   .   . .  2. 2017
  


      ,                  ,         (, 2021  2016 .)       - (permcongress.com).     -  ,          12.00.03.

    , ,       -  .







   :    . . 2. 2017





 


           - ,            ,  2021  2016 .               100-  [1 - .           ,   2015 .:    : . . . /. . .. , .. , .. . .: , 2016. 192 .].

                 .              2015 .,  (   )        .            ,    .

 2016 .          .         2012 .,         , , ,         (      ,       ,   ).     ,          , ,  -, ,      ,        .

     .  2015 .        -,  2015 .         .

               ()  ,          .

     :  ,            , , ,  ,     , ,     ,         , ,   ,           .

  ,    ,    2013, 2014, 2015 .,       .   (2013. 4; 2014. 4; 2015. 3 (http://www.jurvestnik.psu.ru)).

      ,             - ,         .      ,  ,   ,      [2 -  ..    //   :  . . . , 1978. . 70. . 27.].          ,          .

.                   : ,    , ..      ,           [3 -  ..   / . .. . .: , 2008. . 38.].               ,     , , ,      .

    ,     .         ,     ..      [4 -  ..     :  2 . .: - . -, 1975 (. 1), 1978 (. 2).].      -     ,     .              .

 ,    ,    -,         .                .

  ,     ,      ,     ,      .             .

     -   ,   ,  ,  :      ,     ,               ,     ,    ,      . ..              [5 -  ..      //  : . 8:  : , , . . , 2014. . 45.].  ,         .

        .   ,  ,   ,     :          .

       ,         .

   -    ,  ()      . ,  -        ,     ,      .   ,   - ,         ,   .             .

 ,       (, , , , ),     .  ,                ,   -      ,  . ,            ,             ?      ,       :      ,      , ,      .     -      ,     ,      .

           ,    ,        . ,        -     ,     , ,    ,            .  [6 -  .. - :   //   . 2010. 12. . 526.]         .

            ,     . ,                :             ,    .              .                ,       ,      , .     ,      -, ,  ,   , -, .     -             ,          , [7 -  ..       //   :  ,    : . . . / . .. . : - . -, 2006. . 2. . 9.].

,             (, , , , ,   .).  ,   .. ,         ,       [8 -  ..    // . 2010. 1. . 9.],     .      , , ,    .

              , , ,    .

  ,   ,  ,    , ,     .       ,      ,        .      ,    ,             .

,   ,     ,    ,                  ,         ,    ,     ,   ( )[9 -  ..,  ..     . .: : -, 2016. . 166.].

               ,          .        [10 -  ..  . . . .: , 2016. . 69.].   ,        [11 -  ..,  .. . . . 175. . :  ..           //   . 2007. 4. . 59.],       - .  ,          . ,   ,            .  ,   -              :           ,        ,      [12 -  ..    : . :  2 . : - . . -, 2008. . 1. . 21.].     -     .

               -  .   ,    ,  -  ,  - ,  -   ,      ,     -     ,        :      .     -        ,  -   ,      .

 ,       .           ,  ,    ,        .

,         .            ,    .

,     - ,   .     -         ,       .      ,     ,     ,   ,            [13 -  .. . . . 9.].        ,           , , , ,     .  - ,   ,   - ,  .    -      [14 - . , :  ..     : . .: : -, 2013. . 327335.],     , , -  - .

                : , , , , , , , -, , ,       - .

,                 .    - ,        ,      ,   .. :  ,       ,     , ,   , , , ,       ( , , ).         .    ,    ,   ,      [15 -  ..   -  //   . 2016. 6. . 21.].

  ,        , ,      .  ,    .. ,           [16 -  ..    . : -  -, 2001. . 48.],  ( ,  )  , ,  .

                           - ,   ,  ,                             .           ,         .

             ,                           .



 :

  ,    .. 

  ,  .. 

  ,  .. 



OPENING CHAPTER

We would like to bring to your kind attention a collection of articles on the methodological aspects of the civil science which is published based on the results of the Perm Reading of the Methodological Problems of Civil Researches, held on May 2021, 2016, at the premises of the Law Department of the Perm State National Research University within the framework of the events dedicated to the celebration of the 100


anniversary of the University[17 - See the previous publication on the results of the Perm Reading on the Methodological Problems of the Civil Researches held in 2015: Methodological Problems of Civil Researches: Collection of Scientific Articles / Ed. in Ch. A.V. Gabov, V.G. Golubtsov, O.A. Kuznetsova. M.: Statut, 2016. 192 p.].

This is not the first experience of the team-work at such a book with our partners from biggest Russian juridical publishing house Statut. Publishing a similar volume based on the results of the 2015 Perm Reading on Methodological Problems was the pilot project which (as judged by the feedback of the colleagues) turned to be successful and caused interest in the scientific community. We express our gratitude to the Statut publishing house for their help and support in the realization of this complex, largely innovative project.

In 2016, the Perm Reading on the Civil Methodology were held for the forth time. For the first time, we gathered on the Perm land in 2012, when Professor Mikhail Yurievich Chelyshev was alive. He was the person to introduce the idea of holding such events in Perm (Mikhail Yurievich worked together with the Business Law, Civil and Arbitration Procedure Chair of the Perm State University, was the Chair Professor). Like in all the previous years, our event was dedicated to the memory of Mikhail Yurievich  a friend of ours, our colleague, a famous civil scientist, a teacher, the popularizer and the organizer of deep civil researches, who made a prominent contribution to the development of the methodological aspects of the civil science.

Our mutual idea is alive and developing. In 2015, the event got a status of the satellite project of the Perm Congress of the Law Scientists, since 2015 the Statut publishing house is a permanent partner of our scientific platform.

Starting from this year, the Perm Reading on the Methodological problems of the Civil Researches are organized jointly with the Kazan (Privolzhsky) Federal University, where Mikhail Yurievich was the Head of the Civil and Business Law Chair.

