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  , , , 2016


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                :         ;        ;          ,      ,   .  ,                IT/IP,         ,  ,    ,    ,     .       ,           40%     .

   ,       .

 1.   .           ,      ,     ,   .  ,    ,       (    ,  ,   ,       ,     -,      (sharing economy)),     ,   ).

 2.    .                    ,    ,    :                       .   ,         .      ,      ,                       .

 3.    .         ,         -  ,    .    ,  ,  ,    click-wrap .           :          .  ,      ,           - ,   .

 4.    .      ,       ,      .

 5. -     .                     -.          -          ,       .                  UDRP  URS  PDDRP.

 6.     .     ,     ,        Mail.ru c  .               .                 (SaaS).  ,  ,          ,     .

 7.      .      :              ,     ,     chargeback,    ,          Bitcoin.

 8.     .     ,          .      ()          ,              .            -    .  ,   ,      ()    ,     -.

 9.      .         :      ,      .  ,                .           ,     ,                ,    .                 ,       -.

 ,             ,   ,      ,    ,       .   ,           .

,     .             ,  ,        .             .

       ,         : garantus@rambler.ru

       1  2016.




   


           .              Microsoft   (Bill Gates) :        : ,   ,  ,    .  -    ,         -    .                  .

      .        ,              .              2012.   1  .   [1 - Ecommerce Sales Topped $ 1 Trillion for First Time in 2012. 05.02.2012 // http://www. emarketer.com/Article/Ecommerce-Sales-Topped-1-Trillion-First-Time-2012/1009649#t8zvC cCjOogMAZ-31.99].       312   2012.           , ,   ,       10,3   2012.  35%    2011.[2 - Europe B2C Ecommerce Report 2013. Brussels // https://www.ecommerce-europe.eu/ website/facts-figures/light-version/download%20]    ,            ,  ,       .

                .     ,        ,   ,  ,  .          .

 ,       ,  ,    ,     ,   5     10  .      ,        ,  ,          ,         -       .

    ,      ,   . ,                    click-wrap-  browse-wrap-,             .                 ,        .        ,      :   ,     -,      ,         .          ,   ,    [3 - ,        ,      -  .         -,          ,           ,  - .].

  1     .        ,   ,         ,    ,      ,   ,         ,        .    ,     ,      ,           ,        .

 2     ,        :        ,     ;  ,    ;          .              ,                             , ,    ,      .                    ,        .

  3                ,          ,        ,   -.       ,    click-wrap-  browse-wrap-        ,       .

 4           ,     (     ,   -)        .  ,          ,        ,     -,         - .           -   Wayback Machine.

 5  -       .       ,        :    -,      -   .   -,     ,        ,   ,       ,       .

  6  ,    .  ,     -  .         :              (   ).                  ,          ,    .             ,     ,        .             , , ,     .

      ,           .             ,    .    ,      ,           .           ,       ,       .          Bitcoin,          .  ,       7 .

  8       .  ,    ,   -,              ;         ,      .

   9,     ,   ,      ,             .       ,        ,   -    ,       ,    ..                   ,          ,  .

 ,  ,   -  ( , -      ,     .),         ,        .  ,               .   ,      ,          ,     : alexandersavelyev@outlook.com.

        1  2013.                  IBM.




 1.   





1.  


           .         [4 -  ,    ,       . ., :     19  2002. 169              19962005   2010 ໻ //  . 2002. 13. . 1208; . 118. 7        ,      21  2000. 990            //  . 2001. 1 (. II). . 125.]    ,         ,      .

           ,                [5 -  ..      // . 2006. 3;  ..       :  . ., 2006. . 4248;  ..   (  ).    . ., 2002. . 14  .].

           .

      ,                    (       (EDI),  , , ,    .)[6 - .:         .  1996. . 1718. URL: http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/russian/texts/electcom/05-89452_Ebook.pdf.  ,        electronic commerce    ,       ,         (. ).].   ,           :      ,       [7 -  . . 18.].

   ,       ,     .      , ,   ,          ,         ,  -,    , ,          , ,       ;        [8 - Section 1104 (3). The Internet Tax Freedom Act, 1998.].              ( , ,   ()                 )       -[9 - Towards the Age of the Digital Economy  For Rapid Progress in the Japanese Economy and World Economic Growth in the 21st Century. Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Government of Japan. 1997. . :  .. . .].     ,        (),    .

      .          ()      ,       .         :         , ,    -    .    ,     ,      ,    ,   .      ,     .

     ,     ()        ()[10 - E-Commerce in Developing Countries: Opportunities and Challenges for Small and Medium-Sized Business. World Trade Organization. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/ booksp_e/ecom_brochure_e.pdf; OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms. Electronic Commerce. OECD Guide to Measuring the Information Society, 2011. URL: https://stats.oecd.org/glos-sary/detail.asp?ID=4721].                 .             [11 - ,       ,             , ,      ,  ,   ,                  . MCC Industrial Sales Corporation v. Ssangyong Corporation. 17 October 2007.  .: Unlocking the Potential of E-commerce for Developing Countries. United Nations Conference on Trade And Development. N.Y., 2015. P. 69.].

      ,    .

-, , ,      ,       ,           :             .             ,  ,   .              (,        ),          .  ,     ,                 :      -,       (click-wrap-  browse-wrap-),    ,     . ,      , , ,            ,              ?

             [12 - Online Contract Formation. Ed. by Stephan Kinsella and Andrew Simpson. Oceana Publications. N.Y., 2004. P. 483.].       -,     -                [13 - .: Faye Fangrei Wang. Internet Jurisdiction and Choice of Law: Legal Practices in the EU, US and China. Cambridge, 2010. P. 3.].      ,      ( ,   ,   .),        (go to market). ,                 ,       [14 -  ..   . ., 2008. . 2728.].                 1998.[15 - WTO Declaration on Global Electronic Commerce. 20 May 1998 WT/MIN(98)/DEC/2. 5.]    ,            [16 - Ibid. 20.].  ,        ,     ,           ,         . ,       ,        ,         ,       .

-,    ,  ,            ,           .   ,  , ,  -      -,           ,    .      , -,        ,           .

   ,             (   ):     ,         ,     , ,         [17 -       ,       ()    .    , ,       ,     - :           ,    ,         - .  ,       -  -    .].  ,      ,   .   ,      .     ,            ,          -.

 ,   ,           ,    ,              ,            ,   ,    ,       .           ,         [18 - ., :    13  2006. 38-   (    ); . 9, 10    7  1992. 2300-I     (      )         ()   ( ().],            ,   .

 ,        ,      [19 -       :      ,          ,  ,   ,    , ,       .]. -,           .     ,     C2C c  ,     ,      (sharing economy) (. ). -,           ,   ,  ()       .  ,   ,        ,      per se,   ,            .          -   , ,      ,    , , ,        .

,        . ,        [20 -        .    . . 1719.],       .           - ,  ,          ,  ,   ..          ,      [21 - .:    28.12.2009 381-          (. 1,. 2).          029-2001 ()      ,      ,   (   52.61.2).].  ,      ,   ,      ,       ,    (. 1. 455  ).                      .

                  ,      -.               ,               .              .

          ,   ,          .          (electronic data interchange, EDI),                   .  . 2 (b)       1996.    ()               .  , EDI     ()      , ,  [22 - ., :         ,   ()              (.   12  1998. 20-).]     . , EDI      ,            :        .    EDI         ,          .  , EDI           ,           .   ,  TCP/IP              .   ,      ,    ,          -[23 - Prins C. et al. Trust in Electronic Commerce. Kluwer Law International, 2002. P. 12.].

    ,  , ,     ,            ,   [24 -    . 11.1 . 2   27  2006. 149-  ,      (    )      ,    , .. ,         ,      -      .].                 ,               [25 - ., :     6  2008. 632-          2010 ;     6  2012. 890             .].       ,           .




2.  ,     


    -       ,        .

-             ,          ().       ,    , , ,   ,       ,          .          (,   .).  ,                ,             ,         (       ,   ,     -    ,       .).

         .    -   ,     ,    -     .              ,     ,   ,     .        ,    ,        ,   ,        ..

  -,         :   (),     ().  ,        ,      .    ,     ,        ( , ,     ..).         :         ,           .              ,      ..

             (. ): 1) Business-to-Consumer (B2C); 2) Business-to-Business (B2B); 3) Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C); 4) Business-to-Government (B2G)[26 - Schneider G. Electronic Commerce. Course Technology. Mass. 9


ed. 2011. P. 7.].








 ,           . , ,        -         -          B2C;   -     1 . 30      C2C;    (  -[27 - . . 5     22  1997. 18   ,           .])   B2B;         (4 . 30        [28 -    21  2005. 94-      ,  ,        ( 1  2014.    5  2013. 44-       , ,       ).]).

      ,   ,       B2B  B2C-. C2C-  B2G-,   ,       ,            .  ,     ,    ,   ,          -.        ,    B2B  B2C,     .  ,                      .

               ,      ,     ,   -.       ,      ,          ,      ,     .




3.     


       ,         .    ,    ,        (  ,    ),      ,        - [29 -              15     .:  -  : 2030. -  /  . ..   .. . .:  , 2014. URL: https://prognoz2030.hse.ru/data/2014/12/25/1103939133/Prognoz_2030_final.pdf].        .

