           : - 
  


    -               :     .

    ,  ,   ,        .

   -  ,        .  ,             .





 ..

           : -  








     .           .     ,     ,       :     ( ).              ,        .                  ,             (    )        ,            .  ,  ,       ,       ,       .

 ,             ,      ,                .                                .                            .

      ,   ,     ,                  ()[1 -  ..      . . 1861;  ..    . , 1978;  ..   . . I. ., 1908;  .       . . 1876;  ..  .         .      :  . ., 1898;  ..  .  . . I. ., 1902;  .         (               ). ., 1923;  ..       . ., 1927;  ..    . , 1926  .].           ,    [2 -  .. -      . ., 1924;  .       . ., 1948;  ..       . . . . . ., 1948;  .. ,     . ., 1966;  ..    (    ). ., 1978  .].               [3 -  . ., - ..        . ., 1997;  ..     . . . . . ., 1995;  .      ( ). ., 1996;  ..        //   . 1997. 1  .].

    ,           .                ,    : .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , . , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , . , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , ..   .

    ,       : .. , .. ,       . . .

 ,             : J.H. Choper, R.Ch. Clark, J.C. Coffee, A.F. Conard, M.P. Dooley, R.J. Gilson, R.W. Hamilton  .

    ,   2011 .      . ..    ...,  .. ,    ,         .  ( ),      .   ( ).

                 ,      ;                   .

       ,            ,        .        :

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                ,      ,  ,   ;

        ,         ,      ;

             :  ,    .

      ,            ,            ,           .

         . .. ,         ,          ,    ...,  ..     ,   ,  .   ...,  ..   ...,  ..       ,   ,    , ...,  .. ,           .      Rotary Club .         . ..    ,              (The Honorable Sidney B.Brooks, U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Colorado)        (professor Ved P. Nanda),   .   .            .              ...,  .. ,          ..., ,    .. .    ,          ,   .-..,  ..   .. .




 1

           



        - ,     -      . ,                     ,        ,          .

        ,  . , .       .      (   , laissez-faire ..),     ,         .               .  ,                 .

      XX .         .     ,      (19291933, 19391945, 19641966, 19731976, 19801982, 20012002, 20082010),       .      ()  .          [4 - Houston S., McGowan R. Public Policy and Business. Denver. 2004. P. 246267.].

          .         ,        .

 ,       ,        .

           .

     ,           ,             . ,       ,   -      . ,                .

             ,    ,     (,     )      ,  ,      .         ,       ,        .

                ,       .    ,    (,    ),     .

                 ,             .  ,          .

 ,                  .    ,  -                  .             ,          .




 1.1. ,             


        - [5 -       // . . .. . ., 2009. . 31;  ..  :         . ., 2008. . 123130.]    ,    .        .              .

 ,    ,       ,   - () .  ,     ,        -     [6 - ., .:  .. . . . 4;  .. ,     . ., 1966. . 5354;  .. -     //       . ., 2004. . 55;  ..      ( ). . 17;  ..         . ., 2005. . 1415.].

        [7 -  ..  : . ., 1999. . 158, 184;  ..       ( ). . . . . . 2004  .]     () [8 - ., .:  ..  . ., 2005. . 5.].                 ,       ,       ,       .

       ,    ,     . ,     -         ,          ,      ,    ,     ,               ..

       ,      ,       -        .

                - ,     . ,                  .              .           [9 -  .,  . . ., . 23. . 642 ( ..    . ., 1973. . 7).].         [10 - ., .:   /  . .. , .. . . . ., 2001;  . ,     . ., 1997;  ..   . ., 1996  .]      (nexus of contracts),     [11 -  :    :  /  . .. . ., 2007., . 182;  .        //   . 1997. 1. . 134; Palmiter A.R. Corporations. Examples and Explanations. 2006. P. 6.].

   ,      -      .       ,  [12 -  ..,  ..  :      //   . . 6. . 1990. 6. . 76.].                   .

          .