All that allowed to reach the desired purpose: to develop the project, to try to bring the results of the performed scientific discussion to the wide range of the juridical community, and what is more important  to involve prominent, unindifferent, interested people to the project realization  our colleagues, who enthusiastically supported the started dispute on the methodological problems. This, beyond all doubt, has a permanent importance for the development of science in general and the civil science in particular.

The scientific results of the first, the second and the third readings held correspondingly in 2013, 2014, 2015, were published in magazine Perm University Herald. Juridical Sciences (2013. #4; 2014. #4; 2015. #3 (http:// www.jurvestnik.psu.ru)).

The principal purpose of the organizers and the partners of the Perm readings, and of the publishers of this book  is intensifying the interest for the civil methodological problematics, especially on the part of the young researchers and postgraduates seeking for the scientific degrees. We totally share the opinion that a person not armoured methodologically, proceeds by trial and error[18 - Ushakov A.A. General Notion of Methodology // Methodology of Soviet Legal Science: Inter-University Collection of Scientific Works. Sverdlovsk, 1978. Issue 70. P. 27.]. Observation of the methodological principles in civil researches can structure the scientific activity, lead to gaining the best scientific result using the minimum amount of means.

R. Jhering called such an observation the law of economy and saw one of the life laws of any jurisprudence in it: The jurisprudence that has not understood this law, i.e. the jurisprudence that is not capable of economic treatment of the material, will be pressed with the growing mass of the latter and will die of its own richness[19 - Jhering R. von. Legal Engineering / Content by A.V. Polyakov. M.: Statut, 2008. P. 38.]. The most important task of the of the methodologists of the civil science is to avoid its destruction by the tons of the graphomaniac preudoscientific literature, the authors of which do not fully understand what they study, how they study, what they study it for, and in which aspect they study it.

Any science needs self-reflection, the development of knowledge about itself. The continuation of the investigation performed in the Soviet period by the O.S. Ioffe on the logics of the civil law thinking[20 - Ioffe O.S. Development of the Civil Thought in the USSR: in two volumes. L.: he Publishing House of the Leningrad University, 1975 (part 1), 1978 (part 2).] development would be extremely useful for the civil science studies. Such a work based on the post-Soviet civil law material is of great interest and can show the directions of the further research. This is because the scientist looks at the researched phenomenon through the prism of the scientific knowledge existing at the present moment.

Every meaningful, productive research of the legal phenomena, including those of the civil law character, should start with establishing the methodological principles and frames of work. That is why, the researches should first of all be taught to use different methods of cognition and be equipped with the methodological tools.

The question about what the scientific methodology is, is a complicated question not only for the civilians but also for the methodologists of the science, for the philosophers and the theorists of the law. But the general scientific complexity of the problem should not lead to avoiding it in the specific sciences.

At present, the situation is created in the sphere of the civil law researches, when the methodology, in a manner of speaking, takes a revenge over the civil science: the full ignoring of the methodological aspects of the scientific research, the lack of understanding of the essence and the meaning of the methodology, the failure to use the system of the general and the specific scientific cognition methods leads to the diluting the very core of the science, to the intensive multiplication of the scientific plankton, to the research of the civil chimeras instead of the really existing problems. N.A. Vlasenko rightly characterized the state of the modern scientific thought as the circulation of the muddy water[21 - Vlasenko N.A. About the Crisis Tendencies in Law // Juridical Techniques: Annual. #8 Democratization of the Law-Making: Doctrine, Practice. Technique. Nizhniy Novgorod, 2014. P. 45.]. It is a pity this characteristic is applicable to many scientific researches being performed.

The methodology of the science is traditionally understood as a complex of the scientific cognition methods. Nevertheless, as known, the entire is always bigger than a simple set of the components: akit for making a plane  is not yet a plane itself.

The cognition methods separately are a specific part of the civil methodology, and the researcher should be familiar with each of them.

To begin with, the the excellence of a legal theorist is defined by his understanding of the special, specific (general legal) methods of cognition and his ability to use them. For example, the usage of the historical legal method  is not the interpretation of the contents of the normative acts, that regulated in the past the researched phenomenon, and not the retrospective of the scientists opinions about it. Similarly, the use of the comparative legal method is not the re-writing the articles, covering the researched phenomenon, from the legislations of the foreign countries. Such application of the mentioned research method is very often met in the civil scientific works.

It is a pity that the civil scientists seldom use the methods of the nonjuridical sciences (economy, sociology, cultural studies, psychology, mathematics), which significantly enlarge the opportunities of the research. An especially promising and in some researches  a necessary method is the economic analysis and the sociological analysis of the civil law concerning how the civil legal phenomenon under study influences the economics and the society and vice versa. For example, if the recently implemented institution of the personal bankruptcy is needed in the specific economic relations, if it has led to the expected economical result, i.e. the significant reduction of debt to the creditors? Using the sociological methods, one can discover how the addressees of this institution treat it: if the risk of bankruptcy is a real factor inducing to pay the debt, or if it, on the contrary, is a happy opportunity to get rid of the creditors claims? In the latter case, the eficiency of the civil legal regulation of the personal bankruptcy will be extremely low, in the worst case scenario  the regulation will be not needed, and this cannot be ignored by the researcher.

It is quite often that the civil works include the innovative proposals that require considerable financial resources which are totally not taken into attention by the researchers. For example, the thesis researches propose to develop the mechanisms of compensating the civil damage for the deceived participants of the co-funded construction project, for the crime victims and the victims of other offences, for consumers, for the investors of the bankrupt financial organizations, for the authors of illegally used creative works, and other persons at the expense of the national budget. The economic analysis[22 - Habrieva T.Y. Economic Legal Analysis: the Methodological Approach // Magazine of the Russian Law. 2010. #12. P. 526.] of such statements about the novelty of the research is a mandatory condition for their verification.