1.  .      20132014.   .  ,         ,   39%,    25%,      10%         ()[30 -      . - 2015. Www.in-numbers.ru].                .

 ,             ,         (    ,    .).

2.     ,    .

     91%     (98%   )[31 -      . 20122015. http:// adindex.ru/news/researches/2015/05/21/123757.phtml].       12   24    ,    (29%),    .       . ,   9  10 ,    ,      ,           Facebook ( 17  )[32 - Unlocking the Potential of E-commerce for Developing Countries. United Nations Conference on Trade And Development. N.Y., 2015. P. 27.].   ,    ,    ,  , , ,         ,   .          .          ,    ()   , -     .          ( ,     . 9 ,    )  ,          ,       (click-wrap, browse-wrap-).

3.          -    .          (sharing economy, renting economy, collaborative economy, ICT-enabled economy, digital platform economy)[33 - New Forms of Work in the Sharing Economy. OECD Working Party on Measurement and Analysis of the Digital Economy. DSTI/ICCP/ISS(2015)3. For Official Use.].         ,    -             ,      (disowner-ship),    -        .    ,  -,    ,  Uber (  -,      ,       )[34 -       Uber  50 . .: Kosoff M. Uber is officially a $50 billion company // Business Insider, 31 July 2015. URL: http://goo.gl/MOQbiL.                  .], Airbnb (-  ,         ), Lyft (  -,      -    ,          ).

    -        ,       (,  ,      ,       ).             ,           . ,   Lyft     ,  ,  ,    Airbnb    ,   ,   .           ,     -          .  ,       ,         [35 - Essays on the sharing economy by Shehzad Nadeem, Juliet B. Schor, Edward T. Walker, Caroline W. Lee, Paolo Parigi, and Karen Cook. February 23, 2015. URL: http://contexts.org/ articles/on-the-sharing-economy/].    ,       ,   ,  , ,            .  ,       -    :     ,  ,    ?            ?   ,      ,       ,     (   ,  ,      Uber,     )           .

4.  .                    .  2020. ,        50  [36 - The Internet of Things: How the Next Evolution of the Internet Is Changing Everything. Cisco White Paper. April 2011. P.3].         ,                .   ,                ,     .        ,       ,     ,       ,           .        .        ,   .             ,    .  ,          :    ,         ? ,   ,    ,          (          ),         [37 -  ,          .      (Internet of Persons),           ,       . .: Klitou D. Privacy-Invading Technologies and Privacy by Design: Safeguarding Privacy, Liberty and Security in the 21


Century. Springer; Leiden, 2014. P. 160 ff.]. , ,          ,  :   ,   ,   (,  ,   -     )?               IoT-,        [38 - The Internet of Things: An Overview. Understanding the Issues and Challenges of a More Connected World. Internet Society. October 2015. P. 57.].           ,   .

5.    (Augmented reality)   .             ,           ,      ,      (     ,   ,     .)[39 - Kipper G., Rampolla J. Augmented Reality: An Emerging Technologies Guide to AR. Syngress, 2013. P. 1.].    ,            [40 - Smalley E. Your Phone will Soon Recognize Things it Sees (http://www.cnet.com/news/ your-phone-will-soon-recognize-things-it-sees).       Layar (https://www.layar.com)   ,    ,      GPS-   ,      .].                .  ,        3D- ,    ()    .              ,         ,  -     - .

6.   (Blockchain).  ,     Bitcoin (. 4 . 7 ),       [41 - Martin Hiesboeck. Blockchain is the most disruptive invention since the Internet itself  not just in finance. 6April 2016. Digital Doughnut. URL: https://goo.gl/9jSYF8].             ( )   ,      ,       .   : )                -  ,        ; )        .  ,        ( )  : , ,       ,             .           .           (Smart contracts)  ,  , ..  ,        .  ,              ,        ,   , , ,      .

,          ,           ,          .        ,    .       ,     ,        ,         .




4.           


              .   ,           ,       ,   ,       .

,    ,        .  ,           IT-,         .  1953.       ,  1957.     .                  .     , , ,          .  ,           [42 -  .  :   ,        . .:  , 2016. . 28.].               .             ,       .           ,     ,     [43 - Ryan J. A History of Internet and the Digital Future. London, 2010.].          , ..       .                 .

         ,    .            ,                        .  ,       ,   .

              (Advanced Research Projects Agency, APRA),       [44 -  ,   ,      ,         .].                ,     :  ,     ,    ,          ,         .                    [45 -              (Cloud Computing).].        ,   ,     [46 - Roberts L. Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communication // Symposium on Operating System Principles. Gatlinburg. Tennessee, 1967. P. 2.  , ,           open source,     60- . XX.       .].

 1969.   ,     (     ,      )     (     ,   ,                 ,     ),   ,      - (UCLA),    -,      - . 29  1969.           UCLA   - ,     login     lo,     ,           .    ARPANET,      [47 - .: American Civil Liberties Union, et al. v. Janet Reno, Attorney General of the United States. 929 F. Supp. 824, E.D. Penn (1996).     ,              .].

 ARPANET        .        ,         .              .            ,         .          ,     ,   ,   -   .                .     ( . Internetwork    ).          (Vinton Cerf),     IBM,    (Robert Kahn),    AT&T Bell Labs.         ,     ARPANET       1972.        ,      ,                ARPANET.  ,         -           .      1974.    TCP/IP,      .            ,  ,       [48 -       GLORIAD,  12  2004.  -  , ,      .        ,    .      10 /.        . .: Robert Britt. High-Speed Other Internet Goes Global // LiveScience. 15 October 2009.].     ,             ,        TCP/IP[49 - Crawford S. The Digital Broadband Migration: Internet Think // Journal on Telecommunications & High Technology Law. 5. 2007. P. 469.    ,  ,   .   c ,    .          ,        .        ,      -,         . .: Tim Wu. The Master Switch: The Rise and Fall of Information Empires. N.Y., 2011. P. 198.].

    ,    ,              ,       1983. ,       TCP/IP   ,     [50 - Abbate J. Op. cit. P. 141.].        :    ,        ,               ,    ,     .             ,       . ,      .   4  1983.           ARPANET   MILNET.     ARPANET   ,     -  .

    ARPANET   . ,      15 ,     .              (NSF),    . NSF            NSFNET,         ARPANET,           .         ARPANET       NSFNET. 28  1990.  ARPANET    ,              .

         .   ,    NSFNET     ,             . ,  ,       NSFNET,      ,       [51 - NSFNET Acceptable Use Policy, 1992.].  ,       ,       ,      [52 -        NSFNET  1990.      . .: Ryan J. A History of Internet and the Digital Future.]. 30  1995. NSFNET   ,        .          ,           ,     .        .  1995.     22 000  [53 - Abbate J. Op. cit. P. 210.         .   1993.   1990.      Relcom        NSFNET,          . 7 1994.     ru,         .].            (CERN),       (World Wide Web, WWW),    .

  WWW          .    -  ,                .        :      ,       .         .      .

      - (Tim Berners-Lee)  1993.      .              ,     .       ,     ,            (HTML).          (URL).     (HTML)    (HTTP)       ,     [54 - Yee Fen Lim. Cyberspace Law: Commentaries and Materials. Oxford, 2002. P. 1113.].  WWW   :          .

WWW         ,     .           ,     ,    [55 - Reno v. ACLU, 521 U.S. 844, 853 (1997).].  ,                 .        ,    .    ,                   .               .    (  1995.)        򻠖   .    (Dell, Cisco  .)   -          .      .  1995.    Amazon.com,              ( B2C).            -  eBay ( B2C  C2C).              AltaVista,    [56 -  2003.       Yahoo!  2013.  .].      ,       ,    (     )      ,               .

      ,     .            .      ,  ,       ,     .     ,     .             ,     .       .    ,   ,           :           ,        ,  .                    .              ,          .       ໠   ,              .

      ,      :             ,    : 1)     ,      ,    ,  2)   .

      IBM System 360,          .        ,      ,     ,       .        .       :          ,       [57 - .: Tim Wu. The Master Switch: The Rise and Fall of Information Empires. N.Y., 2011. P. 270.].

   WWW,       ,       ,      ,             [58 - Lessig L. Code. Ver. 2.0. Basic Books. N.Y., 2006. P. 61.].             .

 ,         .   ( 60- . XX. 1994.)          ,            .   (1994. ..)          (Amazon, Netscape, eBay, Yahoo  .)[59 -       :  ,              ,                     -. .:  . . . . 42.]. ,            ,    ,        .

      ,           .

        ,       ,          .      ,     [60 - American Civil Liberties Union v. Janet Reno, Attorney General of the United States (ACLU v. Reno) {1996}: Yee Fen Lim. Op. cit. P. 4.].            [61 - Post D. Anarchy, State and the Internet: An Essay on Law-making in Cyberspace. 1995. P.2].

    :       (1).     -,   .         ,            .               [62 - Johnson D., Post D. Law and Borders  The Rise of Law in Cyberspace // Stanford Law Review. 48. 1996. P. 1370.].      ,    ,     .  ,  ,        ,      .          :  ,    ,      ,   .      .    ,    ,     ,     ,    ,   ,           ,         .

