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First published as Irina Paperno, Who, What Am I? Tolstoy Struggles to Narrate the Self by Cornell University Press, 2014. Copyright by Cornell University.    . . ,  , 2018





 

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 . ,  , 2018

    , 2018







       -: Who, What am I?: Tolstoy Struggles to Narrate the Self. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2014.      ,   : Who, What is I?: Tolstoy in his Diaries. Tolstoy Studies Journal. 1999. 11,   Tolstoys Diaries: The Inaccessible Self// Self and Story in Russian History/ Laura Engelstein and Stephanie Sandler, eds. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000;  :      :  ..//   . 2003. 61; Leo Tolstoys Correspondence with Nikolai Strakhov: The Dialogue on Faith// Anniversary Essays on Tolstoy/ Ed. by Donna Tussing Orwin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010; What, Then, Shall We Do: Tolstoys Way// Slavic and East European Journal. Fall 2012. Vol.56. 3.

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Le pass? est ce qui fut, le futur est ce qui sera et le pr?sent est ce qui nest pas.Cest pour cela que la vie de lhomme ne consiste que dans le futur et le pass? et cest pour la m?me raison que le bonheur que nous voulons poss?der nest quune chim?re de m?me que le pr?sent (1: 217)[15 -    ,  ,   ,  ,    ,   .        ,  ,    ,   ,   .].


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        .         ,      .     ,   ,    ,   ,   ,     . ,     ,      (le bonheur que mon cCur regrette nest point compos? dinstants fugitifs),      .         (R?veries du promeneur solitaire,  ).   ⠫,     ,      ,        ( )[18 -      ,  , , ,   ,   . Π .: StarobinskiJ. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Transparency and Obstruction/ Trans. from French by Arthur Goldhammer. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988. P.180200.].

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     ,         ,   [22 -         . .  : CurtiusE.R. Das Buch als Symbol// Idem. Europ?ische Literatur und lateinisches Mittelalter [1948]. Auflage 11. Bern: Francke Verlag, 1993; Blumenberg H. Die Lesbarkeit der Welt. Frankfurt am Main: Surkamp, 1981.        6  .].

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Ӡ, ,           ,         [26 -     (       1851)         ⠫     ,       1922. .: ..  : . . .102105; ..,      腻 90-  (1: 301 343); Rudy P.Lev Tolstojs Apprenticeship to Laurence Stern// The Slavic and East European Review. 1971. 15/2. P.121.].  1851         (49: 82); 18511852          .

           -.  (   ) ,      .            ()   (  )    ,       (    )[27 -         (. II, . 14, 23).]. ,      ,     ,    [28 - Π    .: Watt I. The Rise of the Novel. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957. .290295.].

  ,  ,    ,     .      ,   .     ,    ,   ,     ,    .          ,     ,   [29 -     .: Kahler E. The Inward Turn of Narrative/ Trans. from German by Richard and Clara Winston. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973. P.189196.].

   ,      :    ,        ,    ,       ()        (,  ).  ,   ,  ⠫  ,    ,          (   ).        ,  1869 (   )      ,     [30 -  ,       1869. .: JahnG.R. Tolstoy and Kant// New Perspectives on Nineteenth-Century Russian Prose/ Ed. by G.J.Gutsche and L.G.Leighton. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica, 1982; KruglovA.N. Lev Nikolaevic Tolstoj als Leser Kants// Kant Studien. 2008. 99. S.361386; .. ..   .//     :  V .  .  , 2008.       .].