In some of the civil researches it will be relevant to use the methodological toolbox of the cultural and psychological sciences allowing to account for the corresponding special features of the society. For example, when using exceptionally the legal methodology, the juridical construction of the relations between the borrower and the microfinance organizations look practically trouble-free: the organization gives the citizen a definite amount of money for his immediate needs, although at high interest rates but with no deposit. The problems of this construction are revealed when this construction is transferred to the society with the known cultural and psychological features. The borrowers are usually people not only with low income but also having low general and legal culture, with low capacity for the legal reflection and self-regulation. They inadequately evaluate their possibilities, with all the resulting civil consequences and, it is a pity, with harsh criminal consequences. The ignoring of this factors devaluates the civil legal construction of microloans and leads to the justified blaming the lawyers for their failure to study the life of the society and the state, the functioning of the law within the framework of their actual purpose in the life of people and the society[23 - Nepreenko A.A. Meaning and Form of Teaching the Jurisprudence Methodology // State and Law: Issues of Methodology, Theory and the Practice of Functioning: Collection of Scientific Articles / Ed. by A.A. Nepreenko. Samara: Samara University Publishing House, 2006. Issue 2. P. 9.].

Surely, none of the scientific researches can be made with no general scientific methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction comparison, analogy etc.). Although, in opinion of B.I. Puginskiy, the mentioned means are not the methods of getting the scientific knowledge but are the general logical rules of performing the intellectual operations[24 - Puginskiy B.I. Methodological Aspects of Jurisprudence // Jurisprudence. 2010. #1. P. 9.], their research potential should not be underestimated. These means provide for a formal rightness of the statements, but not always for their verity of course.

In general, the relevant and effective application of the scientific cognition methods supposes the deep understanding of their nature, purpose, functions, rules and cases of use by the researcher.

In our opinion, the authors of the civil works, especially the authors of the theses, should describe the chosen methodology of the research at the level of the paragraph, chapter, section. The standard list of the research methods being repeated in every thesis, is not suficient for explaining the chosen methodology and the methods of cognition. It is necessary to describe distinctly and in detail, what method was used, the reason and the purpose for choosing it to get a definite scientific result.

However, the methodology of the science, including the civil science, has a common part, because the methodology as a specific organization of the scientific activity is in charge not only for the use of the necessary means and procedures of the scientific cognition but also for the correct definition of the object and the subject of the research, for its tasks and phases, for its results (scientific novelty)[25 - Lazarev V.V., Lipen S.V. History and Methodology of the Juridical Science. M.: Norma; INFRA-M, 2016. P. 166.].

The common part of the civil methodology also includes the question of the correspondence between the theory of law and the civil law sciences, resulting from the general question of correspondence between the science theory and methodology. The scientific theory performs all the methodological functions in all the sciences[26 - Yudin E.G. Methodology of Science. Systemacity. Activity. M.: Lenand, 2016. P. 69.]. The general theory, by forming  the systematic methodology mindset for the forthcoming juridical researches[27 - Lazarev V.V., Lipen S.V. Op. cit. P. 175. See also Baytin M.I. About the Methodological Importance and the Subject of the General Theory of the State and the Law // State and Law. 2007. #4. P. 59.], performs this function for the civil science. This means that the theory of law shows the way of gaining an insight into the civil phenomenon. The notions uncovered by the theory of law, should get the further concreteness in sectoral sciences through revealing their sectoral features. And, vice versa, the research of the specific civil phenomenon should be held with a wide use of the legal phenomena cognition theoretical tools developed by the juridical science: The level of the theory of law as the methodology is a fundamental science about the law where the key law concepts and principles are being developed to be used by specific juridical sciences[28 - Kozhevnikov V.V. Methodology and the History of Law: Textbook: in two volumes. Omsk: Omsk University Publishing House, 2008. Part 1. P. 21.]. This provides for a well-known conceptual and category harmony of the legal science as a whole.

Nevertheless, in modern civil researches we often see an extremely disrespectful attitude towards the existing theoretical legal results. The results of the civil researches, for example about the civil legal relations, about the civil legal juridical facts, about the civil legal liability, civil legal protection of the rights, civil rights and duties, are so unique and far from the theoretical legal concepts of these legal phenomena, that they cause only reasonable negative reaction of the legal theorists  from the deep bewilderment to the explainable indignation. Such a situation is a result either of the misunderstanding of the meaning of the theory of law for the sectoral sciences or of the general lack of knowledge on the contents, the structure and the essence of the scientific methodology itself.

Besides, it is important to differentiate between the fundamental and the applied civil researches. Introducing changes into the existing legislation and improving the court practice cannot be the purposes of the fundamental researches, although as a result the latter gain an implied practical meaning.

However, the question of the philosophical part of the civil methodology is deemed to be most complicated. The chosen methods of research and the results of the research to a large extent depend on the scientists world view and his law understanding.

For example, the normativism suggests the exceptional study of the civil legal norms that regulate the legal phenomenon. Despite the fact that the civil theses defendants very seldom indicate the normativism as the methodological basis of the work, it is more often that it is the basis of the work. Indicating the dialectics as the fundamental of such a research means that both the normativism and the dialectics are misunderstood, because the principal technique of the latter is not applicable for studying the the aggregate of the legal norms[29 - Puginskiy B.I. Op. cit. P. 9.]. Besides, the normative approach does not suggest the usage of the inter-disciplinary methodology, because it studies the static legal norms with no account for their real contents, and economic, social, cultural, psychological and any other extralegal dependence. In this case, the civil legal norms regulating the object in question, are accepted with no explanations, as a dogma. The dogmatic methodology of researching the civil legal problems defines the choice of the definite set of the cognition methods[30 - See about them, for example, Syrykh V.M. History and Methodology of the Juridical Science: Textbook. M.: Norma; INFRA-M, 2013. P. 327335.], which will differ from the methods of, for example, comparative legal of social legal research.

Today, we observe the grim cocktail of the incompatible world-view ingredients in most diverse combinations: of the dialectics, metaphysics, idealism, materialism, realism, historicism, normativism, natural legal approach, sociological approach, phenomenological approach, communicative and other approaches to understanding the civil phenomena.

