 .       
 . 

  


     .          ,      .          ,             .    , , ,   ,         ,   .           .





    

 .       



   



   W.W.Norton&Company, Inc.   Andrew Nurnberg



  .                          ,     ,       ,       .

All Rights Reserved. Authorized translation from the English language edition published by John Wiley & Sons Limited. Responsibility for the accuracy of the translation rests solely with MANN. IVANOV ANDFERBER and is not the responsibility of John Wiley & Sons Limited. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the original copyright holder, John Wiley & Sons Limited.



 AvinashK. Dixit and BarryJ. Nalebuff, 2008

    ,    , .  ,   , 2017


* * *


  ,      ( . . .)










 Š   .              .    .

  ,          ,        ࠖ  [1 -        ,   . . .],       .   ,     ,     .    ,      ,  300.        ,      .

,       ,       -  - .         .    ,      .         ,         .   ,     ,   .            ,       .

   ,         .      ,   ;  ,       .        ,                      (       :    [2 - ., .    . .: , 2012.]).

      :  堖    , ,      .      :       ,       ,   .     (   )    ,   .      .        ,          .

  ,            .    .           ,    :         ,     .         ,       . ,    ,   ,      ,             ,    .

       ,  ,     ,   .       ,   ,   ,      .    ,      . ,        ,    -蠖       .

       -   .                  蠖  .        ,                  .

  ,        ,       .  ,        .           ,      ,         .          ,   ,   ,   ,      .       .

    :      ,               .      ,         . , ,    ,     ,      ,     .            ,       ,         .          ,     , ,       .                      .

 ,        .            ,       ,    .              MBA[3 - Master of Business Administration ( -, .)    . . .],    Google          .         ,    - .

          ,        : 1994  ,      2005    [4 -                  (       ): 1996    ; 2001  ,    ; 2007  ,    .].         ,        A Beautiful Mind: The Life of Mathematical Genius and Nobel Laureate John Nash ( :        ),      ,   [5 -   堖  . . .],        . ,      :      250000.     ,         .

    .     ,   The Strategy of Conflict[6 - .  . .: , 2007.] Arms and Influence (  )   .         ,       .          Competitive Strategy[7 - .  .    . .:  , 2011.],            .        ,           ,    .

          젖 ,          .  ,              -    ; ,            . ,     -       .   ,       ,          ,   ,   .    ,      ,     ,         .

      ,     ,   ,        Google        .  ,              .    W.W. Norton  ,        .      ,       ,  .       ,    ,         .   -,        ,     .       ,  ,  ,           .     ,        ,   -,  ,  ,  ,  ,    .   W.W. Norton      ,       .           .        ,       .

      -,   Financial Times.         1991,  :          (Financial Times Weekend, 78 1991).            ,     ,    .  ,         , :        ,    .        ,       .



 
 




.      ?


           ,   .      ,   .      ,       ,      .     .   ,    .    ,  ,    蠖          .

         .   ,   ,      ,         ࠖ      ,    .        :     . ,   ,    ,      .            .

         .      ,   ,      :   .       ,       ,    .  ,     ,    ,          .         ,      .            .        ,       .

     ,     .           ,     ,      .  -      :    ,    ;  ,    .   ,     .

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       ,        .     ,    -,     ,             .            .   1    ,  ,          .     ,        ,    ,    .       .  24       ,        .       ,        :   ,            ;       ,         .        ,   , ,    ,             .

          :  ,  ,  ,          ,       .           : ,      2,   ࠖ  4.   ,  ,        ,     .      .   ,         .             ,     ,        .      IQ    ,    ,    ,   ,    .

      :  ,     (,  ,  ,   )   ,    .                .     ,    ,  ,     ,     .   ,      ,                ,      .

    ,         .       ,      ,    ,         .      ,         .  ,     ,       .      ,     ,         ,      .          ,      ,      .

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 I





 1.    


      ,     .      ,     .   , ,               ,     .  -       ,         ,   .   ,     ,                   .

        ,    .          :    ,     ,   .


1.    

 ,  ,          .    1100;  ࠖ   .        ,    100.

