   :  
. . 


                      .     ,           ,      .





.. 

   :  





 1.   





1.. .    


            , , .         ,   ,  ,    .

    ,     :

1)    ;

2)  ,   , ;

3)    .

,  ,        .   ,    , . ,     ,    ,     .          .           .

             =f(x, t),  t  ,     ,     .      (  .

    ,    ,        ( ).       ,    .    ,              .

      ,        .       .      ,        , ..   .          ,       ,              .

  ,   ,    ,  ,    ,  ,  ,    1.   n      2 ,   ,    .

,       ,      .   8   . ,  256  8- ,  .

       ,      1 .    .




2. 


         .      .

   ,          .      .         .




3.   


32-         232-1,       00000000  FFFFFFFF.          220-1,      00000  FFFFF.        ,    .     ,   2 ,      4 .      ,        .

          ,       1, 2  4 .

      ,         .      2 ,       :      ,       .       ,           :  = 10  \\,  n   .

         , ..,     ,      .

      ,           .




4.  


    ,          .        ,   ,  .

    ,       ,      .       ;     .

      ,  ,  ,     .     ,     , ;       ,   ,            .

       :

1)n  ,   . ,     ?n,           ;

2) n    ?ni. ,     ?ni,       i- ,   ;

3)?     . ,     ?,      ,    .       

 . ,    ,        ,  ,     ,        ,  ,   ,  . ,          ,        .  , ,   ,       .        ,       .




 2.  Pascal





1.   Pascal


    ,        .  Pascal     :

1)26    26   :

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz;

2)_ ( );

3) 10 : 0123456789;

4) :

+   / = <> < > <= >= := @;

5):

. , ' ( ) [ ] (. .) { } (* *) .. : ;

6):^ # $;

7) () :

ABSOLUTE, ASSEMBLER, AND, ARRAY, ASM, BEGIN, CASE, CONST, CONSTRUCTOR, DESTRUCTOR, DIV, DO, DOWNTO, ELSE, END, EXPORT, EXTERNAL, FAR, FILE, FOR, FORWARD, FUNCTION, GOTO, IF, IMPLEMENTATION, IN, INDEX, INHERITED, INLINE, INTERFACE, INTERRUPT, LABEL, LIBRARY, MOD, NAME, NIL, NEAR, NOT, OBJECT, OF, OR, PACKED, PRIVATE, PROCEDURE, PROGRAM, PUBLIC, RECORD, REPEAT, RESIDENT, SET, SHL, SHR, STRING, THEN, TO, TYPE, UNIT, UNTIL, USES, VAR, VIRTUAL, WHILE, WITH, XOR.

 ,      .         .


   

          .     ,    ,  ,      ,  ..          .      , ,      .

  Pascal  :        ,    .    Pascal    :

1)     ,    ,           ;

2) ,  ,   ,       ;

3)            .

 ,              .

 :

1)  , , , ,    ;

2)     ;

3)  ,     ,    .

 ,          ,                   .

  Pascal      .        ,  .    , , ,    .

   ,   ,      ,    .




    ,     ,    .




,  ,   .     : , ,   .

 , Pascal        .

    , ,  ,    .      .     ()    .   Pascal    :

1)   ;

2)  ;

3) ;

4) *, /, div, mod, and;

5) +, , or, xor;

6)  =, <>, <, >, <=, >=.

       Pascal,      .




2.   



 

1.Function Abs(X);

   .

X      .



2.Function ArcTan(X: Extended): Extended;

  .

X      .



3.Function (: Real): Real;

 .

X      .



4.Function Frac(X: Real): Real;

   .

X    .     X, ..

Frac (X) = XInt (X).



5.Function Int(X: Real): Real;

   .

X    .     X, .. X,   .



6.Function Ln(X: Real): Real;

   (Ln  = 1)  X  .



7.Function Pi: Extended;

  Pi,    3.1415926535.



8.Function Sin(X: Extended): Extended;

  .

