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     . . ,         .     ,        .        . . .    ,        .      -,     -,                ,     [156 -  .          //  . 1908. . 133. . 3. . 583.].

    ,           .        ,     .  ,  . . ,     4- ,     130   -  10  .     560   .         ,      ,   , -       ,    4-   4- [157 -   //  . .      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 124. ,     XIX.  ,       5 ,         [ .,  .      XIX. // . 1997. 6. . 28].].  ,         .        . -, . .  ,         ,        ,     ,              .       ,    . -,  ,      ,         (  -),       ,       .      ,  ,    [158 -  ,      ,       ,        [ ..      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 93].].     ,    .  ,    ,  ,      ( 2    ).     ,           [159 -   //  . .      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. .124125.].            ,  ,         ,      ,  . ,                  [160 -  . . 125.].    ,    ,    ,      ,  ,      ,          ;   ,       ,    ,           .      , ..       [161 -  .].       . .    ,   .       .             ,                 .    . . ,     -   ,       [162 -       , , , .],   .                 [163 -      (Carl Walther Wagner von Wetterstadt;     )          1879.   .  3 ,   ,         ,     1890- .   XX.   [- ..    18791921. .:   , 2012. .4748; .      1891. //   1891. . 49. . 40; Pummux ..          1900 . .:  -   , 1901. . 1. . 90].  ,     -,    ,  ., ,     ,     ,    ,        .   , ,  -,    ,  ,           .           .    ,       [-.   --  1882  1888. .:    . . , 1897. . 170].],            -,         1880- . -        ,       .    -    ()                        ,    ,    2-     (-).         -,  -  -       .     , -:   ,    ,       .   ,    - .  , de jure   - , de facto        .     ,      ,  -   ,  ,     ,      , -   .  [164 -  . .  . - . :       , 1890. .5051.].       ,       -- -[165 - -   -   . -          .       ,       ;   ,      ,    [ . .  . - . :       , 1890. . 49].],      .  . .     .             ,            - .    . .       3    5  .           ,       .  ,   ,            ,    [166 -   //  . .      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 125.].       ,       ,     . . .            .

6  1879.   . .         ,      [167 - - ..    18791921. .:   , 2012. . 53.].     . .          . 7 1879.    -  -                   .      ,     .               1890- .,      .  ,     .     ,    . . -.

            .  ,          .            (    . .),        . . .   3             .          3    5 ,     [168 -          [- ..    18791921. .:   , 2012.  1. . 344],        .].      . .  2400   .  ,        5 .        . . ,         ,   - ,    .       20  (240   ).

              . . ,      100, 75  24 [169 -     .  1817. 88-    1 764.  17  1885.     1 . 49,2 .,  900    100  (5,807  ).  1897.         7. 50. [ . .   . .: , 1970. .213216].].

  ,     ,   ,      .

     . .    :              400 .   ,             ,       .

    . .    ,   ,      ,       .   ,         .

    ,      . . ,     ,  .

   ,  . .          ,        .                .    - :       -   . .          .              .

   ,                .              .

  ,   . . ,           ,    ,             ,     ,   [170 - - ..    18791921. .:   , 2012. .5455.].

            .




1.3.      


        ,      .  ,       ,       . , , . .        :                    ,     [171 -  . -:   . .: , 2010. . 99.         - [-.    // . 1980. 623 (1). . ].].    . .   ,           ,     .             ,        ,       .              ,     .

          .           .          ,  ,         3-   5 ,  . . [172 -  .          //  . 1908. . 134. . 4. . 211.]. . .  23  1879.          -   .     :                 ,            [173 -   .. -          [- ..    18791921. .:   , 2012. . 55].],   ,        ,   ,  ,   ,                [174 - . . 446. . 44. . 55.].           -    .

  ,       ,    , . .     .          3 .   ,     ,   .  ,   . . ,   .        ,     :            -    1879.[175 -    -,       1879.      .     ,       ,   .           ,     [ ..        XVIIIXIX. - . .-.:    ;   , 2015. . 93].]   ,  ,  .  ,               [176 -  .          //  . 1908. . 134. . 4. . 213.].   3     . . ,      .  ,       .      ,         ,        .

