  
 


           ,         ,        .    ,         ,                 Homo sapiens.




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   (S4, B1, 246, 2018)



Plavin V.

About Historical Chronology (S4, B1, 246, 2018)



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:  



 : 1)      ?

2)        ?

3)      Homo sapiens?



: 1)     ( 9)

2)   ( 10)



:   1,   2,   5,   15,   30



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1.1.              ,    , ,   ,   ,  ,     ,    ,     (.  . paragraphus  ). CC BY-ND








 : ,  ,  ,  , , ,  , , , .



1.2.   .        ,         .

 1.    : ,   .  ,       .

 2.   ,   ,     

,          .

 3.        .

 4.        .  ,   Homo sapiens       200 000  .

 5.     ,   ,               .

 6.     ,      ,     ,  ,   .

 7.  ,     ,        .     ,   .

 8.  ,     : , , , .

 9.       (ESP).

 10.    ,      9000  .    ,    : ,          ,  ,   .

 .    ,   .

 .      -.



This book is dedicated to Veronica A.



1.3. Anyone may publish, translate, quote this book, convert it into audio books, store in libraries, databases, in computers and other devices, without the author's consent and without payment of any royalty, subject to citing the title, author and numbering of pags (abbr. from lat. paragraphus  paragraph). CC BY-ND.








Keywords: chronology, Christian era, the historical era, the subject of history, ethnos, periodization of history, Familization, Tribalization, ivilization.



1.4. Abstract: The book discusses issues of theory of historical science, associated with the use of historical chronology and a single historical era.

Chapter 1. The principles of scientific chronology are highlighted: the reliability, continuity and periodicity. A conclusion is made that all ages and eras are arbitrary.

Chapter 2. The Christian era is reviewed, and a conclusion is made that it is unsuitable for examining the history; it violates the principles of scientific chronology and has drawbacks.

Chapter 3. A conclusion is made that scientific chronology of history must be used.

Chapter 4. The division of history into prehistoric and historical periods is reviewed. A conclusion is made that the history of Homo sapiens began about 200 000 years ago.

Chapter 5. The basic theories of history periodization are reviewed, and a conclusion is made that none of them can be used for examining historical processes and phenomena.

Chapter 6. Existing theories of local Civilizations are reviewed, and a conclusion is made that they are false since there has never been such subject of history as a Civilization.

Chapter 7. A conclusion is made that the culture includes everything created by people as a result of their extra biological activities. Culture includes languages, artifacts and knowledge.

Chapter 8. A conclusion is made that the subject of history is ethnos: genus, tribe and people.

Chapter 9. A three-tier ethno-social theory of periodization of history (ESP) is proposed.

Chapter 10. A conclusion is justified that the current era of the Civilization began 9000 years ago.

An alternative Gregorian calendar is proposed, which consists of two parts: aconstant, where days and weeks are invariable in any year and month, and variable, where dates vary.

Appendix  contains proposed new terms, abbreviations and formulas.

Appendix B contains lists of print and electronic sources.




I.





 1.   


1.5.   Homo sapiens      .         : , , ,       .   ,   - ,            .         ,    ,           .    , ,        .       ,   ,              ()   ,        . ,               .     ,   ,     ,  .      ,     (, , )  .       ,       .            365,     366 ,     1     31 .     28  31 ,       ,   ,         .      ,        ,     .



1.6.        ,       ,  .    ,     .           , ,  ,  .       ,   ,        ,   .               ,       ,    ,     ,    .      ,        .            100 ,      103 ,   ,   354 ,       .           ,    .    ,  ,    , .          , , 1, 2, 3 2017.   ,        ,       ,  , , 50  , 500  , 5000  .            ,   .      : 1000    , 100     , 1    ,           : 1   , 100    , 2017    .



1.7.            .        323 ,    356    ,  ,     .       ,       ,        .  ,         ?    27    ,  20  10     , ,  18    .    ,      27  18,   45 .   ,       .  ,        ,        ,     ,  .    ?  ,     753    , ,   753      2017   ,   2770 ,     2769.      ,      ,   .        ,  ,   ,  ,         ,     .        -   .    2000     : 10      10    , 1000      1000       .      ,       ,           .



1.8.    ,    ,    .        .      ,     .        ,    .








 B. C. A. D.,    BC  AD,   ,        .      ,          .



1.9.        ,        .    ,             : 5509     776        ,  2017 AD   1438    .       ,        ,    ,   ,         .         ,    .        ,            . ,  ,      ,         6  7   ,    , , , ,     .        ,               .            ,    ,   .         ,      ,   ,  ,    ,           ,     .            ,   .



1.10.        ,             .       ,     ,        . ,          , ,  ,   , etc.          ,       . ,         ,          .       , ,        Ѹ,   1989 AD,     ,       .           ,         .    ,        ,         .        ,          ,      .     :       ,         .   ,            .     ,       ,             .



1.11.         ,           .            ,      .       :       ,       ,    .         (F1): h = 1 + 2 + n,  h   ,    Homo sapiens    ,        . ,          : ,    ,    :   .       ,       ,   ,   ,       . ,            ,          .          ,      ,     .       ,        ,             .          ,  ,     .



1.12.            ,               .            , ,  ,   13,7   .      2000 AD     4,5   ,        ,       ,    .    ,   ,   ,   ,        .   2017 AD           .








