,   ,             ,      .                      (          ).  ,           .    -  ,         .    ,     .      ,             .    , ,       ,          .    , ,   ,       :           ,        .                         .            -            ,       ,  .  ,             ,      ,         .        :      ,           .            (,  ,        ).    ,         ,             .                ,                 .                 .

, ,           ,     .   ,                 ,        .       ,                  [11 -     (Sweezy)   (Dobb),       (Takahashi),  (Hilton)   (Hill),   Science and Society (1950. Vol.3),               .    , ,     .  (  ) ,           ,           .  ,           ,         .        (Vilar)              - ,          XVI.: .: Problems in the Formation of Capitalism //Past and Present. 1956. N 10. P 3334.     The Relations between Town and Country in the Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism ()  Mep (John Merrington)    ,   ,         ,       ,        .            ,    .].

       ,            .           XIV.,         .       ,      ;  ,       .   - ,     ,    .      ,                   .   , ,    14501500.,         ,       .       ,          .  ,           ,    .    (seiger)                  ;  14601530.        5 .          ,     .      .              [12 -     .: Cipotta . Guns and Sails in the Early Phase of European Expansion, 14001700. London, 1965.     ,    ,   ,    : . Eisenstein . Some Conjectures about the Impact of Printing on Western Society and Thought: aPreliminary Report //Journal of Modern History. 1968. March  December. P.156,   The Advent of Printing and the Problem of Renaissance// Past and Present. 1969. N 45. P.1989.              .    , ,               .].    ,    ,     XV.,                1470.

    ,             .             ,       ,           XI  ,     ,  VII      .  ,      ,               ;        ,          .                         .         :        ,  ,                  .    - ,           [13 -  . -. .105. (Anti-Duhring. Moscow, 1947. P. 126). .  .196197,      .       ,          .          ,      ,     . (,          .)   ,     ,                    .  , ,    ,                .     .     ,       ,      .      ,    ,   ,     .     .           .  ,         ,   ,   :         .       ,            .           ,      , , ,      XVIII  (              ).                .].   ,    , ,  ,          ,        .            .

 ,         ,    .   ,      ,      ,          .         .                     ,      ,  .    ,   (lamp of the law),        XII.                .      XIVXV.,        ,       ;                    [14 - . Hazeltine H.D. Roman and Canon Law in the Middle Ages //The Cambridge Mediaeval History. Vol. g. Cambridge, 1968. P.737741.                .].          ,      ,       (,  ,    )[15 - ,        ,   ,       .     ,            ,  ,     . Weber . Economy and Society. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978. Vol. 2. P. 885.].               XII.                .     ,        ,    .             .

               ,                  .    (Quiritary)        ,     ,   ,           .           ,    ;         ,    .       ,  ,       ,     .         XII.   dominium directum  dominium utile               [16 - . Levy J.-P. Histoire de la Propriete. Paris, 1972. P.4446.         ,     , , ,    glebae adscripti (  ).].        (seisin),     (property)   (possession),          ,             :  seisin    ,  [17 -    seisin . Vinogradoff P. Roman Law in Mediaeval Europe. London, 1909. P.7444, 86, 9596; Levy J.-P. Histoire de la Propriete. P.5052.].             ,  ,                             .  superficies solo cedit           (    )   ,        ,         .    ,  ,     .           ,            ,    :         .       ,    .        ,  ,        ,     ,          ,      [18 -             .    ,     commenda      :  ,   ,        . ,         .   ,       ,  ,        ,      ,   .   ,            . .: Vinogradoff . Roman Law in Mediaeval Europe. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1929. P.7980, 131.   ,   ,  , ,    ,      .].       ,  ,         :         .  , ,       ,   XVXVI.          ,                  ,      [19 - . Kinkell W. The Reception of Roman Law in Germany: An Interpretation; Dahm G. On the Reception of Roman and Italian Law in Germany // Pre-Reformation Germany/G.Strauss (ed.). London, 1972. P. 271, 274276, 278, 284292.]. , ,                     .

           . ,                  .            :  ,     ;  ,        .   jus,   fex.     ,  ,         ,  ,       .      impenum              .              ,                ,       .   ,     , ,  ,      .    quodprincipi placuit legis habet vicem (    )        [20 -   ,    :  ,           .].   ,       legibus solutus,      ,   ,       ,      .

 ,         ,     .           :       ,          .    ,          ,  ,     ,    ,     XIIXIII.    plenitude potestatis         ,      .  ,   ,  -           ,    ,   ,       .               : letrados  , maitres de requetes  , doctores  .            ,  -            .      ,    ,        .            : ,      ,        .  , ,   ,    ,        ;  , ,   ,       ,        [21 -         ,        ,                . .  Cantor N. Mediaeval History. London, 1963. P345-349                 ( ,    -),        :        XVII.   1640.   .      .: Holdsworth W. A History of English Law. Vol. IV. London, 1924. P.284285.].          :        [22 -         ,   :     (certainty)   ,      (clarity)    (orderliness). .    : Economy and Society. Vol. II. P.847848.].   ,    ,               .

