      
  


                ,    ,  ,     .   , ,            ,         -     -   ,   ,        - .  ,            ,       .

    ,           .      ,      ,        ,   ,    ,      ,    .            - ,           ,    .           .

    ,   ,          .





  

      



  .., 2017

  , , , 2017


* * *







         .            ,             .                ,          .               -   .

       ,    -      ,   ,    ,        - ,    .  ,      ,         ,      ,      ,      ,        .

           ,                    .      ,     , , ,  ,  ,      ,       .           ,          ,  , ,  ,                        ,  ,  ,     ,       ,    ,     ,      ,   ,   ,  ..[1 -           . :  ..        //       :  V     /  . .. . ., 2010. . 342346.]

                  ,        .      ..  :    ,       ,     - ;                       [2 -  ..   .  . ., 1996. . 11.].

.. ,        ,    :   ,          [3 - .:  ..   .  . ., 2009. . 1228.]. ,       ,  ,              , ,   , , ,  .

             ,            .   , ,    ,     -  ,             .        , ,       .. ,      ࠖ     ,    ,   ,    蠖           [4 -  ..      /     . ., 2003. . 411.].

            ,    ,     ,     ,          - .

,  ,     ,                ,            .

    ,            ,   ,      .            ,         -     -   ,   ,        - .

    ,     , ,      .  ,      ࠖ    ,    ,    .    ,    ,         ,       ,    .           mens rea     ,       felony murder rule,     ,     ,         ,     , depraved heart murder.

     ,    ,       ,       (   )  .            ,      ,    ,      .    ,  ,           2003. (Criminal Justice Act, c. 44),             [5 - A New Homicide Act for England and Wales? A Consultation Paper 177. The Law Comm. 177. London, 2006. P. 23 // / http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp177_Murder_Manslaughter_and_Infanticide_consultation_overview_.pdf (http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp177_Murder_Manslaughter_and_Infanticide_consultation_overview_.pdf).]       ,  ,  ,      ,                  .

         .  ,          ,             2009. (Coroner and Justice Act, c. 25). ,   -                    .

              ࠖ   젖           2007.

  ,  -           ,   ,           .            ,    .   XXI.,          ,   ,        ,       ,         .  ,     ,    ,        .             ,     ,   ,    .                 ,                  .          ,      -     [6 - . : Fuller Lon L. The Morality of Law. New Haven, 1964.]?    ,       ,       ?            ,   ,      ,     .    ,     ?      ,         ?           ,              ?   ,    ,                 ?        ,             ?                 ?[7 -  .    / . .; . .. . ., 2004. . 326327.]                   .

                 ,             ,              .        ,     ,       -           .

            ,        ,   ,    .          .                    .  ,   ,  .      ,          .      ,     ,     ,          ,      .     ,        .     .      ,  ,       ,       .     ,          .        .        .     ,          ,  ,      -[8 - Tadros V. The Homicide Ladder // The Modern Law Review. 2006. Vol. 69. 4. P. 617.].

                    ,   ,   ,   ,      .

                 ,   .        , , ,       ,       ,     ,    .                 .  ,            ,       .        ,     ,            .

         - ,           ,    .           .

    ,             ,   , ,                 .




 1

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1.  -    


 ,        ,     ,    頖   .       - ,   -   ,      ,   ,         ,           ,     [9 -       ,         .     ,       - ,      - .].

   -         [10 -        , , ,  (.:  ..      /    VII . . I.  . ., 2006. . 4454).   ,   ,        ,      ,    .   ,             ,    ,      . (.:  ..,  ..,  ..    . ., 2000. . 35).                 ,         ,       ,       . ,             ,          . (.:  ..,  ..,  ..    . ., 2008. . 1317 (  .. )).].           ,    .          ,       .      ,    .       ,   ,       蠖  .

    -    ,  . ,      蠖 -,    ,       .        :  (     )  [11 - .:  ., - .    . ., 1999. . 1920.     ,   ,       : -,  .           , -,        .   .           .     ,     ,             . .    ,              ,      . ,      -   ,                .                 ,   .      -        (           ) ( .     / . . .. . ., 2009. . 103). .              :   ,        ( ,  ,     ,    , , ),    ,   ,    ,  ,     ,         (,               , , ,         ,  젖 ,  ) ( . . . . 105110).].

,   .. ,   -    ,      : 1) - ,         ; 2) - ,    ; 3)  ,    ,     [12 -  ..  - : , ,  //   . 2004. 1. . 69.].    ,     - ,  - ( ); - (); ;   ,        .

        . ..  ,                       -     [13 -      ,    ,    .   . ʸ       . .             ,             (.:  ., ʸ .        :  2. . 1. . ., 1998. . 99117; Pound R. The Spirit of the Common Law. N.J., 1999. P. 132). .                ,  , ,   .       ,  ,                  (Chase Oscar G. Law, Culture and Ritual. Disputing Systems in Cross-Cultural Context. N.Y., 2005. P. 6.).          ,   ,       ,    .         ,      , -, .]. ,   ,   ,  ( )     .     : , , ,   ,     - 蠖  ,  ,  ,    [14 -  . .    . ., 2007. . 28.].

 ..         ,     .   ,   ,       .   ,    ,       ,       ,    ,  ,      ,        ,               [15 -  .].          ,   ,              ,        ,        [16 - .: Glenn Patrick H. Comparative Legal Families and Comparative Legal Traditions // The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law / Ed. by M. Reimann and R. Zimmermann. N.Y., 2008. P. 421441; Glenn Patrick H. Legal Traditions of the World. 3


ed. N.Y., 2007.P. 158.   .. ,    .    ,        ,         ,     ,      (flows of legal normativity),          ( ..     . . 1. ., 2010. . 99).  ,     ,       - ,        ,         ,   ,     .  ,    ,            ;        蠖       ;  , , ,   ⠖      ;        .     ,              ,    ()  ( .. . . . 100).].          [17 - . : Nelken D. Towards a Sociology of Legal Adaption / Adapting Legal Cultures. Ed. by D. Nelken, J. Feest. Portland, 2001.],    .

,              . ,       .    ,    -    ,       ,   .     ,       ,  ,              ,                [18 -  ..   . ., 1996. . 224.].

    .. ,        -        - 젖 ,      ,  ,    , ,  ,          ,        [19 -  ..      . ., 2002. . 14.].

  ,  - ,   ,    ,  . ,        ,      ,      ,   -,               .              - .   ,    .. ,                    ,        ,    .

  .. ,                 .  -  ,    ,    ..   ,      . ,     ,         -       젖        [20 -  ..   .  . ., 2009. . 32.].               : 1) - (); 2) -; 3) .

..       ,                 ,    .    ,         ,    ,   [21 -  .. ,         /  .   ..  : .  /  . .. , .. . ., 2017. . 482.].

          ,        -    ,  ,      ,          .         -     ()   (-) ࠖ   [22 -            .        ,        .  -     ,  ,  , ,  (        ),    . (.:  .. . . . 69, Glenn Patrick H. Legal Traditions of the World. P. 344345).].     : 1)   ; 2)    ; 3) - ,           .


* * *

  - [23 -    ,            .                .          (common law system).                  .]  -    , , , ,      ,    .    [24 -    (common law)      .             ,         .                   ,       ( ..    . ., 2008. . 137; . :   .   :  . ., 1998. . 417430).]         :                   ,     .        ,      ,   ,   . ,   .  XII.      ,     .  XVI.,      ,   .  ,  ,     ,      ,      .  XVII.            .      ,                    ,          ,  [25 - Pound R. Op. cit. P. 7.].

         ,      ,            .  ,      ,        ,   ,    蠖 , ,     ,    .        ,          [26 -  ., ʸ . . . . 110.].     ,  ,           ,        ,           .

,             1989.     ,       ,        .

                -     [27 -       stare decisi set non quiet a movere,  ,            ,        ,       .  ,            ,        ,    ,    ratio decidendi                ,    ,    ,           . ,   ratio decidendi       (    )      perincuriam          ( ..,  ..,  ..    . .: , 2008. . 88).       ,  ,     ,      ,          -     .. (       -  . :  .     /  . .. . ., 1985;  ..     (- ): . . . . ., 1968;  ..      : . . . . ., 1980;  ..        . ., 2007).].     ,     -   .  , ,         .         ,           2003. (Criminal Justice Act),      1861. (Offences against the Person Act)    .