Surely, such a situation is primarily caused by the general shift in the Russian science from the methodological monism to pluralism. We are not against the philosophical methodological pluralism but the pluralism with dialectical necessity has two sides and holds internal contradiction, accurately noticed by O.V. Martyshkin: The pluralism is good when it rests on solid cultural traditions and is coupled with a serious battle of ideas, with polemics, impatience for incompetence and pseudo science, craftsmanship, self-expression imposed by the will to become famous or by the deceptive ideas (scientific degrees, positions, honour). Under such conditions, the pluralism leads to improving the level of the scientific statement. Otherwise, the freedom of thought degenerates into the dissoluteness, whateverism and permissiveness, and this leads to decreasing the culture of the research[31 - Martyshkin O.V. About the Special Features of the Philosophical Legal Methodology // State and Law. 2016. #6. P. 21.].

Only harmonious, well-thought-out, objectively justified research methodology can withstand such a dissoluteness, whateverism and permissiveness in the theoretical cognition. With this, in accordance with the fair point of N.N. Tarasov, the choice of the philosophical grounds and the methodology of the research  is the choice and the responsibility of the scientist[32 - Tarasov N.N. Methodological Problems of the Legal Science. Ekaterinburg: Humanitarian University Publishing House, 2001. P. 48.], and the young scientists need to be taught both.

In that context, the assistance in the development and solving the methodological problems of the civil science and the civil researches is deemed by the authors and the editors of the publication as the top-priority field of their scientific and scientific pedagogical work, that will be continued, in particular, within the framework of the Perm Reading on the Methodological Problems of the Civil Researches, held at the law department of the Perm State National Research University in cooperation with the Kazan Federal University, that have become annual. We invite Doctors of Juridical Sciences and doctoral candidates sensitive on the todays condition of the methodological theme in the civil law, to participate.

We also hope for the continuation of the mutually beneficial cooperation with our permanent partner  the Statut publishing house. We express our appreciation and gratitude on behalf of all the team of the authors for every possible support of our scientific event and for the given opportunity to publish the scientific articles of the participants.



Editors in Charge:

Doctor of Juridical Sciences, Honoured Lawyer of the Russian Federation A.V. Gabov

Doctor of Juridical Sciences, Professor B.G. Golubtsov

Doctor of Juridical Sciences, Professor O.A. Kuznetsova





I.   





     


 347



.. 

  , ,   ,       

         

119571, , . , . , 82, . 1

ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5299-3938

ResearcherID: M-3964-2016

E-mail: 7732371@gmail.com

.. 

  , ,       

         

119571, , . , . , 82, . 1

ORCID: 0000-0003-0783-7359

ResearcherID: M-3991-2016

E-mail: rva945@yandex.ru


:              .         ,          ,   . :   -    ,     . :      . :      ,     ,          .   ,  -      ,           . :   -     .         .        .

 :   ; ;     ; ;  .


ABOUT THE WORLDVIEW ASPECT OF THE CIVIL LAW METHODOLOGY[33 -                references    . . . .]



V.V. Zaitsev

The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration

119571, Russia, Moscow, Vernadskogo pr., 82, building 1

ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5299-3938

ResearcherID: M-3964-2016

E-mail: 7732371@gmail.com

V.A. Rybakov

The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration

119571, Russia, Moscow, Vernadskogo pr., 82, building 1

ORCID: 0000-0003-0783-7359

ResearcherID: M-3991-2016

E-mail: rva945@yandex.ru


Introduction: the methodological pluralism widely practised recently, led to the methodological chaos in civil researches. Specific risks are caused by the attempts to replace the dialectical materialism with the idealism, repeatedly leading to the problem of correlation between the being and consciousness, the base and the superstructure. Purpose: to demonstrate the importance of the dialectical-materialistic approach for the civil researches, especially those dealing with the proprietorship issues. Methods: the formal logic method and the dialectical logic method were used. Results: the civil methodology should take into account the Russian experience, the national traditions and legal ideology, it is inadmissible to transfer the foreign constructions into the Russian law with no proper adaptation. The researches need to keep in mind that the civil relations should be harmonized with the economical ones, however both of them have their own independence and value. Conclusions: the worldview aspect of the methodology is important for researching the civil law issues. The results of the scientists work will depend on the type of his understanding of the law. The law and the legal relations are the independent subjects of the scientific abstraction.

Keywords: methodology of the civil law; worldview; dialectical materialism as a civil methodology; property; proprietorship.




 ,  -             .            ,        .

      ,                 [7; 1; 19; 9]. ,        ,     ,        .      :         , ,         ,         .        ,  ,              .      ,      .      ,  ,       [11, . 13, . 67; . 3, . 322; . 16, . 383].

  ,                 .                 ,      .        ,       .          (, ,   ..),          -   [22, . 111112].

        ,    ,       ,       .   () ,  ,   ,          .           .        ,    ,     , ,    , ,  [22, . 114, 118].


 

               .   ,             .       .    .          . ,         ,     ,          ,    ,      ,    - ,       [21, . 14, 18, 22; 15, . 618].    ,         ,     .        .         ,   [21, . 22].

         ,            .        ,     ,    ,          ,       ,         ,     .     ,     ,     ,         [16, . 135140],   -    .  ,  .          .. ,  ,      -               .     ,         ,               [3, . 5, 712].          -          ,         , ,      ,    [24, . 101103; 25, . 3340].

..  ,      XIX .  XX .     ,      :      ,         .     ,             ,                [3, . 27].                 [4, . 28],   ,      [10, . 1726].

     ,        ,      [11].  ,        [8, . 69].    ,            ,         ,      ,      ,      .     ,          [14, . 3437].         [23, . 816; 5, . 57; 26, . 1216, 131].     .

,   -                 .        ,     .         .           , , , .    ,     ,   ,    ,   ,      .  , ,             .      ,      ,       .       ,     [13, . 3536].  ,     ,                 .

           .            .   ,    .           [6, . 119131].

     ,      .. .   ,  ,         -       ,       [20, . 39].      ,  ,    .   ,     ,        ,  . ,      ,      .     [20, . 114; 18, . 377385].                   ,   .

  ,       ,      .       ,        ,     [17, . 151163],            [12, . 512].

