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1.  90- . XX.   


     .  1991.   ,        80- .    ,    ,          ,     .

 ,        ,     ,        .   ,          .  ,       XX.          .        ,    ,          .      ,    .     ,       .      ,      .         ,  .

        .          ,       ,     ,          .            .

          , ..   ,     ,     .

             .     ,      .  , ,            .

          ,     (,  ).   80- . , ,    1/5  ,     .         5%  ( :   12%).        ,     ,     .          .     .       ,          . ,      1996.  ,  80%     .

          .              , ,      .

    .   80- .           82%    97%  ,          10% .       ,       1990.,    ,    .     ,  ,       .

        ,      .            ,   .

     .  ,   ,  19901996.       250 .  1996.      40%,    56%,    35%.

        :     ,      .     ,     .

            :     .      .      (, ),      .          ,     .

  ,       :             .     ,    ,     .     :     .

         .      , ,  .

         . ,   10   40% .  ,  ,  :        , ,  ,  .      ,      . ,       ,     .

     ,     ( )      .      ,     ,    .    ,      ,    .

        .       90- .      ,      :        . ,      .

   .     ?       .       :  ,   ..      ?

     .             ,   .   ,  77%    .         ,         .   90- .           25  51%,     6  38%,      1995.     19% ,     13%.          ,           .

     , ..      . ,     ,      .              ,          .           .

     ,       .      ,  .    ,       1015    ,    ,   .

      .        ,       (,    ).

       1990.   .            ,       8-10% ( 1/3     1/4   -  ).      ,       .      .       , ,      .          .     ,  ,  .      .        .     19891997.  40 ,     ,   , ..      .

               .         ,     ,        .         ,      ,  ,      .

      ,        ,    .      ,   ,  ,  ,    .      .    ,     ,        .

         ,      ,    ,      .

       ,   ,      .        ,   .          :   ,        .

 ,  ,   :   ,     .   90- .        2025%.

     1989.  100%,   1999.     121,6%,    101,5%,    99,2%,    94,7%,    73%,    66,8%.

  ,   ,          10 .     90- .,   ,     .

          ,       , ..   ,     ,           .      ,          .

      ,   ,      23 .           90- .

        90- .     ,  ,     ,    10    ,   , ,     1989.,          .

          .      1999. , ,     79 .   ,       33,7. , .. 22,5  .

    .   , ,      ,       .           ,    ,    .      19951996.    .

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2.   


           ()          ( )    ,      .     ,              ,                  .      . . ,          -           -                  ,        ,      [1 -  . .  :  . , 1994. . 3.].

        ,    ,           cooperatio[2 - Co-operatio   (.).]     . -,        ,           , -,    ,      ,      ,   , ,    .        . .  ,         - ,            [3 -  . .    . .: , 2013. .58.].  ,       ,     :    .

        (, , ,   ..)      .     ,     :     ,    .   ,         .        ,        ,   -   .        ,             ,         ( , ,   .)[4 -  . .        //       . . 5. , 1927.].

          1980.    . . .          ,       .  ,  ,       .       ,            (   ).                  .  ,         ,            ,    ,     [5 - .:  . .,  . .     . . 2009. . 20.].

    ,  XXXI      1995. ,                   .     ,          ,       -,              .

  ,          .   ,    - ,   . .          ,     ,   ,        [6 -  . . :     . ., 2015. . 42.].

                 ,          ,          Euricse,      (ICA)    2012.

  ,     ,        ,  ,  .              .  ,      ,               ,   . ,       ,                   [7 - http://www.euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/files/venice_russian_final.pdf.].    ,   ,    ,       .          ,         ,    .   70- ,     ,         ,                              .   ,     ,      ,          [8 -  .].

         ,        ,               ,             ,        .

                   ,       .

        ,    XVIII    XIX.     , ,        .     XIX.           ;     ;    ,       , ,   ,      .

  ,        . . ,                    ,        ,      .          ,   ,                [9 - .:  . . . ,   :   , , . .:    , 2012.].     .        .  80-  XIX.               ,      .       ,    .

