.  
  


   
  ()      ,   ()     .



  .      ,  .     .      ,          ?  ?  ,   ,   ,    ?

         ,      ,    ,              2000  .  ,      ,         (     ,      ),          .

         .    ,     , ,      .         .  

 ,       .  ,     .       ,      ,    .           .  

  a4.pdf    .





 



 



  ,  ,

  ,

 :     ,

    .

, 44, 6[1 -           ,   ,     .   ,     ,        .  ,             .      .        , ..     .             ,    ,           .     ,           ,   .         ,  ,  .  ,        ,   ,  ,  ,     -,     .             .        .      ,     ,      .]

         .

 ,   


* * *

  .         ,      ,   ,    ,   -  ,            . ,                ,    .



  , 2018

 , .   , 2018


* * *



 ,        .

 ,     .       ,      ,    .           .



 



          ,  , ,  .

       .








                XX.,   I...     .

      ,       .   ,     ,  ,         . ,    .

    .    ,   .  ,           .

 ,     ,       .  ,   ,     ,     ,     .

     ,           ,   ,     ,     ,   .    . ,            ,     .

      .    (16941768)  ,           ,      .   (18751965)    ,       :    ,     1911 .,     .

    (18821949)  ,   1929 .,         .     1967 .                     .

        (17921860)    (18591906)      ,                        .

       ,        ,     ,      ,        :     ,      ,    .

                .  ,  , ,      .      .

   ,  ,    ,       ,  ,             [2 - Bart Ehrman. Misquoting Jesus, HarperCollins, 2005, p. 188.].

       , ,  .

.

   ,   62 ...       ,  [3 -  .  , 20, 9, 1.].

              [4 - Robert Eisenman. James, Brother of Jesus, London, 2012, p.3536.].           ,        ,  [5 - .  . 1.47, 2.13;     , 10:17.],  [6 -  .  , 2, 23, 20.]  . [7 - Hieronymus. De Viris Illustribus, 2; Commentarii in epistulam Pauli apostoli ad Galatas, 396 (1:10).].

      (?????????)   ,  ,  ,      .

  ,              .         .  ,   , ,    ,       .

  ,   ,         .    :  ,  ,     .

.

   ,  ,    ?  .    [8 -   ,          .    ,        ,   , , ,  117 ...   ,     62-,   117-,  , .           ,     31-   IX.].

  ,    , ,   ,  -  .    .          , ,    ,              ,   .

       ?   ,  ,               .

  ,     ,      .    ,    (. 14:1618). ,  ,       (. 14:26).    ,      ,  ,    ,      (. 15:26).    ,      (. 16:7).

    ?

.

, ,  .

 ,   ,     ,              .

          .

 ,    ?

   ,     , , .

  ,            ,    [9 -  .  , 3, 12.].  80-     [10 -  , 3, 20.].             .           [11 -  , 3, 32, 6.].

,       ,   ,     , .       ?            ,       IV      ?

.

    ,   ,   -, ..   ,     [12 - Berakhot 28b-29a.]. ,       .

 ,            .     , ,   ,           ,      ,      ?

.

     .     .     , ,   ,       , ..  (    ).                  .

, ,         , , ,     ((???????) (. 21:20).        ,             . ,   II     :        (. 26:28).

,         .      ,  ,      ,      II...,    .

 ,       ,    .   ,      .    ,         , ,   30- .:          (??????????)  (. 11:26).

       , ,       .              , ,         ,     37 ...[13 - M.Sordi, I. Ramelli. Il senatoconsulto del 35 contro i Cristiani in un frammento porfiriano, Aevum 78 (2004), 5967; c. : M. Sordi, I cristiani e limpero romano, Milano, 2004, p.2729.]              .

               ?   ,     ,         ,    ,     ?

                 ,     .

    ,       .        ,       .

  ,      ,     .      .     .    ,           .         pax Deorum,  .,  .

         .        .          .

 186 .  ..   .         .       :       .

             ,    .        ,      ,      ,   .

        ,   30-  ..,  ,    .   ,      (        ), --  ,          .

,         ,     .  :    ?

 :   ,    ?




 1




   ,  ,           .