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* * *

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           .    ,           (Le sommeil et les r?ves, 1861).       ,        :     ,    ,       ,      .        ,          .     ,  .       腻 (Trait? des facult?s de l?me, contenant lhistoire des principales th?ories psychologiques, 1852).         ,      ;  ,       (    )   ,      . ,                [36 -    : Maury L.-F. Alfred. Le sommeil et les r?ves. Paris, 1861 (        Annales m?dico-psychologiques 1848 1853); Garnier A. Trait? des facult?s de l?me, contenant lhistoire des principales th?ories psychologiques. Paris, 1852; Anonyme [Marquis dHervey de Saint-Denis]. Les r?ves et les moyens de les diriger. Paris, 1867; HildebrandtF.W. Der Traum und seine Verwertung f?rs Leben. Leipzig, 1871, 1881; Volkelt J. Die Traumphantasie. Stuttgart, 1875.          (     ,  ,   ): Du Prel .Die Philosophie der Mystik. Leipzig, 1885.           : Lorrain J. De la dur?e du temps dans les r?ves// Revue philosophique. 1894. T. 38; EggerV. La dur?e apparente des r?ves// Revue philosophique. 1895. T. 40; TobowolskaJ. Etude sur les illusions de temps dans les r?ves du sommeil normal. Paris, 1900.  ⠫  (1900)              .                 (.: Freud S.The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud/ Trans. from German and ed. by James Strachey. Vol.4. L.: Hogarth Press, 1953. P.2629 et passim).            Le r?ve (1901) , ,   ⠫ (1922).                   (. . . .1. , 1985. .194202). (   ,    ,            .) .         : ..    (    )//    . .22. , 1988.          6  .].

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* * *

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Ӡ           [43 -            (. ..  : . . .83)  (.  .  . .73).  ,         ..   (1832),         ,      12.  , 1891,     (   蠫  )  ,         ,      (66: 67). ,        ,        ,      (46: 4849).    ,      . .: .,  .  . .:  , 2006. .58. Π  . : ..    . , 2001. .2732.].

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       .            (Self-Knowledge, 1745),      ,  ,      .          1818[45 - Mason J. A Treatise on Self-Knowledge. London: R. Reynolds and C. Baldwyn and Co, 1818.       ,  ,    .  :      . .3. , 1999. 2184.].     XVIII   XIX        ;        ,     .           (18041806)           ,    [46 -   (. 1783)     18041806:  ?    ?  ? <>     ?     ? <>.          ,       .          . ,       ,   .      ,               ( .  . .: . ., 1977. .3945). .. (    )           : ..  ..   //      ..:  20. .13. .:   , 1999).  (  ) ,    ()            XVII   XIX.           . (    ,    .)]. (   :  ,   ,         ,   XVIII[47 -  ,   ( ), ,         XVIII,     , ,   . ( ,         ,         XVIII.)     ,         -  (     ,     -   ).         ,   ,       .     .    ,   ,     , ,  .         (..   [1936]//  : Pro et contra. .678).].)

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* * *

         ?    ,          ,             ,         .   ,           [49 -             (1922) 蠫 .   (1928) (. ..  : . . .162. .  c. 85, 9596, 166).           .      :      ,      ,       .   ,     ( .         . .421.   :  .  . .7384).].           . (          [50 -       ..  ,  蠫   .. 1856; .  : ..  : . . .112113.].)          [51 -  ,   ,     : GurleyR.E. The Diaries of Leo Tolstoy: Their Literariness and Their Relationships to his Literarture. University of Pennsylvania, 1979 (     ).             (MorsonG.S. Hidden in Plain View. .2932).].

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 18511852           [53 -     蠫      : ..  : . . ., 2009. .102113, 167176, 189200.        :  .  . 2- . .:  , 1967. .73122, 136144.].   1851  (    ,     )  .. (-): ,  ,  -      [faire des romans];         ,       .  ,      ,   ,     ,           ,     (59: 117).         ,       -.

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 ,      (      ),         .     ,          :       ? (59: 214).   ,      ,   ,      ,  蠫.      ,     .     ..:            <>   (59: 202, 15 1852).         .       :     ,       (46: 150151).       蠫,      ,      -.

  ,        ,  ,  .    ,       -   ,     .   ,    .  ,         .    ,  :          [54 -        ,     : WachtelA.B. The Battle for Childhood: Creation of a Russian Myth. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990. .757. . : WachtelA.B. History and Autobiography in Tolstoy// The Cambridge Companion to Tolstoy/ Ed. by Donna Tussing Orwin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. P.176190.].    (   )    .      ,   ,       .       :         : ,             [55 - Bayley J. Tolstoy and the Novel. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988. .86.].            ,         .      (  ) ,     ,  .

