  
  


 ,  ,   ,          .      ,          :    ,    ,      .









            - . ,   -  ,       ,             .           . ,         2015 ,           ,        ,        .

  .       , 85%    ,        -.  ,       ,    .   ,      ,       ,  ,  1973       ,       45%   .      1980-    200  ,       1976-1980      240  ,    2000      640  ,         .     ,   -         .

,     2016 ,             , , ,     .  ,             , ,  ,   ,      .                  .

  2015       ,              2   ,      .      0,85    ,    5       .   :           .

       ,   ,    ,        : ,      ,      ,         .  ,  ,             ,     ,         [1 - Goodal Ch. How to Live a Low-Carbon Life. The Individual's Guide to Stopping Climate Change. London, Sterling, VA, 2007].  ,       12,5     ,   6      : ,    (   ).           2,7   :   ,      ,     ,     ,        [2 - Goodal Ch. How to Live a Low-Carbon Life. The Individual's Guide to Stopping Climate Change. London, Sterling, VA, 2007, p. 75].  ,  ,      .

  ,    ,     ,         .  , ,       . , -      .

-,    ,    ,        ,      .          ,         .        ,       .  ,     , , ,      ,        ,  ,   - ,   .

-,      , ,   ,     ,      ,  -     .         .        ,       ,   ,   .       ,    ,    .

    :           ,     ,     ,         ,       ? ,  ,         ? ,      ,     ,     XIV ,      ,              ,   ,  ,      .

  , ,     -    .     ,       .         , ,     .     ,      ,      ,        ,    .          , -    .          ,  ,     .      ,    .

     ,      ,   ,            . ,            ,        ,    .








 .  

 .  


       ,       .      ,    .    ,  980     ,        .  ,       ,   ,     ,   .      , ,              . , , ,           ,  ,   ,     ,   .  982        ,      ,     .     ,     ,  ,           .         ,    , , .       ,   ,            ,      ,     ,          1100 [3 - Meldgaard J. Nordboerne i Gr?nland. En vikingsbygs historie. K?benhavn, "Munksgaards Forlag", 1965, s. 10].

 986 ,    ,             ,     .       Gr?nland  [4 -         -],   . ,     ,         .    ,          25   .     14   350 ,       .     ,  96   ,    ,      ,         .      Brattahlid  .         (  )    (   Eiriksfjord  ,    .     ,     ,  ,     .           : Eystribyggd  ,   .     .

          .        1625        ,   1540   ,      :          ,     .   ,            ,  ;       ;      ,     .      ,      .         [5 - Meldgaard J. Nordboerne i Gr?nland. En vikingsbygs historie. K?benhavn, "Munksgaards Forlag", 1965, s. 7; Gr?nlands Historiske Mindesm?rker, udgivne af det Kongelige Nordiske Oldskrift-Selskab. Tredie Bind. K?benhavn, 1845, s. 514-515].

      ,      ,             ,       .        .         1845   ,          .      ,     .      1540      ,        ,        .  ,           .

,   ,    ,   ,    ,   ?

  ,     ,   ,     .       ,     ,        ,    .       :  ,         ,    .            .

,    ,  ,   -  ,      [6 - Krogh K.J. Erik den R?des Gr?nland. K?benhavn, "Nationalmuseet", 1967, s. 119].  :  ,  ,       , ,     ,       .            . ,  .   ,        ,      ?      ,     ,        .  ,      ,         ,      ,       ,  -      ,  73   .    ,   :  ,      (Erling Sigvatss?n, Bjarne Thordars?n, Einride Oddss?n),               1333 [7 - Meldgaard J. Nordboerne i Gr?nland. En vikingsbygs historie. K?benhavn, "Munksgaards Forlag", 1965, s. 83].        ,              . ,    .

      .         , ,  ,        ,       5-8          -   .   ,    ,   ,  ,   ,      .        .   ,     .      ,  , ,        .          ,  .        .  ,      ,    ,   .

  .        , ,  ,     -  .  ,  ,       ,     ,            . , ,               ,    ,        ,   ,    .