                  .   ,   ()              .        ,   XVIIXVIII.     ,  ,      XVIIIXIX.       .            ,     . .   . ,    ,       , ,   ,         .   . .  :    ,          XVIIIXIX.     - ,            [10 -  . .  . . 104.].

           . , . , . , . -, . , . , . .   .    . .  :                  ,          .      [11 - .:  . .        /  . 1996. 2. . 180].  XIX.     .     . , . -, . , . , . .    ,     ,     - ,     ,          , ,   ,  .

           . ,    1827.                 [12 -            ,        ,              1904. .:  . .    . . ., 2010. . 61.].

.           ,        .  ,          ,                , , , ,    .         .       ,  -        .

      ,         - ,            .           ,      ,      ,  , . . -  . . .   .    . .        :        .           .     ,        . ,      ,      .     ,   .   ,             .      [13 - . :  . . : , , , . --, 1961. . 27, 28.].

    ,  .        XIX.   .     .        ,        .      ,      ,  ,              ,          ,     ,   .     .          .  (),     ,       ,       ,      ,     ,       .         ,    .         .          .           ,         ,   ,  ,     [14 -  : 6. ., 1991. .115116.].  ,     ,           ,       ,            .            ,        [15 - .:  . .    . ., 2013. . 16.].

           ,         .              ,                 .         . ,      ,         .      ,            ,         ,   .        ,      ,          .     ,         [16 - .:  . .,  . . . . . 152, 154.].

        .     .    ,    - - . . .           .                ,       .           ,       20%                   [17 -  . . . ,   . . 66.].

     1830-          , -  [18 -  . . 67.].             ,       ,   ,          .    .  . ,    ,          ,       , :        (   ,       ),     ,  ,    ,   ,            ,      -,     [19 -  . .   . ., 2015. . 13.].

       -      ,   -  -    XIX.   ,      .

  . . ,         ,   1830.  170,   1832. 400500  , :         ,   ,     ,      ,             .

      , ,     . ,              ,     .       ,      , , ,   ,     [20 -  . .        . ., 1906. . 2.].

         : ,        ,         ,         ,      ,      ,       [21 - .:  . .,  . . . . . 83.].

   ,          ,   XIX.    .              .

           -   ,   - .     1843.  ,   ,  ,           .          .     .         1         1844.           .    ,       : , ,    .       ,          ,       .    :

        ;

         ,    ;

           ;

  ,     ,      ,    ;

 -               ;

     .

   ,   ,       (,    ,     ,  ).      2%        ,  ,  ,   .

            .        .                             ,      .[22 -  . .,  . .,  . .  . ., 2003. . 48, 50.]

     ,             .       ()        .        ,   ,   , , ,       .

           ,         .

    .   :  ,  ,  ,    ,   ,  ,      ,     , ,    ,   .

                 .               1848.      ,             .              .       1853.  .          , ,    .       1854.    .    XIX.        [23 -  . .     :    . , 2008. .2526.].

          40-  XIX.            .              1845.  1858.     5,1.    83 .         1861. .         [24 -  . . 26].

  ,       ,    . ,          ,    .    , , ,   ,   ,  ,  ,     ,    ,   .       ,          ,     ,      ,         ;       [25 -  . .       // .      .  . ., 1990. . 149. . .  . , 1918. . 35.].          1878.       ,        ,        -.

         .     ,     ,    .           .

     XIX.    -       ,               .  ,      ,       1815.,        .

       ,          .               .    ,        .   80-  XIX.       122%  1400% *.      .    1825  1870.        -           .             .

      ,    - (7?)        ,             .

 1850-   .    (7?)    ,            .        ,           .

    -      :        .     ,     ,        .        57% ,    ,        .

          -  .   ,    ,        .   1851. .      ,   :    ,            ,       ,      ,    .       ,     ,      .       .