   ,  ,      .              ,          .       ,    : , , , , .       .

    ,       ,       XVIXVII.,     , -   (    ,    ,    ),    [23 - . Roberts . The Military Revolution 15601660 //Essays in Swedish History. London, 1967. P.195225   ; Gustavus Adolphus. A Historyof Sweden 16111632. London, 1958. Vol. II. P.169189.].   II  60. ,     XIV  300. .    ,         ,       .         ,    ,        .       -    ;       :       . , , ,      , , , , , ,   .       , ,       .       (commonwealth)              ,   ,  , ,      I  1534.    6.  ,       [24 - Bodin J. Les Six Livres de la Republique. Paris, 1578. P. 669.]. ,   ,      ,       .           1549.,           -  ;          1662  1702.  .  ,          ,          :        .   XVIII.,         ,            [25 - Cm. Dorn W. Competition for Empire. New York, 1940. P. 83.].   ,       - ,    , ,         .

          , ,      .               .      .   ,   , ,       ,      .    ,   ,    ,        .            ,       ,   ,          ,             .   ,          .          :   ,       ,          ,           ()     .    ,     :       ,      .       ,      :       ,      ,   ,      .      ,  , ,           ,    ,          .   ,      :   ,   .      ,   ,     .   ,  ,    .         ,        .        ,       :   ,     ,   .                 .      ,   ;   ,   ;      ;      ;     ;   ,   .            .        ,       ,        .     ,    ;            ,     .  ,    XVI.,     , ,    :       ,   ,   ,  ,     ,     ,       [26 - Machiavelli N. II Principe  Discorsi. Milan, 1960. P. 62.].

         .   ,     .  ,     ,   , taille royale,    ,          companies dordonnance  XV.,        .   XVI. 8 %       :   (Vives)  ,                   V        1535 [27 - Vives V. J. Estructura Administrativa Estatal en los Siglos XVI  XVII // XI


 Congres International des Sciences Historiques, Rapports IV, Goteborg 1960;  : Vives V. Cojuntura Economica  Reformismo Burgues. Barcelona, 1968. P. 116.].   XVII.                  ,    ,    .   ,    1789.,   ,       -    . ,        :        .         .              .        ,     . ,    XVI.   25       [28 - . Ehrenberg R. Das Zeitalter der Fugger. Bd. I.Jena, 1922. P. 13.],    XVII.  7       [29 - Cm. Clark G. N. The Seventeenth Century. London, 1947. P. 98. ,    ,    , 21 .].    , ,   ,       .

           .      ,        ,        .          ,     :     ,        . ,             [30 -      : Swart K. W. Sale of Offices in the Seventeenth Century. The Hague, 1949.      : Mosnier R. La Venalite des Offices sous Henri IV et Louis XIII. Rouen (n. d.).]. ,        ,            ( ),       .   ,   ,     1544.,            V         ,      [31 - Cm. Chabod F. Scritti sul Rinascimento. Turin, 1967. P. 617.       ,           .].   ,   , , ,   ,        300400% ,  ,   .    XVI.          XVII .

    :   (,    1630- .),           (    ),    .    , ,                    .    ,                         ,          .  (officiers)  ,         (  )  1650- .,        1780-.        ,    .

                 ,   ,   ,   .              ,   ,                  .   ,    ,    . <>               .       ,   . ,      ,       .  ,    ,    ,            [32 - Duby G. Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieaeval West. P. 333.].           ,       .     ,          .         .   ,   ,       ,    ,     [33 - Porshnev . F. Les Soulevements Populaires en France de 1623  1648. Paris, 1865. p.395396.]:             XVII.,           ,         .       ,         :       -    ,      .

    , ,     .     ,       ,   ,       ,           .                    .           ,    ,         ,   ,         .       (Hecksher)     ,     [34 -  ,       ,    ,    ,  ,     (      VII        ).  (Viner),      ,   -, ,     ,  ,  ,   . Power versus Plenty as Objectives of Foreign Policy in the 17th and 18th Centuries EWorld Politics. I. N 1. 1948.  : Revisions in Mercantilism/D. C. Coleman (ed.). London, 1969. P.6191.             ,    laissez-faire.   ,       ,         ,    .   ,       , ,               laissez-faire.].            ,      .          ;          .   ,        ,     ,        ,         .    laissez-faire,         ,   .          ,        . ,  ,  laissez-faire   ,          ,   [ (Motchretien),  (Bodin)]   ,     [35 - . Silberner . La Guerre dans La Pensee Economique du XVIe au XVIIIe Siecle. Paris, 1939. P.7122.].  ,         .    XIV,      ,    .    ,          ,           1672.,   :        ,       ,       [36 - Goubert P. Louis XIV et Vingt Millions de Francais. Paris, 1966. P. 95.].         ,           :         ,  ,           .         :         .      ,   ,  :        ,    ,          ,      .