         ..  :      ,     .   ,    ,   ,     [28 - Leigh L.H. Criminal Law of United Kingdom. London, 1999. P.32.].

      ,       ,       ,     ,      .       stare decisis,            [29 -  ..     . . 372.].

..    ,   ,         ,     ,     .      ,    ,         [30 -  ..        : . . - . . ., 2007. . 10.].

 ,       ,      ,       ,     [31 - ., ,   (. 775-01),      ,     ,      ,     ;  , . 18-303     ,      ,     ; 14-1        ,       ; 15        ,      ,    .].                      .            .

      ,           ,  vagueness prohibition, ,   -      , ,        ,    [32 - Rose v. Locke, 423 U.S. 48, 50.],    ex post facto[33 - . : Robinson Paul H. United States / The Handbook of Comparative Criminal Law / Ed. by Heller K.J., Dubber M.D. Stanford, 2011; Allen Francis A. The Habits of Legality: Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law. N.Y., 1996; Endicott T. Law is Necessarily Vague // Legal Theory. 2001. Vol. 7 4. P. 379385. LaFave W.R. Criminal Law. 4


. Ed. St. Paul. MN, 2003. P. 109 115.].

                    . ..     , ,        ,    ,    ,        .         living human being,    -     ,     ,      [34 - .  2  1.].  ,     -     ,    ,         ,    [35 -  ..   .    . ., 2007. . 72.].           ,        ,              .         ,   ࠖ ,   -            .      ,     ,     ,    ,      ,            .  ,    , ..  ,           ,         [36 -  ..   .    . . 87.].

,     ,        ࠖ   ,     젖 , -  ,           .             ,     ,      ,           .         ,    [37 -  .. . . . 57.]  ,         .          ,       ,   ,       ,     ,              ,   .    ,               ,         (The judge, even when he is free, is still not wholly free)[38 - Cardozo Benjamin N. The Method of Sociology. The Judge as a Legislator / Cardozo on the Law. Birmingham, 1982. P. 141.],     ,     ,          .

             .       ,    ,     .           ,       .     -       ,      ,   ,          .          ,         .  ,      ,  ,   ,   ,      ,           (defences),     ,      ,    .    ,                .

     ,     XX.                  .    .   .        10%  ,                     [39 - .: Lacey N. In Search of the Responsible Subject of Criminal Law // Modern Law Review. 2001. Vol. 64. 3. P. 359360; Norrie A. Crime, Reason and History. Oxford, 2001. P. 8; Stuart D. Supporting General Principles for Criminal Responsibility in the Model Penal Code with Suggestions for Reconsideration: A Canadian Perspective // Buffalo Cr. L. Rev. 2000. Vol. 4. 1. P. 1351.].

..  ,      ,     ,     ,   ,           ,        .        ,     [40 -  ..  :    //  . 2003. 6. . 17.].

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      ,   ,  ,          .     ,         - ,      . ,               ,         Coker v. Georgia 1977. ,        [41 - Coker v. Georgia, 433 U.S. 584, 591 (1977) (per White J.).].      ,       ,      2015.    Carter v. Canada  ,           ,              ,  . 7    [42 - Carter v. Canada [2015] 1 S.C.R. 331.].              ,  . 241.

  ,   -   ,   ,         ,  .  ,   ,      ,    ,               ,    .

   ,      ,   , ,    ,         ,       . .    ,           ,         ,  . ,   ,                 :       [43 - Cardozo Benjamin N. The Growth of the Law / Cardozo on the Law. Birmingham, 1982. P. 20.].    堖  ,     ,  ,    ,     ,  ,   ,   .        ,     ,          ,   , ,    ,      ,    ,  .          ,    ,       ,       ,  ,      ,      ,     .        ,   ,   ,       ,  ,  ,       ,   ,  ,       ,         ,  ,     [44 - . : Cardozo Benjamin N. The Paradoxes of Legal Science / Cardozo on the Law. Birmingham, 1982. P. 3167.]. ,     ,    ,    . ,      ,       ,   ,         .     , ,   [45 - Cardozo Benjamin N. The Paradoxes of Legal Science. P. 43.].

           ,    ,       -     -   ,   ,        - .       -      ,    -  ,      .


* * *

        - [46 -            ,       .   ,       ,   ,        .         ,    ,       .].      ,     ,           ,  , ,    ,         .

    ,       ,     - .

           XIX.            ,      .     ,    ,    ,    ,      ,    ꠖ  .            [47 - Encyclopedia Canadiana.Toronto, 1987. P. 155.].

       ,      .  1891. . ,   ,          ,     .   1892.,    ,           .

   -   1959.          (Criminal Law Revision Committee),   1965.   (Law Commission).             ,     .         ,      ,     :     1967. (Criminal Law Act, c. 58),           ,     1981. (Criminal Attempts Act, c. 47),       1984. (Police and Criminal Evidence Act, c. 60),    1968, 1978. (Theft Act, c. 60, Theft Act, c. 31).

         1989. (Draft Criminal Code).         .        ,      ,    .        ࠖ       ,       ,   [48 -                   ,          .               ,     (.:     :    3 . . 2 /  . .. . ., 2002. . 383385. (  .. )).   .. ,      (   , ,   )         .       ,    ,       ,        ,    .       ,       ( ..        : . . - . . . 1011).]    ,     .

    :   2002. (Criminal Justice: A Way Ahead)                    [49 - Herring J. Criminal Law. Oxford, 2007. P. 40.].   ,    ,      -    15 ,    ,         - ,   ,     .

  ,     ,     ,     ,   ,   ,   ,   .      ,          ,      .  ,    ,  ,      .       ,  ,         ,     ,     .        . ,  .        ,          [50 -  ..     . . 1. ., 2010. . 373.].

           .     ,            [51 - Devlin P. Morals and the Criminal Law // The Philosophy of Law / Ed. by R.M. Dworkin. N.Y., 1977. P. 70.].    ,    ,  ,    .              .         ,    ,         [52 -    (actus reus)      (conduct),   (consequence)  -    (causation).] ,     ,         ,    ,   .

      ,  ,    ,   ,     ,   ,     :     ,  , .

 .. ,               ,   ,        ,  堖        ,        ,     ,               ,         ,            - [53 - Hart H.L.A. Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals // The Philosophy of Law / Ed. by R.M. Dworkin. N.Y., 1977. P. 1522.].

        ,       . ,     ,     ,              ,         ,    ,           .         頖 , ,  , ,     .     ,             ,            [54 - Devlin P. Morals and the Criminal Law // The Philosophy of Law/ Ed. by R.M. Dworkin. N.Y., 1977. P. 71.].

  -     ,       (retributivism)     (reductivism)[55 - Cavadino M. & Dignan J. The Penal System. An Introduction. 4


ed. London, 2007. P. 36.].         ,  ,  .

              , ,    [56 -         ,     , , ,  : Materni Mike C. Criminal Punishment and the Pursuit of Justice // British Journal of American Legal Studies. 2013. Vol. 2. 1. P. 266277. ,    ,    . ,     ,    .     ,  ,      ,       ,   .     ,     ,     (Materni Mike C. Op. cit. P. 273).      ,       .          ,        ,   .          ; ,     䠖   .        ... ,               ,       ,   ,  ,      ,  ,  .  , ,  ,    .        ⠖       .    ,       ,   ,    .          , ,      (Materni Mike C. Op. cit. P. 274).].    [57 -       ,  ,    , ,    ⠖    ,      ,         ,    ,          , ,       ,   .        ,         in abstracto ,  ,  ,  ,   in concreto,           ,   .  - ,    10   ,      ,  ,        .    ,      .    10   ,                 ?     ,             ?     ,        ,       ?   ,    ,  ,      ,  ,   (Ristroph A. Desert, Democracy and Sentencing Reform // Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 2006. Vol. 96. 4. P. 13101311, 1327).   , ,  ,   ,     , , ,   ,     ,                  ,      ,          .              ,     ,  ,   ,  ,         ,        ,  ,   ⠖  ,  ,   ..  ,             (Ristroph A. Op. cit. P. 1331).]   ,    ,     ,       ,              ,   ,  . ,    ,        ,          .       [58 - Benn S.I. Punishment / The Encyclopedia of Philosophy / Ed. by P. Edwards. N.Y., 1969. P. 29.].