     .   ,                ,   ,                .  -        .    1908. 46%         . -      ,                   [26 -  . .,  . .        //    . ., 2014. 21.].  ,  .     ,                   ,          3599   [27 -  . .            //   . 2011. 40. . 26.].

  -          .        .         . ,   . . - (1918.),        ,          .  1869.             .    :   ,       ,  ,        ,    ( )       [28 - - . .   . .: , 1989.].

    ,          ,         80-  XIX.    900,      460.[29 -  . .,  . . . . . 145.]

       -        XIX   XX.     ,     .

-,   ,      ,      .     ,       ,          ,  1900.    .   ,  ,      .           150 ,   6 ,      .[30 - http://jurisprudent.site/kreditovanie/kratkaya-istoriya-kooperativnogo-dvijeniya-49594.html.]

           .      ,  ,         XIX   XX.,    .    XX.          .        ,            .       ,  ,         10.  ,       .   ,      700 ,         .

            -    ,     XX.,   1972.           .

         XIX.           ,       ,  .          .    1852  1862. ,  1867. ,  1873.   ,  1876.   ,  1881. ,  1882. ,  1889. ,  1895. ,  1901.                 ,          ,      [31 -  . .   .  . ., 1912. . 14.].     ,        [32 -  .  . .,1915. . 24.],     [33 -  . . 16, 40, 42, 48, 49.],             .

        1852.               .     ,  ,        100 . .  1862.       ,    ,                  200 . .              1876.[34 -  . .     . , . ., 2002. .5758.]

 1889.      ,            XX.      :

     ;

        ;

     ;

  -   ,     (      1973.);

    ;

         ;

             (   1922.);

    (   1922.);

       (   1934.)[35 -  . .   . , , . , 1998.].

       .    XIX.               , .   ,           .               1900.  ,      黠  [36 -  . . . . . 150.].

   ,    XIX.            2 ,        .          .          1889.   ,          ,         .    1895.            .              .

  XX.        .        .   ,   ,  ,    .                ,  .             .

                 ,         .         90-  XIX.         ,    ,    ,  ,     .      ,   , - ,  .       (1859.),  (1878.),  (1885.),  (1886.),  (1889.).        .

            .  ,         ,  , , .               XX.     .

              .            ( )     ( ).  ,                      ,         ,    (,     )    . ,  ,      ,          ໠       [37 - .:  . .      //     . 2009. 42;  . .       . .: , 1964.].

 XIX.              .             . .     ,           .              . ,   1889.                    .     ()     1885.      .        , , , , , , , , , , ,   .    :  ,         [38 - http://ica.coop/en/whats-co-op/history-co-operative-movement.].

 1896.       ,      .  . 2    :     ,             - .

    XX.  ,     ,     ,        .       ,               .     ,   ,       .       ,             .      :     .             -,  50-100. .         ,        ,       ( ).

          20-30- .     1931  1932.     29%,     24,4%,     23,8%[39 -  . .,  . . . . . 160. . . . . . 173.].      ,     , , , .        -  ,     .  ,     , , , ,     , , , -      ,   .

       ,                .  ,  ,       . ,    1944.            10 .

     ,                 . -       .    , , ,  ,   .          .          ,     .          (,  , )        .   (  )         ,      ,   ,  ,    -.     ,        :   ,   ,         ,  , ,    .     60-   80-  XX.            12  4,9%,    4  2,8%,   4  3,4%,    33,1  30%*.

        .   ,       ,    ,   :

          ,    ,  , , ,              .     , -,  14  16   ;

           . ,       1947.   , , , , , , , , , ,              -.         ,           .                       , , ;    ,     ,     ,              ,  , ,    [40 -  3. .   :   : . . ., 2000. . 45.].

    ,           .       ,   ,         ,       ,   ,     . . ,   (     )     [41 -  . . . . . 183.].

          ,    .   , ,     . . , -,                  -,     ,         ,     ,          [42 -  . .    . . 10.].