      1852,  ,  ,     .        ,           .       , 蠫  1854.  1855 ⠫          ,   ,    1855,    .      (,    ,  )        :   ,   ,     ,    :   . (      ,     .)  ,    ,   ,  [56 - Wachtel . History and Autobiography in Tolstoy. .176.].      .

 1855,   ,   ,           .  1856           ,  蠫 ,      .  1857   .         ,   (      ).       .    1857         .




, ,      (1859):    


 1859       ;          .   . (        [57 -      ,  : ..   // ..  . .: Academia, 1924. .6772.].)                   .      :



 ,  ,   ,  ,      ,   ,     . <> , ,   profession de foi (60: 293).


      (   )    ( ,    18511854),   ,          (60: 293,    1859). (  ,      ,         [58 -     1853, 46: 176.  : ..   XVIII      ... .: -   . .., 2008. .121122.].)     :  .       . <>    ?  ? !    :       ,    ,  ?  ,   (60: 294).        :    .  ,        ,    ,       , , ,     .     <> (60: 295).       .                        ( ,      ):  !  !       .   ,  ,      <> ,   , ,   ,       (60: 296).  ,      ໠     [59 -    :  ,   (48: 20, 9 1859).].

     (1859)     (  ):   ,  蠫,    ,     ,        .  廠  蠫,  蠫    ,            ,       (    ):     . ( 1863      , ,   1885.)    ,        ,   ,   ,    ,         . (        ,         [60 - A..  . .: . ., 1959. .81. (      1901.)].)

     ,  , ,     ,        .    : ,  :  , , ,        .   (60: 307,  1859).    :   , ,  . <>  ,      (  )         (60: 315,    1859). (     :           ,     3-    <> [60: 316].)       :      <>     .              ,      , ,  ,     (60: 327, 1 1860).             ,  .

  ?   :     .             .    :  , ,      (60: 247, 4 1857)[61 -      : ..  : . . .356, 362, 367  .]. (      .)           ,    ,      [62 -  ,   ,      ,      ,   ; . 7: 117119 361363; .      60: 247, 250    47: 164, 166.].

   ,  ,   ,            :



   .      <>    ,  ,   ,  ,  ,   ,   .    ,  , ,    , ,  <>  (   ), ,   ..,         ,   <>  1/100    (60: 328329, 12 1860).


         .

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, ,   , ,  ,      ,    .     ,    ,      .     ,      .   ,        (60: 358, 17 1860).


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   18591860          ,      .  ,     ,    (      , 1861)    (  , 1862;     ,    ,     ?, 1862).

           . (       ,  :   , 8: 322.)     ,       ,  ,   . (      ,     1880-     .)

   ,    .   ,     ,  ,  ,           ,      11-  ,  蠫-        (8: 308).     , ,      ,   ,    :



 ,    ,    .        - .   ,               ,   (8: 307).


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 1862 (  ,      )      .         18631869     .




  --  --,  ,   (1870):     (1875)   


 18691870,      ,      [63 -       ,     ,    .   (1960): ..  : . . .575578, 600601.        :  .,  .  . .:  , 2006. .269273.].   : ,  ,   ,  . , , , ,   --  --,  ,   (61: 236237, 14 1870).     ,       ,   :               (61: 247,  1871).

           ,              (1872).

 1873     ,  . ,            .

   1874     ,   ,    ?     .      ,  ,     profession de foi[64 -  : .., ..   :  2./ . . ; . .. ... Ottawa; Moscow: Slavic Research Group at the University of Ottawa; the State L.N.Tolstoy Museum, 2003. .1. .164.].         ,  1874.      ,        :



   ,         ,            ,            ,   ,     (1: 215, 25 1875).


,        18591860,         ,     .

,   1870- ,      ,   :       (1: 259, 89 1876).

 1875      (  )  profession de foi        ,  ,     ,    profession de foi   .       ,    .

