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Hans Danelius. Sergei Lebedev: In Memoriam


Professor Sergei Nikolaevich Lebedev, born in 1934, was for a long time a well-known personality in the Swedish arbitration community. He had actively participated in the preparations of the Agreement of 1977 between the USSR Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the American Arbitration Association which recommended that disputes between Soviet and US companies should be referred for arbitration under the aegis of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC). This agreement gradually and significantly contributed to making the SCC a frequently used forum not only for arbitrations in Soviet-US commercial disputes but also for East-West arbitrations in general. Sergeis involvement in the work on the 1977 Agreement achieved wide recognition and appreciation. It was therefore not surprising that he was frequently asked to serve as an arbitrator in cases regarding business transactions between Russian and Western companies.

I first met Sergei in 1995 when we both served as arbitrators in a case involving one Swedish company and two Russian companies. The case was dealt with by the SCC. Sergei had been appointed arbitrator by the Russian parties and a Swedish lawyer had been appointed by the Swedish party. On the basis of the SCC Arbitration Rules, the Governing Board of the SCC had appointed me as chairman of the arbitral tribunal. During the following years Sergei and I repeatedly sat together as arbitrators in various cases regarding disputes between Russian and Western parties, the last time in a case in which the proceedings lasted for several years and ended in 2011.

Since the cases in which Sergei was involved as arbitrator often concerned business transactions involving Russian companies, it was a clear advantage for the non-Russian members of the tribunals to have through Sergei easy access to reliable information about Russian commercial law and business practices. But it was no less important for the smooth running of the proceedings that Sergeis personal qualities and, not least, his subtle sense of humour facilitated the deliberations and mostly made it possible to reach a unanimous opinion on the legal issues and on the elements on which the awards should be based.

At the personal level, I came to regard Sergei as a good friend. I was invited by him and his wife Asya to their dacha south of Moscow, and my wife and I also enjoyed having them both as dinner guests at our home in Stockholm.

The services that Sergei rendered to the Swedish arbitration community received a well-deserved recognition when in 2003 King Carl XVI Gustaf bestowed on him the insignia as Commander of the Royal Order of the Polar Star, a distinction of which he was rightly proud.

On 19 and 20 January 2017, the Arbitration Institute of the SCC celebrated in solemn forms its 100th anniversary. Although Sergei was no longer alive, his work as an arbitrator, often under the aegis of the SCC, had not been forgotten during the celebrations. A film entitled Quiet Triumph: How Arbitration Changed the World and depicting the SCC and its growing activities since its creation had been prepared and had its premiere on 19 January 2017 at a well-known cinema in central Stockholm. Several persons who had made important contributions to the activities of the SCC appeared on the screen and told the public of their experiences. One of them was Sergei. His role as one of the originators of the 1977 Agreement was emphasized in the film as well as the recognition he received in 2003 by being appointed Commander of the Order of the Polar Star.

Sergei was a true gentleman and there are many lawyers in Sweden and in other countries who will remember him as a good friend and a pleasant companion in pursuit of a fair outcome of complex commercial disputes. There can be no doubt that his death is a heavy loss for the international arbitration community.



Justice Hans Danelius, Former Justice of the Supreme Court of Sweden




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Gustaf M?ller. Some Recollections of Contacts with Professor Sergei Lebedev


1. Introduction

The first time I met Professor Sergei Lebedev was at a meeting of the Working Group preparing the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration. His name had, however, become well-known to me already about a decade before UNCITRAL entrusted its Working Group on International Contract Practices with the mandate to prepare a draft Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (Model Law). This was due to the fact that the civil procedure in general and in particular commercial arbitration had for a long time been one of my main interests. It goes without saying that nobody who is sincerely interested in international commercial arbitration could have avoided coming across the name Sergei Lebedev, since he was already in the Soviet-era probably the internationally best known Russian expert in international commercial arbitration. He had written extensively on the subject also in English. For me as a lawyer from a country with a long common border with Russia of course Russian law, as well as an authoritative Russian view, on international commercial arbitration was of particular interest.