       ,       ,      .      軻  . ,    ,    ,    .           1991.    .        ,              [43 -  . . -         //   . 2012. 2. . 112.].           .    ( )   ,     , ,      ,    »  ,   ,           (   ,   , , , ,     ).         ,        50%  .        .         ,       [44 -  . .      :        // URL: http//nb-forum.ru/ thlaw_365_133.].

              .

             .          ,     , ..   ,       ,   .        ,    : ,    .

      ,   .         1956.      .               .      ,       ,       .    ,  ,       ,    .                  ,   1943.       .  12                   .                     .               .              ,       41 .      260       4 .  2016.    11,8 ,  74 117 [45 - http://www.mondragon-corporation.com/rs/.].

      : ,       ,   ( ),    : , ,     - .    10%        ,  70%       .       .

           :        ;      ;           ,     ;              .      .      ,   ,   ,      , , [46 - .:  . .,  . .   :  . .: , 2009. .3542.].

       -   ,      .  :   ,  ,  ,  ,   ,    ,  .       ,   ,   1,3  ,     7 .

         (    )    :  (   );  (  );  (    ).  ,           ,  ,  ,   ,    .             ,        .

  ,     2012.,        1101    13,2. ,   17,5   30 .   900         ,      .

             (DGRV),         : DRV (  ),      ; BVR (       ),    ; ZGV (   ),      .

,   XXI. ,   ,           .        800     100     -  - .    ()   ,  ,     ,  ,    , - , , , ,     .     .  700. ,       ,  120   ,     : 63%   , 22%   , 13%     2%   [47 -  .       //   . 2003. 5. .5864.].     XXI.   53.     .    4200     63. ,      50  ( 10%  ), 181 , 5,65   ,     20%,        780. .      3200  ,    400. ,   29 ,    73   36.  [48 - Zamagni Vera (2012) Interpreting the Roles and Economic Importance of Cooperative Enterprises in a Historical Perspective, paper presented at the Euricse Conference in Venice/ http:// www.euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/files/venice_russian_final.pdf.].

          60%         50%-     .     28%            26%-     [49 - Valentinov, Vladislav, Tortia, Ermanno and Iliopoulos, Constantine (2012) Agricultural Cooperatives, paper presented at the Euricse Conference in Venice/ http://www.euricse.eu/sites/ euricse.eu/files/venice_russian_final.pdf.].

    ,       ,   1000    40%      ,   75%     37     [50 - Zamagni, Vera (2012) Interpreting the Roles and Economic Importance of Cooperative Enterprises in a Historical Perspective, paper presented at the Euricse Conference in Venice/ http:// www.euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/files/venice_russian_final.pdf.].

           ,         700. [51 - Mori, Pier A. (2012) Customer-ownership and Public Services, paper presented at the Euricse Conference in Venice./ http://www.euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/files/venice_russian_final.pdf.].

      .    25.  [52 - Perotin, V/rgime(2012),WorkersCooperatives: Good,Sustainable JobsintheCommunity, paper presented at the Euricse Conference in Venice/http://www.euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/files/ venice_russian_final.pdf.].    14.        1998  2008.,   75%   [53 - Diaz-Foncea, Millan (2012) Sociedades Cooperativas  Emprendedor Cooperativo: Analisis de los Factores Determinantes de su Desarrollo, Phd Thesis, University of Zaragoza / http:// www.euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/files/venice_russian__final.pdf.].         :       ,      ;          ,                ,  [54 - Protin, Virginie (2012), Workers Cooperatives: Good, Sustainable Jobs in the Community, paper presented at the Euricse Conference in Venice/ttp://www.euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/ files/venice_russian_final.pdf.].

    ,                             ,          .  XXX    1992.    :    ,          ,  , , ,    - ;         [55 -    . ., 1992.].

    ,        ,         .         ,   ,   ,     [56 - http://ica.coop/en/whats-co-op/history-co-operative-movement.].

 1995.                  .     ,   ,    .