 ,       100:     ,   ,        .     ,  ,   ,       ;         .

       :  1  100.        ,    ,      ,    蠖   . ,      ,    .       ,  80.       60,  頖 40,      20.      ,  ,        .

 ?   .  ,    :     ?   ,  - .       www.artofstrategy.net/ (http://www.artofstrategy.net/)     .     ,     ,     .

   50?      ,    ,   .

,   ࠖ 25?    50,     25.  ,     .        37.  , 37   .   42?   .

  ,        .     ࠖ      .  ,     42  50.     : 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 4849.      ?

      ,      .     ,       [8 -        :  .].         ,          . ,    Microsoft               .        : 50, 25, 37, 42, .     ,              .

   .      ,            .            ,  ,     .          . ,     ,    ,        ?      ,     , ,   ,   .     ,     .  :          50?      !

      ,        .        ,      50,  25,  3742.  ,    ,     ,     ,      ,     .

    ,    .   ,        .     ,      20?    ?

  49?

! ,   .     !    48.        ,   ,     ,     ,     .  ,     49,      48. :  ࠖ     .

       ,          .    :  ,    49, ,   48. ,    ,    ,     47  49.

       ,   ,   ,   ,   ,      :          .    ,   ,        . ,     ,           .       ,  ,             .


2.   

    ,   - Survivor[9 -   ;  㠖  . . .].           .      -  ,          ,   .       ,   .     ,         ,       ,     -   CBS    1 .     :         .

        .      .    72-      23-    .     ,          ,    .  ,   ,   .   ,   ,         .

    ,         .      .    ,     . ,     ,      .

     .         .      .     ,     .  ,                  ,     .

,   ,        ,   ,        . ,       堖      ,      .     ,       .          ,          .      .      Survivor   ,       . ,          .

   ,         .



 .   ,        .

 .   ,  :            .

 .    ,     .    ,    ,         .



     ,    ,         .  ,     ,   ,        .             .        ;  ,  ,  ,    ,      .

       :        .            ,     .       .

 4 11      ,       .       .    ,      ,      - Survivor.

    ,     .           ,   [10 -     ,             1 . 16 2006    51       .].  2 (#glava2)    ,                 -.



      ,      .        ,       . ,        ,  ,     .       ,          ,          .  ,       ,    ,           .       ,           .                ,               .



3.  

      ?   ,   [11 -    . . .]            [12 -      . . .]       .  ,         , ,     .     ,     ,        [13 -     : The Hot Hand in Basketball: On the Misperception of Random Sequences, Cognitive Psychology 17 (1985): 295314.].  , ,     ,           .    , ,      ,         .     ,            .     ,        .    ,       ,      ,      .        ,     .      ,         ,   .

        Philadelphia 76ers.      .     ,       ;   ,     .       ,   ,     .   ,       ,    ,    ,     ,  ?

    .             ,       ,           .      蠫           . ,     . ,     -     ,        .

    .     ,                 .  ,       ,       .  ,  ,      ,        .

       .             ,      ,      .  1986                ,             .          ;           ,           .             ,    .

     ,       .    Cleveland Cavaliers       ,        (    -   ).  ,   ,         .        ,       ,     .

 ,            ?  -   ,       .          .        ,   ,    .

     5  , ,    ,     ,  .              .      ,   ,            ,        .           ,         .      ࠖ         .


4.     

       [14 -  軠    .      ,      1851. . .]  Liberty        3:1        .       ,      Liberty,    .        Liberty,       ,    ,  ,     ,        ,     132     [15 - New York Times, September 22, 1983.].      .

   Liberty  37 ,  Australia II        .        ,          .     Liberty   .      .          Australia II ;     ,  Liberty 1 47.    ,        ,   Australia II,     .      Australia II   .

           .  ,     ,    .     ,     .    ,      . ?     堖        .      ,     젖   ,     [16 -    ,      .   ,        ,      ,  頖 ,   ,    (     ).].

          .        ,       ,     :    ,         .   ,     ;     ,    .       ,     .                 .