   , ,         -    .    ,    ,        -   , ,      ,    .           ,         .      ,    ,        [63 - Reed C. Internet Law: Cases and Materials. Cambridge University Press. 2004. P. 2.].                          ,   ;   ,         .

    ,           ,         ,        (2).       ,          . , ,   ,     -,    ,    ,         .  ,  ,    ,             .   ,      - .

   ,          ,    ,    . ,    ,            ,        .           America Online (Instant Messenger),       .  ,         ,   , ..    ,              [64 - United States v. Kammersell (1999): Kerr O.S. The problem of perspective in Internet law. (   www.heinonline.org,    15  2006.).].  ,        ,      ,      .                   ,   .

              ,       -        ,       n-  [65 - Reed C. Internet Law: Cases and Materials. P. 15.].             -    ,    .

   ,        ,       (3)[66 - Volker Haug. Grundwissen Internetrecht. Stuttgart, 2005. S. 8.].          ,     .        .         ,     [67 -  ..    // . 1997 1. . 65.].  ,      ,   .    IP-,     ,    ,        ,       ,   . ,   ,         -        .  -    IP-,       [68 -     ,         ,    IP-. .: David Post et al. Cyberlaw Problems of Policy and Jurisprudence in the Information Age. 2003. P. 201.].  IP-   ,      (,  ,   ).

          ,             -.

         ,    ,     ,    ,     .                  ,               .       ,        ,      ,     ,      .

       - (4)        . -     ( Access-providers),          (Hosting-providers).  ,   ,    ,          [69 - Savin A. EU Internet Law. Edward Elgar: Cheltenham. 2013. P. 104.]. ,     ,     ,          .  -      ( Internet gatekeepers),             .                 ,     .  ,        .  -          :    ,        (  ,     .),         ,    ,    .

,  ,                  .              (5)       ( Google, Amazon, Netflix)    ,        (    ,  ,    .).          [70 -  ,       :  (sustaining)   (distruptive).         .    ,   ,    .  , ,    ,   . Christensen . The Innovators Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard Business School Press. 1997.         ,   .]    ,     ,      ,         .      ,     ,  , ,     ,     VoIP[71 - VoIP      IP        .         .      .     ,   ,  Skype.]      .

,      :   ;     ;   ;         -,      .           ,       ,        ,    .




 2.    





1.       


,   , , ,                  .

       .   ,            . ,               ,       [72 - ., : Akehurst M. Jurisdiction in International Law // Jurisdiction in International Law // Ed. by W.M. Reisman. Dartmouth, 1999. P. 145;  ..           //  . . 2011. 4;  .  :  / . . .. , .. . ., 2011.],   [73 - United Phosphorus Ltd v. Angus Chemical Co., 322 F.3d 942, 948 (7


Cir. 2003):    ,       .].

,        ,        (civil law jurisdiction, common law jurisdiction)    [74 - ., : Scassa T., Currie R. New First Principles? Assessing the Internets Challenges to Jurisdiction // Georgetown Journal of International Law. 42. 2011. P. 1023. http:// papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2116364].     ,     (governing law)[75 - Yee Fen Lim. Op. cit. P. 18.].                 [76 - Collier J.G. Conflict of Laws. 3


ed. Cambridge University Press, 2001. P. 71.].

 -             -    , ..    [77 -  .  :  / . . .. , .. .].    -         :          ,    ,      , , [78 -  ..,  ..   . ., 1976. . 58.];                [79 -  ..            //    -. ., 2002. . 10.].

          :   (jurisdiction to prescribe),   (jurisdiction to adjudicate)    (jurisdiction to enforce).           (   );             ;           ,    [80 -              (Restatement 3


. of the Foreign Relations Law 1987. (401 ff).           . ., : Recommendation No R (97) 11 of the Committee of Ministers of member States of the amended Model plan for the classification of documents concerning State Practice in the Field of Public International Law.].

         ,               ,         , ,                   [81 - .:  ..       //    . 1954. 8. . 63.].

        : 1)      ,  ()   [82 - Blacks Law Dictionary 9


ed. 2011. Thomson West. P. 927.],   2) ,    ,     ,      (      ,        ).

              ,  ,      ,   ,        ,    .    ,    ,        .   ,            .               ,        ,    .     ,      ,   ,        .           ,    [83 - .:  ..     . . 222.].               (),               ,    .

 ,                        .     ,  , , ,    ,    ,         ,                       .

     ,     ,    ,      . ,              (  ,   , ,      ..),       ,     ,   ,  .  ,         -,   -    ,                    ,    .     ,        , ..            [84 - ., : Dodge W.S. Extraterritoriality and Conflict-of-Laws Theory: an Argument for Judicial Unilateralism // Harvard International Law Journal. 1998. 39. 101.].   ,  ,   ,      .     ,          ,    ,     ,  ,        . ,          ,    ,                     ,        ,         ,     ,  .

      ,    ,                        .           ,      .           ,     ,             .

   ,     .

1.Dow Jones & Co. Inc. v. Gutnik[85 - Dow Jones & Co. Inc. v. Gutnik, [2002] HCA 56, 21CLR 575.].                  ,             .        Dow Jones,            Barrons.       -      (Unholy Gains),         ,  ,   .      ,           ,             . -   550 000 ,    1700   . ,   ,          , ,   -          ,    ,   ,          .  ,        ,  ,    .     ,                ,    ,    ,     ,  ,    :  ,    ,    ,     ,  ,   .      ,   Dow Jones      .

2. Yahoo! Inc. v. LICRA[86 - Yahoo! Inc. v. La Ligue Contre Le Racisme et LAntisemitisme 145 F. Supp. 2d 1168 (N.D. Cal. 2001).]    ,      .     .     Yahoo!     .       .       .          (LICRA)      Yahoo! Inc.   . .     22  2000.                 ,          ,     Yahoo!     ,     . 645-1  .            , ,    ,    ,   ,  -    .    Yahoo!                   ,         . LICRA           .         Yahoo!, ,             ,   ,         ,      .

      ,        ,             .                      ,    .                      (jurisdiction to prescribe),   (jurisdiction to adjudicate)    (jurisdiction to enforce).  ,    ,         .            ( )           ,   ,     ,        ( ).

          ,              ,        .                ,                     .




 2.       



           ,              -  IT-         .     ,             -    :         (           ,         ),               ,     .                  [87 - Graham Smith. Internet Law and Regulation. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2007. P. 665.].

     ,        ,  [88 - David Post. Personal Jurisdiction on the Internet: An Outline for the Perplexed // Temple University Law School. June 1998. http://www.temple.edu/lawschool/dpost/outline.htm].

-,            ,     (subject matter jurisdiction),   (personal jurisdiction)    (venue).

  (   )       .     ,      ,     ,        .   ,  ,   ,         (      ,           ..). ,    1332 U.S. Code      -      75. . (     ),        .

            .     (general jurisdiction),           ,         ,   [89 - Blacks Law Dictionary. 9


ed. 2011. Thomson Reuters. P. 929.],    (specific jurisdiction),          ,   [90 - Ibid. P. 931.].

  (venue)    ,           .                    [91 - Jack H. Friedenthal et al. Civil Procedure. 2


ed. 1993. 2.1; Charles Wright. The Law of Federal Courts. 5


ed. 1994. 42.].  ,    ,        , venue    ,                ,     [92 - 28U.S.C. 1391(d). Brunette Mach. Works, Ltd v. Kockum Indus., Inc., 406 U.S. 706, 714 (1972).].

            ,         ,             .

,            ,          ,    ,     .




2.1.       


    ,                  ,   :

     , ..         (hard law);

   (soft law),     ,     ,        -  ,           [93 - Blacks Law Dictionary. 9


ed. 2011. Thomson West. P. 1519.].  ,  ,  ,    ,    - .

          .

1. .        .    : a)  XIV       (Due Process clause),                ; b)       (The Full Faith and Credit Clause, . 1. IV),                 ; )    (The Supremacy Clause, . VI); d)   (The Privileges and Immunities Clause, . 2. IV),             .

2.        .                .        (long-arm statutes)   ,          ,     [94 - Blacks Law Dictionary. 9


ed. 2011. Thomson West. P. 1027.].           . 4 (k)    ,  ,               ,        ,         ,       [95 - http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_States_Code/Title_28/Appendix/Federal_Rules_ of_Civil_Procedure/Rule_4].       ,         .          ,        Due Process clause,         [96 -          .: David Thatch. Personal Jurisdiction and the World-Wide Web: Bits (and Bytes) of Minimum Contacts // Rutgers Computer and Technology Law Journal. 23. 1997.].            long-arm statutes,       Due Process clause.     -[97 - ., : New York Civil Practice Law. 302.].

3.   ().        1952.,  ( )  1990.       ,      .      ,          .        ,   ,         -  (  ),      ,   . 2 -.

4.     (Uniform Computer Information Transactions Ac. (UCITA)).           ,            .       ,     ,   ,        -, ,      ,        . ,      ,     ,            click-wrap- (  ,  ).  ,      ,         .                . ,     ,      ,        (    ).      ,                , -                 .   (,  , ,  )    ,     UCITA  ,   ,  ,       [98 - .: Ward Classen. A Practical Guide to Software Licensing for Licensees and Licensors. ABA Publishing, 2008. P. 212.].