 ,  :  .    ,     .




     


          500   .      .          4-5  [8 - Meldgaard J. Nordboerne i Gr?nland. En vikingsbygs historie. K?benhavn, "Munksgaards Forlag", 1965, s. 10],       8-10  [9 - Stefansson V. Greenland. New York, Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1947. p. 98].

      ,     :      ,    Vesterbygd   ,   400   -,      ( ).     280  ,   210  ,  70   [10 - Meldgaard J. Nordboerne i Gr?nland. En vikingsbygs historie. K?benhavn, "Munksgaards Forlag", 1965, s. 71].       ,      .

        ,      ,     , -   .    ,     ,         :   ,  ,  ,    .

      ,        .             ,   , , ,      .       .          ,       104 [11 - Stefansson V. Greenland. New York, Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1947. p. 103].

  ,      ,    ,             . ,      ,          ,  , ,    ,  , ,    ,     .

     ,    , ,    .      ,  ,     10-12    ,    .    :       ,    ,    .      .      -  ,     .           ,     ,     .        .

    ,  ,   ,     .  1000    ,        .   ,       I,          .            .       (            , ,    ),     .       . 12   ,  4  ,  16 .     :     ,  .   . ,       (    )[12 - Stefansson V. Greenland. New York, Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1947. p. 96].  ,     ,  1126   Gardar   (   ),  ,     .      (1150-1186 ),     1347       .           .      : 4,5     22,5   ,        ,      .        .    ,   , ,   .

    ,   , , ,    ,  .      ,       .      ,       .

-,  ,       ,   .     170 ,      185  ,      156 [13 - Krogh K.J. Erik den R?des Gr?nland. K?benhavn, "Nationalmuseet", 1967, s. 38-39].  144     Thjodhilds  ,   53    39 .  ,          . 23  (43%)    30-50 ,  15  (28%)    50 .       20-30  30-50  (51% ),       50 [14 - Krogh K.J. Erik den R?des Gr?nland. K?benhavn, "Nationalmuseet", 1967, s. 39].  ,               .

-,      .       (          )     .      ,      .         , -  ,        .           ,      .       ,   ,      ,       [15 - Brooks C.E.P. Climate Through the Ages. A Study of the Climatic Factors and Their Variations. London, Ernest Benn Ltd., 1950, p. 356].   ,      ,             [16 - Hansen J.P.H. (ed.). The Greenland Mummies. Montreal, McGill-Queens University Press, 1991, p. 21].

 ,    ,             .  ,      , ,      :         ,    .           .

         ,       ,   .      ,      ,      ,    .       ,  .         ,     .      ,       ,    .         ,        . ,    ,   ,      .




-  


         ,   ,   .    ,      ,     ,    .

 -   ,         ,       ,     .  ,      .           .

          ,       ,   ,            .     :     - .             .   , ,            .

      ,     , .   ,      :  ,  ,        ,               : , , , .                        ,  ,      .

        ,   1261 ,       ,     .     ,       ,      .         ,   ,       , ,      ,        .

     . -,        . -,          .        ,       [17 - Stefansson V. Greenland. New York, Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1947. p. 160].   ,   ,   ,                    .

 ,           ,    ,   ,    ,     .   ,             ,          .       ,    XII    ,   ,      ,     ,       .             ,      .          .

  ,    ,      .        ,    ,   (      650 ,        ),       ,     ,    .      ,       ,   .

    ,      ,         . -,   ,   -,      . -,            ;         ,         .  ,        :  ,  ,    .               .

     ,      ,     .   ,    ,       ,   , -   XIII ,    ,      ,    XIII     ,       ,      .

 ,        ,    1315-1317     ,         .  ,  ,     .         ,        ,   ,   .               1815 .    -    ,     150-180    ,    .  1816     ,    ,    .     ,        [18 - Lee. J.R. Climate Change and Armed Conflict. Hot and Cold Wars. New York, "Routledge", 2009, p. 49].

 ,   ,  1315-1317       ,          .         ,    , ,     .        .