  , ,       .      .                XV.,     ,   , , ,      XVI.  , ,     :        ,            ,  ,    [37 - Porshnev B.F. Les Rappports Politiques de lEurope Occidentale et lEurope Orientale a lEpoque de la Guerre de Trente Ans //XIe Congres International des Sciences Historiques. Uppsala, 1960. P. 161.      ,       .     ,       ,    ,      ;               .              .].               .     ,   ,          ,    ,     [38 -     :  , ,               ;  ,  ,  ,        ,   ,   . .   ,   Uber den Verfall des Feudalismus und das Aufkommen der Bourgeoisie // Werke. Bd. 21. S. 396.].           ,        .   ,     ,        ,           .         ,              ,        ,      .                    ,           ,    [39 -               Mattingly G. Renaissance Diplomacy. London, 1955. passim.].    ,      ,     ,  ,     :       ,      ,       ,          .

     ,    ,      .        .                 ,      .      ,              [40 -     , ,    ;              ,          .            ,    :        .];        ,     .     ,    ( I,  XIV),      .         .     ,   .     , , ,         : felix Austria.    , ,     ,     .       ,   ,        (     )                 .              .     ,      :   , ,  .   ,   ,      ,  .           ,     .    ,  ,    .

       ,   ,              .   ,  ,             .     ,  ,        :     ,      (, , , )        .

      ,   ,    .       ,          .        ,             ,      ,    ,           .                 :          .                :   (Pombal)       .   ,       :   XVI.   XVII.        .        :    .     :  (Paulette)      .       :  ,  ,  , .  ,       ,        .  ,       ,        :          ,    ,             ,        (        ).  ,     ,    .   ,    : ,                ,   .     , ,                .       ,      ,                  .                ,      .    ,         .  ,            .     ,     .   ,   ,       .       (Duc de Choiseul)         :    ,    ,        ,          [41 - . : Graham G. The Politics of Naval Supremacy. Cambridge, 1965. P. 17.].

,         ,      .   ,          .         :     .          .           ,    .        ;       ;  XIV    ,   ;       (Cockayne);        ,     . , ,       ,         .            .       :       .




2.  :  


        .         ,           .           ,         ,  ,        . ,                 ,        .            .

 ,   ,        .      , ,       :                .             ,           .            .                ,     .         ,        [42 -        ,  ,             .].     ,      ,      :  ,   (incidences)      ,        ,   ,      ,     ,          . ,             ,     . ,           ,      :       ,     ,        .     ,            .

          ,  ,       ,   ,     ,   .           ,   XIII.  ,       ,      [43 -          .              (Antonio Marongiu) Il Parlamento in Italia, nel Medio Evo e nellEtta Moderna: Contributo alla Storia delle Istituzioni Parlamentari dellEuropa Occidentale. Milan, 1962,          :   (, 1968).   ,           ,    ,       .   ,    (,   ),       ,        .  ,     ,   .].           ,    ,         .              . ,    ,         .  ,             ,               -.   , ,                   [44 - . Stephenson . Mediaeval Institutions. Ithaca 1954. P.99100.].  ,            .             ,      quod omnes tangit[45 -   ,     (.).]. ,     ,          ,     ,            .            ;                       ,        contado.       .        :        .            .              ,     ,     .  , ,    .           ,                    .

    .      ,    ,         ,      (/)[46 -     (Hintze)  Typologie der St?ndischen Verfassungen des Abendlandes //Gesammelte Abhandlungen. Vol. 1. P.110129;           ,      ,           ,           .].        ,    ,           :   ,    ,   ,     ,     ..        ,             .          ,      auxilium,   consilium  ;  ,       ,   .        :         ,   .      ,          -,      ,            .      XIII.    ,      ardua negotia regni (   )               , , ,    - .           ,  ,         -  .             ,               . , ,        ,     : ,                 .

      ,  ,  ,  .       ,            .            ,              ,     ,           .  ,                , , ,      ,              .       ,   ,      ,     ,   ,   ,      ,        ,    ,  ,       ,    .

          ,        ,     .  , ,  ,      ,     .   ,    ,       ,    .   ,      ,      ,           ,       .            ,      ;       ,    ;          ,     ,          - .                 [47 -    (Lawrence Stone) The Crisis of the Aristocracy, 15581641 (Oxford, 1965)           .     ,           .     ,     ,      ,  :     .             (. 199270).         ,        ;  ,    ,          .    ,      .].        ,    ,    ,    ,     .        ,  ,    -   .                     ,   ( )       .