    ,         ,    .

1.        1987. (Restatement 3d of Foreign Relations Law)  ,       ,        ,                 .   ,    ,     ,          .        ,     ,   ,  [99 - Cardozo B. The Growth of the Law. Yale University Press, 1924. P. 9.].         ,   ,    ,  ,    ,              (1  ).         4  ,      ,       .

2.    (Restatement of Conflict of Laws).       . Restatement First on Conflict of Laws (1934),          (, , -,  , , , , )[100 - Freiheit J. Proskauer on International Litigation and Arbitration: Ch. 7Choice of Law Issues. Selecting the Appropriate Law. www.proskauerguide.com/litigation/7/IV].        (     ,     ,      (377); ,   ,     ,     (311)).       ,              ,          (Restatement Second on Conflict of Laws, 1971),       (substantial relationship). ,     ,           -, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,  , , , , , [101 - Symeonides S. Choice of Law in the American Courts in 2006: Twentieth Annual Survey // American Journal of Comparative Law. 2006. 54. P. 697, 712.].        ,   ,   ,    .           1971.     ,   ,   ,           .

3.  ,            (Intellectual Property: Principles Governing Jurisdiction, Choice of Law, and Judgments in Transnational Disputes. ALI, 2007).  ,    ,    ,  -       :  ,   ,   .             ,       . ,             -  ,     ,      [102 - Intellectual Property: Principles Governing Jurisdiction, Choice of Law and Judgments in Transnational Disputes. American Institute of Law. Proposed final draft, 2007. Reporters emorandum. P. XIX.].

4.       (ALI Principles of the Law of Software Contracts, 2009).  ,     ,      UCITA,      [103 - ALI Principles of the Law of Software Contracts. Proposed Final Draft, 2009. P. 2.].    UCITA             .                   .            1.13 (  )  1.14 ( ).

      ,     ,           ,   ,       .




2.2.         (jurisdiction to adjudicate)


  ,           ,     : 1)       ,   ; 2)    ,          (   ); 3)              ; 4)       ; 5)      ,     ; 6)      ,   ,       [104 - .    423 Restatement 3d of Foreign Relations Law, 27 Restatement Second on Conflict of Laws.].

 ,     , ,     ,     ,              long-arm statute      (Due process clause).        long-arm statute,       ,        (Due process clause)[105 - In re Ski Train Fire in Kaprun, Austria on Nov. 11. 2000. 342 F. Supp. 2d 207 (S.D.N.Y., 2004).],      ,   ,      [106 -      V  XIV    ,  Due Process Clause      International Shoe v. Washington 326 U.S. 310 (1945).],          [107 -         .: David Thatch. Op. cit.].

   ,   Due Process clause     ,     Pennoyer v. Neff,      ,                   [108 - 95 U.S. 714 (1877).].           ,      . ,        ,      ,       ,   .

 1945.       International Shoe v. Washington   ,                   ,       ,          [109 - 326 U.S. 310 (1945).].  ,              ()    ,   ,  ,          .

            ,     :   [110 -        general  specific       : Arthur von Mehren, Donald Trautman. Jurisdiction to Adjudicate: A Suggested Analysis // Harvard Law Review. 79. 1966.].    ,          , ,      ,   [111 -       : Perkins v. Benguet Consol. Mining Co. 342 U.S. 437 (1952); Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall. 466 U.S. 408 (1984).].        ,          ,      [112 - ., : Bird v. Parsons, 289 F. 3d 865, 873 (6


Cir. 2002); Butler v. Beer Across Am., 83 F. Supp. 2d 1261 (N.D. Ala. 2000).],   ,       [113 - ., : William Rosenstein & Sons Co v. BBI Produce, Inc., 123 F. Supp. 2d 268 (M.D. Pa. 2000).     ,          0,05%    ,       . Gator.com Corp. v. L.L. Bean, Inc. 341 F.3d 1072 (9


Cir. 2003) (       6%           ,     ,        -).].

                   ,            (purposeful availment).         ,         ,   [114 -          Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 252 (1958).].        ,  ,     ,    (random, fortuitous and attenuated)    .           World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson[115 - 444 U.S. 286 (1980).],    ,   -,         ,        .     ,       ,     ,   ,           -  .                    .

,         .         :        ;        ;        ;           ;         [116 - Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462 (1985).].              ,                    [117 - Nemeyer Q. Dont Hate the Player, Hate the Game: Applying the Traditional Concepts of General Jurisdiction to Internet Contacts // Loyola Law Review. 52. 2006. P. 155.].

     .        ,     (jurisdictional discovery),      [118 - Mass. Sch. of Law at Andover, Inc. v. Am. Bar. Assn, 107 F.3d, 1026, 1042 (3d Cir. 1997).].

 ,                       ,        (forum non conveniens)           [119 - 84 Restatement Second on Conflict of Laws; Barett Edward. Doctrine of Forum Non Conveniens // California Law Review 35. 1947.].     ,  ,       ,      ,     ,        [120 - Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501, 506-07 (1947).].            forum non conveniens,       (three-part test):

1)        .          ,       ,      [121 - Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 256 (1981).]. ,   ,       ,  ,          ,   ,    .       forum shopping. ,            ?        .  forum non conveniens           forum shopping[122 - Iragorri v. United Techs. Corp., 274 F.3d 65, 71, 73 (2d Cir. 2001).];

2)        .                   [123 - Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 256 (1981).].               [124 - Hatzlachh Supply, Inc. v. Tradewind Airways, Ltd, 659 F. Supp. 112 (S.D.N.Y., 1987); Canadian Overseas Ores Ltd. v. Compania de Acero del Pacifico S.A., 528 F. Supp. 1337 (S.D.N.Y., 1982).].      ,    ,       ,                      forum non conveniens[125 - Blanco v. BancoIndus. de Venezuela, S.A., 997 F.2d 974 (2


Cir. 1993).];

3)    . , ,     -         ,        ,       [126 - Doe v. Hyland Therapeutics Div., 807 F. Supp. 1117 (S.D.N.Y. 1992).].                   ,        .

              .                  [127 - ., : Johnson D., Post D. Op. cit.]      . ,  ,   .

       ,       ,     ,        ,           .  ,   ,        .      -  ,     ,   ,   ,  ,    ,  ..     ,    ,   ,           .

   ,     [128 -         . .: Yvonne Beshany., Sean Shirley. Cyber-Jurisdiction: When Does Use of the Internet Establish Personal Jurisdiction? // Alabama Law. 63. 2002. P. 38.],       Inset Systems, Inc. v. Instruction Set, Inc.[129 - 937 F. Supp. 161 (D. Conn. 1996).] ,    ,              ,     (inset.com).      ,   ,              .     , ,        -       ,      .    ,  ,   ,       ,          .    ,   ,             ,              .

      [130 -           . ., : Maritz, Inc. v. Cybergold, 947 F. Supp. 1328, 133033 (E.D. Mo. 1996).       ,      ,        ,   -             300    .].   ,         ,     ,     ,    ,         .                         .  ,           . ,        ,      .            Inset    (    purposeful availment).    ,                .

  ,    ,       Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc.[131 - 952 F. Supp. 1119 (W.D. Pa. 1997).]  Zippo,    ,    ,     Dot Com,    ,          .                    ,   Zippo.       , ,         ,     World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson.         ,      (sliding scale test).     ,   -        ().          (passive websites),                   [132 -                   :                  . .: Thomson G. Personal Jurisdiction in Internet-Related Litigation / Online Contract Formation ed. by S. Kinsella and A. Simpson. 2004. P. 503 ff.].       ,                    (active websites),        .      ,       .                  ,   .

     ,        ,             ,     .     ,     3000      -    .  ,             [133 -         ,     : ,                       .].        ,    ,   ,        .                .                       ,   .

     ,                   -[134 - Toys R Us, Inc. v. Step Two, S.A., 318 F.3d 446, 452 (3d Cir. 2003).],      [135 - Shamsuddin v. Vitamin Research Prods., 346 F. Supp. 2d 804, 809 (D. Md. 2004).].

,    Zippo,      International Shoe   .     ,   ,   ,      .    ,      -    ,       ,           [136 - ., : Kevin McMunigal. Desert, Utility and Minimum Contracts: Toward a Mixed Theory of Personal Jurisdiction // Yale Law Journal. 108. 1998. P. 189; Daniel Steurer. The Shoe Fits and the Lighter is Out of Gas: The Continuing Utility of International Shoe and the Misuse and Ineffectiveness of Zippo // Colorado Law Review. 74. 2003. P. 319325. ,   Ty Inc. v. Clark (N.D. Ill. 2000) ,            ,  -   (    e-mail,        ,               ).   ,   ,     .].       ,   Zippo    1997.,       -  .               ,      ,        .     ,      Zippo,       .