2. Working with professor Lebedev in UNCITRAL

When I had been appointed as a representative of Finland to participate in the work on the Model Law, I was looking forward to working with some of the foremost experts in international commercial arbitration, among those Professor Lebedev. He did, however, not attend the first meetings of the working group but he played later a very active and constructive role in particular at UNCITRALs 18


session, where the work was finalised and the Model Law was adopted on 21 June 1985. In particular I remember that he, in despite of his hesitations, in the spirit of compromise accepted the provision in Art. 1(3)(c) of the Model Law according to which an arbitration is international and thus the Model Law is applicable, if the parties have expressly agreed that the subject matter of the arbitration agreement relates to more than one country.

On its 31


session, which was held in 1998, i.e. forty years after the adoption of the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (Convention), UNCITRAL held a special commemorative New York Convention Day in order to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of the Convention. Speeches were first given by Professor Pieter Sanders and Dr. Ottoarndt Glossner who had participated in the diplomatic conference that adopted the Convention. In addition leading experts, among those of course Professor Lebedev, gave reports on matters relating to the significance of the Convention; its promotion, enactment and application; the interplay between the Convention and other international legal texts on international commercial arbitration (such as the Model Law and the European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration) and legal issues that were not covered by the Convention. In the reports, various suggestions were made for presenting to UNCITRAL some of the problems identified in practice so as to enable UNCITRAL to consider whether any work by UNCITRAL would be desirable and feasible. The topic of Professor Lebedevs report was Court Assistance with Interim Measures. When the Model Law was amended in 2006 the most important amendments concerned the interim measures.

The Commission considered at its 31


session that it would be useful to engage in such a consideration of possible future work at its 32


session in 1999 and requested the Secretariat to prepare, for that session a note that would serve as a basis for the consideration of the Commission.

At its 32


session in 1999 the Commission had before it the requested note. The Commission generally considered that the time had come to assess the extensive and favourable experience with national enactments of the Model Law as well as the use of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules and the UNCITRAL Conciliation Rules, and to evaluate in the universal forum of the Commission the acceptability of ideas and proposals for improvement of arbitration laws, rules and practices. The Commission entrusted the work to one of its working groups, which it named Working Group on Arbitration (later renamed, Working Group on Arbitration and Conciliation; Working Group II Arbitration and Conciliation and now called Working Group II Dispute Settlement) and decided that the priority items for the Working Group should be conciliation, requirement of written form for the arbitration agreement, enforceability of interim measures of protection, and possible enforceability of an award that had been set aside.

The Working Group prepared the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation (2002), the amendments to the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (1985) adopted in 2006, the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules (as revised in 2010), the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules (with new Article 1(4) as adopted in 2013), the UNCITRAL Rules on Transparency in Treaty-Based Investor-State Arbitration (effective date 1 April 2014), the Convention on Transparency in Treaty-Based Investor-State Arbitration, also referred to as the Mauritius Convention on Transparency (New York, 2014) and the UNCITRAL Notes on Organizing Arbitral Proceedings (2016). Since 2015 the Working Group has considered the topic of enforceability of international commercial settlement agreements resulting from conciliation.

Professor Lebedev participated as a representative of the Russian Federation actively in the work of this Working Group as well as in the deliberations that took place when the products of the Working Group were before the Commission. His interventions were always constructive and balanced. He also had the ability to listen to and to take into account arguments presented by others. His contribution to the achievements of the Working Group was considerable, in particular when the Model Law and the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules were revised.

3. Professor Lebedev as o-arbitrator

From 2004 to 2007 I had the honour and the pleasure to chair an arbitral tribunal where Professor Lebedev was one of the two party-appointed arbitrators. The case became public, since the Claimant brought an action for setting aside the final award before the Svea Court of Appeal.

The case concerned a contract for the purchase and resale of uranium from nuclear weapons from the former Soviet Union. The claimant Globe Nuclear Services and Supply (GNSS) had purchased such uranium from AO Techsnabexport (Tenex) for resale. Tenex was responsible for all of Russias exports of uranium products and uranium services and was wholly-owned by the Russian state. GNSS was formed as a joint venture between Tenex and a Swiss company, to support Tenex with marketing and distribution. The ownership of GNSS had since then changed and it was now privately held.