             .      (   )[13 -  1.40 Model Business Corporation Act 2002 (  MBCA).] ,   (  (domestic corporation)[14 - ,    .]     (domestic business corporation),  ,    ,     [15 -         ,     .],          [16 -      ,    .].       -      ,                                   ,   ,     ,        [17 - New York Business Corporation Law (  NY BCL).].        [18 -       (Delaware General Corporation Law,   DGCL).].              [19 - ., .:  .. . . . 5;  .. . . . 50.].

              1819 . The Trustee of Dartmouth College v. Woodward[20 - 4US (Wheat) 518, 637, 4L Ed. 629, 559 (1819).],        .   ,      .  ,     ,  ,     ,   [21 - ., .: Clarkson K.W., Miller R.LR, Jentz G.A., Cross Frank B.C. 10


ed. 2006. P. 765.].

                        .          XIX   XX .          .

,            . , ..       (   ),              ,                [22 - Harvey R.S. A hand-book of Corporation Law. NY. 1906. P. 78.].    .. ,   ,      ,      (perpetual succession)[23 - Waterman T.W. A Treatise on the Law of Corporations other than municipal. Two Vol. Vol. I. NY. 1888. P. 1.].

         ,       (  ,    ),  ,      ,      : ,      ,   ,       ,    ()  ,         ,        [24 - Clark WM.L., Marshal WM.L. Marshal on Private Corporations. Saint Paul. 1902. P. 1.         . ., .: Angell J.K., Ames S. Treatise on the Law of Private Corporations Aggregate. 11


Ed. Revised by J. Lathrop. Boston, 1882. P. 1; Taylor H.O. A Treatise on the Law of Private Corporations having Capital Stock. Philadelphia, 1884. P. 23 etc.].

           ,             .

    , .. , ,        (convenient legal entity),    ,  ,       [25 - Palmiter A.R. Op. cit. P. 3.].

    Black`s Law Dictionary:     ,          ,   ,   ,          [26 - Blacks Law Dictionary / Ed. B.A. Garner. St. Paul. 2006. P. 151.].

                  [27 -           (        )   (   ).  - /  . .. . .,   .  . 1975. . 456.].

                     [28 - ., .: Smith and Robertsons Business Law / Richard A. Mann, Barry S. Roberts. St. Paul. NY; Los Angeles, San Francisco. 1991. P. 776778; Hamilton R.W. The Law of Corporations in a Nutshell. 1996. P. 112 etc.].

, ..       ,      : 1)    (limited liability of investors); 2)    (free transferability of investors interests); 3)   (legal personality)       (   (entity-attributable powers),    (life span),   (purpose))[29 -        .]; 4)   (centralized management)[30 - Clark R.Ch. Corporate Law. Boston, 1986. P. 2.].             (indefinite existence), ..           -      - [31 - Ibid. P. 19.        (., .: Choper J.H., Coffee J.C., Gilson R.J. Cases and Materials on Corporations. NY, 2008. P. 1).].

 ..           (artificial person/ entity)[32 - ,       -        .      ,      ,       (business law)    ,   : legal entity, legal person, judicial/ juristic person, artificial entity/person, artificial being. ..  ,   legal entity,     -  ,      . ,      ,   ,  ,   ( ..          //   . 1998. 7. . 80).].       ,  :      (owners)   (investors)[33 - ..         (  ) (Palmiter A.R. Op. cit. P. 4).];          ,      (real person).  ,     :  ,  ,  ,      ,  ,    (business licenses),    ,    ..[34 - Hamilton R.W. Op. cit. P. 1.]  ,    ,        ,    [35 - Ibid. P. 2.].       ..  :        (continuity of life);   (perpetual existence);  ;   .         .  , ,    ,              [36 - Ibid.].

 ,  ,             (     ,        ,     :  ,  ,  ,        ..),     ,   ,     .

             ,    .  1 . 2   208- (    λ)[37 -    26.12.1995  208-    //  . 1996. 1. . 1.     . 1. 96     30.11.1994 . 51- //   1994. 32. . 3301.]      ,        ,      ()    .