            [177 -    1878 . :     , 1877.  . . 127.]. . .    .    ,       4                  .  ..      ,   .                [178 -  .          //  . 1908. . 134. . 4. . 212.].    ,  . . ,     .         ,      5000     . , , ,  [179 -  .].     . .     ,   ,      ,  ,   .      [180 -        1832.   1860.,       . 2   ()  (  )          [ ..     18601914.: ,    . : - , 2003. URL: http://militera.lib.rU/h/malukalo_an01/index.html].],    . . ,      . ,          [181 -      -   .    -  [ . . .:  , 1976. 368 .].], [182 -      -, , , .  - ,   ,                   [ .. . . . .: , 1987. 384 .].]  ,         ,         [183 -  .          //  . 1908. . 134. . 4. . 212.].  ,    . .       .        . . .  -   .

           - (   ).        . . ,   .       ,  ,      ,    ,    ,   ,    ,     [184 -  .].

 ,          .                - ..     [185 - . .    ,     [   1878 . :     , 1877.  . . 149]   .       .               ,  ,   . ,  , . .        .].     ,   ,   ,        .                .         .          ,  . . ,       [186 -  .          //  . 1908. . 134. . 4. . 213.].         ..   :   ,    ,       -,      ,  ,  , ,  ,          [187 -  .].

,            . . .       ,    ,     ,    [188 -  .          //  . 1908. . 134. . 4. . 214.].

 ,       :      ,     .    .   ,          ,      .    ,       .  ,            .       . . ,              . ,  ,  ,           ,            [189 -  . . 213.].

  ,         .     ,       .        , 3 -, 5 , 2    . .               [190 -       .    (3 000 ),       :        ,   ,      ,       ,   ,        1890- .   [.     ,     (  ) //  . 1891. . 49. .5758].].        ,      .

7  1879.         .  5  -  . .         400 .             (  ), , , ,    [191 - - ..    18791921. .:   , 2012. . 56.].

  ,  . . ,  126000 [192 -   40 000 .           . ,     1879.     2  85   3  12,56  [   1880 . :     , 1879.  1. . 126, 149].      3   .]      .        ,       [193 -  ..      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 73.].             . .      .

   . .    .  ,    ,           .    ,   .   . . ,     3   [194 -  . .      //  . 1923. . 4. . 391.]. 1        ,     ,   3 [195 - . . 446. . 44. . 19.].               :      ,              ,      [196 -  ..    (XIX   XX.). .:   , 2010. .136137.        .     1879.,     .            ,         .].       400     [197 - . . ,     XX. ,      [ .    . -  19041905. - . ., 2014 [ ]. URL: http://www.rulit.me/books/na-puti-k-krahu-russko-yaponskaya-vojna-1904-1905-gg-voenno-politicheskaya-istoriya-read-399953-l.html].   ,   XX.    2       컠  ,     .     2- .] (, ,       ,       1828.   [198 - . .  ,          [ ..   . .:  . . -, 1909. . 91].            ,      ,   1849.  .        1803.,      1806.  , . . ,  ,     .];       ,         [199 - - .   . .: , 2007. .516518.           ,   ໠  [     . .:   , 2007. . 155],   ,     -    [   : -. :  , 2007. .6970].])[200 -  ..      //  . 1923. . 4. . 391.    ,  ,        .     ,          [ .        XIX   XX  (- ) //  & . 2009. 2/3. .210219].         [ . .        // . 2010. 2. .6778;  ..       (XIX    XX.). : , 2010. .3356;      . .:   , 2007. .155183].].

   -      :                  ,     ,    400 -.      ,       ,       . ,    ,     , ,       ,     . -,     ,      ,          .       .   . . ,              ,     [201 -  ..      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 73.]. -,       ,     . -,     ,       . -,                .          .             ,          .        ,        ,            .      ,   ,  - .     ,    ,  ;       . . , ,         ,     ,         .     ,       [202 - - ..    18791921. .:   , 2012. . 57.].