      ,      .        .        , ,  ,          .  ,             [59 - Binder G., Weisberg R. What is Criminal Law About? // Michigan Law Review. 2016. Vol. 114. 6. P. 1175.].

   ,   ,  ,    ,     :    ,     , , ,    ;    ,     ;     ,      ;    ,        ..[60 - Moore Michael S. Placing Blame: A Theory of the Criminal Law. N.Y., 2010. P. 170.].  ,   .. ,      :       ,    .   ( (desert))          ,     .        ,  .  ,  ,   [61 - Ibid. P. 91.].  ,  , ,       ,   ,        ,   .

    :     ,     ,    ,        ,       .       ,    ,   , ,     ,     . ,       ,    ,   [62 - Dershowitz Alan M. Rights from Wrongs: A Secular Theory of the Origins of Rights. N.Y., 2004. P. 132.        .   ,  ,   ,            ,      , ,   .       ,   , -   ,      ,       .    ,      ,   堖 ,       ,       ,   (Materni Mike C. Op. cit. P. 283285).].

               .          ,          ,     .

  ,      ,         ,                 . ,          (Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing), c. 6) 2000.  ,   ,         ,   ,     ,     (can be justified)    .        ,       (would be adequate)       ,   (. 79 (2)).

 ,     . [63 -    .           ,      ,      , . :  ..        . ., 2001. . 4552; Haist M. Deterrence in a Sea of Just Deserts // Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 2009. Vol. 99. 3. P. 794798.         ,   ,     ,        .          ,     , ,   ,     ,  ,     .     ,        , ,   . .  ,       -  ,      , ..       (Haist M. P. 796).       -      . ,      . .          XX.,        ,                  .]     ,       .           .  ,             ,      1992  1997.       1993.,       :      ,    ,  [64 - Cavadino M., Dignan J. Op. cit. P. 47.].

          (incapacitation),  ,  ,    ,  ,  .             ,        2003. (Criminal Justice Act)        (extended sentences)[65 -    . 227     2003.   ,  18 ,       ,  ,            ,      ,        ,   ,     , ,   ,     .       5       8     (. 4. 227).  228       ,   18 .  ,         ,    15    .  ,  ,   , ,   ,  ,    , , , ,    ,   13/16- ,       ,      ,     ,       . (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/44/schedule/15 (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/44/schedule/15) (2016. 2.))]       (imprisonment or public protection)[66 -  . 225     2003. ,  18 ,       (     )        ,   ,               .]    .

  ,       (IPP),       .  ,      ,        ,  , ,  ,    .         ,           ,               ,       . ,              ,    2006.        1000 ,   2012.     6000 [67 - The Abolition of Sentences of Imprisonment for Public Protection. Standard Note SN/ HA/6086. 2013. P. 4.].

21  2011.      ,     ,         .     -     -,      ES  IPP:   ,   ,   . ,            ,       ,   .  ,   ,   ,       .  ,        -   ,            .            ,   ,     [68 - The Abolition of Sentences of Imprisonment for Public Protection. Standard Note SN/ HA/6086. 2013. P. 11 (     ,    堖 . .).].

3  2012.       ,      (Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012),          ,   [69 -  124    ,           2003. . 226 A,       ,  18- ,  . 226 B,       18  .   . 226 A,    ,         ,    15     2003.,                   頖       ,    15B,          4  (. 226 A (2), (3)).             (. 226 B (1(d))).  15B   :    ,  , ,    ,   13- ,      , ,       ,      ,           ,   ,        (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/10/schedule/18/enacted (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/10/schedule/18/enacted) (2016. 2.)).     ,   3  2012.,    ,     (. 226A (11))     .],       .

       . 5               (. 122).    ,  18 ,     ,       15B  ,     ,                10   ,   .                   10    (. 226A (4(b)))[70 - http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/10/section/122/enacted (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/10/section/122/enacted) (2016. 2.).].

        ,    , ,   (reform). ,     2003.    (community orders)     ,     (activity requirement),              [71 - . . 201     2003.].

       ,       .           ,   (reparation)[72 -  . 142     2003.,        : a)  ; b)   (   ); c)    ; d)  ; e)    ,     // http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/44/section/142 (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/44/section/142) (2016. 2.).].

     ,   ,          ,  -    ,   ,           .           .

  , ,    -       ,     .     ,     頖 ,   [73 - The New Encyclopedia Britannica in 32 Volumes. 15


ed. Chicago, 1994. P. 919.].


* * *

            .    ,      ,   ,           XVIII.      ,   ,            .

         ,         .     ,         .  1787.        [74 -  ..    . . 216.],       ,       .                                .           ,   ,   ,    ,     .          ,               ,       VIII   ,     . ,     Rummel v. Estelle 1980.   ,           : 1)   ; 2) ,      ; 3) ,         [75 - Rummel v. Estelle, 445 U.S. 263, 296 (1980) (per Rehnquist J.).].

      ,         -    ,   ,  ,        ,      ,            ,      .

  .. , ,      ,     ,           [76 -  ..         -    //    . 2006. 2.].   ,       ,             .               ,     ,          ,     .

       ,      53   - 蠖 , ,  ,     , -.       ,  ,        ,  ,   ,  [77 -  ,      -   .   X    ,         ,       .].

           .    25  1948. ?          18        .  1    86 .        .  1      ,   ,     ,       .    ,    ,      , ..      .

        ,       . -,        ,         ,             . -,       ,        .

           ,        XX.   ,    ,       ,  .  ,    ,       ,           ,     .        ,    ,      [78 - .:  ..       //   . 2007. 7. . 4851;  ..,  ..     . ., 1997. . 111126.].

               1952.          (Model Penal Code)[79 - .: Dressler J. Understanding Criminal Law. N.Y., 2006. P. 3233, LaFave W.R. Criminal Law. 4


d. St. Paul. MN, 2003. P. 46.].    ,  1962.,      .      ,    ,        . ,     ,    ,            - .          [80 -  .. 35-   ࠖ          //   . 1998. 12. . 82.],           [81 - Dressler J. Op. cit. P. 33.].           ,        .

  - ,    ,               .

,        (societal retaliation)    (just deserts),    ,           .                        .             .

 ,  ,     XX.,    ,    ,    . ,     Williams v. New York    ,         [82 - Williams v. New York, 337 U.S. 241, 248 (1949).].

        Furman v. Georgia  .  ,           [83 - Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 363 (1972) (per Marshall J., concurring).].            [84 - MacCormick A. The Prisons Role in Crime Prevention // Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 1950. Vol. 41. 1. P. 40.].               1962.      (1.02).

,           -              ,    .   XX.  XXI.            ,  ,    .

,     Spaziano v. Florida                [85 - Spaziano v. Florida, 468 U.S. 447, 462 (1984).].          ,       (303.11  18   ).

          ,       ,  ,   ,       ,     [86 - . : Ristroph A. Desert, Democracy and Sentencing Reform // Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 2006. Vol. 96. 4. P. 12931352.].        ,        ,        ,              ,    ,   ,        .    ,  ,  :    ,             .  ,   ,    ,     , ,       ,               [87 - Morris H. Persons and Punishment // The Monist. 1968. Vol. 52. 4. P. 477.].             ,            ,   .

        ,       ,  ,          . ,    ,   ,      ,       ,        ,     ,  ,   ,  ,   , ,      ,    [88 - Hampton J. An Expressive Theory of Retribution/ Retributivism and Its Critics / Ed. by W. Cragg. Stuttgard, 1992. P. 13.].