The tribunal found by majority that the circumstances in which the contract between GNSS and Tenex was made were such, that it would having knowledge of these circumstances be inequitable to enforce that contract. Since GNSS was aware of these circumstances when the contract was concluded, the tribunal held that that GNSS was not entitled to rely on that contract and that GNSSs claim for damages because of breach of contract was not made out. On this ground the tribunal dismissed all GNSSs claims.

Although the grounds on which the arbitral tribunal eventually dismissed GNSSs claims from a legal point of view may seem rather simple, several quite complicated legal issues were discussed in the parties pleadings. The arbitral tribunal rendered on 31 August 2006 a partial award on liability issues. As Professor Lebedev said in his dissenting opinion with regard to this partial award, the case was a very complicated one in view of numerous arguments and counter-arguments put forward by the parties, and the need to assess a variety of facts and actions taken by them and by other persons and authorities, and to interpret a whole set of documentation and evidence submitted to the arbitral tribunal.

In the partial award the tribunal decided inter alia questions relating to arbitrability, the law applicable to the merits, whether the GNSS-Tenex Contact according to the Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Disposition of Highly Enriched Uranium Extracted from Nuclear Weapons required approval of the US and Russian Governments, whether GNSS was entitled to purchase UF


Feed Component from Tenex and whether Tenex was eligible to sell the component to GNSS, whether the termination of sales to GNSS was due to an Act of State and whether liability for force majeure was excluded by the GNSS-Tenex Contract.

After this partial award had been rendered, Tenex submitted new evidence, which had come up in ongoing criminal investigation in Russia and in the United States of America. The tribunal decided in December 2006 to allow this evidence. The Tribunals decision to dismiss the Claimants claims on the grounds mentioned above was mainly based on the evidence that cane up in the aforementioned investigation and that was presented by Tenex after the above mentioned partial award on liability issues had been rendered.

Given the tribunals findings in the final award, the Tribunal did not have to consider GNSSs request to confirm that the GNSS-Tenex Contract was avoided effective 5 November 2004 or any quantum issues, including the qualification of the Contract. Neither did the Tribunal need to consider Tenexs arguments that the GNSS-Tenex Contract was invalid by virtue of the Swedish law principle of underlying assumptions, or because of the fact that it violates law or is contrary to good practice (pactum turpe), or as a matter of international public policy.

In its action for setting aside the award before the Svea Court of Appeal GNSS argued that the award should be set aside 1) since the arbitral tribunal addressed and decided a criminal law matter and 2) since the tribunal had exceeded its mandate in seven different respects, each of which was a sufficient ground to set aside the award. In any event, said GNSS, the arbitrators conduct in each of those situations (1 and 2) was an irregularity in the course of the proceedings which probably influenced the outcome of the case.

After a detailed review of the allegations made, the Court of Appeal concluded that the arbitral tribunal had not exceeded its mandate and had not committed any procedural errors. Further, since GNSS had not, during the arbitral proceedings, objected in enough detail with regard to some of the alleged irregularities, they were, in any event, time-barred from invoking them in support of their claim. Therefore the Svea Court of Appeal dismissed GNSSs claim that the award shall be declared invalid or set aside. The Court did not grant leave to appeal its judgment.

To work together with Professor Lebedev in this case was a very pleasant experience. Although we in the above-mentioned partial award did not agree on all issues and Professor Lebedev wrote a dissenting opinion, this did in no way adversely affect the good spirit of cooperation that prevailed in the arbitral tribunal. On the contrary, we respected each others views also when we could not reach an agreement.

4. Other occasions to meet professor Lebedev

In addition to working with Professor Lebedev in UNCITRAL and as an arbitrator, I had the pleasure to meet Professor Lebedev on many other more informal occasions. We met, inter alia, on some ICCA congresses and Professor Lebedev visited Finland many times and gave there also some lectures on international commercial arbitration in Russia. He also visited my home in Helsinki for an informal dinner during which we discussed mainly other things than arbitration or other legal issues, inter alia the history of Russia and Finland. We were both wondering whether historical studies could ever be totally objective.