. ,      19972001., :     ,    ,        .         ,    ,         .                 ,   XXXI     ()   1995 .    :    ;   ;   ;   ; ,    ;   ;   .  ,        [57 -  . 1999. 22 .].

       .            OOP      .      :    (),      ()  .

            ,             .         ,       .

    ,   2016. ,         2,5 , 1,5    250                   [58 - https://www.sommetinter.coop/en/medias/news/cooperative-enterprises-formally-declare-their-commitment-sustainable-development.].

    .   ,  -     ,    ,  ,          ,       .  ,     ,         [59 - Hagedorn, Konrad (2012) Natural Resource Management: the Role of Cooperative Institutions and Governance, paper presented at the Euricse Conference in Venice./ http://www. euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/files/venice_russian_final.pdf.].

               XIX.           ,    .      ,   ,       ( ,  ,      ..)  ,          .             ,    ,    . ,  ,   ,          .  ,  -  ,       ,         ,     .  ,     ,    ,            [60 -  .   :     //    ,   . 2011. 1. . 440.].

      ,     ,            ,            ,         ,   ,    ,   [61 -  . .  :    //  . 2007. 12.].

       ,     .              ,   , ,       .            ,      .    .    ,      .       .      ,  ,     ,      ,   ,     ,  . ,     480.  (  )    14%    [62 -  . . . .].

      ,   ,       ,  ,   ,   ,        ,   ,      ,       ,     ,        ,    ,       .

      ,         -        .




1. . .  . , 1918.

2. .   :     //    ,   . 2011. 1.

3. . .        //       . . 5. , 1927.

4. . .    . . ., 2010.

5. . . . ,   :   , , . .:    , 2012.

6. . .   .  . ., 1912.

7. . .           //   . 2012. 2.

8. . .    . .: , 2013.

9. . .            //   . 2011. 40.

10. .       //   . 2003. 5.

11. . .,  . .        //    . ., 2014. 21.

12. .  . ., 1915.

13. . .


  . .   :  . .: , 2009.

14. . .      //     . 2009. 42.

15. . .      :        // URL: http//nb-forum.ru/ thlaw_365_133.

16. . .        /  . 1996. 2.

17. . .        . ., 1906.

18. . .     . , . ., 2002.

19. .       // .      .  . ., 1990.

20. . .    . ., 2013.

21. .   :    //  . 2007. 12.

22. . .       . .: , 1964.

23. . 1999. 22 .

24. . .,  . .     . . 2009.

25. . . :     . ., 2015.

26. : . ., 1991.

27. . .     .:    . , 2008.

28. . .,  . .,  . .  . ., 2003.

29. . . : , , , . --, 1961.

30.- . .   . .: , 1989.

31. . .   . , , . , 1998.

32. . .  :  . , 1994.

33. . .   . ., 2015.

34. 3. .   :   : . . ., 2000.

35.   . ., 1992.

36.https://www.sommetinter.coop/en/medias/news/cooperative-enterprises-formally-declare-their-commitment-sustainable-development.

37.Hagedorn, Konrad (2012) Natural Resource Management: the Role of Cooperative Institutions and Governance, paper presented at the Euricse Conference in Venice./ http://www.euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/files/venice_russian_final.pdf.

38.http://ica.coop/en/whats-co-op/history-co-operative-movement.

39.Zamagni Vera (2012) Interpreting the Roles and Economic Importance of Cooperative Enterprises in a Historical Perspective, paper presented at the Euricse Conference in Venice/ http://www.euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/files/venice_russian_final.pdf.

40.Valentinov, Vladislav, Tortia, Ermanno and Iliopoulos, Constantine (2012) Agricultural Cooperatives, paper presented at the Euricse Conference in Venice/ http:// www.euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/files/venice russian final.pdf.

41.Zamagni, Vera (2012) Interpreting the Roles and Economic Importance of Cooperative Enterprises in a Historical Perspective, paper presented at the Euricse Conference in Venice/ http://www.euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/files/venice_russian_final.pdf.