       [89 -             . :         ,   ,   ,     ,        ,   ,       ,        .  ,     ,      (. : Haist M. Op. cit. P. 796.).         ,       .         ,        젖          (Schulhofer S. Harm and Punishment: A Critique of Emphasis on the Results of Conduct in the Criminal Law // University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 1974. Vol. 122. 6. P. 1517).      ,         ,        1025%,       ,   .],       ,            [90 - .: Cavadino M., Dignan J. Op. cit. P. 4457.],    [91 - . ,            ,        .       ,     ,          .   ,            ,       ,          (Moore Michael S. Op. cit. P. 8487).],         .

             ,   ,          .        ..    1968.   ,           ,     ,         ,      ,     [92 - Hart H.L.A. Punishment and Responsibility: Essays in the Philosophy of Law. 2


ed. N.Y., 2008. P. 127.].

        ,            .      :     ,  ,   ,   .     -      :       ,  ,           [93 - Garvey Stephen P. Lifting the Veil on Punishment // Buffalo Cr. L. Rev. 2004. Vol. 7. 2. P. 450.].

  ,        ,         ,      ,       ,    .  ,       . -,         ,  ,   ,    ,         , . -,         ,   ,       ,       (Materni Mike C. Op. cit. P. 292293).          ,        ,   ,       ,        ,     .

         ,           ,        ,       ,     ,          [94 - Materni Mike C. Criminal Punishment and the Pursuit of Justice // British Journal of American Legal Studies. 2013. Vol. 2. 1. P. 266.].

,         (limiting retributivism)[95 - Morris N. Incapacitation within Limits / Principled Sentencing. Readings on Theory and Policy. Ed. by A. Ashworth, A. von Hirsch, J. Roberts. Oxford, 2009. P. 9095.],      ,          ,     ,     .          ,    ,              ,    ,       .     ,   .            ,           ,    ,    [96 - Morris N. The Future of Imprisonment. Chicago, 1974. P. 81.].         ,   ,    , ,                      (seriousness of crime)[97 - Ristroph A. Op. cit. P. 1304.].

    ,    ,        ,       ,    ,      ,    ,         , ,  .      ,   ,     .  ,  ,  ,         ,  , , ,  , ,      , ..   ,          .

    ,           ,     ,                  ,       ,   . , ,     ,    ,       ,     2     8       ,      ,  ,       ,   ,  ,    ,     .         ,     ,     ,         , , 10   [98 - Haist M. Op. cit. P. 817821.].

                 (reconstructivism). , , .    ,        ,         [99 - Kleinfeld J. Reconstructivism: The Place of Criminal Law in Ethical Life // Harvard Law Review. 2016. Vol. 129. 6. P. 1487.].      ,            [100 - Ibid. P. 1490.],    .         ࠖ          ,  ,    ,          ,        ,   ,   ,    ,    ..             .         [101 - Kleinfeld J. Reconstructivism: The Place of Criminal Law in Ethical Life. P. 1504.],    ,  ,   ,    ,     .  ,    ,        ,    ,   ,     ,     .          ,      ,   ,  .       ,      ,  ,    ,    ,      ,    [102 - Ibid. P. 1508.].

,   ,          (educative message),    , ,      ,   ,   [103 - Ibid. P. 1517.].  ,     蠖   (condemnation function)    (control function).        -      .        ,       ,    .            ,       .

          ,     ,       [104 - .:  ..   .    . ., 2007. . 719.].   ,     .

-,  ,                  .         - .                .          ,        .

-,               , ,      ,   ,   ,  [105 - .: Gainer Ronald L. Federal Criminal Code Reform: Past and Future // Buffalo Cr. L. Rev. 1998. Vol. 2. 1. P. 45159.].


* * *

      ,     ,      -  ,       .

      ,         ,    .        ,      ,   .             ,     [106 -            ,   ,   ,          .           1774.     ,               ,     , ,      .        ,             ,     .].

        , ,   ,      ,   頖      , -    - .

      - ,     .  ,        - ,             .

         ,        1892.,    1985.    .

 -     , ,  ,       ,  ,       1996. (Controlled Drugs and Substances Act)[107 - Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, S.C. 1996. . 19 // http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-1.html (http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-1.html) (2016. 2.).],     1995. (Firearms Act)[108 - Firearms Act, S.C. 1995, c. 39 // http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/f-11.6/page-1.html (http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/f-11.6/page-1.html) (2016. 2.).],         (Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes Act)[109 - Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes Act, S.C. 2000. . 24 // http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-45.9/FullText.html (http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-45.9/FullText.html) (2016. 2.).],     ( )    (Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act)[110 - Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act, S.C. 2000. . 17 // http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-24.501/page-1.html (http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-24.501/page-1.html) (2016. 2.).]   .

  , ,    ,    . [111 -      . ,       1880.,         (Stephen J.F. A Digest of the Criminal Law (Crimes and Punishments). 4


d. London, 1887),   (Burbidge G.W. A Digest of the Criminal Law of Canada (Crimes and Punishments) Toronto, 1890)     (Acts of the Parliament of the Dominion of Canada Relating to Criminal Law, to Procedure in Criminal Cases and to Evidence, Compiled from the Revised Statutes of Canada, which were issued under Authority of the Act 49 Vict. Ottawa, 1887).], ,  ,           ,       ,     .

   28 , ,   ,     .      .          ,        .   ,    (Interpretation),      :     ,        ,        .

       ,       ,   ,    ,        .      .        (    ,    ,   ).      18        .           . ,      ,        .     ,       ,   ,    ,        ,     .

             1982.  ,          ࠖ  ,      ,        ,              .         ,           .

            .  ,        ,  ,            .          . 722   ,                   ,           ,      ,     ,   [112 - Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985. . 46. Sec. 722 // http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/page-408.html#docCont (http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/page-408.html#docCont) (2016. 2.).].

        . 486.2 (2)  ,         ,  ,    - ,       ,      [113 - http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/page-237.html#docCont (http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/page-237.html#docCont) (2016. 2.).].

    [114 -  堖   ,      ,     ,  .         ,   -    ,  ,    - 堖   ,      ,   ,     ,      .    蠖 ,      .         ,  , , -       ( ..   :    ,    : . . . . ., 2013. . 148149).],       ,  ,      ,     - ,      (victims surcharge)[115 -    . 737 (1)           : 1) 30%   ,      ;        2) 100 .     ,       3) 200 .     ,    .        ,                .        ,      .]  [116 -   . 738  ,     ,          ,           : a)   ,          ࠖ  ,    ,   ; b)               ࠖ  ,    ,       ,      ; c)           ,    ,   ,            ,            , ,   ,      ,      ; d)           ,    (identity information) (. 402.2, 403  )  ,          ,        .],                 .

 ,     ,       (VictimsBill of Rights, Victim of Crime Act)     .    ,   ,       ,        [117 - ,        (Victims Bill of Rights, SO 1995, c. 6. S. 5);    (Victims of Crime Act, RSBC 1996, c. 478. S. 8.1);   (Victims of Crime Act, RSA 2000, c. V-3. S. 9);    (Victims Rights and Services Act, SNS 1989, c. 14. S. 6);  - (Victims Services Act, SNB 1987, c. V-2.1. S. 17);   (The Victims of Crime Act, SS 1995 c. 24. S. 6).],                       .

,     . 2             ;     ,      ,     ,          ,      [118 - Victims Bill of Rights, S.O. 1995, c. 6.].

                  (. 3, 7, 12)[119 - Victims Bill of Rights, CCSM, c V55.].

         ,               ,   . ,          ,           ,               .                   ,    ,     ,     ,    ,     ,       [120 - Victims Rights: Enhancing Criminal Law Responses to Better Meet the Needs of Victims of Crime in Canada / National Criminal Justice Section Canadian Bar Association. Ottawa, 2013. P. 2.].

 2015.        (Canadian Victims Bill of Rights),        ,      .           ,       ,          (. 6),         ,    ,      (. 911),    (. 1415),    (. 1617)[121 - http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-23.7/page-2.html#docCont (http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-23.7/page-2.html#docCont) (2016. 2.).].

           ,  ,        (Young Offenders Act) 1984.

