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     Reuters    -      [5 - Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis, and Graves, Lucas. News you dont believe: Audience perspectives on fake news // Digital News Publications (http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/publications/2017/news-dont-believe-audience-perspectives-fake-news (http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/publications/2017/news-dont-believe-audience-perspectives-fake-news)).]:        .  . .  .     . ,    .

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,            , :    ?      [6 - Wardle. Claire, and Derakhshan, Hossein. How did the news go fake? When the media went social // The Guardian, 10 Nov 2017 (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/10/fake-news-social-media-current-affairs-approval (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/10/fake-news-social-media-current-affairs-approval)); Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. A publication of the Council of Europe which provides a comprehensive conceptual framework and possible solutions to dis-information and misinformation/ Resource Centre on Media Freedom in Europe, September 2017 (https://www.rcmediafreedom.eu/Publications/Reports/Information-disorder-Toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-research-and-policy-making (https://www.rcmediafreedom.eu/Publications/Reports/Information-disorder-Toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-research-and-policy-making)).].


* * *

  2013   Washington Post               (What was fake on the Internet this week),      ,   2015-,         [7 - Dewey, Caitlin. What was fake on the Internet this week: Why this is the final column/ The Washington Post, December 18, 2015 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/12/18/what-was-fake-on-the-internet-this-week-why-this-is-the-final-column/ (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/12/18/what-was-fake-on-the-internet-this-week-why-this-is-the-final-column/)).].     - ,      , , , ,          .

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* * *

  2018   Science        ,   ,  ,            (),     .     126 000 ,   ,        Twitter,  :     [9 - Vosoughi, Soroush, Deb Roy, and Sinan Aral. The Spread of True and False News Online. Science 359, no. 6380 (2018): 1146151. doi:10.1126/science.aap9559.].

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notes









1


9 2018 . . .




2


  1996                ;      렖          ,       . . .










1


 . . .:  , 2015.




2


 .  . .: , 2004.




3


 .  . .: Corpus, ACT, 2017.




4


. 19:47.




5


Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis, and Graves, Lucas. News you dont believe: Audience perspectives on fake news // Digital News Publications (http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/publications/2017/news-dont-believe-audience-perspectives-fake-news (http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/publications/2017/news-dont-believe-audience-perspectives-fake-news)).




6


Wardle. Claire, and Derakhshan, Hossein. How did the news go fake? When the media went social // The Guardian, 10 Nov 2017 (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/10/fake-news-social-media-current-affairs-approval (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/10/fake-news-social-media-current-affairs-approval)); Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. A publication of the Council of Europe which provides a comprehensive conceptual framework and possible solutions to dis-information and misinformation/ Resource Centre on Media Freedom in Europe, September 2017 (https://www.rcmediafreedom.eu/Publications/Reports/Information-disorder-Toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-research-and-policy-making (https://www.rcmediafreedom.eu/Publications/Reports/Information-disorder-Toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-research-and-policy-making)).




7


Dewey, Caitlin. What was fake on the Internet this week: Why this is the final column/ The Washington Post, December 18, 2015 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/12/18/what-was-fake-on-the-internet-this-week-why-this-is-the-final-column/ (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/12/18/what-was-fake-on-the-internet-this-week-why-this-is-the-final-column/)).




8


Silverman, Craig. This Analysis Shows How Viral Fake Election News Stories Outperformed Real News On Facebook/ BuzzFeed News, November 17, 2016 (https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook?utm_term=.iLM636OV#.mwkyJdJGm (https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook?utm_term=.%C4%B3LM636OV#.mwkyJdJGm)).




9


Vosoughi, Soroush, Deb Roy, and Sinan Aral. The Spread of True and False News Online. Science 359, no. 6380 (2018): 1146151. doi:10.1126/science.aap9559.




10


www.ted.com/talks/deb_roy_the_birth_of_a_word.html (http://www.ted.com/talks/deb_roy_the_birth_of_a_word.html).