   ,   ()           .  ,                ,             .




             .        , -,   ,         , -,               ,      [2, . 88].      ,              .              .    ,        ,         ,     .  ,      ,   ,      ( ,  )                 [22, . 1819].


 

1. ..   : . .:  ; , 2008. 565 .

2.  ..             //   . 2013. 11. . 8689.

3.    : . . . .  :  . . 1. , 2005. 326 c.

4.  ..,  ..    :   //   . 2014. 9. . 1929.

5.  .. -      . .: .  , 2006. 195 .

6.  ..,  ..       //    / O. . .. . -, 1978. . 119131.

7.  ..   (, ,   ). .:  +, 2001. 264 c.

8.  .. :  2 . ., 1910. . 1. 204 c.

9.  ..       - . , 2014. 80 .

10.  ..   :    //   . 2015. 1. . 1726.

11.  .,  . . . 2, 3, 13, 16.

12.  ..        //   . 2013. 10. . 512.

13.  ..     // . 2015. 3. . 3536.

14.  ..     ,     -   //   . 2006. 2. . 3437.

15.  ..       // . 2007. 6. . 618.

16.  ..,  ..   :     //   . 2014. 5. . 135140.

17.  ..       //   . 2005. 10. . 151163.

18.  ..,  ..     (  ). , 2005. 672 .

19.  ..,  ..     //     . 2011. 6. . 140150.

20.  ..    . .: , 2000. 512 .

21.  ..     //    : . . . 6 /  . .. . .: , 2003. . 332.

22.  ..  :  . .:  , 2007. 304 .

23.  ..  . , 1993. 122 .

24.  ..           //   . 2007. 11. . 101103.

25.  ..         (- ) //  . 2008. 1. . 3340.

26.  ..   . .: , 1990. 245 .


References

1.Alekseev S.S. Obshchaya teoriya prava. [The General Theory of Right]. Moscow, 2008. 565 p. (In Russ.)

2. Vel'yaminov G.M. K voprosu o ponyatii sostava prava kak sochetaniya ob'ektivnogo I sub'ektivnogo prava [About Concept of Structure of the Right as Combinations of the Objective and Subjective Right]. Gosudarstvo I parvo  State and Right. 2013. 11. P. 8689. (In Russ.)

3. Vozmozhnosti adaptatsii zarubezhnogo opyta. Ser.: Pravo Rossii: Novye podkhody. Vyp. 1. [Possibilities of Adaptation of Foreign Experience. Ser.: Right of Russia: New Approaches. Issue 1]. Saratov, 2005. 21 p. (In Russ.)

4. GrudtsinaL. Yu., Lagutkin A.V. Informatsiya I grazhdanskoe obshchestvo: postanovka problem [Information and Civil Society: Statement of a Problem]. Gosudarstvo i parvo  State and Right. 2014. 9. P. 1929. (In Russ.)

5. Dashko A.V. Teoretiko-prikladnoe modelirovanie dogovornykh otnosheniy s uchastiem potrebiteley [Theoretical and Applied Modeling of Contractual Relations with Participation of Consumers]. Moscow, 2006. 195 p. (In Russ.)

6. Ioffe O.S., Krasavchikov O.A. O kritike nauki I nauchnosti kritiki [About Criticism of Science and Scientific Character of Criticism]. Pravovaya nauka Kazakhstana  The Legal Science of Kazakhstan; ed. by M.A. Vaksberg. Alma-Ata, 1978. P. 119131. (In Russ.)

7. Kerimov D.A. Metodologiyaprava (predmet, funktsii, problemyfilosofiiprava). [Right Methodology (Subject, Functions, Legal Philosophy Problems)]. Moscow, 2001. 264 p. (In Russ.)

8. Kovalevskiy M.M. Sotsiologiy [Sociology]. St. Petersburg, 1910. Vol. 1. 204 p. (In Russ.)

9. Kozhokar' I.P. Metodologicheskie osnovy issledovaniya defektov v mekhanizme grazhdansko-pravovogo regulirovaniya [Methodological Bases of Research of Defects in the Mechanism of Civil Regulation]. Saratov, 2014. 80 p. (In Russ.)

10. Mal'ko A.V. Pravovaya zhizn' obshchestva: diskussionnye aspekty ponimaniya [Legal Life of Society: Debatable Aspects of Understanding]. Gosudarstvo I parvo  State and right. 2015. Issue 1. P. 1726. (In Russ.)

11. Marks K., Engel's F. Sochineniya. [The Compositions. Vol. 2, 3, 13, 16]. (In Russ.)

12. Matuzov N.I. Pravovoy idealism kak oborotnaya storona pravovogo nigilizma [Legal Idealism as Back of Legal Nihilism]. Gosudarstvo I parvo  State and right. 2013. Issue 10. P. 512. (In Russ.)

13. Nefedov D.V. Ekonomicheskie I pravovye otnosheniya [Economic and Legal Relations]. Pravovedenie  Jurisprudence. 2015. Issue 3. P. 3536. (In Russ.)

14. Plotnikov A.A. O neobkhodimosti polnogo edinstva ekonomiki, politiki I prava v sotsial'no-ekonomicheskom razvitii Rossii [About Need of Complete Unity of Economy, Policy and Right for Social and Economic Development of Russia]. Novaya pravovaya mysl' New Legal Thought. 2006. Issue 2. P. 3437. (In Russ.)

15. Puginskiy B.I. Ponimanie prava s pozicij sovremennoj civilistiki [Understanding of the Law from the Standpoint of Modern Civil Law]. Pravovedenie  Jurisprudence. 2007. Issue 6. P. 618. (In Russ.)

16. Rafalyuk E.E., Kichigin N.V. Realizatsiya pravovykh modeley: problem I poisk resheniy [Realization of Legal Models: Problems and Search of Decisions]. Zhurnal Rossiyskogo prava  Journal of Russian Law. 2014. Issue 5. P. 135140. (In Russ.)