 2002.         (Youth Criminal Justice Act)[122 - Youth Criminal Justice Act, S.C. 2002, . 1 // http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/Y-1.5/page-1.html (http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/Y-1.5/page-1.html) (2016. 2.).].          ,        ,              ,        . ,                 (. 3 (b)),    ,        12  18  (. 2),   ,         - [123 -         12  14           2002.        (extra judicial sanctions),    .     14  18                 ,       (    (. 231),     (. 235),     (. 239),   (. 232, 234, 236),   (. 273))                ,        .    ,      ,     ,                   18-  (The Youth Criminal Justice Act: Summary and Background // http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/yj-jj/ycja-lsjpa/back-hist.html (http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/yj-jj/ycja-lsjpa/back-hist.html)).].

    :         , ,   ,     ,   頖   ;     ;           ,        [124 - Youth Criminal Justice Act, S.C. 2002, c. 1 // http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/Y-1.5/page-2.html#docCont (http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/Y-1.5/page-2.html#docCont) (2016.2 .).].

        (  ),        ,    (. 6).         ,            ,      .

    ,      1953.   ,           ,       ,    [125 - R v. Willaert (1953), 105 C.C.C. 172, 175 (Ont. C.A.).].

       .  ,  1996.    . 718,   .   ,    ,   ,    .     ,         : 1)  -  ; 2)        ; 3)    ,   ; 4)     ; 5)        ; 6)          ,        [126 - . . 718  .].

   ,       ,   ,            [127 - . 718.1  .].

       ,   ,            [128 -      ,     ,       .       1955.     1960- . ,  1969.   ,        (therapeutic abortion).         .  1983.        (sexual assault)  ,           .  1996.     : ,  ,           ,   ,       ,      .  1997.      ,        ,     ,      ,     ,  ..].   ,         ,        .  頖    ,    ,     ,       .       ,         [129 - The Canadian Encyclopedia. Vol. I. Edmonton, 1985. P. 442.].


* * *

   ,       .

 , ,     -   ,      ,       ,    ,        .     ,    ,   ,    .        :                     -   .   - ,   [130 -  ..         XX.    XXI. //   . 1998. 6. . 5058.],   ,    ,    ,   ,       .

          ,      .          . ,              .     ,  ,      .             2007.         .

, ,       ,         ,     ,  ,       2009.,    ,          ,   ,  ,  ,           .

     ,  ,     .  ,   ,     -      .        ,         . ,     ,               ,         .

            - ,   (ethos), ,     .   ,         ,      ,   .       ,                 ,    ,    ,        ,       [131 -  ..,  ..,  ..    . . 27 (  .. ).].

     - ,         ,    ,     ,       ,       .




2.    -   ,   


       ,              ,   ,    ,  ,         .

  ,      ,   [132 -             (., ,  ..    . ., 2003. . 1030;  ..      . ., 2006. . 164185; Opsahl T. The Right to life // The European System for the Protection of Human Rights / Ed. by R. St. J. Macdonald, F. Matscher. Amsterdam, 1993. P. 207209).     ,       .             ,      .   ,     ,     -          .                 ,  - .].

       .   ,          [133 -  ..      . ., 2006. . 19.],    ,    ,   頖   .               ,   ,    ,                   ,      .   ,                 .

      ,       ,     (reasonable creature in rerum natura)[134 - Coke E. The First Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England. Vol. 1. London, 1832. P. 96.].  ,      . ,   ,          (living human being).

 .      ,       ,        [135 - Stephen J.F. A History of the Criminal Law of England. In Three Volumes. Vol. 3. London, 1883. P. 2.].

 , ,      - ,        .      ,     [136 -        ,    ,        : , ,      .     蠖         .].

 ,          -      .     Paton v. British Pregnancy Advisory Services     -                   ,   ,   [137 - Paton v. British Pregnancy Advisory Services [1979] 1 Q.B. 276, 279.].      ,        ,       ,   C. v. S.  Re F (in utero)[138 - C v. S [1988] 1 Q.B. 135, Re F (in utero) [1988] Fam. 122.].

    R v. Tait   ,      ,         ,        (a third person)   . 16      1861.,   in utero         ,    [139 - R v. Tait [1990] 1 Q.B. 290, 300 (per Mustill L.J.).].

 ,    ,            .     ,      . 58      1861. (Offences against the Person Act)  . 1     1929. (Infant Life (Preservation) Act)[140 -             3  3  .].

       : ,          ,      .

      ,      ,        ,       (       ,   ,     ).    1996. , ,      ,    ,               . ,        [141 - Attorney-Generals Reference (3 of 1994) [1996] Q.B. 581, 593.].

           ,    ,     ,      ,    ,       ,          [142 - Attorney-Generals Reference (3 of 1994) [1997] 3 WLR 421.].      ,           , ,   ,          ,               .            .        ,     .      ,    ,    [143 -  .           ,         2224 ,     ,     ,      ,    .     ,     ,    ,   17      .     121     ,  .                .              ,       ,    ,        ,            .].

   1892.,    1985.    ,       .  . 1. 223,              ,   ,   ,        .    . 2      ,        ,             ,       .

 238      . 2. 223.          ,     ,    ,    ,       .

       1969.    . 251,       ,    ,          .           ,    .   1988.        R v. Morgentaler   ,  . 251   ,   . 7    ,                 ,        [144 - R v. Morgentaler [1988] 1 S.C.R. 30.].

     . 287    ,       ,       ,   ,    ,   ,    ,       [145 - http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-287-20030401.html#cn-cont (http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-287-20030401.html#cn-cont) (2016. 2.).].  2 . 287             .   (means),    ,      (a),  (b),    (c).           ,      ,         :      ,             ;                   .

 1989.     ,         .         ,            .         - ,     ,             .      ,       ,        , , ,      [146 - Tremblay v. Daigle [1989] 2 S.C.R. 530, 542.].

       ,        ,     ,    .    ,        ,             ,           ,      .                    ,    [147 - Crimes Against the Fetus / Law Reform Commission of Canada. Working Paper 58. Ottawa, 1989. P. 50.].               .  ,         [148 - Ibid. P. 40.].   ,   ,      ,       ,   .                                .

  ,           ,            ,  .      . ,   ,      ,     ,   .              ?  ,    :             ?       ,     ?[149 - Dworkin R. Lifes Dominion. An Argument About Abortion, Euthanasia and Individual Freedom. N.Y., 1993. P. 71.]

 ,        ,     .     re T (Refusal of Treatment)   ,  ,      ,          ,    ,      ,      ,    .       ,               ,        [150 - Whitfield A. Common Law Duties to Unborn Children // Medical Law Review. 1993. 1. P. 52.].

   ,              .    ,   ,       頖    .

 ,   People v. Chavez     : ,             ,      [151 - People v. Chavez, 77 Cal. App. 2d 621 (1947).].     䠖    ,             , ,   - .      ,    ,           , ,    [152 - Ibid.].

             ,     .

  , ,       .          , , ,       ,      .  ,  . ,                [153 - Dressler J. Understanding Criminal Law. P. 40.].               ,         .   ,    (, ,   .)         [154 - Indiana Code Annual 35-42-1-3, Commonwealth v. Lawrence, 536 N.E. 2d 571 (Mass. 1973), Commonwealth v. Cass, 467 N.E.2d 1324 (Mass. 1984), Maryland Code. Chapter No. 546 (2005).].

  (, , , )               [155 - Nebraska Revised Statutes 28-388 through 28-394, Arizona Revised Statutes Annual 13-1103(A)(5), Minnesota Statutes 609.205, 609.266, 609.2661 to 609.2665, 609.267, 609.2671, 609.268, and 609.269, California Penal Code 187 (a).]. , 187           ,       - .          (feticide)  (. 16-5-89),  (32.532.8),  (. 707.7).

           (unborn child)   -  , ,        , ,          . ,    . 11.41.150    ,       (unborn child),   , ,      ,    (. 11.41.160),    ,    ,    B (. 11.41.170).            ,     ,     20  99  (. 12.55.125).

   1423.2     ,           ,    A,           ,      .

   -             2004. (The Unborn Victims of Violent Act).   ,             ,            .            [156 - The Unborn Victims of Violent Act 2004 (Public Law 108-212), S. 1841.].

  -               .

 ,             .                ,   .

        :             [157 - ., ,   .],             .