       ,  .     419    ,              .        ,   , ,    ,   ,      .

    ,     ,       ,         ,        ,  .   ,     -    ,        .

    , ,  ,          .    .       400,     90.     .

          , ,             ,          .

      .      ,    ,   .     .           -,                .

    ,        .   ,    ,      ,     ,       ,       -   :     ,     ,          .

       .     ,     ;   ,  -,  ,     ,    (1 . 24:1),     ,     .     .

        ,     ,  ,    .     .      л (, )             [14 - Robert Eisler, The Messiah Jesus and John the Baptist, New York, 1931, p. 252.].

   ,    , ,    -.           ,          .

    ,  48 .  ..,    ,   ,   [15 -  .  , 1, 10, 5.].

 37 .  ..    ,     ,          .   ,     :      ,  ,   ,        ,  .

   ,   :              ,    [16 -  , 1, 16, 5.].

,          ,   .         (2 . 6:11).      ,      ,      .

 66 ...,    ,        :                 .      ,     ,    ,    ,   .       ,     .

    .  ,        ,       .           ,   73 ...          ,          .

       ,    .   ,   .      -  .

    ,    ,        .     ,   . -           .        .   ,    1970-    - ,   -  ,    ,    .

   ,    .     ,       ,       .  ,  ,     ,     .  ,   ,    .

   ,        1960-                   .      ,   ,  [17 - Ygael Yadin. Masada: Herods Fortress and The Zealots Last Stand, London, 1966, p. 201.].      -  :       ,     15       35        .

           .

     ,   , ,               ,       , ,        .          .       :    !                  :    !   [18 -  .].

        .

      ,    ,   ,    , :  ,        .

  ,          .

 ,     ,   ,       .     .  ,          , ,   ,   .             ,       .        ,    [19 -  . . ., 7, 8, 7.].

 ,      ,       .                   ,    ,  , ,                .

      ,      .          .         .

     ,   .  ,  ,   ,   ,  - ,        50  .

 ,      ,  ,   66.   ,  ,    ,      .

        ,    :   ,           ,     ,  ,     .

,  ,      ;     , ,    .    ,      .      .

    ,    , ,   , ,    ,  , ,     ,  ,    .

     ,        ..        .             ,      .

  ,        (   ,      ),       ,  ,       .

          -,      ,            . ,         ,   -      ,    ,       .

    ,          .           [20 -  , 4, 7, 2.].

          - ,      ,  .       ,     .

       ,  ,       ,  ,     .      ,   ,   ,    ()   ????? ()      .

,      ,      . ,     .       .        ,      .        ,     .

                 .      ,    .

    ,      , ,  ,       ,    ,          ,       .        .

     .          ,    ,     ,      ,   ,   ,        .  ,      ,         .         .         .

   ,                    ,  ,            ,   ,  ,  ,  ,      (1 . 5:28).

     ?

             ?

    ,    ,          ?

            ,      ?




 2

       



        I...

     ?       ,       ,   14-  37 ... ,  ,   .     , .

       .  I...     .      ,    - .     .

 III.     ,      :     ,      .          ,      ,  [21 - Daniel Boyarin. Border Lines: The Partition of Judaeo-Christianity, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p. 89.].

     ,    ,   .      .      .

  ,        .

         .

     .       .      ,    .      .    ,      .     ,       .   ,   ,       .

,      .   , ,   .      .   ,   ,    !

 ,      ,    :        ,   -   .           . ,   ,   (. 33:20).

     (. 22:18). ,   ,      ,     (. 13:5). ,   ,    ,    ,    (. 13:15).

,      ,            ,         ,   ,  .   ,             .

            .         !

            ?

    ?

            ?

   II      ,  ,   ,      ,          ,    ,  ,  ,   ,  [22 -  .    , 60.].   351          [23 -  .  , 2.30 5.30.].

    , ,  ,   .  .      .

   , ,  ,   ,   .         .

,   ,  -  (   ,    )    .         .         .

-, , , ;     ,       .       .

      ,   ,    ,     :      ,       ,      .

  ,                     .     .   , :

,  ,     ,  ;

  ,       ,    I...         , ..  II.  ..




   


      .   ,  .         ,     (. 19:6).