17. Rybalov A.O. O novykh popytkakh revizii prava sobstvennosti [About New Attempts of Audit of the Property Right]. Vestnik Vysshego Arbitrazhnogo Suda Rossiyskoy Federatsii  Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. 2005. 10. P. 151163. (In Russ.)

18. Ryzhenkov A.Ya., Chernomorets A.E. Ocherki teorii prava sobstvennosti (proshloe i nastoyashchee). [Sketches of the Theory of the Property Right (Past and the Present)]. Volgograd, 2005. 672 p. (In Russ.)

19. Safin Z.F., Chelyshev M.Yu. O metodologii tsivilisticheskikh issledovaniy [About Methodology of Civil Researches]. Vestnik Saratovskoy gosudarstvennoy akademii prava  Bulletin of the Saratov State Academy of the Right. 2011. Issue 6. P. 140150. (In Russ.)

20. Sklovskiy K.I. Sobstvennost' vgrazhdanskom prave [Property in Civil Law]. Moscow, 2000. 512 p. (In Russ.)

21. Stepanov D.I. Voprosy metodologii tsivilisticheskoy doktriny [Questions of Methodology of the Civil Doctrine]. Aktual'nye problem grazhdanskogo prava  Actual Problems of Russian Civil Law; ed. by O.Yu. Shilokhvost. Moscow, 2003. P. 332. (In Russ.)

22. Tarkhov V.A. Grazhdanskoe pravo [Civil law]. Moscow, 2007. (In Russ.)

23. Tarkhov V.A. Grazhdanskoe pravootnoshenie [Civil Legal Relationship]. Ufa, 1993. 122 p. (In Russ.)

24. Tolkachev K.B. Pravovaya ideologiya v structure professional'nogo soznaniya gosudarstvennykh sluzhashchikh Rossiyskoy Federatsii [Legal Ideology in Structure of Professional Consciousness of Public Servants of the Russian Federation]. Gosudarstvo i parvo  State and right. 2007. Issue 11. P. 101103. (In Russ.)

25. Fokov A.P. Sobstvennost' I pravo sobstvennosti v Rossii I Anglii (sravnitel'no-pravovoe issledovanie) [Property and the Property Right in Russia and England (Comparative and Legal Research)]. Grazhdanskoe parvo  Civil law. 2008. Issue 1. P. 3340. (In Russ.)

26. Shkredov V.P. Ekonomika i pravo [Economy and Law]. Moscow, 1990. 245 p. (In Russ.)




    


 001



.. 

  ,   ,     ,   

  

 ()  

420008, , . , . , 18

ORCID: 0000-0002-3233-2400

ResearcherID: K-7345-2016


:                .        ,    .         . :        . :   ,      ,    . -,     ,             -  . -,                 . :           ,     .

 :  ; ; ;  .


SCIENTIFIC PAPER AND SCIENTOMETRIC INDICATORS



D.Kh. Valeev

Kazan (Volga region) Federal University

420008, Russia, Kazan, Kremlevskaya str., 18

ORCID: 0000-0002-3233-2400

ResearcherID: K-7345-2016


Introduction: the article provides an analysis of the scientific article as the main link in the dissemination of new knowledge in the system of scientific communications. The system of references in scientific publications is a special, particular language of scientific information. Links to publications can be considered as a type of scientific communication. Purpose: the role of scientometric indicators in assessing the work of the scientist is analyzed. Results: the use of scientometric indicators, according to most experts in scientometrics, has two major drawbacks. First, as scientometric indicators is easy to calculate, the risk of their inappropriate use as the criterion to assess the multifaceted research activities of the scientist is very high. Secondly, the use of scientometric indicators as criteria of evaluation of scientific activity provokes scientists to cheat these indicators in different ways. Conclusions: it is concluded that it is necessary to develop and implement research and to adequately present their results, otherwise any indicators lose their meaning.

Keywords: scientific article; scientometrics; Altmetrics; citation index.




  , ..      ,       (19221983)  -  .

    .     ,   (Little Science, Big Science) 1963 .,    .

 . ,        ,  , ,     .            ,     [3, . 94].

           .     .

       ,    .

        .

     :  ;  ;    ;       ;   ;     ;    .

      (  )    . ,      ,                  ,      ,    .  ,       ,   ,      [8].

       .


 

          :

1955 .    ISI (  ).

1961 .  Journal Citation Reports.

1964 .      (SCI) 

    .

1995 .   ISI Web of Knowledge.

2005 .  Scopus.

2010 .   Scopus    SJR  SNIP.

       2005 .             () (http://www.elibrary.ru).       ,   3000      150     (..   5%).            .  ,                 . ,            ,        [1, . 8].

 ,                 ,     ,      .

   :   (, ,  , , , , ), ,  ,   ,    , .

        :

1)           ;

2)     ,       ;

3)                [7].

    ,     [2, 5, 6]  ,    :

1)     ,             -  ;

2)                 .

           ,  ,  [9].

 (Altmetrics)     ,       .       -.       ,   ..,    ,   Mendeley, Zotero  ..     ,     ,  ,   GoogleScholar, CrossRef, PubMedCentral  Scopus.




   ,        ,    .

                ,     .

 ,    ,    .          ,         .

             .         .  ,   ,      .           ,           .        [4].

, , ,     ,      ,           -  .


 

1. .,  .,  .    ! //   . 2007. 35. . 8.

2.  ..,  ..       //    . 2016. 1. . 3440.

3.  .      //    . .: , 1976. 440 .

4.  ..    :         //  . 2003. 14 . . 13.

5. Author Judgments about Works They Cite: Three Studies from Psychology Journals // Social Studies of Science. 1995. Vol. 25. No. 3. P. 477498.

6. Buchholz K. Criteria for the Analysis of Scientific Quality // Scientometrics. 1995. Vol. 32. No. 2. P. 195218.

7. Garfield E. Citation Indexes for Science: A New Dimension in Documentation through Association of Ideas // Science. 1955. No. 3759.

8. Karl W. Deutsch Scientific and Humanistic Knowledge in the Growth of Civilization // Science and the Creative Spirited / Ed. by H. Brown. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, 1958. . 351.