   ,   Zippo         .             ,                   [137 - Yokoyama D. You Cant Always Use the Zippo Code: The Fallacy of a Uniform Theory of Internet Personal Jurisdiction // DePaul Law Review. 54. 20042005. P. 11671168.].     , ,        ,    ,           ,            ,   ,     ,          [138 -    ,            (Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783, 1984; Keeton v. Hustler, 465 U.S. 770, 1984)   effects test,                 ,     ,   .   Zippo        ,        .                      Zippo ,         . .: Borchers P. Internet Libel: The Consequences of a Non-Rule Approach to Personal Jurisdiction // Northwestern University Law Review. 2004. Vol. 98, No. 2.].            Zippo   . ,  ,   - ,   ,   ,        ,    ,                .           ( Zippo)[139 - Edelson v. Chien 352 F. Supp. 2d 861 (N.D. Ill. 2005).].

  ,  Zippo-       .                [140 - Bell v. Imperial Palace Hotel/Casino, Inc., 200 F. Supp. 2d 1082, 1091 (E.D. Mo. 2001); Molnlycke v. Dumex, 1999 (E.D. Pa. 1999).].   ,   ,    ,    ,       -.      ,    ,      Zippo       [141 - Mink v. AAAA Dev. LLC, 190 F.3d 333 (5


Cir. 1999); MJC-A World of Quality, Inc. v. Wishpets Cp., Ltd, 0C 6803 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 27, 2001).].            ,        ,         Inset[142 - Yokoyama D. Op. cit. P. 1194.].

,     Zippo            -   .                  [143 - .       : Trammel A., Bambauer D. Personal Jurisdiction and the Interwebs // Cornell Law Review. Vol. 100. 2015, P. 1150.].     ,      ,      - ,               [144 - Williams v. Advertising Sex (N.D. W.Va. 2007).].       [145 - ALS Scan v. Digital Services Consultants, Inc., 293 F. 3d 707 (4


Cir. 2002); Revell v. Lidov, 317 F.3d 467 (5


Cir. 2002); Neogen Corp. v. Neo Gen Screening, Inc., 282 F.3d 883, 890 (6


Cir. 2002); Jennings v. AC Hydraulic A/S, 383 F.3d 546 (7


Cir. 2004); Fairbrother v. Am. Monument Found., LLC, 340 F. Supp. 2d 1147, 1156 (D. Colo. 2004).].

       Toys R Us, Inc. v. Step Two, S.A.[146 - 318 F.3d 446, 451 (3d Cir. 2003).]   ,     Zippo,   ,     .      ,    160        Imaginarium 10  ( ).            .       175           ,    .      imaginarium.com,    imaginarium.es.     ,     -.   ,          ,   -             ,   ,  .      :       ,    ,               .    Zippo- , ,     ,        .   ,    , ,    .  ,    ,     ,       ,        ,       .             ,              .         ,    -,       (    )        .         .

 ,                         -   . ,           ,   -,      ,      [147 - Viz Commcns, Inc. v. Redsun No. C-01-04235 JF, 2003 WL 23901766 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 28. 2003).].      240              , -         [148 - Arista Records, Inc. v. Sakfield Holding Co., 314 F.Supp.2d 27 (D.D.C. 2004).].

   -           : 1)   cookie    ; 2)         -         ; 3)   ,            -; 4)    -,      [149 - Rustad M. Internet Law in a Nutshell. St. Paul: MN, 2009. P. 72.].

 Zippo       ,           .                 ,    ,          [150 - Intellectual Property: Principles Governing Jurisdiction, Choice of Law, and Judgments in Transnational Disputes. ALI, 2007. P. 93.].    204 (1)         ,      ,    ,      ,   .        ,    ,   ,    .  ,          1)   -,     ,  -  ,  2)     ,  ,  ,   ,      (204 (2)).            ,    ,    :     ;           ;       ,     ;    ,      ;    ,            ,  ..[151 - Ibid. P. 9596.]

   ,              ,    .                     [152 - Intellectual Property: Principles Governing Jurisdiction, Choice of Law, and Judgments in Transnational Disputes. ALI. 2007. P. 124.].    : )                  ,   ,        ; b)    ; c)        ,     ; d)     ; e)        (, )   ,        (207).          purposeful availment           .

    ,                         ,   -           ,         .                      .        (disclaimers)  ,          ,   ,          [153 - Euromarket Designs Inc. v. Crate & Barrel Ltd., 96 F. Supp. 2d 824 (N.D. III. May 16. 2000).].         (  ,        ;       ;      )[154 - Toys R Us, Inc. v. Step Two, S.A. 318 F.3d 446, 451 (3d Cir. 2003).]    -  [155 - Graham Smith. Op. cit. P. 682.].

              (rule of aggregation).   4k                        .              .   Quokka Sports Inc. v. Cup International, Ltd[156 - (N.D. Cal. 1999).]          ,        -,      (Americas Cup)    , americascup.com        .  ,            ,             4k      .  ,              ,      ,       .




2.3.         (jurisdiction to prescribe)


              ,    (lex fori)[157 - Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 496 (1941).]. ,            ,     .           ,    Restatement 2


on Conflict of Laws (    )[158 - Smith Gregory. Choice of Law in the United States // The Hastings Law Journal. 38. 1987. P. 10431044.].

 1-105                ,       ,    ,  ,        .  ,    lex fori (    ).               Restatement 2


on Conflict of Laws,      ,    ,       ,     ,    [159 -  ..    . ., 2012. . 396.].

          Restatement 2


on Conflict of Laws.         ,     (substantial relationship)       .           - ,   : a)     ; b)        ; c)         (); d)    ; e)    ,    ; f)    ; g)       (6).

     ,     ,   ,     ,        ,      ,  ,   .



 ,    

   187 Restatement 2


on Conflict of Laws            ,            .

  . -,        -  ,    ,         . ,         ,   ,      ,   -       .  ,          ,             [160 - Nedlloyd Lines B.V. v. Superior Court, 3 Cal 4


(1992).]. -,         ,           [161 - 187 (2) Restatement (Second) on Conflict of Laws.].  ,        ,          ,    ,      .

        ,     [162 - ,              .]       ,            (    ), ..   ,             ,   6 Restatement 2


on Conflict of Laws.   188         ,    ,   ,   ,   ,  ,            .

             (ALI Principles of the Law of Software Contracts)   ,        ,    .      ,    ,  ,            (1.13). ,             ,              . b,     .   . b      ,      ,   [163 -             109 (a) UCITA,     ,     ,         ,   .              ,    ,       .].     ,    -      .        ,           [164 - ALI Principles of the Law of Software Contracts. Proposed final draft. 2009. P. 88.].

                     (    ),     . ,       ,         ,    ,         [165 - Scoles E., Hay P., Borchers P. Symeonides S. Conflict of Laws. 4


ed. St. Paul. MN. 2004. P. 975.].         ,      ,     ,        ,      [166 - Ibid. P. 976.].

,    187 ,    1-105  ,         ,       ,    ,        ,       ,   ,           ,     .         ,      .  2001.                 .     1-301 ,   1-105 ,                      [167 - UCC Article 1, General Provisions (2001) Summary. 2013. The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws //http://www.uniformlaws.org/ActSummary. aspx?title=UCC%20Article%201,%20General%20Provisions%20(2001)],      .    -         .

         ,             [168 - 2006 Uniform Commercial Code Survey: Introduction // The Business Lawyer. 62. August 2007. P. 15551558.  ,    1-301 ,    .].         1-301 .

 ,                   [169 -       ,         ,  (      ),   . .:  .. . . . 264.],                   ,       ,          [170 - R?hl G. Party Autonomy in the Private International Law of Contracts: Transatlantic Convergence and Economic Efficiency // Conflict of Laws in a Globalized World / d. by E. Gottschalk, R. Michaels, G. R?hl, & J. von Hein. Cambridge University Press. 2007. P. 163.].

               . , ,    1646.5           ,      .       ,    250 000 .,      ,       .       .  ,               ,    .

         ,           ,      .

     ,          .  ,          ,     . , , , ,            ,    ,   ,       [171 - Intellectual Property: Principles Governing Jurisdiction, Choice of Law, and Judgments in Transnational Disputes. ALI. 2007. P. 144. Ginsburg Jane. Copyright without borders: Choice of forum and choice of law for copyright infringement in Cyberspace // Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal. 15. 1997. P. 154.].  ,    ,       [172 - ,    ,           ( , TRIPS  ..).      -     ,      .           ,              .].    ,   ,     ..,      ,    ,    .   ,        (,  ,  ,  ,    ,   ,    .),    ,     ,        .

,   [173 - Subafilms, Ltd v. MGM-Path, Commcn Co., 24 F.3d 1088, 1095 (9


Cir. 1994).]          ,    ,    ,    ,    .    ,                    ,      [174 -         ,           . .: Frohlich A. Copyright infringement in the Internet age: A primetime for harmonized conflict-of-laws rules // Berkeley Technology Law Journal. 24. 2009. P. 256261.].   ,    ,    ,    ,      .

      ,         -ѻ,  ,     -.   ,     500    .      ,       lex fori  ,    ,          ,    ,    ,       (      ).    ,           ,           lex loci delicti       ,       .