Further, I also had the pleasure to participate as a speaker together with him and some other Russian and Finnish lawyers, among others Professor Nina Vilkova and Professor Hannu Honka in a seminar on international commercial arbitration which took place in Kaliningrad.

These more informal events gave me an opportunity to get to know Professor Lebedev better also as a private person and not only as a lawyer. He was not only a brilliant lawyer but also a very cultivated person very knowledgeable, inter alia in history and art.

When Professor Lebedev passed away the legal community in general and the arbitration community in particular lost one of its most prominent personalities. Personally, I am missing a good friend.



Justice Gustaf M?ller, Former Member of the Finnish Supreme Court




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Wim Albert Timmermans. Some Personal Memories of Professor Lebedev












The first time I heard of Professor Lebedev was when in the eighties of last century I decided to write my doctors thesis on maritime arbitration in the then USSR. I learnt that he was the chairman of the USSR Maritime Arbitration Commission, the arbitral awards of which I was going to use for highlighting the practice of maritime law in the Soviet Union. So, when I first wrote an article on MAC and procedural aspects of arbitrating before MAC, I sent a copy thereof to Professor Lebedev and to my great pleasure he wrote me a very nice and encouraging answer back. When I finished my doctors thesis in 1990, again I sent a copy to Sergei Nikolaevich and he wrote me back and congratulated me with receiving the doctors grade at Leiden University. Also, he wrote a very positive review of my thesis. Later, in the 90s I had a chance to meet him in person, as I got involved in various legal reform projects in Russia and the other CIS countries. In that frame, I visited Russia many times and had the chance to meet him and have a chat with him. I paid him a visit at MGIMO, where he received me with his usual friendliness, giving me a tour through the lecturing rooms, the library and office spaces. We discussed the draft bankruptcy law being the subject I was involved in at the time. But as always, he was very much interested in how I was doing and in what kind of other projects and work I was engaged. Later on, when I was appointed arbitrator with ICAC and MAC, I had a chance to meet him more often and watch his excellent performance and sharp wit in various arbitration proceedings  not only in Moscow but also at other venues such as Stockholm. In one such an arbitration we both acted as experts but on opposite sides. At that occasion, too, he remained warm and friendly, even complimented me on my knowledge of Russian law.

Apart from an impressive academic career, Professor Lebedev was also very much engaged in international legislative work, for instance, in the preparation of the Rotterdam Rules. He participated in the international conference in Rotterdam where the Rotterdam Rules were officially launched. There, he was greatly praised and lauded for his contributions.

Professor Lebedev will be greatly missed by his family, colleagues, friends and the international shipping law and arbitration community. May his memory be a blessing for us all.



Dr. Wim Albert Timmermans, Advocaat, Leiden, The Netherlands; Lecturer (em.), Leiden University; Arbitrator with (inter alia) the ICAC and the MAC at the Russian Chamber of Commerce and Industry




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  () 




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..:  , !              ..   .. . , ,                 ?

..:    .               ().    ,        .       .              ().       (   1969 .),         (-,    ).           .        1969 .        ,      .

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..:         1957 .    1957 .            .     .   ,     1959 . .     ,      ,   : ,   .     .    ,    .        .       .     1969 .,       .

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  ,       ( 1970 .   2017 .)




.. .  


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  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/v-a-kabatov/in-memoriam-sbornik-vospominaniy-statey-inyh-materialov/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes



1


 . , . , . , . , . , . , .   .      .

     . , . , . , . , .   .       ..  (.:     ! //  MajorDom []. 2012. 3. . 4041).           (   ,    ,    ),          ,    ( -    ).  .          ,        ,    .

    ,   ,    ,       MajorDom ( .   . ).              ,              .




1


 ,         -  (         - ,         1977 .),   -     .




1


    ,     ,  ,   ,      ,          ,    2/3     2016 . . .. .