. .  ,              ,  ,    ,      [203 -  . .      //  . 1923. . 4. . 397.].     ,  ,  ,    ,      . ,    -                ,        ,  . . .    1880.:   ,      ,    ,   ,         ,     [204 - -         [. .   . . ] //  . .      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 132.]. . .        ,         -,        (   -)      [205 -  . .      //  . 1923. . 4. . 391.].     ,           .     [206 -        -,         .         ,  .       -,        ,          .                ,   -.  :          .    --   ,       ,  .     .    ,               ,   ,     [- .     .     . .: , 2004. .138139].]. ,    .  -             ,      (,       . .)[207 -        ,  ..  [ ..   . .:  , 1886. . 14].            ,         [ . .      (  ) //    . .: , 2000. .96114;  . .  . .: , 2011. . 1. .7980;  . .    (       -) //    . 1980. 1. .172186].       ,         .     ,                   .].       -.         .    ,   I      , ,  (     )  .    -        ,         (    1872.    ( ) и (),           [208 -  . - .     .     . .: , 2004. .92114.       1 000 000 ,      500 000 ,      100 000 ,      [ :  . .:  , 1995. . 4.     ( XVIII   XX.): . 2. 2005. . 71].])[209 -     : - .    .  . :  . . , 1898. .112150; -.   --  1882  1888. .:    . . , 1897. .5563.].          ,      ,   [210 -  . .    ,    . .: - - -; , 2006. . 57.].     .          ,         . ,  -     . .               [211 -     . . . .: -  -, 1960. . 17, 32.].    ,  ,           .

    ,         .    .       腻  -        : -      ,       ,         ,            [212 - [ ..]  // - . .:  , 1868. . 3. . 29.].          14  [213 -      , 16  1863  30  1864  //  . .      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 118.]. . .  ,            ,      ,            64 000 [214 -  , ,    .]    .      ,     [215 - .     -   20  1877. // . 1883. . 4. . 27.].  ,  . . ,      ,        ,      .   ,     (  ..),      .  ,   ,      ,  ,    ,     - (    . .).     -,        ,    ,    ,       [216 -  . . 28.].     (    . .)     ,            ,              .        ,    [217 -    .          [- ..         jb >  jbj- //     . 1976. . 81. 3. .749752].] , ,           [218 - [ ..]  // - . .:  , 1868. . 3. . 29.].       ,           [219 - .     -   20  1877. // . 1883. . 4. . 29.].      ,       ,   ,     .       ,      ,   ,  ,         .       ,    ,      , ..             .        [220 - [ ..]  // - . .:  , 1868. . 3. . 29.].      52 000 ,   . . ,      ,        .     ,     ,    ,  ;  ,    ,       [221 - .     -   20  1877. // . 1883. . 4. . 4.].    -,  ,  ,   ,       . . .  ,       ,          ,    [222 -  .          //  . 1908. . 133. . 3. . 581.        .]. ,        -  .

        .      ,        . . .     ,     ,     [223 -  . .      //  . 1923. . 4. . 391.].      . . .         ,     .         ,      .  ,      .       ,        (           ), ,       400 ,     ,      ,      ,    [224 -  . .     // i  ii  ii iii: i  . i:  , 2003. . 69;  ..    . (   ) //  . . 8/9. . 182;  . .  .       . .: , 2013. . 262;     (XIX   XX.). .: -  -, 1978. . 138.].            ,                1900.[225 -     1900  1902.         . - [- ..   :   (18941903.) // . 2010. 3. . 78],         [ . .                 XIX. . . . . , 2004. . 165].]