        ,     ,        .      ITAR-TASS,       ,           ,      [175 - ITAR-TASS Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc., 153 F.3d 82, 88 (2d Cir. 1998).].                  ,       ,       ,       [176 - ., : Creative Technology, Ltd. v. Aztech System, Ltd, 61 F.3d 696, 704 (9


Cir. 1995).            ; Murray v. British Broadcasting Corp., 81 F.3d 287 (1996) (   ,        ); Dinwoodie G. International intellectual property legislation: A Vehicle for Resurgent Comparativist Thought // American Journal of Comparative Law. 49. 2001. P. 440.].



    ,    ,    

   149 Restatement 2


on Conflict of Laws   ,     ,   ,      ,   ,   150,  ,          6,          (      ).          150,       ,            .   ,       ,  ,     ,   ,   .     ,      ,         ,        .     ,          , ,  ,   .         ,    ,    ,      ,     (      single publication rule).

 ,      ,   ,            () [177 - Wells v. Liddy 186 F.3d 505 (4


Cir. 1999); Hitchcock v. Woodside Literary Agency 15 F. Supp. 2d 246 (E.D.N.Y. 1998).].  ,               -,  ,   ,         ,         (..    ),               .




2.4.       (jurisdiction to enforce)


             ,        ,      .            ,     (,       ()     -      ()        ),           .

         ,    .    ,                    (The Full Faith and Credit Clause,  1 . IV, 481 Restatement 3d of Foreign Relations Law).

    ,     ,   ,     .   ,         ,               ,          .         ,        .                    .          ,     [178 -     .: Mary Ann Alford. The effect of the proposed U.S. U.K. reciprocal recognition and enforcement of civil judgments treaty on current recognition practice in United States // Columbia Journal of Transnational Law. 18. 1979.].

         ,   ,        ,    .         (reciprocity)    (comity).

  ,              ,     : 1)        ; 2)       ; 3)     . , ,        (,                 punitive damages)       [179 - Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofs (Zivilsachen) BGHZ 118, 312 (1993); Nettesheim & Stahl. Recent Development, Bundesgerichtshof Rejects Enforcement of United States Punitive Damages Award // 28 Texas Intellectual Law Journal. 415 (1993).], [180 - Bernet M. Recognition and enforcement in Switzerland of US judgments containing an award of punitive damages // International Business Lawyer. 22. 1994. P. 272.].

                    .           ,   [181 - Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938); Restatement 3


Foreign Relations law. 481a (1987).].                   ,   ,     -  (,               ).

       98 Restatement 2


on Conflict of Laws   481382 Restatement 3d of Foreign Relations Law.               ,          .       ,     ,             .

        Hilton v. Guyot[182 - 150 U.S. 113, 202 (1895).],              .            ,              [183 -                 . .: Koster v. Automark Industries, Inc., 640 F.2d 77 (7


Cir. 1981).]      ,                    ,               -       .  ,      ,     ,      (Due Process)    ,            [184 - Intl Transactions, Ltd. v. Embotelladora Agral Regiomontana, S.A., 347 F.3d 589, 593-97 (5


Cir. 2003).].                            .                    ,   .    ,     ,  ,     ,         [185 - Loucks v. Std. Oil Co. 120 N.E. 198, 201 (N.Y. Ct. App. 1918).].

 Hilton v. Guyot    ,          (comity)              .   ,           ,              (    ). ,             ,     .                    . , ,                          (     ,      ),           [186 - Danford B. The Enforcement of Foreign Money Judgments in the United States and Europe: How Can We Achieve a Comprehensive Treaty? // The Review of Litigation. Vol. 23:2. 2004. P. 387. . : Reporters notes No. 1to 481 Restatement 3d of Foreign Relations Law.].

                      1962. (Uniform Foreign Money-Judgements Recognition Act),             [187 -             (Restatement Third of Foreign Relations Law), 481 (1)           . .: Danford B. Op. cit. P. 388.].   ,    ,        ,    ,   . 4: 1)          ,         ; 2)           ; 3)       ; 4)      ; 5)           ; 6)           .             (full credit and faith




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/a-i-savelev/elektronnaya-kommerciya-v-rossii-i-za-rubezhom-pravovoe-reguli/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


Ecommerce Sales Topped $ 1 Trillion for First Time in 2012. 05.02.2012 // http://www. emarketer.com/Article/Ecommerce-Sales-Topped-1-Trillion-First-Time-2012/1009649#t8zvC cCjOogMAZ-31.99




2


Europe B2C Ecommerce Report 2013. Brussels // https://www.ecommerce-europe.eu/ website/facts-figures/light-version/download%20




3


,        ,      -  .         -,          ,           ,  - .




4


 ,    ,       . ., :     19  2002. 169              19962005   2010 ໻ //  . 2002. 13. . 1208; . 118. 7        ,      21  2000. 990            //  . 2001. 1 (. II). . 125.




5


 ..      // . 2006. 3;  ..       :  . ., 2006. . 4248;  ..   (  ).    . ., 2002. . 14  .




6


.:         .  1996. . 1718. URL: http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/russian/texts/electcom/05-89452_Ebook.pdf.  ,        electronic commerce    ,       ,         (. ).




7


 . . 18.




8


Section 1104 (3). The Internet Tax Freedom Act, 1998.




9


Towards the Age of the Digital Economy  For Rapid Progress in the Japanese Economy and World Economic Growth in the 21st Century. Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Government of Japan. 1997. . :  .. . .




10


E-Commerce in Developing Countries: Opportunities and Challenges for Small and Medium-Sized Business. World Trade Organization. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/ booksp_e/ecom_brochure_e.pdf; OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms. Electronic Commerce. OECD Guide to Measuring the Information Society, 2011. URL: https://stats.oecd.org/glos-sary/detail.asp?ID=4721




11


,       ,             , ,      ,  ,   ,                  . MCC Industrial Sales Corporation v. Ssangyong Corporation. 17 October 2007.  .: Unlocking the Potential of E-commerce for Developing Countries. United Nations Conference on Trade And Development. N.Y., 2015. P. 69.




12


Online Contract Formation. Ed. by Stephan Kinsella and Andrew Simpson. Oceana Publications. N.Y., 2004. P. 483.




13


.: Faye Fangrei Wang. Internet Jurisdiction and Choice of Law: Legal Practices in the EU, US and China. Cambridge, 2010. P. 3.




14


 ..   . ., 2008. . 2728.




15


WTO Declaration on Global Electronic Commerce. 20 May 1998 WT/MIN(98)/DEC/2. 5.




16


Ibid. 20.




17


      ,       ()    .    , ,       ,     - :           ,    ,         - .  ,       -  -    .




18


., :    13  2006. 38-   (    ); . 9, 10    7  1992. 2300-I     (      )         ()   ( ().




19


      :      ,          ,  ,   ,    , ,       .




20


       .    . . 1719.




21


.:    28.12.2009 381-          (. 1,. 2).          029-2001 ()      ,      ,   (   52.61.2).




22


., :         ,   ()              (.   12  1998. 20-).




23


Prins C. et al. Trust in Electronic Commerce. Kluwer Law International, 2002. P. 12.




24


   . 11.1 . 2   27  2006. 149-  ,      (    )      ,    , .. ,         ,      -      .




25


., :     6  2008. 632-          2010 ;     6  2012. 890             .




26


Schneider G. Electronic Commerce. Course Technology. Mass. 9


ed. 2011. P. 7.




27


. . 5     22  1997. 18   ,           .




28


   21  2005. 94-      ,  ,        ( 1  2014.    5  2013. 44-       , ,       ).




29


             15     .:  -  : 2030. -  /  . ..   .. . .:  , 2014. URL: https://prognoz2030.hse.ru/data/2014/12/25/1103939133/Prognoz_2030_final.pdf




30


     . - 2015. Www.in-numbers.ru




31


     . 20122015. http:// adindex.ru/news/researches/2015/05/21/123757.phtml




32


Unlocking the Potential of E-commerce for Developing Countries. United Nations Conference on Trade And Development. N.Y., 2015. P. 27.




33


New Forms of Work in the Sharing Economy. OECD Working Party on Measurement and Analysis of the Digital Economy. DSTI/ICCP/ISS(2015)3. For Official Use.




34


      Uber  50 . .: Kosoff M. Uber is officially a $50 billion company // Business Insider, 31 July 2015. URL: http://goo.gl/MOQbiL.                  .




35


Essays on the sharing economy by Shehzad Nadeem, Juliet B. Schor, Edward T. Walker, Caroline W. Lee, Paolo Parigi, and Karen Cook. February 23, 2015. URL: http://contexts.org/ articles/on-the-sharing-economy/




36


The Internet of Things: How the Next Evolution of the Internet Is Changing Everything. Cisco White Paper. April 2011. P.3




37


 ,          .      (Internet of Persons),           ,       . .: Klitou D. Privacy-Invading Technologies and Privacy by Design: Safeguarding Privacy, Liberty and Security in the 21


Century. Springer; Leiden, 2014. P. 160 ff.




38


The Internet of Things: An Overview. Understanding the Issues and Challenges of a More Connected World. Internet Society. October 2015. P. 57.




39


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41


Martin Hiesboeck. Blockchain is the most disruptive invention since the Internet itself  not just in finance. 6April 2016. Digital Doughnut. URL: https://goo.gl/9jSYF8




42


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43


Ryan J. A History of Internet and the Digital Future. London, 2010.




44


 ,   ,      ,         .