             .      Dell     ,        .        Apple, Sun    .  蠖    , ,       .         .  Procter & Gamble,   Dell   ,       Kimberly-Clark -        .

    .      ,       (   ),  ,   ,       (   ).   堖    ,               .       ,   ,       .


5.   

              ,       :          ,      -  .     :       [17 -            18  1521 ,   : Roland Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury, 1950).].       ,      . ,     ,    .       :               .

            .     :     ,   ,    , ,      [18 - Don Cook, Charles de Gaulle: A Biography (New York: Putnam, 1982).].         .     ,       ,      .  60-    !         ().

           ?      ,        ࠖ    . ,           1963-,   1968.        ,   .      ,    .           .             .

    ,  ,   .    ,         ,      . ,      ,              .          ,     .               .             :     ,     ,   ; ,    ,   .        [19 - David Schoenbrun, The Three Lives of Charles de Gaulle (New York: Athenaeum, 1966).]. ,    ,       .

    ,     .          ,    .        .         ,        ,       .

     ,      .         ,     .            .           ,    [20 -       .      ,        .           ,    .         .          ,   䠖  ,     ,    .].     ,   .     ,           ,    .

   ?    ,   ,            (  7).


6.  

 -   .   ,    :     .            .        .        20,        .

      ABC   . 9 2005    ,    - .     .       ,         ,    .

    ,           Sports Illustrated      .      ,       .       ,    . . . . .  ,  ,  ?   .

   ,   ,      .   ABC Primetime :        ,    .         .  ,  ,   .      ,   . ,   ,       ,    ,   .

    .      ,         -.      ,       .

     ࠖ  ,      .        .    ,     .      .

       :   ,  -    .      ,      .        ,           .      ,       .        ,     .

       ,  .    ,             .     Weight Watchers ( ), South Beach ( ), Slim-Fast ( )   .      ,        .       ,  ,       ,   - .     ,    :   ?

    .   ,        ,      .          ,     . . . .

       .    ,   ,     .       .       .     .      ,  ,       .

      .     ,  .     .       .        ,      .

   ,      .     ,  .

  ,      ,     ,   .     ?     ,     .      .       ,     ;      ,    .

      .   ,         .      .       ,       - .    ,   ,   ,    .

       .  , ,        ,        .     蠖    .             .          .

,     .      ,          . ,  ,      .    ,         .        ,     ,     .     ,        [21 - . Thomas Schelling, Arms and Influence (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966), 45; Xenophon, The Persian Expedition (London: Penguin, 1949), 13637, 236.].       ,   .

         .      .      600  ,     ,  .       ,            .     ,       ,        [22 -    ,        ,  .].

   ,   ,  .   ,     ,      .             .      ,    ,        ,      .        .             .     (  14  ),        .     ,     ABC   .

         ,            [23 -  Life: The Game ( )    16  2006 .   ,       ,    20  2006 .]. ,        廠     . ,    .           6.


7.  

 ,     ,    [24 -    ,    . . .]       10005000,      .    , ;   .  ,   ,   .

      ,  ,    ,   ,    .        [25 -   1992- 2000      ,     .           604605,  99,8.   ,     17  ,       .].      ,    ?      ,    [26 -       ,      ( ),          ,     .].       :



 ,     (  !)   :    ,          (    )    ,        .           ,          (    ,      )[27 - Warren Buffett, The Billionaires Buyout Plan (New York Times, September 10, 2000).].


 ,     ,      .   ,    ,     ,        1 ,       ,            . ,       ,    .   ,      ,    ,      1 .

 ,     ,    . ,       .        .      ,      .  ,            ,       .

     ,      ,    [28 -     ,        .         ,          .].             .           ,      .  ,            ,     ,    .

           [29 - .  . .: , -, 2011.].            .   ,       .         .       :



,    ,     ,    .    .      ,       !    ;       . ? ,        .   ,  ,   ,     .       ,   ,   .   ,             . , ,           ;       

Ƞ         ,    ,     蠖 ,     [30 - Truman Capote, In Cold Blood (New York: Vintage International, 1994), 22628.].