42.Mori, Pier A. (2012) Customer-ownership and Public Services, paper presented at the Euricse Conference in Venice./ http://www.euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/files/venice_ russian_final.pdf.

43.Protin, Virginie (2012), Workers Cooperatives: Good, Sustainable Jobs in the Community, paper presented at the Euricse Conference in Venice/http://www.euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/files/venice_russian_final.pdfhttp://ica.coop/en/whats-co-op/history-co-operative-movement.

44.Diaz-Foncea, Millan (2012) Sociedades CooperativasyEmprendedor Cooperativo: Analisis de los Factores Determinantes de su Desarrollo, Phd Thesis, University of Zaragoza../ http://www.euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/files/venice_russian_final.pdf.

45.Protin, Virginie (2012), Workers Cooperatives: Good, Sustainable Jobs in the Community, paper presented at the Euricse Conference in Venice/ttp://www.euricse.eu/ sites/euricse.eu/files/venice_russian_final.pdf.

46.http://www.euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/files/venice_russian_final.pdf.

47.http://jurisprudent.site/kreditovanie/kratkaya-istoriya-kooperativnogo-dvijeniya-49594.html.

48.http://www.mondragon-corporation.com/rs/.




3.  XX 





3.1.   . 


 .       ,       ,       .

.  (18831950),   ,   ,                 (1912.).  1932.      ,    ,         (1939.)  ,   (1942.).       ,    ,     ,    ,       ,     .   廠      , ,  ,      .         :       (   ,    )[63 - ,     ,    .   ,  ,    ,       , -:    , , ,     .        - ,     .].

  ,     ,      ,    , ,     .      .         .   ,  ,                  ,       .    (     ,   ,        ).    .  ,       ,   ,   (      )         [64 - .   -.].

          ,     ,      .       ,       .         :

  ;

   ;

   ;

      .       .

 ,          .  [65 -         ,     .]      ,     .          ,    . ,   ,   .      ,           ,        ,     .

    ,         ,         .  ,  ,  ,  ,   ,      ,  .      :

   ;

 ;

  ;

   ;

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  .

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 ,         ()   () ,     .

      ,          (   ).    ,  ,     ,      , ,  .        .

 ,  ,   ,    ,        .                  .          ,       ,        ,     ,   [67 -    ,     :   .        (,  ).          (, ,    ..).            (   ) .     ,  : 1)   (        ); 2)       ,        .].

 ,  ,            ,   ,   .   ,    ,    ,       (,   ,  ).     ,      ,    .

               ,        .

,  ,      ,   ,   .         ,       ,     .  ,               ,    .

         ,     ,       ,       . ,     ,   ,         ,   ,        .  ,  ,      .             ,         ,     , ..   .  ,           .

          ,             .  -       ,     .     ,       , ..  .

 , ,   ,    , ,     ,       .             .         ,   ,      .   ,        (  ),  ,   .

   .  ,      , ,   ,      ,   .     ,       .    ,    ,  ,    .    ,   ,   . -   ,              .     ,    .             ,   .

     ,             ,      ,      . ,   ,    ,      .         : ,   ,   (       ), -, ,  .     ,      ,      .

 ,         ,           ,      ,        .

         .         (1939.)         (,   ),         .   ,        .

  ,     ,    .     ,     ,    (   )      .     ,      .         .        ,     ,          .

    ,   ,     . ,        , .         -   ,      .

   ,  ,      ,     .       ,   .      ,  ,     ,      ,       ,       .

   ,   ()         ,       ,        .      ,  , ,        .         .  ,     ,   ,    ,      .

 ,         ,     [68 -    ,   . ,       XX.   .].    ,   ,       ,     ,              .            .

 ,            ,    .    ,     ,   ,  .                ,     .

 ,   ,  ,   ,   ,          .   ,            ,       .




3.2.    3. 


   .  (18991967) ,  ,  ,    ,        .      ,                  ,    .

         ,   ,  .     ,      (  ,     ,    )    (     ,       ).      ?