        ,  (  )      .             ? (1897).               [65 -     ?       . . : Emerson C. Tolstoys Aesthetics// Anniversary Essays on Tolstoy/ Ed. by Donna Tussing Orwin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. P.237250.].




 2

      ,   <> ߠ- :   .. (18751879)






         18751879   [66 -          90 .     .: .. .. ..:      . Ottawa; Moscow: Slavic Research Group at the University of Ottawa; the State L.N.Tolstoy Museum, 2008.].            (18281896)        .           ,              . (,       ,    [67 -   .: OrwinD.T. Strakhovs World as a Whole: A Missing Link between Dostoevsky and Tolstoy// Poetics. Self. Place. Essays in Honor of Anna Lisa Crone/ Ed. by Catherine ONeil et al. Bloomington, Ind.: Slavica, 2007. P.473493.].)

            . (      -  ,     .)  ,     ,              ( 1: 207)[68 -           : ..,..   :  2./ . . ; . .. ... Ottawa; Moscow: Slavic Research Group; the University of Ottawa and the State L.N.Tolstoy Museum, 2003.         ()      .   ,     ,      90      .].   ,        ( 1: 207, 22 1875).  :      ,          ( 1: 211, 5 1875).  ,     . (         .)      ,      .        ,   .    26 1875         ,   ,       .   ,  ,       ,     ( 1: 221222).  ,     ,   ( 1: 224, 4 1875).        :   .  :  ,   -    . ! ( 1: 226, 89 1875). (    ,   .)




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     .      (   ),     ,  ⠫  :    ?    ?     ? (A 805/B 833).      :  , ,     :     ( 1: 228, 16 1875).          ,    .

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      .   ,      ,       ,      ,    ,  - ,            ,      ,    .   , , ,         ( 1: 234235, 30 1875).  ,        ,      .

     (  )    ,     ?.        :  47 . <> ,     .      :  ,        ,    ,  ,    ,   .     ,     .  ,         ( ,        ),       ,       . ,   ,                     ,   ( 1: 236237, 30 1875). (   ⠫     ,   .)

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 ,       ,  , ,     (    ),        ( 1: 240241, 25 1875).        蠫  ,    .  ,    ,    , , , ,    ( 1: 243, 12 1876).        ( ,   );        .

       15 1876,               [69 -        . .: Medzhibovskaya I. Tolstoy and the Religious Culture of his Time: A Biography of a Long Conversion, 18451887. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2008. P.162163, 166167.].      (  ,   ),          (   ):   (17: 340). (,     ⠫   : Mais qui suis-je? <> Jexiste <>[70 - Rousseau J.-J. mile// Rousseau J.-J. Oeuvres compl?tes. T. IV. Paris: Pl?iade, 1959. P.570.].)  ,          , :      ,    (17: 351352).              (          [1872],    [71 -       .: OrwinD.T. Strakhovs World as a Whole. P.166170.]).         .       ?    (  )     :  ,      : ,   ;  , ,   :     : ,   ,        (17: 351,  ).      .

       ,   .              :



         ,    , , , , .       ,  Cogito, ergo sum,  ,   ,       ( 1: 256).


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      .    ,   ,          .     ;    ,   ,           . <>   <>       .   ,  ,   ,         . , ,      ,   ,     ,     ,  ,    ? ( 1: 257, 8 1876).


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     , ,                 ,      ,    ? <>      ,         ( 1: 264265,  1876).


     ,             , ,       ( 1: 264)[72 -       ,       ,     .   ,        ,      : .   23 1874 ( 1: 17172), 8 1876 ( 1: 186), 1 1875 ( 1: 190). ,        ,         : .   1 1875 ( 1: 190).].      :      ,    ..  ,  ,  ,   ,     ( 1: 267).

      ,    :



        ,       ,       ,  ,   , . <>  ,   ,   ,     ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,  ,      ,    .       ( ),  - ,         ;       , ,  ( 1: 267).


           (   ).    ,      ,    ,  ,    ( 1: 267, 26 1876).   ,   -  .      :           ,    ,         quils en savent plus long que moi ( 1: 267268, 26 1876).