,  ,      ,           .     ,          .    ,          .    ,       (, ,   ).    XVI.,     ,       ,              ,      :      .    ,       ,       ,   ,       ,          :          .     ,                   ,       [48 - .  : Elliott J. H. Europe Divided, 15591598. London, 1968. p.7377;].            ,       ,    ,             .         ,     [49 - Cm. Hexter J. H. The Education of the Aristocracy in the Renaissance // Reappraisals in History. London, 1961. P.4570.];             ,   ,    ,   .                ,   :          .             ,             .        .  XVI     ,      :     II           .

  ,    .                [50 -                 : Mousnier R., Hartung F. Qeulques Problemes Concernant la Monarchie Absolue//X Congresso Internazionale di Scienze Storici, Relazioni IV. Florence, 1955,  P.415.     ,      ,   :         ,      ,      .     ,  -     .  , ,      .      ,    :        . Marx-Engels. Werke. Bd. 21. S. 402.  , , .].   ,     ,  ,     .  ,  ,      ,     .     ,                              .                . <>      ,      ,     .     ,     [51 - Bodin J. Les Six Livres de la Republique. Paris, 1578. P. 103, 114.   droit   (justice)   ,   .].   ,    ,          ,          .                ,      , []       ,         , , ,           [52 - Ibid. . 102, 114.].  ,                      :             ; ,       ,       ,      ,      ,      ,       ,    [53 - Ibid. . 103.]            ,    .      ,  .                  ,        .           ;     ,   ,         .     ,  ,  :              .  ,       ,    .        ,        .   ,   -         ,            .           . , ,     .

        ,         .          .     ,   ,      .       ,  ,   ;         .            .     .                  ,     .      -    ,     ,         .

         ,    .     :            ,         ,      ,          .         paulette     -    ,    . ,     :    .       ,   :   ,   ,       XVII.,       ,    XVI.,          ,       .   ,   ,    ,            ,                     .    -  XVII.,    ,   -            : , , ,   . (          , valido,      ,    ;      .)          XVI.,      ,      ,  ,     ,   XVII .

 ,  ,  ,         :   ,             .  ,       ,        ,    .     , ,      : ,         ,    , ,   ,        ,     (    XIV   II).         (grand siecle)            ,             .          1614.;        1665;       1669;              1629.    .   ,  ,       ,            .         ,        .

XVII              ;        ,                [54 - - (Trevor-Roper)       The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century //Past and Present. N 16, November 1959. P.3164,      Religion, The Reformation and Social Change (London, 1967. P.4689),    ,     ,            .   ,    ,         XVII.,  .   XIV   ,    ,       .   ,            ,         . , ,  ,         ,        ,    .].   ,    ,    ,                   [55 -  ,      ,    .            ,    ,     -               1634.        1647.,     ,         . .   : Rosario Villari. La Rivolta Anti-Spagnuola a Napoli. La Origini (15851647). Bari, 1967. P. 201216.]. ,          ,      ;           .   , ,  ,          ,              .   ,        ,     ,   .   ,   , ,   , ,      -,  ,    .         ,    ,    ,  ,       ;         .           :      ,     ,    - .   , , , ,        .             ,    ,   ,     .               :         ,       .       XVII.   :           .

       .  XVII.           ,  XVIII. ,    ,      .     ,     ,        ,           .          ,      .            .        ,          ,             .   ,   ,         ,         .   ,   ,        .

           :     ,            .  ,      ,      ;           ,      ,       .  -   ,      ,        ,    ,    .            , ,   .      (vincolismo)                  [56 -      .     : Woolf S.J. Studi sulla Nobilta Piemontese nell Epoca sell Assolutismo. Turin, 1963,      .      : The European Nobility in the 18th Century/A. Goodwin (ed.). London, 1953.].    1689.    ,   ,   ,            :  ,   ,       . ,   ,               . Mayorazgo  , morgado  , fideicommissum              :                   [57 -  mayorazgo      ,         ;        ,      .       ,     fideicommissum,       ;           .].       XVIII. , ,      .  , ,           ,    ,              [58 -      ,          .               .     ,   ,                 :  ,   ,  vassi dominici IX.,   XII. .: Duby G. Une Enquete  Poursuivre: La Noblesse dans la France Medievale // Revue Historique. N 226. 1961. P.122.   ,              XIII.:      34, , , 36 ,       . Perroy E. Social Mobility among the French Noblesse in the Later Middle Ages //Past and Present. N 21. April 1962. P.2538.  ,             ,        .      , , ,     .   , ,    XVII.,         ,       ,   .        .].

            ,             .  , ,            ,      .                ,           .       ,     ,    ,    .                  .               :     ,      (    ).              .  , ,              ,      :    , , , ,   .         . , ,         .         ,        XVI. (     ).    (15501650.)          ,    ,           .           [59 - . Koenigberger H. G. The European Civil War//The Habsburgs in Europe. Ithaca, 1971 P 219285.].             ,          -   1650-1660- .,       .  , ,    ,     ,  ,  ,     .            1670- .   ,     ,                 -    ,                   .       XVIII.,             ,           [60 -       .: Dorn W. L. Competition for Empire. P.318384.].     ,      ,         ,        -        .           ,          :               .




