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1. 


  20082009.    ,    (,    ),        [3 -    ( 90- ., 19981999.)           ,                ,    (19981999.)                  .].     ,      ,     ,         (    ,   ,     ).

  ,      .       : ,         ,   ,       , ,    ,  ,     [4 - ,  ,     ,    ,    ,     .],             [5 -   ,         ( 2008.)     (2012.)      ,         .].

         ,      ,                .  ,            ,      [6 -               ,    ,     .],  ,   ,     :           ,            .        ,        (. credere  ), ,        .     ,      ,  

      , , ,     ,   ,   ,   , ..     .          , ,                     ,    .

            ,  ,   ,         .    20 ,     ,       20082011.,           :       ; ,  ,           ;  ,   , ,      .            ,      .                      ,             -   :            ,   ,   ,           ,                .

  ,       ,     ,        ,            ,         ,               ,      (      ).     5 . 23                .

 ,  :      -  ,   ,       ,  ,     ,      ,         ,  ,  .         , ,      ,       (Euro-mortgage) (..                (real security))      (personal security),     .         .    - , ,           (Grundschuld)     (Schuldbrief)[7 - .: The Development of a European Capital Market. Report of a Group of experts appointed by EEC Commission (Segr Report). Brussels, 1966. P. 23, 152153; The Integration of the EU Mortgage Credit Markets: Report by Forum Group on Mortgage Credit. Internal Market Directorate General, 2004. P. 55; . : Nasarre-Aznar S. Looking for a model for a Eurohypothec // The Conveyancer and Property Lawyer. 2005. No. 69.][8 -         (  -     ,      ,   ,        ),      2008.,             BGB        (. : Erp S. van. Security Interests: A Secure Start for the Development of European Property Law (http://ssrn.com/abstract=1297282); Vliet L. van. The German Grundschuld // The Edinburgh Law Review. 2012. Vol. 16. P. 148149, 167).],      (suretyship, guaranty),         ,     [9 - Erp S. van. Surety Agreements and the Principle of Accessority  Personal Security in the Light of a European Property Law Principle // European Review of Private Law. 2005. No. 3. P. 328331.].

            ,        ,    .           (  ,     )    ,     .          ,       (    ).




2.    




            .    ,    ;             [10 - Mata M.A. de la. Typical Personal Security Rights in the EU. Comparative Law and Economics in Italy, Spain and other EU Countries in the Light of the EU Law, Basel II and the Financial Crisis. T?bingen, 2010. P. 36.];         ,      [11 - The Interaction of Contract Law and Tort and Property Law in Europe. A Comparative Study / C. von Bar, U. Drobnig (eds.). M?nchen, 2004. P. 341.].           [12 - A. Steven    (Steven A. Accessoriness and Security over Land // http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1371139).].

      ()      ()  ,   :     [13 -  R. Zimmermann  ,           (.: Zimmermann R. Law of Obligations. Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition. Oxford University Press, 1996. P. 122), .,   ,      D. 46, 3, 43:].         .       .       ,             .     : (a)  ; (b)   ; (c)     ; (d)  ; (e)      .

     , . van Erp ,       ,     (Entstehungsakzessoriet?t), ,    ,  ,        ,             .

  A. Steven       ,             ,    ,      : (a)    ; (b)     ; (c)           ; (d)       ; (e)        .

 ,      ,          (, ,  , ,  ),          .    ,          , , ,       . ,    (Sicherungshypothek)      , ,    ,       ,     [14 -  .  . ., 2009. . 283.].            [15 - . :  ..     //  .]; -  Sicherungshypothek       [16 - ., : Czeguhn I., Ahrens C. Fallsammlung zum Sachenrecht. Springer, 2006. S. 257; Huebner R. A History of Germanic Private Law. Boston, 1918. P. 393; Schuster E. Principles of German Civil Law. Oxford, 1907. P. 440; Vliet L. van. Op. cit. P. 149, 152153.].  :       Sicherungshypothek   .            .

                :         ,         ?   ,   ,      (  )   .. [17 -  ..  : .  . ., 2011. . 3678.].          .




2.1.  


      :         ,     , ,          .

      ,     .      ,   (,  ),     (   ;      ).

   ,       ,           ,     - ,        .      [18 -  ..    . ., 2000. . 62  .].  ,           ,      ,  . ,       ,      ,     ,       .   ,           ,    [19 - , ,       ,      .].    ,   ,       ,          (    ,    ,    ..).  ,       ,            ,    , [20 - ,       ;        .                .].     ,       ,   ,         ,        ..         ,          ; ,        ,              [21 - , ,      ,    ,     ,    .].