    ,   [31 -    ,     ,      :       .].    .

  頖     ,       ,   .      ,       ,        .   :   ,      ?

     ,  .  ,    ,      ?       ?           .

    ,     ,    ,  ,   ,   ,      .          ,  -   ,  :   ?          .         .     ,     ,   ,      .

            .     -   ,       .          .  .  :     .

     ,        .   ,       .       3,  ,      .       :   ,     .   (     )       .       ,       .         ,     ,     . ,    ,              .         ,     .


8.  

  ,  [32 -  ࠖ      Maspro Denkoh. . .]    .    , Sothebys Christies,              18 ,   .          ,       , ,    . , , , , .   ,   ,    .

 Christies  , Sothebys .   ,    Christies      3 . ,     ,        ?

    ,         .   Sothebys ,  Christies  ,     .   ,   :   ,   . ,  ,       .

      Christies      ,      ,      .    :  ,      . , - ,   :    ,    .   ,      [33 -       ,  New York Times 29  2005 .].

 Sothebys   .  ,    ,      .       .

    ,    - .   Sothebys     (  ,  ,      ),      Christies,      .        ,    ,     .

 Christies     . ,  Sothebys     ,     Christies,    ,   .    ,     ,  Sothebys       [34 -      . . .]   .

 -       .  Sothebys   ,  Christies   .       Christies  Sothebys    .

      ,       .    ,     .        .  ,   ,          ,       .        .

 ,     .     ,    , ,   :     ,    [35 -       AI  ,    : http://chappie.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/roshambot (http://chappie.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/roshambot).   16-           , ,  (RoShamBo); . www.cs.ualberta.ca/~darse/rsbpc.html (http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~darse/rsbpc.html).,      ,    Douglas Walker and Graham Walkers The Official Rock Paper Scissors Strategy Guide (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004),       www.worldrps.com (http://www.worldrps.com/).].   ,          .       : , , .

 ,       ,       .   Sothebys, Christies    ,         .  ,   , Sothebys  ,  Christies   (   ).  Sothebys   ,  Christies    . ,        .     , Sothebys       .

 ,   ,             .            ,      .   ,            ,       ,  ,     .    ,     .       ,       ,  . ,    ,  ,   ,     .   ,  ,    ,      .          ,      ,       .

         .       ,    ,        .   ,         .    -   ,       ࠖ 30 64 ;    ,             .  5    ,      .

       .   , ,        Sothebys,   .             .          ,       .          ,              12 [36 -    20   800000  12    .       17,8 ;     2,84 .].      ,     .   11?  


9.   

  Guys and Dolls[37 -   堖   . . .]       ,      -   :



      ,     ,   .       ,      ,   ,       . , ,         ,    ,       ࠖ     ,  ,      .


           :    堖    .     ()    ,      [38 -  ,         .       ,    ,    .        .   ,    ,     .  ,         . ,       .    ,      .].

       . ,        .   ?        .  -       ,      ,    [39 -        .  ,    ,      . ,         ,  .].

       ,             .   ,           ,      ,    .

         ,   ,     ,  ,     .          .       ,    ,   . ,     .      :    .

    .      ,     ? -    .   ,   - ,   ? ,     .  -     ,  ,   ,   .   ,   ?  :          ,     .

      ,      .      ,     ,      .         ,         .   ,     ,  ,      ,       .       ,    ,   .       ,     ,       .     .   ,     ,   ,         .      ,   .        ,  ,     .

  ,      ,       .                   .



,   ,      .      ,       ,  .       :    ?   -,    ,    .   ,    90     ,       .        ,   ,            ,      .

  ,      ,  .      .      .  ,   ,      , ,     ,      [40 - Kevin Conley, The Players (The New Yorker, July 11, 2005, 55).].


,        ࠖ    -  ?  [41 -      , . . .]       ,          ,    .    , ,    ,     .       ,    :  ,      , ,          ,  .      ,  -  ,   ,  :  .

    -  ,   ,   ,         ,   ,     .  10    ,    ,    .