3.


      .  ,      ,      .    ,         ,    .              . ,     ,     .

                   ;           .  ,         .                  .                   ,    :                   .          ,               .   ,     ,         .              ,         ,        .   ,         ,  ,       .                         .  ,  ,         ,      .  ,      ,          .                    .  ,       ,   ,    ,                .              , ,       ,   150 .                        XVI.             .            .      ,        .           ,        :         .   , ,         ,   .          .   ,   ,        ,    .


* * *

        ,    I   II  1469.      .     ,      ,         ,     [61 -   : .: Viceng VivesJ. Manual de Historia Economica de Espana. Barcelona, 1974. P.1112, 231.]     ;              ,    .                .        ,   ;  ;  ; ,  ,     .        , -  .            XVI.,     ,           .    ,    ,      ,    .  ,      ,           .      .    , ,        ,     .

    ,    ,             XV.   ,    ,   ,    ;     ,           .              ; 23%     97% ,   ,   ,    ,     [62 - . Elliott J.H. Imperial Spain, 14691716. London, 1970. P.111113.].           .  ,      ,          .            ,        .  ,             :    57        ,       .         . -        ,    XIII.   ;     XV.        .         .    ,       ; , -    ,            ,           .  ,         ,      ,     - .   ,      ,         .      ,        ,    . ,  ,            ,       .           (,   ),  ;           .

     [63 -       : ,   .]      .           ;           ,         -     -. ,   ,        :      ,          .  , ,       .  XIV.      ,       ,  ,   13651497.    [64 - Elliott J.. Imperial Spain. P. 37.].          ,             .     ,             XV. ,      ,       ,     .      , , . ,   ,         .    ;      XV.,         .  ,   ,       .      ,     ,    ,     ,  , , , 1       57  .         .  , ,         .    (,   )    .   ,    ,         ,   .  Diputacio         .  ,                  .       ,  , ,   [65 -         ,   : ,   ,  ,    ,      ,           ;  ,  .  , ,  ,       .].              .             .

,               ,       .                 .     56   ,           .           .    ,       .    ,  ,    .           ;      .       ,          .    ,   1480.         .              (      ),       ,         .    :      900    1474.  26   1504.[66 -        : Elliot J.. Imperial Spain. P.8699.]         ;     -  ,    .  ,    ,   .  ,       .           .          ,   -  ,          .  ,   1454.,   ,   ,    ,    ;        ,    mayorazgo,    .  ,         ,     ;               .          ,     (converses)     .            .

 ,   ,          . , ,    ,        .              1486.,     .    Diputacio     .           :         Observanca 1481.,                  .        -           ,     ,    .         ;                     .         ,          .       -  ,         [67 -                 ,   .],            .             :        ,   ,      .

    V ,       ; ,    .    -      ,    ,   .            .              ,         .    15201521.              .         ,           ,           [68 - .: Maravall J. A. Las Comunidades de Castilla. Una Primera Revolucion Moderna. Madrid, 1963. P.216222.].        ,   ,    ;      ,      , , ,   .      ,      ,      [69 - . Ibid. P.4445, 5657, 156157.].    ,   ,      ,          .                            .  , ,  ,               ,              ,   .            :     ,    ,    ,    .                    .

      V ,  ,     .         , -  ,           .            -   .                   -.   V   ,    ,             ,          ,      (        ),     .          .           ,          .           :  , , , ,   .  ,            ,       -,     ,  ,   [70 - Lynch J. Spain under the Habsburgs. Vol. II. Oxford, 1969. P.1920.].  - ,   ,  .          ,     (audiences)   -  ,      ;             (,   ),         .          ,        .       ,     .           .                  .               .   ,  XVII.        ,     .    ,  ,             [71 -        .  ,   -      ,         ,   :      ,        ,                ,   ,       ?  ,    ,  ,  -    ,       ,      ? ( .,  .   // . 2- . . 10.) , ,       .].

      V      ,       .          :        ,     ,   ,    .              .      , ,     :     ,      ,        .  ,               ,  ,       II.               V.  1529.,         30  ,  15361537     60  ,  1552.     , , 150  [72 - Parker G. The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 15671659. Cambridge, 1972. P. 6.].       :   V       1556.[73 - Cm. Lynch J. Spain under the Habsburgs. Vol. I. P. 128. , ,      .],      ,         .     ,   II,   ,      :          .