       [38 -  .       . ., 1865;  ..   . , 2001;  ..  . ., 1961;  ..     .    : . . ., 2003;  ..         . ., 2005  .]. , ..     :   (     )[39 -       . 48  : 1)  ; 2)  ; 3)      ; 4)             .],   (     ),   (      )    (   ,                - )[40 -  .. . . . 22.].

              ,     ,              [41 -  ..       //  : :  4 . . I / . . .. . ., 2007. . 230.].            .       ,     ,          .      (board of directors),      (ofifcers)     (policy) [42 -  8.01, 8.03, 8.40, 8.41 MBCA etc.].           .     ,        ,         [43 -    ,     - ,        .]. ,               ,         .

         ,      .          ,      .              [44 - ., .:  .. . . . 22.].    -   [45 -     ()    1921 .   1930- .]         ,      [46 - ., .:  .. . . . 2;  ..    . ., 2000. . 71;  . . . . 25;  .. . . . 86.].

      ,              .  ,      1984 .    () [47 -  .. . . . 91.].

        , ..   ,       , , ,              [48 -  ..     //    .. . . V. ., 1858., . 186.].              [49 - ., .:  ..   . ., 2003. . 362;  .. . . . 73;  .. . . . 5;  ..       . ., 2005. . 249;  .. . . . 87.].                 [50 -  .. . . . 80.].

 ,    ,            .            .      . -,                    [51 -  1 . 96  ; . 1. 2  λ.]. -,     ,     ()    ,             [52 -  3 . 3  λ.].

    ,                     ,      (piercing the corporate veil)[53 -           Walkovszky v. Carlton (223 N.E. 2d 6 NY 1966). ., .: Clark R.Ch. Op. sit. P. 83; Palmiter A.R. Op. sit. P. 556; Klein W.A., Ramseyer J.M., Bainbridge S.M. Business Associations. Cases and Materials. 2000. P. 207 etc. .            1.3 .].  ,   ,          .       ,                .               .              ,      .

              (  .. )              .

           ,     -    [54 -  1 . 4  λ;  .. . . . 25;  .. . . . 182194.].  [55 - ., .:  ..     . ., 2001. . 166;  ..    . ., 1915. . 28;  .. . . . 75.],       [56 -  .. . .;  . . . . 13.]       ,    ,          ,                 .    . ,       ,  ,            ,    [57 -  . . . . 4748.].

  [58 -  2 . 96, . 1473  ; . 4  λ.]  [59 - ., .:  ..     //   :   / . . .. . ., 2007. . 236266.]       .  4  ,    ,              .

 ,                .         , ..      [60 -  .. . . . 236;  ..   . ., 2003. . 140;  .       . ., 1865. . 910.].                    .       ,       (unincorporated) ,         post factum  [61 -       de-facto,            .].

                 de-facto ,          ,     ,       ,      .

     ,   ,   ,  ,     , :      [62 -  1 . 50  ;  .. . . . 34;  ..     .    . ., 2003. . 236237.];  [63 -  2 . 1. 49  ;  ..      / . . .. . ., 2003. . 135;  .. . . . 239.];       (,  [64 -  7 . 63  ;  .. . .]).

             ,   ,            -[65 - ,             ,    (., .:  . . . . 49;  .. . . . 72;  .. . . . 363;  .. . . . 85;  . . . . 14).].        [66 - ., .: 3.01 MBCA; 201 NY BCL etc.]    [67 - ., .: Clark R.Ch. Op. cit. 17 etc.].

               ultra vires,    [68 -  3.04 MBCA; 203 NY BCL etc.]    ,      .  ,               .

      , ,    ,     [69 -  .. . . . 37.].      ,     ,          [70 -           / . .. . . IV. ., 2004. . 475524;  .. . . . 186;  .. . . . XIX.].         ,      ,             [71 -  .. . . . 9; . :  . . . . 125;  .. . . . 36.].

   ,          .   XX .       .  ,                -.     ,    ,     ,   [72 - Conard A.F. Op. cit.]. , .  ,        , ,    ,     , ,   ,       [73 - Gower L.C.B. Op. cit.].   ,        ,  Solomon v. Solomon & Co.Ltd.[74 -  .. . . . 125;  . . . . 135.]