  ,         .            ,       ,   .        ,      ,         .     ,            .   ,     ,      ,       ,      ,   ,      .             ,       ,         .         ;           .       ,     ,              .       8.


 10.       

         (       )         .    ,    ,    .    ,   ,       ,     . ,       .           ,   ,     ,    ?    ,       ?

  ,      ,   .       .      ,      ,     .         ,    ,     .      .

   .   2500  (2,75).  ,     ?    ,        2200.    .  ,        .      ,            ,     .      ? .      ,      ,         : ,      2200.

      2200   .

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        .         ,    .

   4:8,   ,     [42 -      ,         The 4:8Principle: The Secret to a Joy-Filled Life ( 4:8.  ,  ),     Think 4:8: 40Days to a Joy-Filled Life for Teens (   4:8.    ,  .  ).    4:8    ,          : ,  ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     ,   . . .].         ,  ,   .    ,   ,    ,     .       . ,     , ,     ,    .       ,     [43 - ,   -   ;       . ,      .].        ,       ,   .         ,        .      ,    ,      .

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 ,  

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      .              (  ,    ),      ,       .

  ,      ,     .   ,       ,  ,      .    ,     (      ,   ) ,  ,   . ,     , ,   ,     .   ,  ,       ,     .          ,    [44 -  (17091784)       . . .]    .         , ,   ,     .  ,     .




















































   

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  ,      ,     . ,         .      ,      .  ,    䠖   .          .

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 , ,     ,         ,      .     , ,     , 頖  . ,     ,   ,    ,  ,      .      ,       ;      ,         .        .        ,         (,       ,        ,    ),     ( ,              ,    ).              .


  

          .        ,             ,        ,   . ,         ,        ,    .        ,          .      ,      1987,        :    ,   43,   ,        ,    :   ,       .

  ,                     .     ,          .   ,            ,   .   ,     .

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     :             . ,          ,       ,     . ,       ,        .   ,             . ,     ,   ,           .          ,     (2). ,        -    [48 -         .   ,                 ,       ?     - (     )   ,        (. The Line Item Veto and Public Sector Budgets, Journal of Public Economics 36 (1988): 269292).].

     .  ,     ,        .        ,        .  ,        .         67.

         ( ),         ( ).         .      ,              ,        ,       . , ,       20: ,   ,            ,         .      ,   ,   20. ,        400 .  ,      ,  .                 ,             . ,       ,     .     ,     .

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    Survivor

 - Survivor  CBS     .     Survivor:    (  )   ,                 [50 -        : www.cbs.com/primetime/survivor5/ (http://www.cbs.com/primetime/survivor5/).].         ;          .      ,     1, 2 3.  0 ( ,   )  ,           .  ,    ,    ,  ,     [51 -           .   ,       .             Nim, a game with a complete mathematical theory, Annals of Mathematics 3, no. 2 (1902): 3539,       .       ,      , Impartial Games,     : RichardJ. Nowakowski, ed., Games of No Chance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, 6178).        . : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim)(  堖 http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/_() (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC_(%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0))).].        ,       .          ,         砖  .  ,          .

      蠖    ;      .      ,   2,    19.    ,     :         ?

 -       .    ,      ,      ,      ,      . -,             .      ,   ,     , :          .   :  4,      1, 2 3.           ,  3, 2 1   .          :   6,     .

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     : ,   ,    ,    .    ,          -        [57 - . Jason Dana, DaylianM. Cain, and RobynM. Dawes, What You Dont Know Wont Hurt Me: Costly (but Quiet) Exit in Dictator Games, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 100 (2006): 193201.].      10.      ,  ,      ,    :    9,     ,     ,     .     . ,       ,        . (     9     1,     9  ,       .)      3,       ,       .   ,        ,      .

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  ( ) , ,  ,   ,       ,       ,   ,     ,    .      ,         ,            .     ,       .        ,  ,    ,   ,   ,  ,     .

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   ,         :    ,     ,      .        .      ,           .       ,    [60 - Camerer, Behavioral Game Theory, 24.   .].