    .   ,                  ,      .          ,  -            .   ,        ?   . ,                - .

 ,                     .

    ,          .      ,    , ,      ,        ,               .

       ,       ,   ,    ,         XIX.            (quickening)   ,    .     ,     ,              . ,           .                  .           ,      [158 - Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 134 (1973) (per Blackmun J.).].

  ,       ,  .               (homicide),           堖      ,   . ,         ,   ,   . [159 - Ibid.].

  ,      , Lord Ellenboroughs Act, 43 Geo. 3, C. 58[160 - An Act for the Further Prevention of Malicious Shooting, and Attempting to Discharge loaded Fire-Arms, Stabbing, Cutting, Wounding, Poisoning, and the Malicious Using of Means to procure the Miscarriage of Women; and also the malicious setting Fire to Buildings; and also for repealing a certain act, made in England in the twenty-first Year of the late King James the First, intituled, An Act to prevent the destroying and murthering of Bastard Children; and also an Act made in Ireland in the sixth Year of the Reign of the Late Queen Anne, also intituled, An Act to prevent the destroying and murthering of Bastard Children; and for making other provisions in lieu thereof.]    1803.                 蠖        ,       .

     (The Offences Against the Person Act) 1837.          ,   ,               [161 - Offenses Against the Person Act, 1837(7 Will.4 & 1Vict. c. 85), Sec. 74.].

   The Offences Against the Person Act 1861.,              ,                   (Infant Life (Preservation) Act) 1929.    (Abortion Act) 1967.

  XIX.          .     ,      ,     .   1821.         1803.        ,     [162 -  . 14   ,                ,      ,   ,               ,       .]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/anastasiya-maleshina-/prestupleniya-protiv-zhizni-v-stranah-obschego-prava/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


          . :  ..        //       :  V     /  . .. . ., 2010. . 342346.




2


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3


.:  ..   .  . ., 2009. . 1228.




4


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5


A New Homicide Act for England and Wales? A Consultation Paper 177. The Law Comm. 177. London, 2006. P. 23 // / http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp177_Murder_Manslaughter_and_Infanticide_consultation_overview_.pdf (http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp177_Murder_Manslaughter_and_Infanticide_consultation_overview_.pdf).




6


. : Fuller Lon L. The Morality of Law. New Haven, 1964.




7


 .    / . .; . .. . ., 2004. . 326327.




8


Tadros V. The Homicide Ladder // The Modern Law Review. 2006. Vol. 69. 4. P. 617.




9


      ,         .     ,       - ,      - .




10


       , , ,  (.:  ..      /    VII . . I.  . ., 2006. . 4454).   ,   ,        ,      ,    .   ,             ,    ,      . (.:  ..,  ..,  ..    . ., 2000. . 35).                 ,         ,       ,       . ,             ,          . (.:  ..,  ..,  ..    . ., 2008. . 1317 (  .. )).




11


.:  ., - .    . ., 1999. . 1920.     ,   ,       : -,  .           , -,        .   .           .     ,     ,             . .    ,              ,      . ,      -   ,                .                 ,   .      -        (           ) ( .     / . . .. . ., 2009. . 103). .              :   ,        ( ,  ,     ,    , , ),    ,   ,    ,  ,     ,         (,               , , ,         ,  젖 ,  ) ( . . . . 105110).




12


 ..  - : , ,  //   . 2004. 1. . 69.




13


     ,    ,    .   . ʸ       . .             ,             (.:  ., ʸ .        :  2. . 1. . ., 1998. . 99117; Pound R. The Spirit of the Common Law. N.J., 1999. P. 132). .                ,  , ,   .       ,  ,                  (Chase Oscar G. Law, Culture and Ritual. Disputing Systems in Cross-Cultural Context. N.Y., 2005. P. 6.).          ,   ,       ,    .         ,      , -, .




14


 . .    . ., 2007. . 28.




15


 .




16


.: Glenn Patrick H. Comparative Legal Families and Comparative Legal Traditions // The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law / Ed. by M. Reimann and R. Zimmermann. N.Y., 2008. P. 421441; Glenn Patrick H. Legal Traditions of the World. 3


ed. N.Y., 2007.P. 158.   .. ,    .    ,        ,         ,     ,      (flows of legal normativity),          ( ..     . . 1. ., 2010. . 99).  ,     ,       - ,        ,         ,   ,     .  ,    ,            ;        蠖       ;  , , ,   ⠖      ;        .     ,              ,    ()  ( .. . . . 100).




17


. : Nelken D. Towards a Sociology of Legal Adaption / Adapting Legal Cultures. Ed. by D. Nelken, J. Feest. Portland, 2001.




18


 ..   . ., 1996. . 224.




19


 ..      . ., 2002. . 14.




20


 ..   .  . ., 2009. . 32.




21


 .. ,         /  .   ..  : .  /  . .. , .. . ., 2017. . 482.




22


           .        ,        .  -     ,  ,  , ,  (        ),    . (.:  .. . . . 69, Glenn Patrick H. Legal Traditions of the World. P. 344345).




23


   ,            .                .          (common law system).                  .




24


   (common law)      .             ,         .                   ,       ( ..    . ., 2008. . 137; . :   .   :  . ., 1998. . 417430).




25


Pound R. Op. cit. P. 7.




26


 ., ʸ . . . . 110.




27


      stare decisi set non quiet a movere,  ,            ,        ,       .  ,            ,        ,    ,    ratio decidendi                ,    ,    ,           . ,   ratio decidendi       (    )      perincuriam          ( ..,  ..,  ..    . .: , 2008. . 88).       ,  ,     ,      ,          -     .. (       -  . :  .     /  . .. . ., 1985;  ..     (- ): . . . . ., 1968;  ..      : . . . . ., 1980;  ..        . ., 2007).




28


Leigh L.H. Criminal Law of United Kingdom. London, 1999. P.32.




29


 ..     . . 372.




30


 ..        : . . - . . ., 2007. . 10.




31


., ,   (. 775-01),      ,     ,      ,     ;  , . 18-303     ,      ,     ; 14-1        ,       ; 15        ,      ,    .




32


Rose v. Locke, 423 U.S. 48, 50.




33


. : Robinson Paul H. United States / The Handbook of Comparative Criminal Law / Ed. by Heller K.J., Dubber M.D. Stanford, 2011; Allen Francis A. The Habits of Legality: Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law. N.Y., 1996; Endicott T. Law is Necessarily Vague // Legal Theory. 2001. Vol. 7 4. P. 379385. LaFave W.R. Criminal Law. 4


. Ed. St. Paul. MN, 2003. P. 109 115.




34


.  2  1.




35


 ..   .    . ., 2007. . 72.




36


 ..   .    . . 87.




37


 .. . . . 57.




38


Cardozo Benjamin N. The Method of Sociology. The Judge as a Legislator / Cardozo on the Law. Birmingham, 1982. P. 141.




39


.: Lacey N. In Search of the Responsible Subject of Criminal Law // Modern Law Review. 2001. Vol. 64. 3. P. 359360; Norrie A. Crime, Reason and History. Oxford, 2001. P. 8; Stuart D. Supporting General Principles for Criminal Responsibility in the Model Penal Code with Suggestions for Reconsideration: A Canadian Perspective // Buffalo Cr. L. Rev. 2000. Vol. 4. 1. P. 1351.




40


 ..  :    //  . 2003. 6. . 17.




41


Coker v. Georgia, 433 U.S. 584, 591 (1977) (per White J.).




42


Carter v. Canada [2015] 1 S.C.R. 331.




43


Cardozo Benjamin N. The Growth of the Law / Cardozo on the Law. Birmingham, 1982. P. 20.




44


. : Cardozo Benjamin N. The Paradoxes of Legal Science / Cardozo on the Law. Birmingham, 1982. P. 3167.




45


Cardozo Benjamin N. The Paradoxes of Legal Science. P. 43.




46


           ,       .   ,       ,   ,        .         ,    ,       .




47


Encyclopedia Canadiana.Toronto, 1987. P. 155.




48


                  ,          .               ,     (.:     :    3 . . 2 /  . .. . ., 2002. . 383385. (  .. )).   .. ,      (   , ,   )         .       ,    ,       ,        ,    .       ,       ( ..        : . . - . . . 1011).