    ,  ,               ,       .     ,   -    .  ,     ,      .      ( . . . .),   ,    ,     ,     .

 ,              (   ,   ,   ,    ,   , ,  ,     ).    ,  ,             ,      ,  ,    .    :         ,  ,       ,  ,     ,   ,   , ,   .       ,   .    (    )       ,    ,     ,   ,    ,     , ,      ,        ,   ,    .             ,       ,          ,   ,        .        ,   ,                           [69 -  .   . ., 1996. . 93.].

   ,   ,        .  , ,   ,     ,  .       ,      :   - ()       .

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 ,            ,      ,     , ,  ,       .

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 ,       ,        ,    ,          ,      .            ,         ,      ,        .

         :     ,   ,    ( ),          ,    .       ,        .     ,   ;        [71 -  . . . . 170.].

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 ;

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  .

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 ;

 ;

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3.3.    . 


. (19031983),  ,      .

  , .           (1933.)    :     ,   ,   .          , ..  ,       -.     ,   ,   .

          ,     .

        ,    .          ,    ,    ,     .         , .  ,         ,        [72 -           ,       ,     .].

  .         ,   .                  .  .         ,                 ,     ,    .        ,       [73 -        :            ,     ,           .].

.  ,                   , ,     .               ? ,   ,                ,      ,    .

,       :          ,      (      ,    ),   ,    ,      ,            ( ).               .     , , ,             .

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  , .            .   ,   , ,     (    ,    ),    .   ,  ,    ,          .  ,  ,   . ,          .

        .   [74 -       ,       .].   .      ,    ()     .    -    ,            [75 -        (    )       ,     (.  . ).].   . ,     . ,  ,          [76 -   ,         ,       .].

    .    ,         :   ,             .       ,  ,           .




3.4.   . .   


            (  ),     ,     ,          ,       ,     .    ,           ?    ,  ,     ,       .

.              .   ?                  .     . .

    .  (18481923)       .

  ,      ,        .   ,     ,          .

   .      ,        ,           [77 -     ,   ,                ,     ,         .       ,            .        (   )    ,          ,       .]. ,           ,       .   ,     ,    ,      ,            .   .        .

      ,      ,         .

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   ,  ,  ,     [79 -  ,    ,         .     ,          .].            .




3.5. .      



  .  (18771959)             ,          .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/kollektiv-avtorov/ekonomicheskaya-istoriya-mira-tom-5-reformy-90-h-godov-x/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 . .  :  . , 1994. . 3.




2


Co-operatio   (.).




3


 . .    . .: , 2013. .58.




4


 . .        //       . . 5. , 1927.




5


.:  . .,  . .     . . 2009. . 20.




6


 . . :     . ., 2015. . 42.




7


http://www.euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/files/venice_russian_final.pdf.




8


 .




9


.:  . . . ,   :   , , . .:    , 2012.




10


 . .  . . 104.




11


.:  . .        /  . 1996. 2. . 180




12


           ,        ,              1904. .:  . .    . . ., 2010. . 61.




13


. :  . . : , , , . --, 1961. . 27, 28.




14


 : 6. ., 1991. .115116.




15


.:  . .    . ., 2013. . 16.




16


.:  . .,  . . . . . 152, 154.




17


 . . . ,   . . 66.




18


 . . 67.




19


 . .   . ., 2015. . 13.




20


 . .        . ., 1906. . 2.




21


.:  . .,  . . . . . 83.




22


 . .,  . .,  . .  . ., 2003. . 48, 50.




23


 . .     :    . , 2008. .2526.




24


 . . 26




25


 . .       // .      .  . ., 1990. . 149.

 . .  . , 1918. . 35.




26


 . .,  . .        //    . ., 2014. 21.




27


 . .            //   . 2011. 40. . 26.




28


- . .   . .: , 1989.




29


 . .,  . . . . . 145.




30


http://jurisprudent.site/kreditovanie/kratkaya-istoriya-kooperativnogo-dvijeniya-49594.html.