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 19961997                   . ,            ,         ,            .       .  ,                  ,        ,     [103 -         : Paul Klemperer, What Really Matters in Auction Design, Journal of Economic Perspectives 16 (Winter 2002): 169189.].

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    (       )        DuPont, Ethyl       .                      [105 -       .       .  , , ,                  .        : In the matter of Ethyl Corporation et al.// FTC Docket 9128, FTC Decisions 101. January June 1983.P. 425686.].


 

          .    ,            ,            .                       XV XVI [106 -   ,    . ,             .      :            .    ,             ,    .   .     ,        ,      .  ,        ,   ,    ,    .       . (Garrett Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons.        : http://profilib.com/chtenie/128585/garret-khardin-tragediya-obschin.php (http://profilib.com/chtenie/128585/garret-khardin-tragediya-obschin.php).)].            ,    ,  .             .          ,        ,    .

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notes








1


       ,   . . .




2


., .    . .: , 2012.




3


Master of Business Administration ( -, .)    . . .




4


                 (       ): 1996    ; 2001  ,    ; 2007  ,    .




5


  堖  . . .




6


.  . .: , 2007.




7


.  .    . .:  , 2011.




8


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9


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10


    ,             1 . 16 2006    51       .




11


   . . .




12


     . . .




13


    : The Hot Hand in Basketball: On the Misperception of Random Sequences, Cognitive Psychology 17 (1985): 295314.




14


 軠    .      ,      1851. . .




15


New York Times, September 22, 1983.




16


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17


           18  1521 ,   : Roland Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury, 1950).




18


Don Cook, Charles de Gaulle: A Biography (New York: Putnam, 1982).




19


David Schoenbrun, The Three Lives of Charles de Gaulle (New York: Athenaeum, 1966).




20


      .      ,        .           ,    .         .          ,   䠖  ,     ,    .




21


. Thomas Schelling, Arms and Influence (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966), 45; Xenophon, The Persian Expedition (London: Penguin, 1949), 13637, 236.




22


   ,        ,  .




23


 Life: The Game ( )    16  2006 .   ,       ,    20  2006 .




24


   ,    . . .




25


  1992- 2000      ,     .           604605,  99,8.   ,     17  ,       .




26


      ,      ( ),          ,     .




27


Warren Buffett, The Billionaires Buyout Plan (New York Times, September 10, 2000).




28


    ,        .         ,          .




29


.  . .: , -, 2011.




30


Truman Capote, In Cold Blood (New York: Vintage International, 1994), 22628.




31


   ,     ,      :       .




32


 ࠖ      Maspro Denkoh. . .




33


      ,  New York Times 29  2005 .




34


     . . .




35


      AI  ,    : http://chappie.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/roshambot (http://chappie.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/roshambot).   16-           , ,  (RoShamBo); . www.cs.ualberta.ca/~darse/rsbpc.html (http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~darse/rsbpc.html).,      ,    Douglas Walker and Graham Walkers The Official Rock Paper Scissors Strategy Guide (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004),       www.worldrps.com (http://www.worldrps.com/).




36


   20   800000  12    .       17,8 ;     2,84 .




37


  堖   . . .




38


 ,         .       ,    ,    .        .   ,    ,     .  ,         . ,       .    ,      .




39


       .  ,    ,      . ,         ,  .




40


Kevin Conley, The Players (The New Yorker, July 11, 2005, 55).




41


     , . . .




42


     ,         The 4:8Principle: The Secret to a Joy-Filled Life ( 4:8.  ,  ),     Think 4:8: 40Days to a Joy-Filled Life for Teens (   4:8.    ,  .  ).    4:8    ,          : ,  ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     ,   . . .




43


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44


 (17091784)       . . .




45


     The Road Not Taken ( .ࠖ  ). . .




46


Louis Untermeyer, ed., Robert Frosts Poems (New York: Washington Square Press, 1971).




47


PATH train ,        PATH (Port Authority Trans-Hudson),     , -,  . . .




48


        .   ,                 ,       ?     - (     )   ,        (. The Line Item Veto and Public Sector Budgets, Journal of Public Economics 36 (1988): 269292).