45


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46


Roberts L. Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communication // Symposium on Operating System Principles. Gatlinburg. Tennessee, 1967. P. 2.  , ,           open source,     60- . XX.       .




47


.: American Civil Liberties Union, et al. v. Janet Reno, Attorney General of the United States. 929 F. Supp. 824, E.D. Penn (1996).     ,              .




48


      GLORIAD,  12  2004.  -  , ,      .        ,    .      10 /.        . .: Robert Britt. High-Speed Other Internet Goes Global // LiveScience. 15 October 2009.




49


Crawford S. The Digital Broadband Migration: Internet Think // Journal on Telecommunications & High Technology Law. 5. 2007. P. 469.    ,  ,   .   c ,    .          ,        .        ,      -,         . .: Tim Wu. The Master Switch: The Rise and Fall of Information Empires. N.Y., 2011. P. 198.




50


Abbate J. Op. cit. P. 141.




51


NSFNET Acceptable Use Policy, 1992.




52


       NSFNET  1990.      . .: Ryan J. A History of Internet and the Digital Future.




53


Abbate J. Op. cit. P. 210.         .   1993.   1990.      Relcom        NSFNET,          . 7 1994.     ru,         .




54


Yee Fen Lim. Cyberspace Law: Commentaries and Materials. Oxford, 2002. P. 1113.




55


Reno v. ACLU, 521 U.S. 844, 853 (1997).




56


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57


.: Tim Wu. The Master Switch: The Rise and Fall of Information Empires. N.Y., 2011. P. 270.




58


Lessig L. Code. Ver. 2.0. Basic Books. N.Y., 2006. P. 61.




59


      :  ,              ,                     -. .:  . . . . 42.




60


American Civil Liberties Union v. Janet Reno, Attorney General of the United States (ACLU v. Reno) {1996}: Yee Fen Lim. Op. cit. P. 4.




61


Post D. Anarchy, State and the Internet: An Essay on Law-making in Cyberspace. 1995. P.2




62


Johnson D., Post D. Law and Borders  The Rise of Law in Cyberspace // Stanford Law Review. 48. 1996. P. 1370.




63


Reed C. Internet Law: Cases and Materials. Cambridge University Press. 2004. P. 2.




64


United States v. Kammersell (1999): Kerr O.S. The problem of perspective in Internet law. (   www.heinonline.org,    15  2006.).




65


Reed C. Internet Law: Cases and Materials. P. 15.




66


Volker Haug. Grundwissen Internetrecht. Stuttgart, 2005. S. 8.




67


 ..    // . 1997 1. . 65.




68


    ,         ,    IP-. .: David Post et al. Cyberlaw Problems of Policy and Jurisprudence in the Information Age. 2003. P. 201.




69


Savin A. EU Internet Law. Edward Elgar: Cheltenham. 2013. P. 104.




70


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71


VoIP      IP        .         .      .     ,   ,  Skype.




72


., : Akehurst M. Jurisdiction in International Law // Jurisdiction in International Law // Ed. by W.M. Reisman. Dartmouth, 1999. P. 145;  ..           //  . . 2011. 4;  .  :  / . . .. , .. . ., 2011.




73


United Phosphorus Ltd v. Angus Chemical Co., 322 F.3d 942, 948 (7


Cir. 2003):    ,       .




74


., : Scassa T., Currie R. New First Principles? Assessing the Internets Challenges to Jurisdiction // Georgetown Journal of International Law. 42. 2011. P. 1023. http:// papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2116364




75


Yee Fen Lim. Op. cit. P. 18.




76


Collier J.G. Conflict of Laws. 3


ed. Cambridge University Press, 2001. P. 71.




77


 .  :  / . . .. , .. .




78


 ..,  ..   . ., 1976. . 58.




79


 ..            //    -. ., 2002. . 10.




80


             (Restatement 3


. of the Foreign Relations Law 1987. (401 ff).           . ., : Recommendation No R (97) 11 of the Committee of Ministers of member States of the amended Model plan for the classification of documents concerning State Practice in the Field of Public International Law.




81


.:  ..       //    . 1954. 8. . 63.




82


Blacks Law Dictionary 9


ed. 2011. Thomson West. P. 927.




83


.:  ..     . . 222.




84


., : Dodge W.S. Extraterritoriality and Conflict-of-Laws Theory: an Argument for Judicial Unilateralism // Harvard International Law Journal. 1998. 39. 101.




85


Dow Jones & Co. Inc. v. Gutnik, [2002] HCA 56, 21CLR 575.




86


Yahoo! Inc. v. La Ligue Contre Le Racisme et LAntisemitisme 145 F. Supp. 2d 1168 (N.D. Cal. 2001).




87


Graham Smith. Internet Law and Regulation. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2007. P. 665.




88


David Post. Personal Jurisdiction on the Internet: An Outline for the Perplexed // Temple University Law School. June 1998. http://www.temple.edu/lawschool/dpost/outline.htm




89


Blacks Law Dictionary. 9


ed. 2011. Thomson Reuters. P. 929.




90


Ibid. P. 931.




91


Jack H. Friedenthal et al. Civil Procedure. 2


ed. 1993. 2.1; Charles Wright. The Law of Federal Courts. 5


ed. 1994. 42.




92


28U.S.C. 1391(d). Brunette Mach. Works, Ltd v. Kockum Indus., Inc., 406 U.S. 706, 714 (1972).




93


Blacks Law Dictionary. 9


ed. 2011. Thomson West. P. 1519.




94


Blacks Law Dictionary. 9


ed. 2011. Thomson West. P. 1027.




95


http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_States_Code/Title_28/Appendix/Federal_Rules_ of_Civil_Procedure/Rule_4




96


         .: David Thatch. Personal Jurisdiction and the World-Wide Web: Bits (and Bytes) of Minimum Contacts // Rutgers Computer and Technology Law Journal. 23. 1997.




97


., : New York Civil Practice Law. 302.




98


.: Ward Classen. A Practical Guide to Software Licensing for Licensees and Licensors. ABA Publishing, 2008. P. 212.




99


Cardozo B. The Growth of the Law. Yale University Press, 1924. P. 9.




100


Freiheit J. Proskauer on International Litigation and Arbitration: Ch. 7Choice of Law Issues. Selecting the Appropriate Law. www.proskauerguide.com/litigation/7/IV




101


Symeonides S. Choice of Law in the American Courts in 2006: Twentieth Annual Survey // American Journal of Comparative Law. 2006. 54. P. 697, 712.




102


Intellectual Property: Principles Governing Jurisdiction, Choice of Law and Judgments in Transnational Disputes. American Institute of Law. Proposed final draft, 2007. Reporters emorandum. P. XIX.




103


ALI Principles of the Law of Software Contracts. Proposed Final Draft, 2009. P. 2.




104


.    423 Restatement 3d of Foreign Relations Law, 27 Restatement Second on Conflict of Laws.




105


In re Ski Train Fire in Kaprun, Austria on Nov. 11. 2000. 342 F. Supp. 2d 207 (S.D.N.Y., 2004).




106


     V  XIV    ,  Due Process Clause      International Shoe v. Washington 326 U.S. 310 (1945).




107


        .: David Thatch. Op. cit.




108


95 U.S. 714 (1877).




109


326 U.S. 310 (1945).




110


       general  specific       : Arthur von Mehren, Donald Trautman. Jurisdiction to Adjudicate: A Suggested Analysis // Harvard Law Review. 79. 1966.




111


      : Perkins v. Benguet Consol. Mining Co. 342 U.S. 437 (1952); Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall. 466 U.S. 408 (1984).




112


., : Bird v. Parsons, 289 F. 3d 865, 873 (6


Cir. 2002); Butler v. Beer Across Am., 83 F. Supp. 2d 1261 (N.D. Ala. 2000).




113


., : William Rosenstein & Sons Co v. BBI Produce, Inc., 123 F. Supp. 2d 268 (M.D. Pa. 2000).     ,          0,05%    ,       . Gator.com Corp. v. L.L. Bean, Inc. 341 F.3d 1072 (9


Cir. 2003) (       6%           ,     ,        -).




114


         Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 252 (1958).




115


444 U.S. 286 (1980).




116


Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462 (1985).




117


Nemeyer Q. Dont Hate the Player, Hate the Game: Applying the Traditional Concepts of General Jurisdiction to Internet Contacts // Loyola Law Review. 52. 2006. P. 155.




118


Mass. Sch. of Law at Andover, Inc. v. Am. Bar. Assn, 107 F.3d, 1026, 1042 (3d Cir. 1997).




119


84 Restatement Second on Conflict of Laws; Barett Edward. Doctrine of Forum Non Conveniens // California Law Review 35. 1947.




120


Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501, 506-07 (1947).




121


Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 256 (1981).




122


Iragorri v. United Techs. Corp., 274 F.3d 65, 71, 73 (2d Cir. 2001).




123


Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 256 (1981).




124


Hatzlachh Supply, Inc. v. Tradewind Airways, Ltd, 659 F. Supp. 112 (S.D.N.Y., 1987); Canadian Overseas Ores Ltd. v. Compania de Acero del Pacifico S.A., 528 F. Supp. 1337 (S.D.N.Y., 1982).