            ,     .     . ,      ,       [226 -  ..      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 74.].           ,   . .        .       ,         ,  . . , .,      ,      ,  .       10000  (20000.[227 - . .      1890- .  1879. 1   3 , ,     30 000 .]),   5000    [228 -  . .      //  . 1923. . 4. . 391. . :  . .      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. .7475.].           ,    ,   ,    ,       . ,    10  1879. . .   :    ,                 .                      ,      ,     .       ,    ,        ,     ,       ;         ,             .      ,          , ,        ,     ,     ,   [229 - - ..    18791921. .:   , 2012. . 58.].

 ,       . ,    ,    ,      .                     ,  .        .      . ,    ,         ,      .                  ,    ,    ,        ,  ,    .    ,        ,              .      1 200 .          ,          1879   ,     300 .      600 ,    ,    (  ,    )   ,  300[230 -       400 [- ..    18791921. .:   , 2012. . 57]  200  [.    //  . . 1968. 89. . 12].  . .    1879.   400,    14     300  [        24  1879  //  . .      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 129; -         [ . . ] //  . .      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 132].][231 - .      1883.       (     ) // . 1883. . 4. .6162.].

 . .  (, ,    )        .           ,   ,  .                  ,     . ,     ,    , 160 ,   ,     [232 - -         [. .   . . ] //  . .      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 132. ,      .       1880- .  -.       (  )             ,    ; ,  ,               ,   .      ,       , ,      ,    ,        (   ..);  ,      ;  , ,      ,        [-.   --  1882  1888. .:    . . , 1897. .135136].].          ,     , ,    ,               ,   [233 -  ..      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 74.]. ,       .        ,     .  ,                   ,       .     . ,      ,   .         ,      .   ,     ,    .         .            .    ,         .

  ,  . . ,   :               ,      ,      ,   ,   -[234 -  .        .] ,   ;          30  50 ,        ,         ()   ()   ()   (),  ,          .    ,       .        ,    ;       ,  [235 - .     -   20  1877. // . 1883. . 4. .89.].      ,        ().  ,     -,  ,               .                   - ,   -      [236 - - .        (   )         19001901.: 2. :       , 1903. . 1. .7980.].

   ,        ,    ,      .        (, ,  ,     ,    )     ,   ,    .    ,        . ,      ,  .       ,         ,               ,   ,   1880- . .. .  ,    , ,     ,          ,     .       ,        ,       [237 - .      1883.       (     ) // . 1883. . 4. .4748.].    - ,   ,             ,     ,   ,   .  ,      , ,           ,  ,  ,             [238 -          .: Iran Religion, Politics and Society Collected Essays. London: Routledge, 1983.248 p.].

9  1879.   ,   [239 - - H.K.    18791921. .:   , 2012. . 57. . .         . 1  1879.,  ,      ,  -,  --,   .    ,    ,    (, , , , , , ,     ,  ,      ,  , , ,      ;  = 6210  ( 5549 ),   = 5065 . 1 = 12 000  = 30  = 150  = % )   [.     .-.      1894. (- ) // . 1896. . 63. . 92;  . .      //  . 1923. . 4. . 391].],      [240 -                 , ..  ,       ,      .          [ ..   . .:  , 1886. . 19;  .          //  . 1908. . 133. . 3. .576577; -.   --  1882  1888. .:    . . , 1897. . 168].], . .    .        15  1879.[241 - - ..    18791921. .:   , 2012. . 57. .. -    ,      ,           .   , 15  1908.  -       .             1   ,           [-.    // . 1980. 623 (1). . 11;    : -. :  , 2007. . 69].]




1.4.      


     . .       [242 -  ,         , ..    .        1000 ,     1883.   ,   ,    .  1883.         [ . .      XIX .   . .: , 1973. .5253].].   4 ,      ,           24  1879.     (      ..)  400   ,  , ,   .        .      ,  -,          ,        ,   ,       [243 -         24  1879  //  . .      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 129.].    , . .             .   ,                     ,    .               .    :         .              .    . . ,          ,   1     [244 - - ..    18791921. .:   , 2012. . 58.]. -    7 . ,  . . ,    .  ,       600 [245 -  ..      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 75.],       .  ,      ,  . . .        [246 -  .],        [247 - -.   --  1882  1888. .:    . . , 1897. .140141.]