9. Konkiel S. Tracking Citations and Altmetrics for Research Data: Challenges and Opportunities // Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 2013. No. 39 (6). P. 2732.


References

1.Elepov B., Lavrik O., Sviryukova V. K podschetu indeksov gotovi [To Count the Index is Ready!]. Nauka v Sibiri  Science in Siberia. 2007. Issue 35. P. 8. (In Russ.)

2. Mazov N.A., Gureev V.N. Bibliometricheskie sistemi v podderjku nauchnih issledovanii [Bibliometric system in support of scientific research]. Nauchnie i tehnicheskie biblioteki  Scientific and Technical Libraries. 2016. Issue 1. P. 3440. (In Russ.)

3. Prais D. Tendencii v razvitii nauchnoi kommunikacii [Trends in the Development of Scientific Communication]. Kommunikaciya v sovremennoi nauke  Communication in modern science. Moscow, 1976. 440 p. (In Russ.)

4. Shtern B.E. Indeks citiruemosti rossiiskih uchenih: samie plodovitie otechestvennie issledovateli za poslednie sem let [The Citation Index of Russian Scientists: the Most Prolific Russian Researchers Over the Last Seven Years]. Nezavisimaya gazeta  Independent newspaper. 2003. May, 14. P. 13. (In Russ.)

5. Author judgments about works they cite: Three studies from psychology journals; W.R. Shadish, D. Toleever, M. Gray, et al. Social studies of science. 1995. Vol. 25. 3. P. 477498. (In Eng.)

6. Buchholz K. Criteria for the analysis of scientific quality. Scientometrics. 1995. Vol. 32. 2. P. 195218. (In Eng.)

7. Garfield E. Citation Indexes for Science: A New Dimension in Documentation through Association of Ideas. Science. 1955. 3759. (In Eng.)

8. Karl W. Deutsch Scientific and Humanistic Knowledge in the Growth of Civilization. Science and the Creative Spirited; ed. by: Harcourt Brown. Univ. of Toronto Press, 1958. . 351. (In Eng.)

9. Konkiel S. Tracking Citations and Altmetrics for Research Data: Challenges and Opportunities. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 2013. 39 (6). P. 2732. (In Eng.)




II.  





       


 347:340.11



.. 

  ,   - 

    

117105, . ,  , 23

     

    

125993, ,  , 49

ORCID 0000-0002-5236-1954

ResearcherID H-1263-2016

E-mail: barkov_a_v@mail.ru


:        ,       ().                -       . :   (, , , );   (   ). :         .                ,     , ,   , ,    ,   .  ,   ,    ,       ,      .     ,          ,        . :             ,    ,        .       ,       ,       , ,          ,             .            .            ,         ,   .

 :   ;   ;  ;     .


ABOUT THE APPLICATION OF THE METHOD OF LEGAL MODELLING IN CIVILISTIC THESES



A.V. Barkov

Moscow Academy of Economics and Law

23, Varshavskoe sh., Moscow, 117105

Financial University

49, Leningradsky prospect, Moscow, 125993

ORCID 0000-0002-5236-1954

ResearcherID H-1263-2016

E-mail: barkov_a_v@mail.ru


Introduction: the present article contains the critical analysis of abstracts of the civil theses devoted to various problems of modeling of the legal phenomena (systems). The purpose of article consists in an assessment of eficiency of application of a method of legal modeling in civil theses and development of scientific and practical recommendations about optimization of use of this tool of knowledge. Methods: empirical methods (comparisons, measurements, descriptions, interpretations); theoretical methods (formal and dialectic logic). Results: the method of legal modeling in civil theses is applied very restrictedly. In the majority of the studied theses insuficiently truly from the methodological point of view the corresponding elements of qualification part of research which arent allowing to track interrelation of a problem, purpose, methods of her achievement, tasks, results in the form of the provisions submitted for protection are issued. There is an impression that the terms model, modelling are often used randomly, without the methodological potential of this tool of knowledge, but only as a beautiful figure of speech. On the basis of the analysis of abstracts of theses in which the method of legal modeling leads to achievement of goals recommendations about increase of eficiency of use of this method are developed. Conclusions: use of a method of legal modeling has to be aimed at formation of the model of the studied legal phenomenon promoting the solution of a scientific problem that it is necessary to reflect in qualification part of research of the thesis. Application of legal modeling is expedient in that case when studying of object can be promoted by formation of the model directed to allocation in the studied system of signs, properties, communications and the relations of elements of system as a potential subject of further research, for simplification of the analysis of the prospects of development and regularities which are available in the real legal phenomenon. Legal modeling assumes realization of the basic principles of system approach to knowledge of legal reality. Application of this method when studying legal systems in that case when the Russian legislation regulating the studied relations is absent or needs system changes is the most effective.

Keywords: methodology of civil researches; method of legal modeling; legal model; interrelation of elements of qualification part of study.




      ,         .. ,             ,  ,         , ,     - , -          [25, . 120].        .. ,        ,    ,           ,           [13, . 256].         , , ,       (),                    ,    ,   ,      .   ,           ,   ,        [13, . 254].       ..  ,               ,       , ,    ,  ,  ,     .


 

        ,            [21]              ,             [3, . 95].  ,             [7],      ,  , , , , , ,    [17, . 178].

            ()   ,         .  ,  ,          (, ) -   (),     (  )       (, )    .                  .

        (,   )       ,    .              ,   ,    ,       24  2013 . 842     [34 - . 2013. 1.], ..  , , ,    .   ,   (, )        ,          (),      (, ,   , ,    ,   )   ,    ,    ,    .       .          ,          12.00.03      .

.. ,        ,    ,            .      ,       , ,             (  ?)   . , ,    ,      ? [13, . 261].

       , ,           ,       ,      ( )     .    ,      [29],    ,   .. .        2726       ,  11 498  ,           .

    .. ,          ,     [13, . 260].         .  110     ,     , ,   ,  14, ..      .       ,      1996  2016 . [1, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 22, 23, 26, 27].

   ,     ,       (),   .   ,   10  14           (      ,     1996  1998 .,      ).