 ,     ,             (  ),    .        ,    .                ,     .

          ,     ,         [75 -  .. . . . 39;  . . . . 2;  .. . . . 87.].       [76 -  7 . 66, . 3. 109  .].  ,                - .                [77 -  .. . . . 293.].

,       ,      ()           -       [78 - .:  ..,  .. . . . 39;  ..      : . :  2 . . I. ., 2007. . 243.].

 [79 - ., .: Chapter 6 MBCA.]     shares (, , )     [80 -       ,        : security, stock, stock certificate  . (., .:  ..  security     . ., 2003. . 177178).]




  .


   .

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notes



1


 ..      . . 1861;  ..    . , 1978;  ..   . . I. ., 1908;  .       . . 1876;  ..  .         .      :  . ., 1898;  ..  .  . . I. ., 1902;  .         (               ). ., 1923;  ..       . ., 1927;  ..    . , 1926  .




2


 .. -      . ., 1924;  .       . ., 1948;  ..       . . . . . ., 1948;  .. ,     . ., 1966;  ..    (    ). ., 1978  .




3


 . ., - ..        . ., 1997;  ..     . . . . . ., 1995;  .      ( ). ., 1996;  ..        //   . 1997. 1  .




4


Houston S., McGowan R. Public Policy and Business. Denver. 2004. P. 246267.




5


      // . . .. . ., 2009. . 31;  ..  :         . ., 2008. . 123130.




6


., .:  .. . . . 4;  .. ,     . ., 1966. . 5354;  .. -     //       . ., 2004. . 55;  ..      ( ). . 17;  ..         . ., 2005. . 1415.




7


 ..  : . ., 1999. . 158, 184;  ..       ( ). . . . . . 2004  .




8


., .:  ..  . ., 2005. . 5.




9


 .,  . . ., . 23. . 642 ( ..    . ., 1973. . 7).




10


., .:   /  . .. , .. . . . ., 2001;  . ,     . ., 1997;  ..   . ., 1996  .




11


 :    :  /  . .. . ., 2007., . 182;  .        //   . 1997. 1. . 134; Palmiter A.R. Corporations. Examples and Explanations. 2006. P. 6.




12


 ..,  ..  :      //   . . 6. . 1990. 6. . 76.




13


 1.40 Model Business Corporation Act 2002 (  MBCA).




14


,    .




15


        ,     .




16


     ,    .




17


New York Business Corporation Law (  NY BCL).




18


      (Delaware General Corporation Law,   DGCL).




19


., .:  .. . . . 5;  .. . . . 50.




20


4US (Wheat) 518, 637, 4L Ed. 629, 559 (1819).




21


., .: Clarkson K.W., Miller R.LR, Jentz G.A., Cross Frank B.C. 10


ed. 2006. P. 765.




22


Harvey R.S. A hand-book of Corporation Law. NY. 1906. P. 78.




23


Waterman T.W. A Treatise on the Law of Corporations other than municipal. Two Vol. Vol. I. NY. 1888. P. 1.




24


Clark WM.L., Marshal WM.L. Marshal on Private Corporations. Saint Paul. 1902. P. 1.         . ., .: Angell J.K., Ames S. Treatise on the Law of Private Corporations Aggregate. 11


Ed. Revised by J. Lathrop. Boston, 1882. P. 1; Taylor H.O. A Treatise on the Law of Private Corporations having Capital Stock. Philadelphia, 1884. P. 23 etc.




25


Palmiter A.R. Op. cit. P. 3.




26


Blacks Law Dictionary / Ed. B.A. Garner. St. Paul. 2006. P. 151.




27


          (        )   (   ).  - /  . .. . .,   .  . 1975. . 456.




28


., .: Smith and Robertsons Business Law / Richard A. Mann, Barry S. Roberts. St. Paul. NY; Los Angeles, San Francisco. 1991. P. 776778; Hamilton R.W. The Law of Corporations in a Nutshell. 1996. P. 112 etc.




29


       .