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 .    .:  JI.M.         XIX  //     .  , , , . .: -  , 1997. .95113; - ..    18791921. .:   , 2012. .4245.   1880.  -     .             - [ ..   .    18801881. .:  . . , 1884. . 4. .138140].




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140


       : , ; , .      .:  . .         :    [ ]. URL: www.safarabdulloh.kz/img/books/iran-name/Iran-Name%202(26)2013.pdf.




141


 ..      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 73.




142


        [ ..  // - . .:  , 1868. . 3. . 25;  ..          1900 . .:  -   , 1901. . 1. . 87].      .              [    XIX. .:  .,  .      . 17961828. .:   , 2016. .1220].    ,      .              [Reza Raiss Tousi. The Persian Army, 18801907 // Middle Eastern Studies. 1988. Vol. 24. 2. P.206219].  ,  .. ,    ,        ,    ,              [ . .  . - . :       , 1890. .7475].         .      ,            .         .             ,  .        -  --.  ,    ,       .       , ..  ,  ,  (, , , , ).    (  )   (),    : ,   ,     (,   );     .         ,   .      [- ..               XIX. . .   . , 1984. .1415;          . .:  , 1895. . 706].




143


[ ..]  // - . .:  , 1868. . 3. . 25.




144


         ,  ,      .       ,        .    ,   ,     .      . -        (     ,    ).         ,    . ,    ,  ,    ,  , -   -,       (      )  ..           ,      XIX.   ,         . 29   , ,    3 ,     - [ . .  . - . :       , 1890. .5152].         ,    8-10 .      1000  [ . .  . - . :       , 1890. . 20].      XIX.    ,    .              .        [., , -:  ,   [-.   --  1882  1888. .:    . . , 1897. . 115; - .    .  . :  . . , 1898. . 216;  ..  . - . :       , 1890. . 51].    8-  10-      100 .            300  1200.    ,   ,         ,      800  1200  [..          1900   .-.   . . : . 12. .: . . . . . . 1. . 83].




145


         . .:  , 1884. . 532.




146


-.   --  1882  1888. .:    . . , 1897. . 133.




147


.        , 1894. //  . 1896. . 65. . 20. ,   1893.     500   [         . .:  , 1895. . 706]. ,           .     300500 .            .   XX. 1200     4   300  [ . .          1900 . .:  -   , 1901. . 1. . 87].




148


    . . . .: -  -, 1960. . 96.




149


-.   --  1882  1888. .:    . . , 1897. .136137.




150


 . .  . - . :       , 1890. . 83




151


 . .      //  . 1923. . 4. . 391.




152


.. - ,  . .    [- ..    18791921. .:   , 2012. . 53].      .      ,      ,     .




153


  //  . .      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 123.   .:  .          //  . 1908. . 133. . 3. .580582.




154


 .          //  . 1908. . 133. . 3. .581582.




155


 . . 582.




156


 .          //  . 1908. . 133. . 3. . 583.




157


  //  . .      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 124. ,     XIX.  ,       5 ,         [ .,  .      XIX. // . 1997. 6. . 28].




158


 ,      ,       ,        [ ..      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 93].




159


  //  . .      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. .124125.




160


 . . 125.




161


 .




162


      , , , .




163


     (Carl Walther Wagner von Wetterstadt;     )          1879.   .  3 ,   ,         ,     1890- .   XX.   [- ..    18791921. .:   , 2012. .4748; .      1891. //   1891. . 49. . 40; Pummux ..          1900 . .:  -   , 1901. . 1. . 90].  ,     -,    ,  ., ,     ,     ,    ,        .   , ,  -,    ,  ,           .           .    ,       [-.   --  1882  1888. .:    . . , 1897. . 170].




164


 . .  . - . :       , 1890. .5051.




165


-   -   . -          .       ,       ;   ,      ,    [ . .  . - . :       , 1890. . 49].




166


  //  . .      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 125.