49


Herring J. Criminal Law. Oxford, 2007. P. 40.




50


 ..     . . 1. ., 2010. . 373.




51


Devlin P. Morals and the Criminal Law // The Philosophy of Law / Ed. by R.M. Dworkin. N.Y., 1977. P. 70.




52


   (actus reus)      (conduct),   (consequence)  -    (causation).




53


Hart H.L.A. Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals // The Philosophy of Law / Ed. by R.M. Dworkin. N.Y., 1977. P. 1522.




54


Devlin P. Morals and the Criminal Law // The Philosophy of Law/ Ed. by R.M. Dworkin. N.Y., 1977. P. 71.




55


Cavadino M. & Dignan J. The Penal System. An Introduction. 4


ed. London, 2007. P. 36.




56


        ,     , , ,  : Materni Mike C. Criminal Punishment and the Pursuit of Justice // British Journal of American Legal Studies. 2013. Vol. 2. 1. P. 266277. ,    ,    . ,     ,    .     ,  ,      ,       ,   .     ,     ,     (Materni Mike C. Op. cit. P. 273).      ,       .          ,        ,   .          ; ,     䠖   .        ... ,               ,       ,   ,  ,      ,  ,  .  , ,  ,    .        ⠖       .    ,       ,   ,    .          , ,      (Materni Mike C. Op. cit. P. 274).




57


      ,  ,    , ,    ⠖    ,      ,         ,    ,          , ,       ,   .        ,         in abstracto ,  ,  ,  ,   in concreto,           ,   .  - ,    10   ,      ,  ,        .    ,      .    10   ,                 ?     ,             ?     ,        ,       ?   ,    ,  ,      ,  ,   (Ristroph A. Desert, Democracy and Sentencing Reform // Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 2006. Vol. 96. 4. P. 13101311, 1327).   , ,  ,   ,     , , ,   ,     ,                  ,      ,          .              ,     ,  ,   ,  ,         ,        ,  ,   ⠖  ,  ,   ..  ,             (Ristroph A. Op. cit. P. 1331).




58


Benn S.I. Punishment / The Encyclopedia of Philosophy / Ed. by P. Edwards. N.Y., 1969. P. 29.




59


Binder G., Weisberg R. What is Criminal Law About? // Michigan Law Review. 2016. Vol. 114. 6. P. 1175.




60


Moore Michael S. Placing Blame: A Theory of the Criminal Law. N.Y., 2010. P. 170.




61


Ibid. P. 91.




62


Dershowitz Alan M. Rights from Wrongs: A Secular Theory of the Origins of Rights. N.Y., 2004. P. 132.        .   ,  ,   ,            ,      , ,   .       ,   , -   ,      ,       .    ,      ,   堖 ,       ,       ,   (Materni Mike C. Op. cit. P. 283285).




63


   .           ,      ,      , . :  ..        . ., 2001. . 4552; Haist M. Deterrence in a Sea of Just Deserts // Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 2009. Vol. 99. 3. P. 794798.         ,   ,     ,        .          ,     , ,   ,     ,  ,     .     ,        , ,   . .  ,       -  ,      , ..       (Haist M. P. 796).       -      . ,      . .          XX.,        ,                  .




64


Cavadino M., Dignan J. Op. cit. P. 47.




65


   . 227     2003.   ,  18 ,       ,  ,            ,      ,        ,   ,     , ,   ,     .       5       8     (. 4. 227).  228       ,   18 .  ,         ,    15    .  ,  ,   , ,   ,  ,    , , , ,    ,   13/16- ,       ,      ,     ,       . (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/44/schedule/15 (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/44/schedule/15) (2016. 2.))




66


 . 225     2003. ,  18 ,       (     )        ,   ,               .




67


The Abolition of Sentences of Imprisonment for Public Protection. Standard Note SN/ HA/6086. 2013. P. 4.




68


The Abolition of Sentences of Imprisonment for Public Protection. Standard Note SN/ HA/6086. 2013. P. 11 (     ,    堖 . .).




69


 124    ,           2003. . 226 A,       ,  18- ,  . 226 B,       18  .   . 226 A,    ,         ,    15     2003.,                   頖       ,    15B,          4  (. 226 A (2), (3)).             (. 226 B (1(d))).  15B   :    ,  , ,    ,   13- ,      , ,       ,      ,           ,   ,        (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/10/schedule/18/enacted (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/10/schedule/18/enacted) (2016. 2.)).     ,   3  2012.,    ,     (. 226A (11))     .




70


http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/10/section/122/enacted (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/10/section/122/enacted) (2016. 2.).




71


. . 201     2003.




72


 . 142     2003.,        : a)  ; b)   (   ); c)    ; d)  ; e)    ,     // http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/44/section/142 (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/44/section/142) (2016. 2.).




73


The New Encyclopedia Britannica in 32 Volumes. 15


ed. Chicago, 1994. P. 919.




74


 ..    . . 216.




75


Rummel v. Estelle, 445 U.S. 263, 296 (1980) (per Rehnquist J.).




76


 ..         -    //    . 2006. 2.




77


 ,      -   .   X    ,         ,       .




78


.:  ..       //   . 2007. 7. . 4851;  ..,  ..     . ., 1997. . 111126.




79


.: Dressler J. Understanding Criminal Law. N.Y., 2006. P. 3233, LaFave W.R. Criminal Law. 4


d. St. Paul. MN, 2003. P. 46.




80


 .. 35-   ࠖ          //   . 1998. 12. . 82.




81


Dressler J. Op. cit. P. 33.




82


Williams v. New York, 337 U.S. 241, 248 (1949).




83


Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 363 (1972) (per Marshall J., concurring).




84


MacCormick A. The Prisons Role in Crime Prevention // Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 1950. Vol. 41. 1. P. 40.




85


Spaziano v. Florida, 468 U.S. 447, 462 (1984).




86


. : Ristroph A. Desert, Democracy and Sentencing Reform // Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 2006. Vol. 96. 4. P. 12931352.




87


Morris H. Persons and Punishment // The Monist. 1968. Vol. 52. 4. P. 477.




88


Hampton J. An Expressive Theory of Retribution/ Retributivism and Its Critics / Ed. by W. Cragg. Stuttgard, 1992. P. 13.




89


            . :         ,   ,   ,     ,        ,   ,       ,        .  ,     ,      (. : Haist M. Op. cit. P. 796.).         ,       .         ,        젖          (Schulhofer S. Harm and Punishment: A Critique of Emphasis on the Results of Conduct in the Criminal Law // University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 1974. Vol. 122. 6. P. 1517).      ,         ,        1025%,       ,   .




90


.: Cavadino M., Dignan J. Op. cit. P. 4457.




91


. ,            ,        .       ,     ,          .   ,            ,       ,          (Moore Michael S. Op. cit. P. 8487).




92


Hart H.L.A. Punishment and Responsibility: Essays in the Philosophy of Law. 2


ed. N.Y., 2008. P. 127.




93


Garvey Stephen P. Lifting the Veil on Punishment // Buffalo Cr. L. Rev. 2004. Vol. 7. 2. P. 450.




94


Materni Mike C. Criminal Punishment and the Pursuit of Justice // British Journal of American Legal Studies. 2013. Vol. 2. 1. P. 266.




95


Morris N. Incapacitation within Limits / Principled Sentencing. Readings on Theory and Policy. Ed. by A. Ashworth, A. von Hirsch, J. Roberts. Oxford, 2009. P. 9095.




96


Morris N. The Future of Imprisonment. Chicago, 1974. P. 81.




97


Ristroph A. Op. cit. P. 1304.




98


Haist M. Op. cit. P. 817821.




99


Kleinfeld J. Reconstructivism: The Place of Criminal Law in Ethical Life // Harvard Law Review. 2016. Vol. 129. 6. P. 1487.




100


Ibid. P. 1490.




101


Kleinfeld J. Reconstructivism: The Place of Criminal Law in Ethical Life. P. 1504.




102


Ibid. P. 1508.




103


Ibid. P. 1517.




104


.:  ..   .    . ., 2007. . 719.