49


         Gambit   : http://gambit.sourceforge.net (http://gambit.sourceforge.net/).




50


       : www.cbs.com/primetime/survivor5/ (http://www.cbs.com/primetime/survivor5/).




51


          .   ,       .             Nim, a game with a complete mathematical theory, Annals of Mathematics 3, no. 2 (1902): 3539,       .       ,      , Impartial Games,     : RichardJ. Nowakowski, ed., Games of No Chance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, 6178).        . : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim)(  堖 http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/_() (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC_(%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0))).




52


  ,   ,     ? .        20,   21,   ,    .  ,    (   -   3? 3)      ,    .




53


       .               ,     16.  ,  ,   -     ,      .




54


 ࠖ          - ;    .     ,     . . .




55


      ,     .




56


    ,    .          : Colin Camerer, Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), 4883, 467.       ,      ,      ,      ,      2 (#charlie_fredo).       ,       ,        ,     ;       .




57


. Jason Dana, DaylianM. Cain, and RobynM. Dawes, What You Dont Know Wont Hurt Me: Costly (but Quiet) Exit in Dictator Games, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 100 (2006): 193201.




58


AlanG. Sanfey, JamesK. Rilling, JessicaA. Aronson, LeighE. Nystrom, and JonathanD. Cohen, The Neural Basis of Economic Decision Making in the Ultimatum Game, Science 300 (June 2003): 17551757.




59


Camerer, Behavioral Game Theory, 6874.




60


Camerer, Behavioral Game Theory, 24.   .




61


Camerer, Behavioral Game Theory, 101110:        .




62


 젖   Mean Genes (Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 2000)        .   ,     ,       (.:  , 2012).      High-Testosterone Men Reject Low Ultimatum Game Offers, Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274 (2007): 23272330.




63


             : HerbertA. Simon and Jonathan Schaeffer, The Game of Chess, in The Handbook of Game Theory, Vol. 1, ed. Robert J.Aumann and Sergiu Hart (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1992).            ,      .  1978                 .




64


     ,      ,     -  .          ,     .




65


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66


          (Brief History of the Groundfishing Industry of New England),     : www.nefsc.noaa.gov/history/stories/groundfish/grndfsh1.html (http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/history/stories/groundfish/grndfsh1.html).




67


    -22;   -22. . .




68


 . -22. .:   -2, 1992;  . -22. .: , 2012.




69


     ,      .      ,     (      2)  ,                .    ,          ,         .    ,           ,    .




70


                 : The Tragedy of the Commons, Science 162 (December 13, 1968): 12431248.




71


The Work of John Nash in Game Theory, Nobel Seminar, December 8, 1994.    http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1994/nash-lecture.pdf (http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1994/nash-lecture.pdf).




72


William Poundstone, Prisoners Dilemma (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 89; Sylvia Nasar, A Beautiful Mind (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998), 11819.




73


            ,      ,  ,         .  ,       ,    .




74


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75


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76


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77


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78


  80 ⠖   ,      .      ,         .       ,      . ,      ,        .




79


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80


             Zenda. . Preplay Communication in the Prisoners Dilemma, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96, no. 19 (September 14, 1999): 1093310938.          ,      .        .




81


 2005                   .




82


        Identifying Moral Hazard: A Natural Experiment in Major League Baseball,      : http://ddrinen.sewanee.edu/Plunk/dhpaper.pdf (http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.595.3751&rep=rep1&type=pdf).




83


      .      160/. . .




84


       Arizona Diamondbacks   ,           . : Ken Rosenthal, Mets Get Shot with Mighty Clemens at the Bat, Sporting News, June 13, 2002.




85


   (21:2225) :   ,    ,   ,    [] ,   [] ,       ,       ;   ,     ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   .    ,    .    (5:3839) :  ,  :       .   :   .        ,     .  ,        ,       :   ,     ,       (  6:31).       ,      .    ,    :           ,              .  ,    ?    :  ,    ,    ,     .




86


      ,     ,           ,  ,     ,  . (   ,     .)




87


.      / .  . .: , 2013.