  1560- .           ,      ,     .           .       ,    ,    (facility)  .         ,       .  ,               ,        .       . ,  ,    ,   ,       .      ,    -           XVIXVII.      .               :  ,  ,   .         , ,  ,      :    ,       2025% [74 - Elliott J.H. The Decline of Spain // Past and Present. N 20. November 1961;  : Crisis in Europe, 15601660/T. Aston (ed.). P. 189; Imperial Spain. P.285286.].      II    :     (),  servicio,   , cruzada,        ,  (juros),  .   , ,         .      ,       ,       ,    [75 -     : Spain under the Habsburg. Vol. I. P. 129.];   juros      (         )         .  ,          ,           .      ,              ;            ,         [76 - . Vilar P. Oro y Moneda en la Historia, 14501920. Barcelona, 1969. P. 78, 165168.].     ,    II,  -               ,   .

           ,        ,    ,     .    XVI.     (   )     ,    ,    .  6070%  ,       ,          ,   ,    ,  ,           ,        ,            [77 - . Ibid. P. 180181.].             .                .     ,  ,       :   ,    ,   ,  ,       .            1570- .                   .         .  XVI.       (, 6070%)     jornaleros[78 - . Salomon N. La Campagne de Nouvelle Castille a la Fin du XVIe Siecle. Paris, 1964. P. 257258, 266.],      , ,  .            .     ,    1571  1586.   ,     


?


      ;      


?


      ,        ,     [79 -         , ,   ,     :].   ,   ,     ,     ,           ,          .       ,       ,   ,        ,     .          ,        .         .   : Espana son las Indias del extraniero!:     ,     .  ,    ,  ,           ,[80 -      XVII. .   : Vilar. Le Temps du Quichotte //Europe. Vol. XXXIV. 1956. P.316.].        ,            .

        .       ,                .          II   .         .    ,     XVI.,         ,          .    , ,   ,    V:   ,   .    -          1571., ,          .          :             ,        .                       .         ,            .           [81 -    :       ,        ,         . Parker G. The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 15671659. Cambridge, 1972.P. 41.],            ,   ,    ; ,          ,   ,             .                  .            [82 -      ,   1568  1648.     1567.        . . .]      65    [83 - Parker G. The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road. P.2731.].   ,           . ,    -       V, ,      ,       II.         ,   ,     ,       :        ,   ,  ,    .  ,       ,  ,    .   ,    ,         .  ,    II                        :        IV        .                       ,       .      . -      1588.        .      .

, ,   II   XVII.   .        ,    .  ,    ,    ,      ,   -  -    .    , ,   .     ,     ,   ,     .    ,  ,        .       ;        .       ,           : 1591.     ,             [84 -  II  ,     Diputacio (     )   Justicia      -.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/perri-anderson/rodoslovnaya-absolutistskogo-gosudarstva/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


    .




2


.       Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism (London, 1974),    .




3


 .  ,     //Marx-Engels. Werke. Bd. 21. Berlin, 1962. S. 167.




4


Zur Wohnungsfrage// Ibid. Bd. 18. S. 258.




5


 .,  .    // Marx-Engels. Selected Works. Moscow, 1968. P.37; Werke, Bd. 4. S. 464.




6


Uber den Verfall des Feudalismus und das Aufkommen der Bourgeoisie // Marx-Engels. Werke. Bd. 21. S. 398.       , Staatliche.




7


       (Selected Works. P. 171);        (Selected Works. P. 289).




8


 . :    . 3. ., 1985. . 863867.                         : Science and Society. Vol. 14. N 2. Spring 1950. P. 157167,  P. 163164.    .     ,  , ,       ,        ,      .   ,          .




9


Hill . Comment (on the Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism) //Science and Society. Vol. 17. N 4. Fall 1953. -351        .          ,    .




10


Althusser L. Montesquieu, Le Politique etlHistoire, Paris, 1969. P. 117.        .           .               Pouvoir Politique et Classes Sociales. P.169180,      .

            ,     ; ., ,  ..           // . 1968. . .83104.       (. 92).                 .




11


    (Sweezy)   (Dobb),       (Takahashi),  (Hilton)   (Hill),   Science and Society (1950. Vol.3),               .    , ,     .  (  ) ,           ,           .  ,           ,         .        (Vilar)              - ,          XVI.: .: Problems in the Formation of Capitalism //Past and Present. 1956. N 10. P 3334.     The Relations between Town and Country in the Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism ()  Mep (John Merrington)    ,   ,         ,       ,        .            ,    .




12


    .: Cipotta . Guns and Sails in the Early Phase of European Expansion, 14001700. London, 1965.     ,    ,   ,    : . Eisenstein . Some Conjectures about the Impact of Printing on Western Society and Thought: aPreliminary Report //Journal of Modern History. 1968. March  December. P.156,   The Advent of Printing and the Problem of Renaissance// Past and Present. 1969. N 45. P.1989.              .    , ,               .




13


 . -. .105. (Anti-Duhring. Moscow, 1947. P. 126). .  .196197,      .       ,          .          ,      ,     . (,          .)   ,     ,                    .  , ,    ,                .     .     ,       ,      .      ,    ,   ,     .     .           .  ,         ,   ,   :         .       ,            .           ,      , , ,      XVIII  (              ).                .