(https://engineering.purdue.edu/Stratigraphy/charts/chart.html)



    11 800         ,   ,     .



1.13.         ,          6  7         .                     ,         ,   ,     .     ,           ,       ,        .   ,   ,     ,            .       ,        ,      ,        Homo sapiens,           .           .  ,             ,        Homo sapiens.        ,          .             ,        ,   . ,      ,     ,       Homo sapiens.



1.14.       .   ,    ,       .            ,     ,  .      ,      , ,   (),    ( ),    ( ),          ( ).             , ,    ,   753    . ,    ,    ,          ,        .          .     ,                ,  ,    ,       .                      .          ,       ,    ? ,       ,         ,   ,          ,   .



1.15.    ,     ,        .       .     , ,       ,   ,          ?       : ,     ,   .   , , ,         : ,   . -    ,   ,           .        ,      ,    . , ,        ,       ,    ,     Homo sapiens           .     :    ,          .           ,   1 AD,   : ,  ,  , , ,         .    ,          ,    .               ,        .



1.16.      ,     ,       , ,         6000 .








        .   ,      950 BC,   543 BC.     - :   (543 BC),    (57 BC),   (78 AD),   (1550 AD).          ,                 .  1957 AD     ,    ,   2017 AD  1938   1939   .



1.17.         : 1938  1939?     ,   ,  1 ,       .          : 1, 1 , 22 , 25 , 21 , 1 , 1 ,        .           1   21 ,   2017 AD   1938   .        23   ,      .        ,        ,   2017 AD    28 ,  2017 AD  4713  4714   .       354   ,        ,  .    2017 AD  1438    ,   1395   ,        622   2017.  ,          ,     ,       ,       .            ,       ,        45 BC,     ,     XIII  1582 AD. ,              1013 ,    ,        .    ,     25  1642 AD,      4  1643 AD.



1.18.          .  ,   ,  ,  2017,    ,      2017       .            .








          ,      4713/2560/2017/1938/1438    ,   .     ,  .       ,        .  ,      ,       ,     .    ,      ,      .  ,            ,            . ,                     .



1.19.      .    ,        ,         ,      .  ,             ,          ,        .         ,      .             ?    ,         ,       .    ,                  .      ,         ,              .           ,      ,  ,  ,   ,         .                  ,      .           ,        .   , ,                    ,       .



1.20.          .         ,   22  1792 AD.    ()        ,      1912 AD,      .         106 (2017).         .  XVI        ,      ,       .        , .        ,    ,       7980 .  ,   ,    1  4713    .      ,       .  XIX      (      )              ,     .      ,          . ,   1  4713 BC,       ,  1  2017 AD   2458120   (http://creounity.com/apps/time_machine/?go=julian.php&lang=ru).             ,             ,             .



1.21.  1993 AD               (Cesare Emiliani Calendar Reform, Nature, 366, 30 December 1993. P. 716).      H. E.,       Human Era.  .    ,    H. E.  10 000    ,        .           1 AD,   10 001 H. E.        1000  2017 AD  H. E.,        . , 2005 AD  12 005 H. E.








     ,     .



1.22.          ,             .        12 000,  11 800  ,  ,    .     200     .           10 000 ,  9800 ,        ,     H. E.  .   ,   .         ,              .    Homo sapiens      ,             .    ,    , , , ,    ,        ,    ,        .          ,           ,           .       ,       ,       . ,        ,        ,   ,    ,          10  ,       ,   .



1.23.  ,    ,        ,   .     21   ,    ,   Homo sapiens     ,     .        ,      2017 ,     1 AD.








        ,     3000             ,      5000 . ,       2017 ,      5017 ,    51 ,        3001     .    ,           ,          .




 2.  


1.24.    ,       ,   .    ,      .         ,            .      ,   ?   ?      ,       .           ,           ,        .  IV        25       ,                 (   2, 8). ,        VI      ,          ,  ,       .    ,         ,   ,       , ,   ,     ,          .     ,             .        ,   ,    ,        .



1.25.       ,       29  284 AD.               ,  ,          .           ,      ,    25  753    ,   23    30        25 .         .        .   VIII                    .          I ,           ,             :       .  XV          ,      1422 AD.         I  1699 ,   ,   7209         1700    .        1   1 ,          III.       ,       1 AD      ,        ,         .



1.26.      ,       ,     ,   ,   ,      ,    .      ?      1  1 AD,              ,          ,        1 ,   21  753 BC.        ,              25 . ,         ,       7 .  ,  ,     25  753     ,          25  1 BC. ,            ,   ,     .   ,        AD,      25  1 AD.             360 ,     .       ,     1  1 AD   ,     . ,   - ,        1 .  ,     ,        25 ,      1      ,        .



1.27.     ,     ,       ,      , ,    .    (, , )   7 ,         ,   .  2016 AD      25  2016 AD,     7  2017 AD. ,    ,     25 ,    .          ,      ,      ,    .         ,              .  25   7     ,        ,           25  1 BC,      7  1 AD.     ,   13 ,    ,   2100 AD       8 .       ,     .    ,       ,    ,  .            43  ,      3300 .      ,      ,       2800 AD.   783   2017 AD                 .




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