         :      ? ,       ;  ,     ,           ..       ,          ,     .        ,    .             .

      ,  ,   ,            ,     ,    .     ,               .

      ,  ,    ,        , ..            .  ,            ,    ,       ,    . ,  ,    , ..  ,    .         ,    ,         ( ,       )      (,   ,    ; ,       ໠ conditio iuris[22 -             .  ,     ,  ,   ,    .          .]).

       ,        ,         ,      - .        .        (   )   ,     . :           ?      ?        ,    ,           .     ?           -   ,      .  ,           

  O.M. St?cker  R. Sturner,             ,       [23 - St?cker O.M., Sturner R. Op. cit. P. 45.].         [24 -      A. Steven:  Bankruptcy Act 1696. (!)     (heritable security) ,          (         1617.).]        ,  ,       ,    .     : ,       ,         (all monies)[25 - Real Property Law and Procedure in the European Union. England and Wales. P. 72 (   Real Property Law and Procedure in the European Union     : http://www.eui.eu/DepartmentsAndCentres/Law/ResearchAndTeaching/ResearchThemes/ ProjectRealPropertyLaw.aspx#RPRC).],   (current account contract)[26 - Real Property Law and Procedure in the European Union. Spain. P. 5.],  ,   (H?chstbetragshypothek)[27 - Real Property Law and Procedure in the European Union. Austria. P. 6.],   (open credit)[28 - The suretyship in the law of the Member States of the European Communities. Study prepared by the Max-Planck-Institut f?r ausl?ndisches und internationales Privatrecht /U. Drobnig (ed.). Hamburg, 1971. P. 3031.],  ,    [29 - Heyman H.W. Mortgage under Dutch Law (EULIS Conference Report, 25/26 September 2003) // http://eulis.org/pdf/Mortgage_under_Dutch_Law.pdf.]  ..

       .   .    ,   ,     ,       (   :     ..),       ,    -   (  . ).     ,             ,          .      (    )    ,         .

  ,         .               -    .

              ,       O.M. St?cker  R. Sturner  ,     ,           ,      ,           [30 - St?cker O.M., Sturner R. Op. cit. P. 45.]. A. Steven,     ,      ,       accessoriness in posse rather than in esse, ..     ,    [31 - Stiven A. Op. cit. P. 21.].

  ,         ,   ,        ,    ,       ,            ( ,   ).  , ,    .               ,       (    )[32 - Real Property Law and Procedure in the European Union. General Report. P. 87.    .:  ..      :   //   . 2012. 3. . 6183.].    :  ,       ,      ,      ,     , -  .   ,          , ,  , ,     .

       ,         .      (..                  ),     .     (, ,      ,   ),        ,          .

       (               ).            -  .         BGB Reinhold Johow,  ,            ,            [33 - Johow R. Entwurf eines b?rgerlichen Gesetzbuches f?r das Deutsche Reich. Sachenrecht. Begr?ndung // Die Vorlagen der Redaktoren f?r die erste Kommission zur Ausarbeitung des Entwurfs eines B?rgerlichen Gesetzbuches. Sachenrecht. Bd. 2. /W. Schubert (Hg.). Walter de Gruyter, 1982. S. 1487 (. : Vliet L. van. Op. cit. P. 156).].     ,             ,    .         :     Sicherungshypothek     (Grundschuld),    ;        [34 -  .: Vliet L. van. Op. cit. P. 158;  . . . . 289.].                 .

   , ,   ,  :        ,                     [35 - ,  ,    (., ,      23  2006. 09-10438/06-C3    60-10995/06).].   ,             ,    ,   .




2.2.   


   ,         .        [36 - , : Mata M.A. de la. Op. cit. P. 61; St?cker O.M., Sturner R. Op. cit. P. 45; Erp S. van. Surety Agreements and the Principle of Accessority  Personal Security in the Light of a European Property Law Principle. P. 314;  . . . . 103;  .. . . . 69.].

      ,       ,    ;         ,     .

          ,              (  ,  ,    ..)    ,    .     (,    ),       ,            .       (, ,   ),      (, ,       ,    ,       )            .