167


- ..    18791921. .:   , 2012. . 53.




168


         [- ..    18791921. .:   , 2012.  1. . 344],        .




169


    .  1817. 88-    1 764.  17  1885.     1 . 49,2 .,  900    100  (5,807  ).  1897.         7. 50. [ . .   . .: , 1970. .213216].




170


- ..    18791921. .:   , 2012. .5455.




171


 . -:   . .: , 2010. . 99.         - [-.    // . 1980. 623 (1). . ].




172


 .          //  . 1908. . 134. . 4. . 211.




173


  .. -          [- ..    18791921. .:   , 2012. . 55].




174


. . 446. . 44. . 55.




175


   -,       1879.      .     ,       ,   .           ,     [ ..        XVIIIXIX. - . .-.:    ;   , 2015. . 93].




176


 .          //  . 1908. . 134. . 4. . 213.




177


   1878 . :     , 1877.  . . 127.




178


 .          //  . 1908. . 134. . 4. . 212.




179


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180


       1832.   1860.,       . 2   ()  (  )          [ ..     18601914.: ,    . : - , 2003. URL: http://militera.lib.rU/h/malukalo_an01/index.html].




181


     -   .    -  [ . . .:  , 1976. 368 .].




182


     -, , , .  - ,   ,                   [ .. . . . .: , 1987. 384 .].




183


 .          //  . 1908. . 134. . 4. . 212.




184


 .




185


. .    ,     [   1878 . :     , 1877.  . . 149]   .       .               ,  ,   . ,  , . .        .




186


 .          //  . 1908. . 134. . 4. . 213.




187


 .




188


 .          //  . 1908. . 134. . 4. . 214.




189


 . . 213.




190


      .    (3 000 ),       :        ,   ,      ,       ,   ,        1890- .   [.     ,     (  ) //  . 1891. . 49. .5758].




191


- ..    18791921. .:   , 2012. . 56.




192


  40 000 .           . ,     1879.     2  85   3  12,56  [   1880 . :     , 1879.  1. . 126, 149].      3   .




193


 ..      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 73.




194


 . .      //  . 1923. . 4. . 391.




195


. . 446. . 44. . 19.




196


 ..    (XIX   XX.). .:   , 2010. .136137.        .     1879.,     .            ,         .




197


. . ,     XX. ,      [ .    . -  19041905. - . ., 2014 [ ]. URL: http://www.rulit.me/books/na-puti-k-krahu-russko-yaponskaya-vojna-1904-1905-gg-voenno-politicheskaya-istoriya-read-399953-l.html].   ,   XX.    2       컠  ,     .     2- .




198


. .  ,          [ ..   . .:  . . -, 1909. . 91].            ,      ,   1849.  .        1803.,      1806.  , . . ,  ,     .




199


- .   . .: , 2007. .516518.           ,   ໠  [     . .:   , 2007. . 155],   ,     -    [   : -. :  , 2007. .6970].




200


 ..      //  . 1923. . 4. . 391.    ,  ,        .     ,          [ .        XIX   XX  (- ) //  & . 2009. 2/3. .210219].         [ . .        // . 2010. 2. .6778;  ..       (XIX    XX.). : , 2010. .3356;      . .:   , 2007. .155183].




201


 ..      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 73.




202


- ..    18791921. .:   , 2012. . 57.




203


 . .      //  . 1923. . 4. . 397.




204


-         [. .   . . ] //  . .      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 132.




205


 . .      //  . 1923. . 4. . 391.




206


       -,         .         ,  .       -,        ,          .                ,   -.  :          .    --   ,       ,  .     .    ,               ,   ,     [- .     .     . .: , 2004. .138139].




207


       ,  ..  [ ..   . .:  , 1886. . 14].            ,         [ . .      (  ) //    . .: , 2000. .96114;  . .  . .: , 2011. . 1. .7980;  . .    (       -) //    . 1980. 1. .172186].       ,         .     ,                   .