    ,     .     .          ,  ,   .       .

,     .        .

     ,     ,      ,      ,    .

           , .       .   ,      ,             (. 17:8).

     ,       . -   ,      ,        ,         .

       ,         .       .

         :       ,       (. 3:14).   :   ,       ,         (. 6:3).

        ,                  .    ,   ,      (, )    .     YHWH.

    ,    .     .     ,              .

           ,   .   ,        ,          .   ,                :

,        ,   ,       .   ,   ,   .       ,  ;       (. 34:1214).   ,           (. 7:2).

 ,    ,       .

     ,    , .    ,  ,  .   ,        ,        .

        .  , ,    ,   :

    ,        ,       ,    :   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,       (. 20:1618).

     ,       .   ,          (. 29:6465).

               .

 ,           (. 1:4-18).          . , ,     ,   ,     (. 27:35).         .

                    : , , ,   .           .         .     ,        .. .

                   :   ,      .

      ,       ,   ,      .        ,   ,      ,       .

   ,      .       - .      ,   ;       ,             .

                ,     (. 26:7).

     ,    ,        .     . ,       ,  ,  ,     ,   ,     ,     .

        .

 ,              ()    .      ,     ,  ,   .

        .     ,         .

      .    .        : ,          . ,         ,       8-    .

 ,  ,         ,   ,         .

   ,   ,      ,    (1 . 8:7).

   :   ,  ,            .

,    .      .     ,           .               (1 . 16:13).

     .    .     ,        .




 


  ,         ,   ,     ,     :   ,    .

          .       .       .       ,      ,             (2 . 7:13).

   ,     ,    .         .               ,       .    .

    ,        .    ,     ;   ,         ;       ,     ,      .             ,       (2 . 7:1316),       .

     , ,         .       .      ,      ,          (3 . 10:21).

    ,       .            .

 ,     , ,   ,   ,   .           .  ,     ,         .

         ,     .    ,      ,      ,                      .

   ,     ,     : ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   (4 . 23:13).

    -   .

           ,          ,   ,              ,  ,   (3 . 11:36).

-      .      ,   ,       , .

,   ,      .  ,    ,    ,    .         .  ,             ,   ,         ,   .

  ,    ,    ,      .  ,  ,    ,    ,     .

    ,              ,    ,    ;      ,      (3 . 11:3839).

,    ,      : , ,       ,  , ,        .

   ,      , .    ,          .     ,   .

    ,  ,     ,  ,      ,     .

  !

      .        ! ,           ,     ,     ,     ,    ,   .

         :      ;   , ,       (3 . 12:28).

     .    ,           ,      .    ,      .         : , !   : ,    ,   ,        ,    ,       (3 . 13:2).

     . ,  ,      .    ,     ,          .   .   ,       ,   2016         .

  ,              .

    ,   .       ,      ,   722 .  ..   .

  ,     ,   .          .

       (715696 .  ..).        ,   641609 .  ..      ,    300          .

          .        .

   ,          .

      ,           ,        ,       .   ,    ,           ,    , ,  ,  ,    .           ,      ,     ,        (4 . 23:46).

     .   ,   .      ,     ,     .    ,   ,     ,  ,       ,    ;             .

        ,    ,  ,        ,    ;    ,   ,  ,         ,  ,  ,  ,   ,        ,   (4 . 23:1924).

        VII   .., ,     ,   ,   ,    ,  ,  ,     ,       .

     ,        .       .     .

      ,        ,    ,    ,    ;       (4 . 23:25).




 


            .

, ,   ,       .

 ,           .   XIX.      ,      ,  -       .

      ,      .        ,        .

 ,       ,        ,  ,   ,    .

      J,  .     ,      ,    VIII.  .., , ,  .

       ,     .  ,         [24 - Richard Elliot Friedman. Who Wrote the Bible? HarperCollins, 1997.].

         .  ,   ,             ,  ,        (. 49:10).

       .  ,   ,        . ,         ,    ,  ,        ,   .                 .

             .

         .       .      ,      ,           ,        .      ,  ,  ,     .