125


Blanco v. BancoIndus. de Venezuela, S.A., 997 F.2d 974 (2


Cir. 1993).




126


Doe v. Hyland Therapeutics Div., 807 F. Supp. 1117 (S.D.N.Y. 1992).




127


., : Johnson D., Post D. Op. cit.




128


        . .: Yvonne Beshany., Sean Shirley. Cyber-Jurisdiction: When Does Use of the Internet Establish Personal Jurisdiction? // Alabama Law. 63. 2002. P. 38.




129


937 F. Supp. 161 (D. Conn. 1996).




130


          . ., : Maritz, Inc. v. Cybergold, 947 F. Supp. 1328, 133033 (E.D. Mo. 1996).       ,      ,        ,   -             300    .




131


952 F. Supp. 1119 (W.D. Pa. 1997).




132


                  :                  . .: Thomson G. Personal Jurisdiction in Internet-Related Litigation / Online Contract Formation ed. by S. Kinsella and A. Simpson. 2004. P. 503 ff.




133


        ,     : ,                       .




134


Toys R Us, Inc. v. Step Two, S.A., 318 F.3d 446, 452 (3d Cir. 2003).




135


Shamsuddin v. Vitamin Research Prods., 346 F. Supp. 2d 804, 809 (D. Md. 2004).




136


., : Kevin McMunigal. Desert, Utility and Minimum Contracts: Toward a Mixed Theory of Personal Jurisdiction // Yale Law Journal. 108. 1998. P. 189; Daniel Steurer. The Shoe Fits and the Lighter is Out of Gas: The Continuing Utility of International Shoe and the Misuse and Ineffectiveness of Zippo // Colorado Law Review. 74. 2003. P. 319325. ,   Ty Inc. v. Clark (N.D. Ill. 2000) ,            ,  -   (    e-mail,        ,               ).   ,   ,     .




137


Yokoyama D. You Cant Always Use the Zippo Code: The Fallacy of a Uniform Theory of Internet Personal Jurisdiction // DePaul Law Review. 54. 20042005. P. 11671168.




138


   ,            (Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783, 1984; Keeton v. Hustler, 465 U.S. 770, 1984)   effects test,                 ,     ,   .   Zippo        ,        .                      Zippo ,         . .: Borchers P. Internet Libel: The Consequences of a Non-Rule Approach to Personal Jurisdiction // Northwestern University Law Review. 2004. Vol. 98, No. 2.




139


Edelson v. Chien 352 F. Supp. 2d 861 (N.D. Ill. 2005).




140


Bell v. Imperial Palace Hotel/Casino, Inc., 200 F. Supp. 2d 1082, 1091 (E.D. Mo. 2001); Molnlycke v. Dumex, 1999 (E.D. Pa. 1999).




141


Mink v. AAAA Dev. LLC, 190 F.3d 333 (5


Cir. 1999); MJC-A World of Quality, Inc. v. Wishpets Cp., Ltd, 0C 6803 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 27, 2001).




142


Yokoyama D. Op. cit. P. 1194.




143


.       : Trammel A., Bambauer D. Personal Jurisdiction and the Interwebs // Cornell Law Review. Vol. 100. 2015, P. 1150.




144


Williams v. Advertising Sex (N.D. W.Va. 2007).




145


ALS Scan v. Digital Services Consultants, Inc., 293 F. 3d 707 (4


Cir. 2002); Revell v. Lidov, 317 F.3d 467 (5


Cir. 2002); Neogen Corp. v. Neo Gen Screening, Inc., 282 F.3d 883, 890 (6


Cir. 2002); Jennings v. AC Hydraulic A/S, 383 F.3d 546 (7


Cir. 2004); Fairbrother v. Am. Monument Found., LLC, 340 F. Supp. 2d 1147, 1156 (D. Colo. 2004).




146


318 F.3d 446, 451 (3d Cir. 2003).




147


Viz Commcns, Inc. v. Redsun No. C-01-04235 JF, 2003 WL 23901766 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 28. 2003).




148


Arista Records, Inc. v. Sakfield Holding Co., 314 F.Supp.2d 27 (D.D.C. 2004).




149


Rustad M. Internet Law in a Nutshell. St. Paul: MN, 2009. P. 72.




150


Intellectual Property: Principles Governing Jurisdiction, Choice of Law, and Judgments in Transnational Disputes. ALI, 2007. P. 93.




151


Ibid. P. 9596.




152


Intellectual Property: Principles Governing Jurisdiction, Choice of Law, and Judgments in Transnational Disputes. ALI. 2007. P. 124.




153


Euromarket Designs Inc. v. Crate & Barrel Ltd., 96 F. Supp. 2d 824 (N.D. III. May 16. 2000).




154


Toys R Us, Inc. v. Step Two, S.A. 318 F.3d 446, 451 (3d Cir. 2003).




155


Graham Smith. Op. cit. P. 682.




156


(N.D. Cal. 1999).




157


Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 496 (1941).




158


Smith Gregory. Choice of Law in the United States // The Hastings Law Journal. 38. 1987. P. 10431044.




159


 ..    . ., 2012. . 396.




160


Nedlloyd Lines B.V. v. Superior Court, 3 Cal 4


(1992).




161


187 (2) Restatement (Second) on Conflict of Laws.




162


,              .




163


            109 (a) UCITA,     ,     ,         ,   .              ,    ,       .




164


ALI Principles of the Law of Software Contracts. Proposed final draft. 2009. P. 88.




165


Scoles E., Hay P., Borchers P. Symeonides S. Conflict of Laws. 4


ed. St. Paul. MN. 2004. P. 975.




166


Ibid. P. 976.




167


UCC Article 1, General Provisions (2001) Summary. 2013. The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws //http://www.uniformlaws.org/ActSummary. aspx?title=UCC%20Article%201,%20General%20Provisions%20(2001)




168


2006 Uniform Commercial Code Survey: Introduction // The Business Lawyer. 62. August 2007. P. 15551558.  ,    1-301 ,    .




169


      ,         ,  (      ),   . .:  .. . . . 264.




170


R?hl G. Party Autonomy in the Private International Law of Contracts: Transatlantic Convergence and Economic Efficiency // Conflict of Laws in a Globalized World / d. by E. Gottschalk, R. Michaels, G. R?hl, & J. von Hein. Cambridge University Press. 2007. P. 163.




171


Intellectual Property: Principles Governing Jurisdiction, Choice of Law, and Judgments in Transnational Disputes. ALI. 2007. P. 144. Ginsburg Jane. Copyright without borders: Choice of forum and choice of law for copyright infringement in Cyberspace // Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal. 15. 1997. P. 154.




172


,    ,           ( , TRIPS  ..).      -     ,      .           ,              .




173


Subafilms, Ltd v. MGM-Path, Commcn Co., 24 F.3d 1088, 1095 (9


Cir. 1994).




174


        ,           . .: Frohlich A. Copyright infringement in the Internet age: A primetime for harmonized conflict-of-laws rules // Berkeley Technology Law Journal. 24. 2009. P. 256261.




175


ITAR-TASS Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc., 153 F.3d 82, 88 (2d Cir. 1998).




176


., : Creative Technology, Ltd. v. Aztech System, Ltd, 61 F.3d 696, 704 (9


Cir. 1995).            ; Murray v. British Broadcasting Corp., 81 F.3d 287 (1996) (   ,        ); Dinwoodie G. International intellectual property legislation: A Vehicle for Resurgent Comparativist Thought // American Journal of Comparative Law. 49. 2001. P. 440.




177


Wells v. Liddy 186 F.3d 505 (4


Cir. 1999); Hitchcock v. Woodside Literary Agency 15 F. Supp. 2d 246 (E.D.N.Y. 1998).




178


    .: Mary Ann Alford. The effect of the proposed U.S. U.K. reciprocal recognition and enforcement of civil judgments treaty on current recognition practice in United States // Columbia Journal of Transnational Law. 18. 1979.




179


Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofs (Zivilsachen) BGHZ 118, 312 (1993); Nettesheim & Stahl. Recent Development, Bundesgerichtshof Rejects Enforcement of United States Punitive Damages Award // 28 Texas Intellectual Law Journal. 415 (1993).




180


Bernet M. Recognition and enforcement in Switzerland of US judgments containing an award of punitive damages // International Business Lawyer. 22. 1994. P. 272.




181


Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938); Restatement 3


Foreign Relations law. 481a (1987).




182


150 U.S. 113, 202 (1895).




183


                . .: Koster v. Automark Industries, Inc., 640 F.2d 77 (7


Cir. 1981).




184


Intl Transactions, Ltd. v. Embotelladora Agral Regiomontana, S.A., 347 F.3d 589, 593-97 (5


Cir. 2003).




185


Loucks v. Std. Oil Co. 120 N.E. 198, 201 (N.Y. Ct. App. 1918).




186


Danford B. The Enforcement of Foreign Money Judgments in the United States and Europe: How Can We Achieve a Comprehensive Treaty? // The Review of Litigation. Vol. 23:2. 2004. P. 387. . : Reporters notes No. 1to 481 Restatement 3d of Foreign Relations Law.




187


            (Restatement Third of Foreign Relations Law), 481 (1)           . .: Danford B. Op. cit. P. 388.