 A. Steven ,      (certain sum)         ,    (   ,       ,     [37 - Newnham, Everett & Co. v. Stuart (1794) 3 Pat 345 at 347 per Lord President Campbell.])       [38 - .: Steven A. Op. cit. P. 1720.].     ,  ,    XIX.,       ,  ,          [39 - Smith Sligo v. Dunlop & Co. (1885) 2 R 907 at 915.].

        ,               :              ( , ),    ,         (, ,    )[40 - Mata M.A. de la. Op. cit. P. 62;  . . . . 103.].        -   ,    ,       .  ,                    ,         ,    [41 -   .. ,          ,                       ( .. . . . 70).   ,  ,     100,    70,      ,   10.   20   .       ,     .                   ,  ,   ,        - .            ( ,  , ),  ,      ,    (!)  (   ,       10 !)      ;       (.:        .  . ., 1893. . 382384).].                ,       [42 - .: Mata M.A. de la. Op. cit. P. 60.].

      ,       ,        (),         (,         ..)    ,       ?

   .      ,           .      ,          ,   ..,   ,    ,     .  ,        ,  ,       ,       ,     ,    , ..    .        .    ,          .

    ,         ,      .      ,   . ,   ,  , .         ,            .     ,       ,      ,               .                   ,      ,    .

,      ,             ,          .         : ,   ,  .         ,    [43 - Mata M.A. de la. Op. cit. P. 63; Erp S. van. Surety Agreements and the Principle of Accessority  Personal Security in the Light of a European Property Law Principle. P. 316;  . . . . 94.].

,   ,         ,    ,     (,    ,   ,       ),   ,     ,   ,  . ,     ,     ,      (      ),             .  ,     ,      ,     ,          .   ,       ,    ,     ,     (,    ),     ,         .           ,    (   )  .         ,  6  .




2.3.     


 [44 -        . Buckland  ,    ,  ,      (Buckland W. Principal and Fideiussor. Consumptio litis // Juridical Review. 1941. December. P. 2 (. : Levy E. Principal and Surety in Classical Roman Law: Did action brought against the one consume the obligation of the other? // Seminar. Annual Extraordinaty Number of The Jurist. 1944. Vol. II. P. 7).]          ,   O.M. St?cker  R. Sturner,   (essential core)    [45 - St?cker O.M., Sturner R. Op. cit. P. 49.]. A. Steven  ,   accessorium sequitur principale (    )          [46 - Steven A. Op. cit. P. 21.].        ,    ,    ,        ,         .         ,        ,           .  ,       ,   ,     :     ,       [47 - Steven A. Op. cit. P. 30.].

,             [48 -           .];       ,   ,  , [49 - Mata M.A. de la. Op. cit. P. 90.].

 ,        ,        .    :      ,         .         .            :        .     ,           (,   ),  .

   . ,       , :         .         ,          .  ,                            ,   (    ) .        :    ,      ?            ?

   .      accessorium sequitur principale              ? ,     ,  ,      .  ,    : ,            . ,      , ..      . ,         ,      [50 - .  R. Anderson : Steven A. Op. cit. P. 30.].

       . ,         ,    ,             .  ,       ,      ,         ,     .   ,   ,           .

      . ,  , , [51 - Steven A. Op. cit. P. 28.], [52 - Real Property Law and Procedure in the European Union. Scotland. P. 54.]   ;  [53 - Real Property Law and Procedure in the European Union. France. P. 65.], [54 -  . . . . 303304.]  [55 - Real Property Law and Procedure in the European Union. The Netherlands. P. 41.]  .                 ,      ( ).       ,   ,     .  , ,        ,   ,          [56 - Real Property Law and Procedure in the European Union. Germany. P. 47.].

          , ..       .        ,     .        ,        . ,   ,        ,       ,   ,     .      ,          ?       ,     :       .

  ,           . ,           .      (,       )        ,  ,        ,     .    :     ,      ,  ,     .

        ,            .           .      (           )              [57 - Nasarre-Aznar S. Op. cit.; The Development of a European Capital Market. Report of a Group of experts appointed by EEC Commission (Segr Report). Brussels, 1966. P. 152153;  .: Wolfsteiner H., St?cker O. Non-accessory Security Right over Real Property for Central Europe // Notarius International. 2003. No. 12. P. 120.]. , , ,              (Grundschuld),     .

            , ,     ,    ,    .

,         ,           .    ,       ,    .            .       , -,       ,           , , -,       .

        ,       .            ,          .   ,    .. [58 -  .. . . . 5053.].     ,           :              .        :       ,    ,         .