    ,  ,     ,       .              , ,   ,      (. 31:19),   ,   ,  ,      (1 . 19:23),      , ,   ,   [25 -            ,       ,      ; . Richard Elliot Friedman. The Lost Book of the Bible.].    ,         - .

 ,        ,     ,        (. 34:17).

    ,  , ..    ,     ,   .

    ,    ,       .     .          (. 25:18).

 ,            ,       .           .        ,      [26 - Richard Elliot Friedman. . ., p. 75.].

 ,     ,  E,  .               .         , .

 ,    ,         .

   ,          .         ,       .       .     ,     ,     . ?

  ,       ,         (. 6:3).

               .    , ,   ,    ,  (. 48:14).

,    ,         .     :     (. 20:4).

     .   .  ,          ,    ,     ,       ,     [27 - Thomas R?mer. The Invention of God, Harvard University Press, 2015, p. 147.].

        .   ,     .        .  ,     ,   ,                , ..   (. 132:2)[28 -    131:2.].

       ,  P.     ,     .           ,      ,       .     , ,   .

  ,     , ,       .       VII.  ..     .

     ,             .              .

 1943 .     ,         ..  ,           ,   ,    ,   .         ,      .

     ,        ,     .     ,   [29 - Richard Elliot Friedman. . , ch.6.].

          .            .    ,           ,        .       .    .

          .     ,   ,   ,            .

     ,     ,              300      ,      .  , ,    ,            .

    ,        ,       .       ,              ,      ,   , ,   ,   ,    .

          ,             ,  ,     .

  , ,     . /      ,           .

   ,    . ,      .  ,            .    ,       ,        ,   .

,   ,    ,       ,       ,                   .

                 .  ,        ,          ,  ,  .

    .    .

   -      ,    ,          ?

 -, .




   


            1200 .  ..    ,  50-100 .            [30 - Israel Finkelstein. The Bible Unearthed, Simon and Schuster, 2001, p. 107.].

            ,    ,      ,          [31 - Adam Zertal. Has Joshuas Altar Been Found on Mt. Ebal? Biblical Archaeology Review, 11:01, Jan-Feb 1985.].

         XII .

 ..?

    ,     .       -  ,    ,        .

        ?

      .   XII.  ..     - ,      .            .  ,            .

           ,        :         .

          . ,    , :    .

      XIII.  ..?  ,   c 1270- .  ..    .        II,          :     66 .

 ,           (       ),     :             ;        ,              '   ,  ,  ,    .

      , '   ,     .  1213   ,         ,   '     .

             ,   - -.  -   ,   ,      ,   .   (. )   , .

  /    ,        , ,   ,     ,   . , ,        ,         ,  [32 - James H. Breasted. Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol No.4, (1906), p.198199.].

   ,       ,    ,      ,    '                        .

       ,           ,       .

 ,       ,      XIIVIII.  ..,                ,      .




  


               .      ,      : ,  , ,  .     .        .

        .                .                  ,  , , , ,  ,       ,      -      .

                  .

-,        , .           ,   .       ,    ,            /.     ,    ,   .

    ,   [33 - Marvin H. Pope. El in the Ugaritic Texts, Brill, 1955, p.3435.].        [34 - C. F. A. Schaeffer. Les Fouilles de Ras Shamra-Ugarit. Huitieme campagne. Syria. vol. 18 (1937). pl. XVII (ANEP, pl. 493).].       [35 - Frank Moore Cross. Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic, Harvard University Press, 1973, p. 36.].    , ,    [36 - Frank Moore Cross. . ., p. 19; Mark S. Smith. The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002, p. 38.].

     [37 - Frank Moore Cross. . ., p. 39.].     ,     ,       [38 -  , p. 26.].

,        ,     : .

 ,        .      (. 21:29),     (. 16:23).      ,     [39 -  .  , 15, 7, 9.].     ,       ,     :         , ,   , .

      .            ,     .        .        .    .     ,   VIII.,   ,           .               ,      -,    , ..  [40 - Lauren A. S. Monroe. Israelite, Moabite and Sabaean War-?erem Traditions and the Forging of National Identity: Reconsidering the Sabaean Text RES 3945 in Light of Biblical and Moabite Evidence, Vetus Testamentum, Vol. 57, Fasc. 3 (2007), p.318341.].