105


.: Gainer Ronald L. Federal Criminal Code Reform: Past and Future // Buffalo Cr. L. Rev. 1998. Vol. 2. 1. P. 45159.




106


           ,   ,   ,          .           1774.     ,               ,     , ,      .        ,             ,     .




107


Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, S.C. 1996. . 19 // http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-1.html (http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-1.html) (2016. 2.).




108


Firearms Act, S.C. 1995, c. 39 // http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/f-11.6/page-1.html (http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/f-11.6/page-1.html) (2016. 2.).




109


Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes Act, S.C. 2000. . 24 // http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-45.9/FullText.html (http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-45.9/FullText.html) (2016. 2.).




110


Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act, S.C. 2000. . 17 // http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-24.501/page-1.html (http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-24.501/page-1.html) (2016. 2.).




111


     . ,       1880.,         (Stephen J.F. A Digest of the Criminal Law (Crimes and Punishments). 4


d. London, 1887),   (Burbidge G.W. A Digest of the Criminal Law of Canada (Crimes and Punishments) Toronto, 1890)     (Acts of the Parliament of the Dominion of Canada Relating to Criminal Law, to Procedure in Criminal Cases and to Evidence, Compiled from the Revised Statutes of Canada, which were issued under Authority of the Act 49 Vict. Ottawa, 1887).




112


Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985. . 46. Sec. 722 // http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/page-408.html#docCont (http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/page-408.html#docCont) (2016. 2.).




113


http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/page-237.html#docCont (http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/page-237.html#docCont) (2016. 2.).




114


 堖   ,      ,     ,  .         ,   -    ,  ,    - 堖   ,      ,   ,     ,      .    蠖 ,      .         ,  , , -       ( ..   :    ,    : . . . . ., 2013. . 148149).




115


   . 737 (1)           : 1) 30%   ,      ;        2) 100 .     ,       3) 200 .     ,    .        ,                .        ,      .




116


  . 738  ,     ,          ,           : a)   ,          ࠖ  ,    ,   ; b)               ࠖ  ,    ,       ,      ; c)           ,    ,   ,            ,            , ,   ,      ,      ; d)           ,    (identity information) (. 402.2, 403  )  ,          ,        .




117


,        (Victims Bill of Rights, SO 1995, c. 6. S. 5);    (Victims of Crime Act, RSBC 1996, c. 478. S. 8.1);   (Victims of Crime Act, RSA 2000, c. V-3. S. 9);    (Victims Rights and Services Act, SNS 1989, c. 14. S. 6);  - (Victims Services Act, SNB 1987, c. V-2.1. S. 17);   (The Victims of Crime Act, SS 1995 c. 24. S. 6).




118


Victims Bill of Rights, S.O. 1995, c. 6.




119


Victims Bill of Rights, CCSM, c V55.




120


Victims Rights: Enhancing Criminal Law Responses to Better Meet the Needs of Victims of Crime in Canada / National Criminal Justice Section Canadian Bar Association. Ottawa, 2013. P. 2.




121


http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-23.7/page-2.html#docCont (http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-23.7/page-2.html#docCont) (2016. 2.).




122


Youth Criminal Justice Act, S.C. 2002, . 1 // http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/Y-1.5/page-1.html (http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/Y-1.5/page-1.html) (2016. 2.).




123


        12  14           2002.        (extra judicial sanctions),    .     14  18                 ,       (    (. 231),     (. 235),     (. 239),   (. 232, 234, 236),   (. 273))                ,        .    ,      ,     ,                   18-  (The Youth Criminal Justice Act: Summary and Background // http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/yj-jj/ycja-lsjpa/back-hist.html (http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/yj-jj/ycja-lsjpa/back-hist.html)).




124


Youth Criminal Justice Act, S.C. 2002, c. 1 // http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/Y-1.5/page-2.html#docCont (http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/Y-1.5/page-2.html#docCont) (2016.2 .).




125


R v. Willaert (1953), 105 C.C.C. 172, 175 (Ont. C.A.).




126


. . 718  .




127


. 718.1  .




128


     ,     ,       .       1955.     1960- . ,  1969.   ,        (therapeutic abortion).         .  1983.        (sexual assault)  ,           .  1996.     : ,  ,           ,   ,       ,      .  1997.      ,        ,     ,      ,     ,  ..




129


The Canadian Encyclopedia. Vol. I. Edmonton, 1985. P. 442.




130


 ..         XX.    XXI. //   . 1998. 6. . 5058.




131


 ..,  ..,  ..    . . 27 (  .. ).




132


            (., ,  ..    . ., 2003. . 1030;  ..      . ., 2006. . 164185; Opsahl T. The Right to life // The European System for the Protection of Human Rights / Ed. by R. St. J. Macdonald, F. Matscher. Amsterdam, 1993. P. 207209).     ,       .             ,      .   ,     ,     -          .                 ,  - .




133


 ..      . ., 2006. . 19.




134


Coke E. The First Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England. Vol. 1. London, 1832. P. 96.




135


Stephen J.F. A History of the Criminal Law of England. In Three Volumes. Vol. 3. London, 1883. P. 2.




136


       ,    ,        : , ,      .     蠖         .




137


Paton v. British Pregnancy Advisory Services [1979] 1 Q.B. 276, 279.




138


C v. S [1988] 1 Q.B. 135, Re F (in utero) [1988] Fam. 122.




139


R v. Tait [1990] 1 Q.B. 290, 300 (per Mustill L.J.).




140


            3  3  .




141


Attorney-Generals Reference (3 of 1994) [1996] Q.B. 581, 593.




142


Attorney-Generals Reference (3 of 1994) [1997] 3 WLR 421.




143


 .           ,         2224 ,     ,     ,      ,    .     ,     ,    ,   17      .     121     ,  .                .              ,       ,    ,        ,            .




144


R v. Morgentaler [1988] 1 S.C.R. 30.




145


http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-287-20030401.html#cn-cont (http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-287-20030401.html#cn-cont) (2016. 2.).




146


Tremblay v. Daigle [1989] 2 S.C.R. 530, 542.




147


Crimes Against the Fetus / Law Reform Commission of Canada. Working Paper 58. Ottawa, 1989. P. 50.




148


Ibid. P. 40.




149


Dworkin R. Lifes Dominion. An Argument About Abortion, Euthanasia and Individual Freedom. N.Y., 1993. P. 71.




150


Whitfield A. Common Law Duties to Unborn Children // Medical Law Review. 1993. 1. P. 52.




151


People v. Chavez, 77 Cal. App. 2d 621 (1947).




152


Ibid.




153


Dressler J. Understanding Criminal Law. P. 40.




154


Indiana Code Annual 35-42-1-3, Commonwealth v. Lawrence, 536 N.E. 2d 571 (Mass. 1973), Commonwealth v. Cass, 467 N.E.2d 1324 (Mass. 1984), Maryland Code. Chapter No. 546 (2005).




155


Nebraska Revised Statutes 28-388 through 28-394, Arizona Revised Statutes Annual 13-1103(A)(5), Minnesota Statutes 609.205, 609.266, 609.2661 to 609.2665, 609.267, 609.2671, 609.268, and 609.269, California Penal Code 187 (a).




156


The Unborn Victims of Violent Act 2004 (Public Law 108-212), S. 1841.




157


., ,   .




158


Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 134 (1973) (per Blackmun J.).




159


Ibid.




160


An Act for the Further Prevention of Malicious Shooting, and Attempting to Discharge loaded Fire-Arms, Stabbing, Cutting, Wounding, Poisoning, and the Malicious Using of Means to procure the Miscarriage of Women; and also the malicious setting Fire to Buildings; and also for repealing a certain act, made in England in the twenty-first Year of the late King James the First, intituled, An Act to prevent the destroying and murthering of Bastard Children; and also an Act made in Ireland in the sixth Year of the Reign of the Late Queen Anne, also intituled, An Act to prevent the destroying and murthering of Bastard Children; and for making other provisions in lieu thereof.




161


Offenses Against the Person Act, 1837(7 Will.4 & 1Vict. c. 85), Sec. 74.




162


 . 14   ,                ,      ,   ,               ,       .