14


. Hazeltine H.D. Roman and Canon Law in the Middle Ages //The Cambridge Mediaeval History. Vol. g. Cambridge, 1968. P.737741.                .




15


,        ,   ,       .     ,            ,  ,     . Weber . Economy and Society. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978. Vol. 2. P. 885.




16


. Levy J.-P. Histoire de la Propriete. Paris, 1972. P.4446.         ,     , , ,    glebae adscripti (  ).




17


   seisin . Vinogradoff P. Roman Law in Mediaeval Europe. London, 1909. P.7444, 86, 9596; Levy J.-P. Histoire de la Propriete. P.5052.




18


            .    ,     commenda      :  ,   ,        . ,         .   ,       ,  ,        ,      ,   .   ,            . .: Vinogradoff . Roman Law in Mediaeval Europe. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1929. P.7980, 131.   ,   ,  , ,    ,      .




19


. Kinkell W. The Reception of Roman Law in Germany: An Interpretation; Dahm G. On the Reception of Roman and Italian Law in Germany // Pre-Reformation Germany/G.Strauss (ed.). London, 1972. P. 271, 274276, 278, 284292.




20


  ,    :  ,           .




21


        ,        ,                . .  Cantor N. Mediaeval History. London, 1963. P345-349                 ( ,    -),        :        XVII.   1640.   .      .: Holdsworth W. A History of English Law. Vol. IV. London, 1924. P.284285.




22


        ,   :     (certainty)   ,      (clarity)    (orderliness). .    : Economy and Society. Vol. II. P.847848.




23


. Roberts . The Military Revolution 15601660 //Essays in Swedish History. London, 1967. P.195225   ; Gustavus Adolphus. A Historyof Sweden 16111632. London, 1958. Vol. II. P.169189.




24


Bodin J. Les Six Livres de la Republique. Paris, 1578. P. 669.




25


Cm. Dorn W. Competition for Empire. New York, 1940. P. 83.




26


Machiavelli N. II Principe  Discorsi. Milan, 1960. P. 62.




27


Vives V. J. Estructura Administrativa Estatal en los Siglos XVI  XVII // XI


 Congres International des Sciences Historiques, Rapports IV, Goteborg 1960;  : Vives V. Cojuntura Economica  Reformismo Burgues. Barcelona, 1968. P. 116.




28


. Ehrenberg R. Das Zeitalter der Fugger. Bd. I.Jena, 1922. P. 13.




29


Cm. Clark G. N. The Seventeenth Century. London, 1947. P. 98. ,    ,    , 21 .




30


     : Swart K. W. Sale of Offices in the Seventeenth Century. The Hague, 1949.      : Mosnier R. La Venalite des Offices sous Henri IV et Louis XIII. Rouen (n. d.).




31


Cm. Chabod F. Scritti sul Rinascimento. Turin, 1967. P. 617.       ,           .




32


Duby G. Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieaeval West. P. 333.




33


Porshnev . F. Les Soulevements Populaires en France de 1623  1648. Paris, 1865. p.395396.




34


 ,       ,    ,    ,  ,     (      VII        ).  (Viner),      ,   -, ,     ,  ,  ,   . Power versus Plenty as Objectives of Foreign Policy in the 17th and 18th Centuries EWorld Politics. I. N 1. 1948.  : Revisions in Mercantilism/D. C. Coleman (ed.). London, 1969. P.6191.             ,    laissez-faire.   ,       ,         ,    .   ,       , ,               laissez-faire.




35


. Silberner . La Guerre dans La Pensee Economique du XVIe au XVIIIe Siecle. Paris, 1939. P.7122.




36


Goubert P. Louis XIV et Vingt Millions de Francais. Paris, 1966. P. 95.




37


Porshnev B.F. Les Rappports Politiques de lEurope Occidentale et lEurope Orientale a lEpoque de la Guerre de Trente Ans //XIe Congres International des Sciences Historiques. Uppsala, 1960. P. 161.      ,       .     ,       ,    ,      ;               .              .




38


    :  , ,               ;  ,  ,  ,        ,   ,   . .   ,   Uber den Verfall des Feudalismus und das Aufkommen der Bourgeoisie // Werke. Bd. 21. S. 396.




39


              Mattingly G. Renaissance Diplomacy. London, 1955. passim.




40


    , ,    ;              ,          .            ,    :        .




41


. : Graham G. The Politics of Naval Supremacy. Cambridge, 1965. P. 17.




42


       ,  ,             .




43


         .              (Antonio Marongiu) Il Parlamento in Italia, nel Medio Evo e nellEtta Moderna: Contributo alla Storia delle Istituzioni Parlamentari dellEuropa Occidentale. Milan, 1962,          :   (, 1968).   ,           ,    ,       .   ,    (,   ),       ,        .  ,     ,   .




44


. Stephenson . Mediaeval Institutions. Ithaca 1954. P.99100.




45


  ,     (.).