      .     ,       ,  ,  ,    .    ,       :       .         XIX.  : ,   ,     ,       ,        [41 - Julius Wellhausen. Prolegomena to the history of Israel, NY, 1957, p. 440.].

       ?  ,          .           .       .

   ,       ,        ,         .

         ,                    (,   ),       .

  [-]     ,    ,       (),      -   -     [42 - Mark S. Smith. . ., p. 96.].

            , , ?

 ,  ,            //.          , , ,     [43 - CAT 1.IV 46, The Ugaritic Baal Cycle, Supplements to Vetus Testamentum, vol. 114, Brill, 2009.].            .

 ,  ,           ,     ,     ,       .

 ,   ,    ,   .    ,  ,   (  ) .              :               .    ,     ,   ,   .




  


                ?

 ,  .

            . ,   ,    ,      (. 4:5).      ,  :     ,    ,  ?     ,         (. 11:24).

     ,  , ,       .

        ..    ,    .        ,        ,   ,  ,   :

  ()       ,        ,     ,     (. 32:8)[44 - P. Skehan. A Fragment of the Song of Moses (Deut. 32) from Qumran, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 136 (1954):1215.].

     ,    I...         .

    - ,    .       .         ,  ,      (4 . 23:1011).

     , [45 - William G. Dever. Did God Have a Wife?; : Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2005; Saul M. Olyan. Asherah and the Cult of Yahweh in Israel, Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988; Judith M. Hadley. The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judah: Evidence for a Hebrew Goddess, Cambridge University Press, 2000.].

 ,      --,     [46 - John Day. Asherah in the Hebrew Bible and Northwest Semitic Literature, Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 105, No. 3 (Sep., 1986), p. 391.].       :           ,   (. 21:33)       (. 6:25).

     ,      (4 . 23:7).   ,  XVI.  ..,     .       -,       [47 - K. Kenyon. Digging up Jerusalem, London, 1974, p. 142.].

       (       ),    .        ,  81-    :     ;     (. 82:1)[48 -    81:1.].  89 ,         .      ?       (. 89:79)[49 -    88:79.].

      ,     .     .     :   ,    ,       ,        (3 . 22:19).

     :     ,   ,  ,          (3 . 6:17).

      ,     :   ,  ;     ,   (. 68:18)[50 -    67:18.].

          ,            ,    ,        .

            (. 5:14)      , ,   . ,   ,    (. 5:20).

    , ,      .   ,           /.            ,   ,    (. 6:4). ,    ,   ,        , [51 - Avigdor Shinan, Yair Zakovitch. From Gods to God, The Jewish Publication Society, 2012, p. 193.].

 ,      ,             /            ,   ,            .

        , .      .   ,  .     ,   .       ,      ,   ,    .

        ,     .

        ,  .         (4 . 23:11),           (4 . 18:4).

         .       (. 52:20),               ,     (. 8:10).

          ,        (1 . 28:18),            (1 . 29:23).

    ,     (. 8:3)     ,   .         ,     [52 - Thomas R?mer, The Invention of God, Harvard University Press, 2015, p. 154.].              . ,       ,   ,    .             ,    .

  ,   ,    (4 . 23:13).      ,      -   . ,  ,       .             ,                    [53 - Patrick D. Miller. The Religion of Ancient Israel, Westminster John Know Press, 2000, p. 61.].

            ,       ,      ,       ,       ,   ,   .

    ,  ,  .         (. 2:8),      (. 8:14).             (. 2:20).         (. 19:13),   (. 8:16)       (. 8:17).      ,      ,       (. 7:18).

   ,     , ,     ,     ,     (. 11:13)     VI.  ..  .

 ,    ,     .




    


            .                 .

         ,   ,  .     ,          ,   (),   ().

     .     .      ,        ,    ()   (),    .

-     .

,     ,       ,      ,    [54 -      .: Umberto Cassuto. A Commentary on the Book of Genesis: From Adam to Noah, Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 19731975; John Day. Gods conflict with the dragon and the sea, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985; Avigdor Shinan and Yair Zakovitch. . .].

  : , ,  ,  ! ,    ,   !     ,  ?      (),     ()? (. 51:9-10).