        :                ,            .

        ,       :             [59 - Drobnig U. Principles of European Law. Study Group on a European Civil Code. Vol. 4. Personal Security. Munich, 2007. P. 208 (  PEL/Drobnig, Pers. Sec.).];     [60 - The Suretyship in the Law of the Member States of the European Communities. P. 48.]. ,         . ,   ,   ,    ,    ,           [61 - PEL/Drobnig, Pers. Sec. P. 208.].  ,    Code civil   ,     ,       ,    ,     ,         ;       Cour de Cassation   2004.[62 - Ibidem.]




2.4.  


  ,          .  ,         (, ,  !)      [63 - The Interaction of Contract Law and Tort and Property Law in Europe. A Comparative Study. P. 341; Steven A. Op. cit. P. 3133; Mata M.A. de la. Op. cit. P. 133.]:        ,        .

        ,      ,    . ,           ,   .  ,              ,       .

,   ,         ,      (,      ,  ),    (     ),     ,   ,   ,  ,  ,  ,    [64 - .   :  ..    //   . 2011. 9, 10.].  ,                ,      ,       , , ,        .

     (            )       .       :          [65 - PEL/Drobnig, Pers. Sec. P. 218219.].      . ,    ,                   ,       [66 - Mata M.A. de la. Op. cit. P. 84.].                 -       [67 - PEL/Drobnig, Pers. Sec. P. 219220.].

 ,   :         (, ,   )?  :  ,        .     . ,       ,        ,                [68 - Ibid. P. 220.].      , ,           ,  ,   ,  , [69 - Ibid. P. 209.].

          ,   ,              .            [70 - Steven A. Op. cit. P. 34.].

                 . ,       .        :     (,    ),         ,    ?   ,              .        ,       ,          (,          ,  ,   ).        ,     ,       ,      ,     .  ,       ,              , , ,     [71 -  . . . . 309.].




2.5.    


  ,           ,       .

O.M. St?cker  R. Sturner   ,  ,            [72 - St?cker O.M., Sturner R. Op. cit. 50.].       ,   ,           ,     :  ,     [73 - St?cker O.M., Sturner R. Op. cit. 50.].               .  ,         ,            ,      [74 - ,      P. Sparkes:    (Sparkes P. European Land Law. Hart Publishing, 2007. P. 399).].         ,          .  ,     ,            ,     ,    (    )      [75 - St?cker O.M., Sturner R. Op. cit. P. 46.].

, ,   .   ,        ,    .  ,               . ,        ,     (,   );      ;         ;     -   ..

       ,  ,   ,         .                  ,   ,          [76 - PEL/Drobnig, Pers. Sec. P. 212, 214215.].    ,         , ,   ,      [77 - Ibid. P. 215.].

                      .         :         (    )          .  ,   (, )   ,        .  ,         ,             .        .

 van Erp     :        (          )   ;         [78 - Erp S. van. Surety Agreements and the Principle of Accessority  Personal Security in the Light of a European Property Law Principle. P. 313.]. H. Wieling      ()   ()[79 - Wieling H.J. Sachenrecht: Ein Handbuch. Bd. 1: Sachen, Besitz und Rechte an Beweglichen Sachen. 3. Aufl. Berlin: Springer, 2007. S. 27.].

    van Erp    ,         (    ) :         ,      ,        -  [80 - Erp S. van. Surety Agreements and the Principle of Accessority  Personal Security in the Light of a European Property Law Principle. P. 314.].




3.     .    




      ,       ,         ,     , , ,     ,  ,     ,          ..

        :      (        )       ?

     ,   ,  ,       ,  (  )            ,   (     !)  .

      (M. Habersack, Th. Wachter),    . van Erp,    ,          ,         [81 - .: Erp S. van. Surety Agreements and the Principle of Accessority  Personal Security in the Light of a European Property Law Principle. P. 317.].      . ,         ,         ,    .           ,      [82 - The Integration of the EU Mortgage Credit Markets: Report by Forum Group on Mortgage Credit. P. 29.].   (,         )         . , ,           ,    ;         ( ,      ),          [83 - The Interaction of Contract Law and Tort and Property Law in Europe. A Comparative Study / C. von Bar, U. Drobnig (eds.). P. 341342.].           . van Erp, , ,            ,        [84 - Erp S. van. Surety Agreements and the Principle of Accessority  Personal Security in the Light of a European Property Law Principle. P. 316317.].