46


    (Hintze)  Typologie der St?ndischen Verfassungen des Abendlandes //Gesammelte Abhandlungen. Vol. 1. P.110129;           ,      ,           ,           .




47


   (Lawrence Stone) The Crisis of the Aristocracy, 15581641 (Oxford, 1965)           .     ,           .     ,     ,      ,  :     .             (. 199270).         ,        ;  ,    ,          .    ,      .




48


.  : Elliott J. H. Europe Divided, 15591598. London, 1968. p.7377;




49


Cm. Hexter J. H. The Education of the Aristocracy in the Renaissance // Reappraisals in History. London, 1961. P.4570.




50


                : Mousnier R., Hartung F. Qeulques Problemes Concernant la Monarchie Absolue//X Congresso Internazionale di Scienze Storici, Relazioni IV. Florence, 1955,  P.415.     ,      ,   :         ,      ,      .     ,  -     .  , ,      .      ,    :        . Marx-Engels. Werke. Bd. 21. S. 402.  , , .




51


Bodin J. Les Six Livres de la Republique. Paris, 1578. P. 103, 114.   droit   (justice)   ,   .




52


Ibid. . 102, 114.




53


Ibid. . 103.




54


- (Trevor-Roper)       The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century //Past and Present. N 16, November 1959. P.3164,      Religion, The Reformation and Social Change (London, 1967. P.4689),    ,     ,            .   ,    ,         XVII.,  .   XIV   ,    ,       .   ,            ,         . , ,  ,         ,        ,    .




55


 ,      ,    .            ,    ,     -               1634.        1647.,     ,         . .   : Rosario Villari. La Rivolta Anti-Spagnuola a Napoli. La Origini (15851647). Bari, 1967. P. 201216.




56


     .     : Woolf S.J. Studi sulla Nobilta Piemontese nell Epoca sell Assolutismo. Turin, 1963,      .      : The European Nobility in the 18th Century/A. Goodwin (ed.). London, 1953.




57


 mayorazgo      ,         ;        ,      .       ,     fideicommissum,       ;           .




58


     ,          .               .     ,   ,                 :  ,   ,  vassi dominici IX.,   XII. .: Duby G. Une Enquete  Poursuivre: La Noblesse dans la France Medievale // Revue Historique. N 226. 1961. P.122.   ,              XIII.:      34, , , 36 ,       . Perroy E. Social Mobility among the French Noblesse in the Later Middle Ages //Past and Present. N 21. April 1962. P.2538.  ,             ,        .      , , ,     .   , ,    XVII.,         ,       ,   .        .




59


. Koenigberger H. G. The European Civil War//The Habsburgs in Europe. Ithaca, 1971 P 219285.




60


      .: Dorn W. L. Competition for Empire. P.318384.




61


  : .: Viceng VivesJ. Manual de Historia Economica de Espana. Barcelona, 1974. P.1112, 231.




62


. Elliott J.H. Imperial Spain, 14691716. London, 1970. P.111113.




63


      : ,   .




64


Elliott J.. Imperial Spain. P. 37.




65


        ,   : ,   ,  ,    ,      ,           ;  ,  .  , ,  ,       .




66


       : Elliot J.. Imperial Spain. P.8699.




67


                ,   .




68


.: Maravall J. A. Las Comunidades de Castilla. Una Primera Revolucion Moderna. Madrid, 1963. P.216222.




69


. Ibid. P.4445, 5657, 156157.




70


Lynch J. Spain under the Habsburgs. Vol. II. Oxford, 1969. P.1920.




71


       .  ,   -      ,         ,   :      ,        ,                ,   ,       ?  ,    ,  ,  -    ,       ,      ? ( .,  .   // . 2- . . 10.) , ,       .




72


Parker G. The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 15671659. Cambridge, 1972. P. 6.




73


Cm. Lynch J. Spain under the Habsburgs. Vol. I. P. 128. , ,      .




74


Elliott J.H. The Decline of Spain // Past and Present. N 20. November 1961;  : Crisis in Europe, 15601660/T. Aston (ed.). P. 189; Imperial Spain. P.285286.




75


    : Spain under the Habsburg. Vol. I. P. 129.




76


. Vilar P. Oro y Moneda en la Historia, 14501920. Barcelona, 1969. P. 78, 165168.




77


. Ibid. P. 180181.




78


. Salomon N. La Campagne de Nouvelle Castille a la Fin du XVIe Siecle. Paris, 1964. P. 257258, 266.




79


        , ,   ,     :




80


     XVII. .   : Vilar. Le Temps du Quichotte //Europe. Vol. XXXIV. 1956. P.316.




81


   :       ,        ,         . Parker G. The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 15671659. Cambridge, 1972.P. 41.




82


     ,   1568  1648.     1567.        . . .




83


Parker G. The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road. P.2731.




84


 II  ,     Diputacio (     )   Justicia      -.