    ,     ()   .

   74-  :

    ,     ;    ,       (. 74:1314)[55 - *    73:1314.].

     컠  ,      ,     ,    ,    ?

    ,      ? (. 7:12)  .

       ,    , ,  ,  ,  ,    ,   (. 27:1).

       ,        .        ,     , ,     .  ,      (. 30:7),      (. 29:3).

  :    :     , ,  , , ,    , :  ,       (. 29:3).

/,        ,          ,   ,    , ,      .

, ,            /,              :       ,       (. 89:25)[56 -    88:26.].

   /            .          ,   ,     (),         [57 - John Day. Gods Conflict with the Dragon and The Sea, p. 142.].

 ,       , ,     //       ,      .

    ,              . ,  ,   . ,  ,   .  ,  ,          .

    .




 


          .

  -      .            .

            , ,   ,    .   ,   .

     ,            (. 33:20),   .

        ,      .          .       .      .    ,      (. 34:29).

        .    .         .

             .  ,        .  ,  ,          !    ,        !   ,     (. 24:9-11).

    ,         , ,          : . ,   ,  , , , ,     .    ,     (. 11:44).       :          (. 19:6).

     ,     ?

       ,       .

           .  ,  ,       ,   ,  ,   .    ,      ..  .

       .  ,  ,   ,   ,           ,  ,   [58 -  .   , 1, 155-8.].

          .       .                     ,          .

            :     ,      :

		     
		 ,  ,
		    
		  ; 
		  ;   .
		      ,
		    ,
		  .  
		   ,   
		 ,     .
		     
		 ,    녻[59 - Eusebius. Praeparatio Evangelica, 29.]

  ,         .

 ,     ,  ,   - ,      .      ,     .   ,      -  !             . ,      ,     , ,     ,    .

          ,             .    ,   ,     ,  ,    .  ,    ,    (1 . 9:9).

 ,   ,  ,    ,        ,      .      ,     .

       ,     :       .    ,      (2 . 7:1314).

     :   :   ;    ,   ,            .     ;  ,    (. 2:79).

    , ,    ,     .    ,  ,   , ,  ,             .

      , -,  , ,   ,  , ,     :     ,        (2 . 23:2).

     ,       ,     :         (1 . 29:23),       [60 - Margaret Barker. Gate of Heaven: The History and Symbolism of the Temple in Jerusalem, London: SPCK, 1991, p.134135.].

   :   ,         (. 110:1)[61 - *    109:1.].  ,  (),   , ,     (. 45:78)[62 -    44:78.].

,          ,   , ,    ,     , ,    ,     .        ,     , , ,        ,     ,     .

       ;    ,    : , ,  ,  ,  ,               (. 9:67).




 3

  VIIIVII.  .





  


   ,            /,      ,   (  )      .

,      ,       .                   .

     , ,  ,      .       , ,   ,   ,           ,       .

,         ,   .     ,       ,         .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/uliya-latynina/iisus-istoricheskoe-rassledovanie-25207296/chitat-onlayn/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


          ,   ,     .   ,     ,        .  ,             .      .        , ..     .             ,    ,           .     ,           ,   .         ,  ,  .  ,        ,   ,  ,  ,     -,     .             .        .      ,     ,      .




2


Bart Ehrman. Misquoting Jesus, HarperCollins, 2005, p. 188.




3


 .  , 20, 9, 1.




4


Robert Eisenman. James, Brother of Jesus, London, 2012, p.3536.




5


.  . 1.47, 2.13;     , 10:17.




6


 .  , 2, 23, 20.




7


Hieronymus. De Viris Illustribus, 2; Commentarii in epistulam Pauli apostoli ad Galatas, 396 (1:10).




8


  ,          .    ,        ,   , , ,  117 ...   ,     62-,   117-,  , .           ,     31-   IX.




9


 .  , 3, 12.




10


 , 3, 20.




11


 , 3, 32, 6.




12


Berakhot 28b-29a.




13


M.Sordi, I. Ramelli. Il senatoconsulto del 35 contro i Cristiani in un frammento porfiriano, Aevum 78 (2004), 5967; c. : M. Sordi, I cristiani e limpero romano, Milano, 2004, p.2729.