      ( )                ,  ,   .    ,     ,    ,   ,         ,              .                      .             ,       ,    ,      ,   ,    ,     .

       ꠫  ,   ,        :       .   ?   ,   ? ( 1: 293, 12 1876).      ,     ,   ,  ,   ,     -  .            , , ,   ,         .      ,  :  ,  ,    ,          ( 1: 276, 31 1867).

      (       1875)    .         .     ,    ,     ,  : .             (     ,   ,       ,     1856-  1860).  ,                     .

     (  1877),        ,           .                 (            ).           :      .   . ,           ,     . (         ,   ⠫      :      ,   [73 -      8 1877,        ( 1: 363); .    ( 1: 366).].)         ,            (    ,   ).     -    [74 -        : ToddW.M. Reading Anna in Parts// Tolstoy Studies Journal. 19951996. 8. .125128; Idem. The Responsibilities of (Co-) Authorship: Notes on Revising the Serialized Version of Anna Karenina// Freedom and Responsibility in Russian Literature: Essays in Honor of Robert Louis Jackson/ Ed. by Elizabeth Cheresh Allen and Gary Saul Morson. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. P.162169.].

  ,   1877,         ,   (          )[75 - O   .: Kolst? P.Lev Tolstoi and the Orthodox Starets Tradition// Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2008. Vol.9. 3. .533554.].     ,        [76 -         :  1: 355  1: 349. . : ..   :    1879  1881. .: -   , 1963. C. 440441.].

   ,     ,      .  (,      )  ,   (   )  ,         .     , , ,     ,    ,    , ,  ,        ,     ,   .   ,  ,       ,     :       ,   [77 -   .., ..  :  ⠄  -  ,    ,  ,  !       ,     ,  :       ( .     . .., 1965. .6263).           1928 ( . . . . .: , 2002. .43).].                ,    , ,       ,  ,       profession de foi, ,     ,      ( 1: 230).




  ,   


  ,       .   1877,   ,     ,  ,       .     (  ),         ,    .      ,         ( 1: 374, 6 1877).           (17: 363368).      :      ,          <> (17: 363). (         ,    .)  ,     ?,  :   ,     <>.     ,   ?,     (17: 364).

     ,  -.        -:  -         <> (17: 364).      ,  ,    ,      (17: 357).       :  ,       (           [17: 731])[78 -  -   -: Medzhibovskaya I. Tolstoy and the Religious Culture. P.173.].

            . ,      ,    .   1877   ,     ;        ,     ,  ,   ,   (     ),     (1: 385).       ,          .     ,      ,      ( 1: 389, 3 1878).

20 1877        ,        .     ,    (         ):    (   );  ( Dubois Raimond   );  ();  ,  .;  , ,    ( ); ,   () 蠫 (    )[79 -     90.    (. 17: 735736).  ,      ,     ,      ,  18841886. ( ,       1881   ,      .)].

      ,          ,   ( ),   .   ()    ,  -   , ,           ?,          (17: 371).    .

        , 20 1878,          (. 蠫.).       ,  (       ,   ):             (17: 373).      ,    ( 20  23).     .

  1878   ,              .     :         Vie de J?sus ( 1: 429).        .   ,       ,   ,     . , ,    ,          ( 1: 430).         .

,             ,         -,  , ,         .         ,         ,     ,     .

              .          ,      .    59 1877      :



   , , ,     ,   .           ;   ,     ,     ,    .        .      ,      (62: 311).


    : ,                  . (, 1880,               .)




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/irina-paperno/kto-chto-ya-tolstoy-v-svoih-dnevnikah-pismah-vospominaniyah/)  .

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        :  1: 355  1: 349. . : ..   :    1879  1881. .: -   , 1963. C. 440441.




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  .., ..  :  ⠄  -  ,    ,  ,  !       ,     ,  :       ( .     . .., 1965. .6263).           1928 ( . . . . .: , 2002. .43).




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    90.    (. 17: 735736).  ,      ,     ,      ,  18841886. ( ,       1881   ,      .)