               24  2013 . 842 (   ), ,           12.00.03 (.. , .. , .. )      ,    ..        .         ,      ,      ,    .

  ..            -    [1, . 5],   ..           ,   - ,   ,                 [8, . 89].   ..  [10, . 5]         ,     -    (),              .    ..           -        [20, . 5].

  ,             (.. , .. ),      ,        .           ,       .    ..                        [14, . 5].  ..                 ,   ,       [18, . 7].

         ,   ,   ,       ,     .

           .. ,     ,   ,               ;             (   -,   - ),        ..    ,     ,   ,        ,   ,         [22, . 13].

,     (.. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. ),        ,   ,       ,     .      ,             ,     .

  ..         ,   ,        ,  (    )   (  )    ( ) ,       ,           (      ),           [2, . 13].    ,   ,                    [2, . 14]. ,      ,        ,          .

   ..   ..  ,     ,      .          ,     -    [1, . 7; 20, . 7].  ..       ()    ,   .  ,   ,     (): )     ,        ,  ,    ; )            [10, . 8].

..                      ,   .        (): 1)        ,    ,    ,   ; 2)     ; 3)              [14, . 1213].

..    :         ,      (,   ,      ,    ),     .  ,   ,                             [18, . 10]. ..             ,                 ,    ,       [18, . 11].          [18, . 11].

..              ,  ..   .. ,   () ,   .          -  ( ,     ),        (, ),  ,   ,                    [8, . 14].

    ,             , ..       , ,   ,       [16, . 45],        (, )    [9, . 110].     (. mod?le,  . modulus  , , )   ,          , ..         ,  [24, . 48],              [16, . 45].

     ,   . ,  ,      , , , ,              .

  ,              .. .               ,                        ,   ;             ;    ,  ,  ,         [8, . 1213].

,  ,    ,     . ,          ,     :      (        ,                );  ,              ;       ;  ,      :   ,      ,           ,      ;  ,          ,    ,     [5, . 51];          ;  ,           ;  , ..       ,       ; . [19, . 1011].




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/kollektiv-avtorov/metodologicheskie-problemy-civilisticheskih-issledovaniy/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes



1


.           ,   2015 .:    : . . . /. . .. , .. , .. . .: , 2016. 192 .




2


 ..    //   :  . . . , 1978. . 70. . 27.




3


 ..   / . .. . .: , 2008. . 38.




4


 ..     :  2 . .: - . -, 1975 (. 1), 1978 (. 2).




5


 ..      //  : . 8:  : , , . . , 2014. . 45.




6


 .. - :   //   . 2010. 12. . 526.




7


 ..       //   :  ,    : . . . / . .. . : - . -, 2006. . 2. . 9.




8


 ..    // . 2010. 1. . 9.




9


 ..,  ..     . .: : -, 2016. . 166.




10


 ..  . . . .: , 2016. . 69.




11


 ..,  .. . . . 175. . :  ..           //   . 2007. 4. . 59.




12


 ..    : . :  2 . : - . . -, 2008. . 1. . 21.




13


 .. . . . 9.




14


. , :  ..     : . .: : -, 2013. . 327335.




15


 ..   -  //   . 2016. 6. . 21.




16


 ..    . : -  -, 2001. . 48.




17


See the previous publication on the results of the Perm Reading on the Methodological Problems of the Civil Researches held in 2015: Methodological Problems of Civil Researches: Collection of Scientific Articles / Ed. in Ch. A.V. Gabov, V.G. Golubtsov, O.A. Kuznetsova. M.: Statut, 2016. 192 p.




18


Ushakov A.A. General Notion of Methodology // Methodology of Soviet Legal Science: Inter-University Collection of Scientific Works. Sverdlovsk, 1978. Issue 70. P. 27.




19


Jhering R. von. Legal Engineering / Content by A.V. Polyakov. M.: Statut, 2008. P. 38.




20


Ioffe O.S. Development of the Civil Thought in the USSR: in two volumes. L.: he Publishing House of the Leningrad University, 1975 (part 1), 1978 (part 2).




21


Vlasenko N.A. About the Crisis Tendencies in Law // Juridical Techniques: Annual. #8 Democratization of the Law-Making: Doctrine, Practice. Technique. Nizhniy Novgorod, 2014. P. 45.




22


Habrieva T.Y. Economic Legal Analysis: the Methodological Approach // Magazine of the Russian Law. 2010. #12. P. 526.




23


Nepreenko A.A. Meaning and Form of Teaching the Jurisprudence Methodology // State and Law: Issues of Methodology, Theory and the Practice of Functioning: Collection of Scientific Articles / Ed. by A.A. Nepreenko. Samara: Samara University Publishing House, 2006. Issue 2. P. 9.




24


Puginskiy B.I. Methodological Aspects of Jurisprudence // Jurisprudence. 2010. #1. P. 9.




25


Lazarev V.V., Lipen S.V. History and Methodology of the Juridical Science. M.: Norma; INFRA-M, 2016. P. 166.




26


Yudin E.G. Methodology of Science. Systemacity. Activity. M.: Lenand, 2016. P. 69.




27


Lazarev V.V., Lipen S.V. Op. cit. P. 175. See also Baytin M.I. About the Methodological Importance and the Subject of the General Theory of the State and the Law // State and Law. 2007. #4. P. 59.




28


Kozhevnikov V.V. Methodology and the History of Law: Textbook: in two volumes. Omsk: Omsk University Publishing House, 2008. Part 1. P. 21.




29


Puginskiy B.I. Op. cit. P. 9.




30


See about them, for example, Syrykh V.M. History and Methodology of the Juridical Science: Textbook. M.: Norma; INFRA-M, 2013. P. 327335.




31


Martyshkin O.V. About the Special Features of the Philosophical Legal Methodology // State and Law. 2016. #6. P. 21.




32


Tarasov N.N. Methodological Problems of the Legal Science. Ekaterinburg: Humanitarian University Publishing House, 2001. P. 48.




33


               references    . . . .




34


. 2013. 1.