31


 . .   .  . ., 1912. . 14.




32


 .  . .,1915. . 24.




33


 . . 16, 40, 42, 48, 49.




34


 . .     . , . ., 2002. .5758.




35


 . .   . , , . , 1998.




36


 . . . . . 150.




37


.:  . .      //     . 2009. 42;  . .       . .: , 1964.




38


http://ica.coop/en/whats-co-op/history-co-operative-movement.




39


 . .,  . . . . . 160.

 . . . . . 173.




40


 3. .   :   : . . ., 2000. . 45.




41


 . . . . . 183.




42


 . .    . . 10.




43


 . . -         //   . 2012. 2. . 112.




44


 . .      :        // URL: http//nb-forum.ru/ thlaw_365_133.




45


http://www.mondragon-corporation.com/rs/.




46


.:  . .,  . .   :  . .: , 2009. .3542.




47


 .       //   . 2003. 5. .5864.




48


Zamagni Vera (2012) Interpreting the Roles and Economic Importance of Cooperative Enterprises in a Historical Perspective, paper presented at the Euricse Conference in Venice/ http:// www.euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/files/venice_russian_final.pdf.




49


Valentinov, Vladislav, Tortia, Ermanno and Iliopoulos, Constantine (2012) Agricultural Cooperatives, paper presented at the Euricse Conference in Venice/ http://www.euricse.eu/sites/ euricse.eu/files/venice_russian_final.pdf.




50


Zamagni, Vera (2012) Interpreting the Roles and Economic Importance of Cooperative Enterprises in a Historical Perspective, paper presented at the Euricse Conference in Venice/ http:// www.euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/files/venice_russian_final.pdf.




51


Mori, Pier A. (2012) Customer-ownership and Public Services, paper presented at the Euricse Conference in Venice./ http://www.euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/files/venice_russian_final.pdf.




52


Perotin, V/rgime(2012),WorkersCooperatives: Good,Sustainable JobsintheCommunity, paper presented at the Euricse Conference in Venice/http://www.euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/files/ venice_russian_final.pdf.




53


Diaz-Foncea, Millan (2012) Sociedades Cooperativas  Emprendedor Cooperativo: Analisis de los Factores Determinantes de su Desarrollo, Phd Thesis, University of Zaragoza / http:// www.euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/files/venice_russian__final.pdf.




54


Protin, Virginie (2012), Workers Cooperatives: Good, Sustainable Jobs in the Community, paper presented at the Euricse Conference in Venice/ttp://www.euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/ files/venice_russian_final.pdf.




55


   . ., 1992.




56


http://ica.coop/en/whats-co-op/history-co-operative-movement.




57


 . 1999. 22 .




58


https://www.sommetinter.coop/en/medias/news/cooperative-enterprises-formally-declare-their-commitment-sustainable-development.




59


Hagedorn, Konrad (2012) Natural Resource Management: the Role of Cooperative Institutions and Governance, paper presented at the Euricse Conference in Venice./ http://www. euricse.eu/sites/euricse.eu/files/venice_russian_final.pdf.




60


 .   :     //    ,   . 2011. 1. . 440.




61


 . .  :    //  . 2007. 12.




62


 . . . .




63


,     ,    .   ,  ,    ,       , -:    , , ,     .        - ,     .




64


.   -.




65


        ,     .




66


  ,              ,   .      .    軠    ,            .  ,        ,      . . .




67


   ,     :   .        (,  ).          (, ,    ..).            (   ) .     ,  : 1)   (        ); 2)       ,        .




68


   ,   . ,       XX.   .




69


 .   . ., 1996. . 93.




70


             ,   .




71


 . . . . 170.




72


          ,       ,     .




73


       :            ,     ,           .




74


      ,       .




75


       (    )       ,     (.  . ).




76


  ,         ,       .




77


    ,   ,                ,     ,         .       ,            .        (   )    ,          ,       .




78


,        ,      :    ,      ,        .




79


 ,    ,         .     ,          .