        ?

            ,    . ,     ,        ,      (     )  , ,     ,      .            ,     ,     ,     ..[85 - Ibid. P. 314 (    M. Habersack  Th. Wachter).]

 ,        ,  ,     . ,         ,     ,         .       -,       (,           )[86 - ., : Regulating Unfair Banking Practices in Europe. The Case of Personal Suretyships / A.C. Ciacchi, S. Weatherill (eds.). Oxford, 2010. P. 202, 217,    269.]. ,               ,      .   , ,         (  . ),             [87 - .: PEL/Drobnig, Pers. Sec. P. 216, 393398.].      :     ,        ,  ,      .

       .       ,                .  ,         .           .             .                     ,         ,      ,    .    (   )      ,        (    ,     ),      .

 ,             :        ,          [88 - Erp S. van. Surety Agreements and the Principle of Accessority  Personal Security in the Light of a European Property Law Principle. P. 316.].

                    . ,      ,        ;           ,         (    ,     ),        ,  ,  ,       ,   ,        .          [89 - Steven A. Op. cit. P. 42.].

 ,    :           ,  , -,       (    ) , -,   [90 - Wolfsteiner H., St?cker O. Op. cit. P. 119.].             [91 -       60- .   (.: The Development of a European Capital Market. Report of a Group of Experts Appointed by EEC Commission (Segr Report). P. 169).].

  ,           ,                     [92 -  ,  , M. Habersack (Erp S. van. Surety Agreements and the Principle of Accessority  Personal Security in the Light of a European Property Law Principle. P. 315).].

,                100       ,                ,   ,         .    -                -      .

                    ( ,    ..).  , ,                ,      .. ,             ,                 ,    ..

     ,              ,        .




3.1.    


   [93 - .         : The Interaction of Contract Law and Tort and Property Law in Europe. A Comparative Study / . von Bar, U. Drobnig (eds.). P. 354355; c. : Sagaert V. Harmonization of Security Rights on Immoveables: An Ongoing Story // Towards European Civil Code / A.S. Hartkamp, M.W. Hesselink, E.H. Hondius, Ch. Mak, C.E. du Perron (eds.). 4


ed. Kluwer Law International, 2011. P. 1051.]            .       ,   ,     ,          . ,                       .              ,          .




3.2.         (all moneys clause)


                   (all moneys clause)[94 - Real Property Law and Procedure in the European Union. General Report. P. 92.].




3.3.              


                    .       ,           . ,               ,    :     [95 - Steven A. Op. cit. P. 34.].          :    ,     -                      .

               :         (..      ),       ,      (Eigent?mergrundschuld),         .   (    )       [96 - The Interaction of Contract Law and Tort and Property Law in Europe. A Comparative Study / . von Bar, U. Drobnig (eds.). P. 358.].




3.4.      ,      


                 ,      .  ,  ,     ,        ,     ,     ,  ..     .      .    ,     ,    :       ,   ,  ,       ,   .[97 - ,       (debtors defense)     Common Frame of Reference (.: PEL/Drobnig, Pers. Sec. P. 212217).] ,                 . van Erp, ,             [98 - Erp S. van. Surety Agreements and the Principle of Accessority  Personal Security in the Light of a European Property Law Principle. P. 318319.].

          ( ,     ,     )?           ,  ,  ,        (),        ( ),    -                    .            (unfair contract terms),         ,         [99 - ., : Kull I. Unfair Contracts of Suretyship  a Question about the Horizontal Effect of Fundamental Rights or about the Application of Contract Law Principles? // Juridica International. 2007. Vol. XII. . 3645; K?hler L. Decision-making about Suretyships under Empirical Uncertainty: How Consequences of Decisions about Suretyships Might Influence the Law // European Review of Private Law. 2005. No. 3. P. 348349.].




3.5.        


,     ,  ,         [100 - St?cker O.M., Sturner R. Op. cit. P. 47.   ,    , , , , ,     .].    ,                   .

   ,           ,           .

  ,               -  ,   hypoth?que rechargeable (     ),   Code civil  2006.[101 - . art. 2422 Code civil; c. : Sagaert V. Op. cit. P. 1053.]       ,         ,         .  ,        ,   ,      (   ),       ,        [102 - Ibid.] (   ,      ).