88


 2004            ,    .      .    ,  60 : 59   .           ,        .     ,  -    ,     .  , -    -,    .      ,   ,        ,         ,    .




89


    : M. Keith Chen and Marc Hauser, Modeling Reciprocation and Cooperation in Primates: Evidence for a Punishing Strategy, Journal of Theoretical Biology 235, no. 1 (May 2005): 512.     : www.som.yale.edu/faculty/keith.chen/datafilm.htm (http://www.som.yale.edu/faculty/keith.chen/datafilm.htm).




90


. Camerer, Behavioral Game Theory, 4648.




91


. Felix Oberholzer-Gee, Joel Waldfogel, and MatthewW. White, Social Learning and Coordination in High-Stakes Games: Evidence from Friend or Foe, NBER Working Paper No. W9805, June 2003. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=420319. .  John A List, Friend or Foe? A Natural Experiment of the Prisoners Dilemma, Review of Economics and Statistics 88, no. 3 (2006): 463471.




92


      : Poundstone, Prisoners Dilemma, 89; and Sylvia Nasar, A Beautiful Mind, 118119.




93


JerryE. Bishop, All for One, One for All? Dont Bet On It, Wall Street Journal, December 4, 1986.




94


      Thomas Hayden, Why We Need Nosy Parkers, U.S. News and World Report, June 13, 2005.      : D.J.de Quervain, U. Fischbacher, V. Treyer, M. Schellhammer, U. Schnyder, and E. Fehr, The Neural Basis of Altruistic Punishment, Science 305, no. 5688 (August 27, 2004): 12541258.




95


       (Passions Within Reason. New York: WW.Norton, 1988)      ,  ,      ,  ,   ,     ,              ,    ,     .         (Nonzero. New York: Pantheon, 2000)    ,  ,        ,        .




96


    ,       :         .    ,    . 蠖 ,  ,    ,     .          .




97


Eldar Shafir and Amos Tversky, Thinking through Uncertainty: Nonconsequential Reasoning and Choice, Cognitive Psychology 24 (1992): 449474.




98


.       . .: , 2007.




99


         .                .      ,         !




100


           . .: . . .: -, 2009.




101


General Electric (GE)   ,    . . .




102


David Kreps, Microeconomics for Managers (New York: WW.Norton, 2004), 53031.




103


        : Paul Klemperer, What Really Matters in Auction Design, Journal of Economic Perspectives 16 (Winter 2002): 169189.




104


Kreps, Microeconomics for Managers, 543.




105


      .       .  , , ,                  .        : In the matter of Ethyl Corporation et al.// FTC Docket 9128, FTC Decisions 101. January June 1983.P. 425686.




106


  ,    . ,             .      :            .    ,             ,    .   .     ,        ,      .  ,        ,   ,    ,    .       . (Garrett Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons.        : http://profilib.com/chtenie/128585/garret-khardin-tragediya-obschin.php (http://profilib.com/chtenie/128585/garret-khardin-tragediya-obschin.php).)




107


Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), and Coping with the Tragedy of the Commons, Annual Review of Political Science 2 (June 1999): 493535.




108


  蠖       ,     ,       : ࠖ        ,  젖    ,   XVIII XIX .      ,      ,   .        ,      ,       .       ,     :        ,  ⠖ .          ,       .                        :          ;      ,          .    ,   ,     ,       ,      頖    .




109


      .    : .    .    . .: , 2013; Lee Dugatkin, Cheating Monkeys and Citizen Bees (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).




110


Dugatkin, Cheating Monkeys, 9799.




111


          .      : Jonathan Weiner. The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time. New York: Knopf, 1994.     20.




112


Jonathan Weiner, Beak of the Finch, 289290.




113


       ,   - .       .




114


  ,     A Beautiful Mind (    )                      ,    .         1950 ,          .        ; 1994       .     ,       .




115


   1          ,       .   ,           .




116


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117


Stag party  stag(.) -. . .




118


Bye, son (.)  . . .




119


 Life: The Game ( )    16  2006 .   ,       ,    20  2006 .




120


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121


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122


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123


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124


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