208


 . - .     .     . .: , 2004. .92114.       1 000 000 ,      500 000 ,      100 000 ,      [ :  . .:  , 1995. . 4.     ( XVIII   XX.): . 2. 2005. . 71].




209


    : - .    .  . :  . . , 1898. .112150; -.   --  1882  1888. .:    . . , 1897. .5563.




210


 . .    ,    . .: - - -; , 2006. . 57.




211


    . . . .: -  -, 1960. . 17, 32.




212


[ ..]  // - . .:  , 1868. . 3. . 29.




213


     , 16  1863  30  1864  //  . .      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 118.




214


 , ,    .




215


.     -   20  1877. // . 1883. . 4. . 27.




216


 . . 28.




217


   .          [- ..         jb >  jbj- //     . 1976. . 81. 3. .749752].




218


[ ..]  // - . .:  , 1868. . 3. . 29.




219


.     -   20  1877. // . 1883. . 4. . 29.




220


[ ..]  // - . .:  , 1868. . 3. . 29.




221


.     -   20  1877. // . 1883. . 4. . 4.




222


 .          //  . 1908. . 133. . 3. . 581.        .




223


 . .      //  . 1923. . 4. . 391.




224


 . .     // i  ii  ii iii: i  . i:  , 2003. . 69;  ..    . (   ) //  . . 8/9. . 182;  . .  .       . .: , 2013. . 262;     (XIX   XX.). .: -  -, 1978. . 138.




225


    1900  1902.         . - [- ..   :   (18941903.) // . 2010. 3. . 78],         [ . .                 XIX. . . . . , 2004. . 165].




226


 ..      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 74.




227


. .      1890- .  1879. 1   3 , ,     30 000 .




228


 . .      //  . 1923. . 4. . 391. . :  . .      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. .7475.




229


- ..    18791921. .:   , 2012. . 58.




230


      400 [- ..    18791921. .:   , 2012. . 57]  200  [.    //  . . 1968. 89. . 12].  . .    1879.   400,    14     300  [        24  1879  //  . .      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 129; -         [ . . ] //  . .      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 132].




231


.      1883.       (     ) // . 1883. . 4. .6162.




232


-         [. .   . . ] //  . .      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 132. ,      .       1880- .  -.       (  )             ,    ; ,  ,               ,   .      ,       , ,      ,    ,        (   ..);  ,      ;  , ,      ,        [-.   --  1882  1888. .:    . . , 1897. .135136].




233


 ..      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 74.




234


 .        .




235


.     -   20  1877. // . 1883. . 4. .89.




236


- .        (   )         19001901.: 2. :       , 1903. . 1. .7980.




237


.      1883.       (     ) // . 1883. . 4. .4748.




238


         .: Iran Religion, Politics and Society Collected Essays. London: Routledge, 1983.248 p.




239


- H.K.    18791921. .:   , 2012. . 57. . .         . 1  1879.,  ,      ,  -,  --,   .    ,    ,    (, , , , , , ,     ,  ,      ,  , , ,      ;  = 6210  ( 5549 ),   = 5065 . 1 = 12 000  = 30  = 150  = % )   [.     .-.      1894. (- ) // . 1896. . 63. . 92;  . .      //  . 1923. . 4. . 391].




240


                , ..  ,  

     ,      .          [ ..   . .:  , 1886. . 19;  .          //  . 1908. . 133. . 3. .576577; -.   --  1882  1888. .:    . . , 1897. . 168].




241


- ..    18791921. .:   , 2012. . 57. .. -    ,      ,           .   , 15  1908.  -       .             1   ,           [-.    // . 1980. 623 (1). . 11;    : -. :  , 2007. . 69].




242


 ,         , ..    .        1000 ,     1883.   ,   ,    .  1883.         [ . .      XIX .   . .: , 1973. .5253].




243


        24  1879  //  . .      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 129.




244


- ..    18791921. .:   , 2012. . 58.




245


 ..      18791921. .: URSS, 2007. . 75.




246


 .




247


-.   --  1882  1888. .:    . . , 1897. .140141.