         .  Common Frame of Reference   ,                 ,                    ,        XX.[103 - PEL/Drobnig, Pers. Sec. P. 319.]             -             ,       ;             ,     .          , ,  ,      , , ,    -  .

                Grundschuld.  Grundschuld         ,       .       ,    -     .       per se    ,       ,    .     (  ,   ,       )  ,       : -, [104 -    , -,     (, ),      ( , ,  ,  ,   ,    ), , -,        ,     ,  .]     (abstraktes Schuldversprechen)[105 -                (Sicherungsabrede),        .] , -,               [106 - Vliet L. van. Op. cit. P. 164165.].      ,         ,   [107 -  . . . . 367.].                , ,  ,     ,     ,        .           ,     .     ,  ,     ,      .

       ,              , ..      ( ,           ),     .  ,   ( ,   )         ,       .  ,             ,      ,    ,              [108 - Vliet L. van. Op. cit. P. 166.]. ,  (2008.)     ,             ,      .  ,            ,     [109 - Ibid. P. 167.].




4.     . 23  




            .

               [110 - .:  .   // Legal insight. 2011. 3(4);  ..           . ., 2011;  ..       // . 2004. 7;  ..        //    . 2004. 11;  ..      // . 2005. 7;  ..        //  . 2006. 6;  ..           // :   . 2007. 5;  ..     // . 2009. 3;  ..     //    . 2012. 2;  ..   //   . 2012. 2.],      ,    -         ,     -     .       , ,    ,   ,    . , ,    ,           ,        [111 -          ;     ,         (.:  .  4. /. . .. . ., 2003. . 2.  1. . 52.;   . /. . .. . ., 2010.  2. . 8485;  .  3. / . .. , .. . . 1. ., 2009. . 683;  .  3. / . .. . . 1. . 900901. ., 2008;  ..,  ..  .  . ., 1997. . 384385.].  ,      :        ,    .              . ,      ,        ,  ,          ,         -.

     ,             ( ),               :   .   ,   , ,     (   ), -,           , -,                   .

         ,       ,       .




4.1. 


 .   ,    . 334     . 1   16  1998. 102-   ( )[112 -  . 1998. 29. . 3400.] (     ),     ,      prima facie     .        ,     -               .

 . 339    . 9    ,       (    ,   )     .          ,        (,           )      ,     .

 . 341                       ;      .         ,          ,         .  . 337  ,    ,        ,  :      ,     .   ,    , ,        ,  , ..  [113 - , ,      29  1992. 2872-I   (. 1992. 6),             ,   ,       ,    ,  ,          (. 3. 4 ).].  ,                 ,    . 337  341       ,    ,     .  ,              ,   conditio iuris     ,   ,       .

      ,             [114 -      . :  .     // -. 2006. 34 (.     ,      ); .         .. :  ..  . . 41.]    ,    (. 2.1  ), .. ,                  ;      ,      ,  .     ,     ,    ,            .    ,      ,       ,         (,     ;       ;      ..)       .

          . ,     . 3. 11    ,  ,  ,        ,        .        . 341  ?

-,  (    )       (, ,      . 4. 9   ,        ). -,        (..       )      [115 -       . 3. 11    ,       ( )       .   ,     ,     ,        ,       .   ,           . ., ,    ,  .. ,  ,           ,       ( ..     . ., 2007. . 156).   ,  , -,        , -,     . 11             .].

 ,            (2.1  )      :         ,         ,      ,     ,      . ,    (,      ..)      .

       :                  .                . ,               ,   ,     ,   ,  .    ,           (          ,     ),    (           ),                     .

     ,       .  ,       , ,           ,  (   )  . ,        -    .                                .

 ,  ,          ,     ,   .  , -,           .   , -,     ,    ,       (      ,     ;        ,     ).      ,          .

  .  . 337            :   ,    ,   ..,   ,      . ,       ,    ,    :    ,            ,   ?                     ,  ,   ,   ?

,           ,      ,  ,  ,          .   ,           . 337     .  ,  . 4. 350   ,   ,     ,      ,    .    (   . 337  )          .           ,     ,         ,     .  ,           .     ,            ,   . ,   . 337       ,            [116 -          .     :  ,     -   ,     ,       .             ,          ;      ,  .              .], ,              ,    :    .   ,   ,     . 4. 9     ,          ,              .

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 ,  .          ,  ,    ,  . ,      ,           ?

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 ,            ,   ,  .

  ,         . ,     (, , )               ,   ,      ..                  , ,       , -,         , -,       ,     , ,      .