  ,     1323 ,      ,            .    ,     ,    , ,           .  1323     ,            ,         [19 - Silverberg R. The Challenge of Climate. Man and His Environment. New York, Meredith Press, 1969, p. 241].

               , ,        .    ,   ,  ,     XIV ,    30-40     ,     ,   ,   .   , ,   ,   .               .     , ,         ,      ,            .

 ,        ,  ,       ,    1630    , ,       : 1342.            ,       ,     [20 - Allen J.L. (ed.). North America Exploration. Volume 1. A New World Disclosed. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1997, p. 57].

 ,  . ,        .   ,   ,          . ,    XIV ,       ,       ,        .            .       ,           ,   [21 - Vikings: the North Atlantic saga. Washington, "Smithsonian Institution Press in association with the National Museum of Natural History", 2000. p. 290].      : 80%          ,   .

    .     ,     ,     ,   ,    ,     .        ,  ,    ,        ,       ,       .   ,          ,    ,         ,       .     ,      .  ,    ,   ,           .   ,    250  ,    1327 .    ,  ,      ,       1346 [22 - Silverberg R. The Challenge of Climate. Man and His Environment. New York, Meredith Press, 1969, p. 241]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/dmitriy-nikolaevich-verhoturov/klimat-menyaet-istoriu/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


Goodal Ch. How to Live a Low-Carbon Life. The Individual's Guide to Stopping Climate Change. London, Sterling, VA, 2007




2


Goodal Ch. How to Live a Low-Carbon Life. The Individual's Guide to Stopping Climate Change. London, Sterling, VA, 2007, p. 75




3


Meldgaard J. Nordboerne i Gr?nland. En vikingsbygs historie. K?benhavn, "Munksgaards Forlag", 1965, s. 10




4


        -




5


Meldgaard J. Nordboerne i Gr?nland. En vikingsbygs historie. K?benhavn, "Munksgaards Forlag", 1965, s. 7; Gr?nlands Historiske Mindesm?rker, udgivne af det Kongelige Nordiske Oldskrift-Selskab. Tredie Bind. K?benhavn, 1845, s. 514-515




6


Krogh K.J. Erik den R?des Gr?nland. K?benhavn, "Nationalmuseet", 1967, s. 119




7


Meldgaard J. Nordboerne i Gr?nland. En vikingsbygs historie. K?benhavn, "Munksgaards Forlag", 1965, s. 83




8


Meldgaard J. Nordboerne i Gr?nland. En vikingsbygs historie. K?benhavn, "Munksgaards Forlag", 1965, s. 10




9


Stefansson V. Greenland. New York, Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1947. p. 98




10


Meldgaard J. Nordboerne i Gr?nland. En vikingsbygs historie. K?benhavn, "Munksgaards Forlag", 1965, s. 71




11


Stefansson V. Greenland. New York, Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1947. p. 103




12


Stefansson V. Greenland. New York, Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1947. p. 96




13


Krogh K.J. Erik den R?des Gr?nland. K?benhavn, "Nationalmuseet", 1967, s. 38-39




14


Krogh K.J. Erik den R?des Gr?nland. K?benhavn, "Nationalmuseet", 1967, s. 39




15


Brooks C.E.P. Climate Through the Ages. A Study of the Climatic Factors and Their Variations. London, Ernest Benn Ltd., 1950, p. 356




16


Hansen J.P.H. (ed.). The Greenland Mummies. Montreal, McGill-Queens University Press, 1991, p. 21




17


Stefansson V. Greenland. New York, Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1947. p. 160




18


Lee. J.R. Climate Change and Armed Conflict. Hot and Cold Wars. New York, "Routledge", 2009, p. 49




19


Silverberg R. The Challenge of Climate. Man and His Environment. New York, Meredith Press, 1969, p. 241




20


Allen J.L. (ed.). North America Exploration. Volume 1. A New World Disclosed. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1997, p. 57




21


Vikings: the North Atlantic saga. Washington, "Smithsonian Institution Press in association with the National Museum of Natural History", 2000. p. 290




22


Silverberg R. The Challenge of Climate. Man and His Environment. New York, Meredith Press, 1969, p. 241