X    . Sin    X  .



9.Function Sqr(X: Extended): Extended;

  .

X     .     ,   X.



10.Function Sqrt(X: Extended): Extended;

   .

X     .     X.


    

1.Procedure Str(X [: Width [: Decimals]]; var S);

  X    

Width    Decimals. X      . Width  Decimals    . S    String      ,    .



2.Function Chr(X: Byte): Char;

     X  ASCII-.



3.Function High(X);

     .



4.Function Low(X);

     .



5.Function Ord(X): Longint;

     . X    .



6.Function Round(X: Extended): Longint;

     . X    . Round   Longint,    X,     .  X       ,      .    X    Longint,     ,         EInvalidOp.



7.Function Trunc(X: Extended): Longint;

     .    X    Longint,     ,         EInvalidOp.



8.Procedure Val(S; var V; var Code: Integer);

     S  

 V. S       ,      .   S ,       Code.    Code   .


      

1.Procedure Dec(varX [; N: Longlnt]);

   N   X. Dec(X)  X:= X  1,  Dec(X, N)  X:= X  N. X       PChar,    ,  N    .  Dec         .



2.Procedure Inc(varX [; N: Longlnt]);

   N   X. X       PChar,    ,  N    . Inc (X)   X:= X + 1,  Inc (X, N)   X:= X + N.  Inc         .



3.Function Odd(X: Longlnt): Boolean;

 True,  X   ,  False    .



4.Function Pred(X);

   . X    .     .



5.Function Succ(X);

   . X    .     .




3.  Pascal



 

      : If  then SI else S2;      ( ),    ; SI, S2    ,   .

       ,    :    ,    S1   then,   S2 ;    ,    S2   else,   S1  .

     .    : If  then S.


 

    :



case S of

c1: insruction1;

c2: insruction2;



cn: insructionN;

else instruction

end;


 S    ,   ;

1, 2.,     ,    

S; instruction1,, instructionN  ,    ,       S;

instruction  ,  ,    Sylq       c1, 2. n.

      If    .    ,    else .


   

   ,     for,    ,     ,       .

   for:



for < > := < > to < > do <>;


    for,       ,          for. ,      for,             .      .    for,         .      ,      for   .        downto,         .       ,   ,         .

 ,     for,    ,    .    for     ,     for       .


   

    (    while)    ,      (    ).  :



While B do S;


 B  ,    (    );

S      .

,       ,    .     ,     .       ,     ru.        False,  ,      ,  .


   

     (   repeat) ,      ,    repeat.  :



repeat S until B;


 B   ,    (    );

S       .

     . ,     repeat  until,     ,       True.   ,   ,  ,         .




 3.   





1.  


          .      .

     ,           ,  .

       ,         ,            .     .

  Pascal        .          .                  . ,   ,  ,      .        :

1)-;

2)-;

3)-;

4)-  -, ..   ;

5) -.

          .


       

  ,     ,         .    TURBO PASCAL      ,  ,    ,  . (         .)

             ,   .   ,     , :



type

Proc = Procedure;


  ,  ,             .  ,       ,       .




2.  Pascal


    ,     .     :



Procedure <> [(<  >)];


     ,        . ,      ,      .            ,     , ..       .




3.  Pascal


    ,      .     :



Function < > [(<  >)]: <   >;


    .        - ,    .         .   ,       ,  .

      ,      .    ,   ,   ,      .      .          ,  ,  ,  .

        ,    .




4.    . 


     , ..     .         ,      ,     ,       .

 ,      forward,   .  -           .     ,       ,     ,      .  forward               .        ,        .  ,   .

         .       .

       ,     ,     .            ,               .

    ,        , ,      .    ,       :         S,  ,    ,  .



1) {SE+}    ;

2) {SF+}       ;

3) {SN+}    ;

4) {SR+}      .

     , :

{$1  }        .




 4. 





1. 


        .  ,     ,         ,   ,      ,       .




  .


   .

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