14


Robert Eisler, The Messiah Jesus and John the Baptist, New York, 1931, p. 252.




15


 .  , 1, 10, 5.




16


 , 1, 16, 5.




17


Ygael Yadin. Masada: Herods Fortress and The Zealots Last Stand, London, 1966, p. 201.




18


 .




19


 . . ., 7, 8, 7.




20


 , 4, 7, 2.




21


Daniel Boyarin. Border Lines: The Partition of Judaeo-Christianity, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p. 89.




22


 .    , 60.




23


 .  , 2.30 5.30.




24


Richard Elliot Friedman. Who Wrote the Bible? HarperCollins, 1997.




25


           ,       ,      ; . Richard Elliot Friedman. The Lost Book of the Bible.




26


Richard Elliot Friedman. . ., p. 75.




27


Thomas R?mer. The Invention of God, Harvard University Press, 2015, p. 147.




28


   131:2.




29


Richard Elliot Friedman. . , ch.6.




30


Israel Finkelstein. The Bible Unearthed, Simon and Schuster, 2001, p. 107.




31


Adam Zertal. Has Joshuas Altar Been Found on Mt. Ebal? Biblical Archaeology Review, 11:01, Jan-Feb 1985.




32


James H. Breasted. Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol No.4, (1906), p.198199.




33


Marvin H. Pope. El in the Ugaritic Texts, Brill, 1955, p.3435.




34


C. F. A. Schaeffer. Les Fouilles de Ras Shamra-Ugarit. Huitieme campagne. Syria. vol. 18 (1937). pl. XVII (ANEP, pl. 493).




35


Frank Moore Cross. Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic, Harvard University Press, 1973, p. 36.




36


Frank Moore Cross. . ., p. 19; Mark S. Smith. The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002, p. 38.




37


Frank Moore Cross. . ., p. 39.




38


 , p. 26.




39


 .  , 15, 7, 9.




40


Lauren A. S. Monroe. Israelite, Moabite and Sabaean War-?erem Traditions and the Forging of National Identity: Reconsidering the Sabaean Text RES 3945 in Light of Biblical and Moabite Evidence, Vetus Testamentum, Vol. 57, Fasc. 3 (2007), p.318341.




41


Julius Wellhausen. Prolegomena to the history of Israel, NY, 1957, p. 440.




42


Mark S. Smith. . ., p. 96.




43


CAT 1.IV 46, The Ugaritic Baal Cycle, Supplements to Vetus Testamentum, vol. 114, Brill, 2009.




44


P. Skehan. A Fragment of the Song of Moses (Deut. 32) from Qumran, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 136 (1954):1215.




45


William G. Dever. Did God Have a Wife?; : Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2005; Saul M. Olyan. Asherah and the Cult of Yahweh in Israel, Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988; Judith M. Hadley. The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judah: Evidence for a Hebrew Goddess, Cambridge University Press, 2000.




46


John Day. Asherah in the Hebrew Bible and Northwest Semitic Literature, Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 105, No. 3 (Sep., 1986), p. 391.




47


K. Kenyon. Digging up Jerusalem, London, 1974, p. 142.




48


   81:1.




49


   88:79.




50


   67:18.




51


Avigdor Shinan, Yair Zakovitch. From Gods to God, The Jewish Publication Society, 2012, p. 193.




52


Thomas R?mer, The Invention of God, Harvard University Press, 2015, p. 154.




53


Patrick D. Miller. The Religion of Ancient Israel, Westminster John Know Press, 2000, p. 61.




54


     .: Umberto Cassuto. A Commentary on the Book of Genesis: From Adam to Noah, Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 19731975; John Day. Gods conflict with the dragon and the sea, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985; Avigdor Shinan and Yair Zakovitch. . .




55


*    73:1314.




56


   88:26.




57


John Day. Gods Conflict with the Dragon and The Sea, p. 142.




58


 .   , 1, 155-8.




59


Eusebius. Praeparatio Evangelica, 29.




60


Margaret Barker. Gate of Heaven: The History and Symbolism of the Temple in Jerusalem, London: SPCK, 1991, p.134135.




61


*    109:1.




62


   44:78.