30


Clark R.Ch. Corporate Law. Boston, 1986. P. 2.




31


Ibid. P. 19.        (., .: Choper J.H., Coffee J.C., Gilson R.J. Cases and Materials on Corporations. NY, 2008. P. 1).




32


,       -        .      ,      ,       (business law)    ,   : legal entity, legal person, judicial/ juristic person, artificial entity/person, artificial being. ..  ,   legal entity,     -  ,      . ,      ,   ,  ,   ( ..          //   . 1998. 7. . 80).




33


..         (  ) (Palmiter A.R. Op. cit. P. 4).




34


Hamilton R.W. Op. cit. P. 1.




35


Ibid. P. 2.




36


Ibid.




37


   26.12.1995  208-    //  . 1996. 1. . 1.     . 1. 96     30.11.1994 . 51- //   1994. 32. . 3301.




38


 .       . ., 1865;  ..   . , 2001;  ..  . ., 1961;  ..     .    : . . ., 2003;  ..         . ., 2005  .




39


      . 48  : 1)  ; 2)  ; 3)      ; 4)             .




40


 .. . . . 22.




41


 ..       //  : :  4 . . I / . . .. . ., 2007. . 230.




42


 8.01, 8.03, 8.40, 8.41 MBCA etc.




43


   ,     - ,        .




44


., .:  .. . . . 22.




45


    ()    1921 .   1930- .




46


., .:  .. . . . 2;  ..    . ., 2000. . 71;  . . . . 25;  .. . . . 86.




47


 .. . . . 91.




48


 ..     //    .. . . V. ., 1858., . 186.




49


., .:  ..   . ., 2003. . 362;  .. . . . 73;  .. . . . 5;  ..       . ., 2005. . 249;  .. . . . 87.




50


 .. . . . 80.




51


 1 . 96  ; . 1. 2  λ.




52


 3 . 3  λ.




53


          Walkovszky v. Carlton (223 N.E. 2d 6 NY 1966). ., .: Clark R.Ch. Op. sit. P. 83; Palmiter A.R. Op. sit. P. 556; Klein W.A., Ramseyer J.M., Bainbridge S.M. Business Associations. Cases and Materials. 2000. P. 207 etc. .            1.3 .




54


 1 . 4  λ;  .. . . . 25;  .. . . . 182194.




55


., .:  ..     . ., 2001. . 166;  ..    . ., 1915. . 28;  .. . . . 75.




56


 .. . .;  . . . . 13.




57


 . . . . 4748.




58


 2 . 96, . 1473  ; . 4  λ.




59


., .:  ..     //   :   / . . .. . ., 2007. . 236266.




60


 .. . . . 236;  ..   . ., 2003. . 140;  .       . ., 1865. . 910.




61


      de-facto,            .




62


 1 . 50  ;  .. . . . 34;  ..     .    . ., 2003. . 236237.




63


 2 . 1. 49  ;  ..      / . . .. . ., 2003. . 135;  .. . . . 239.




64


 7 . 63  ;  .. . .




65


,             ,    (., .:  . . . . 49;  .. . . . 72;  .. . . . 363;  .. . . . 85;  . . . . 14).




66


., .: 3.01 MBCA; 201 NY BCL etc.




67


., .: Clark R.Ch. Op. cit. 17 etc.




68


 3.04 MBCA; 203 NY BCL etc.




69


 .. . . . 37.




70


          / . .. . . IV. ., 2004. . 475524;  .. . . . 186;  .. . . . XIX.




71


 .. . . . 9; . :  . . . . 125;  .. . . . 36.




72


Conard A.F. Op. cit.




73


Gower L.C.B. Op. cit.




74


 .. . . . 125;  . . . . 135.




75


 .. . . . 39;  . . . . 2;  .. . . . 87.




76


 7 . 66, . 3. 109  .




77


 .. . . . 293.




78


.:  ..,  .. . . . 39;  ..      : . :  2 . . I. ., 2007. . 243.




79


., .: Chapter 6 MBCA.




80


      ,        : security, stock, stock certificate  . (., .:  ..  security     . ., 2003. . 177178).