,          (     ),           ,        .  ,       (      ,  ,         ..)      . ,      ,       ,            (.   . 5 ).




4.2. 


               .

 .         ,    .       ,       -    .  ,      ,             ,  .  ,    ,        ,  de facto  . , 5 . 23      (     ),           .   ,             ,          (      . ).

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 ,          .   , ,          . 3. 365   (       ).        ,           .

         (  ,       )       .  ,     ,         ,          ,   .

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,         (,      ,    ,     ,      ,  ).

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5.        




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5.1. 


 . ,              ,            .

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     , , -,                   ; -,    ,   ,          ; -,  ,  ,                 .

  ,        ,       . 3. 13      17  2011. 10       [130 -   . 2011. 4.] (   10).          ,       -               :   . 337  ,    ,     ,   ,   , ,  ,   ,                 ,      .

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                .

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   1  2005.         1  2006.

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              :         ,     .

               (     17  2011. 13819/10)[134 -   .]. ,         ,             , .  ,          ,       ,     , ..    .                 .         ,   . 352  .  ,    ,              :  . 1. 50                  ,          ,      .

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notes








1


          (  )          ,         :    ,       .       ,     . ,    ,  ,     .




2


.: , 2013. 


    ( 90- ., 19981999.)           ,                ,    (19981999.)                  .


 ,  ,     ,    ,    ,     .


   ,         ( 2008.)     (2012.)      ,         .




3


   ( 90- ., 19981999.)           ,                ,    (19981999.)                  .




4


,  ,     ,    ,    ,     .




5


  ,         ( 2008.)     (2012.)      ,         .




6


              ,    ,     .




7


.: The Development of a European Capital Market. Report of a Group of experts appointed by EEC Commission (Segr Report). Brussels, 1966. P. 23, 152153; The Integration of the EU Mortgage Credit Markets: Report by Forum Group on Mortgage Credit. Internal Market Directorate General, 2004. P. 55; . : Nasarre-Aznar S. Looking for a model for a Eurohypothec // The Conveyancer and Property Lawyer. 2005. No. 69.




8


        (  -     ,      ,   ,        ),      2008.,             BGB        (. : Erp S. van. Security Interests: A Secure Start for the Development of European Property Law (http://ssrn.com/abstract=1297282); Vliet L. van. The German Grundschuld // The Edinburgh Law Review. 2012. Vol. 16. P. 148149, 167).




9


Erp S. van. Surety Agreements and the Principle of Accessority  Personal Security in the Light of a European Property Law Principle // European Review of Private Law. 2005. No. 3. P. 328331.




10


Mata M.A. de la. Typical Personal Security Rights in the EU. Comparative Law and Economics in Italy, Spain and other EU Countries in the Light of the EU Law, Basel II and the Financial Crisis. T?bingen, 2010. P. 36.




11


The Interaction of Contract Law and Tort and Property Law in Europe. A Comparative Study / C. von Bar, U. Drobnig (eds.). M?nchen, 2004. P. 341.




12


A. Steven    (Steven A. Accessoriness and Security over Land // http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1371139).




13


 R. Zimmermann  ,           (.: Zimmermann R. Law of Obligations. Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition. Oxford University Press, 1996. P. 122), .,   ,      D. 46, 3, 43:




14


 .  . ., 2009. . 283.




15


. :  ..     //  .




16


., : Czeguhn I., Ahrens C. Fallsammlung zum Sachenrecht. Springer, 2006. S. 257; Huebner R. A History of Germanic Private Law. Boston, 1918. P. 393; Schuster E. Principles of German Civil Law. Oxford, 1907. P. 440; Vliet L. van. Op. cit. P. 149, 152153.




17


 ..  : .  . ., 2011. . 3678.




18


 ..    . ., 2000. . 62  .




19


, ,       ,      .




20


,       ;        .                .




21


, ,      ,    ,     ,    .




22


            .  ,     ,  ,   ,    .          .




23


St?cker O.M., Sturner R. Op. cit. P. 45.




24


     A. Steven:  Bankruptcy Act 1696. (!)     (heritable security) ,          (         1617.).




25


Real Property Law and Procedure in the European Union. England and Wales. P. 72 (   Real Property Law and Procedure in the European Union     : http://www.eui.eu/DepartmentsAndCentres/Law/ResearchAndTeaching/ResearchThemes/ ProjectRealPropertyLaw.aspx#RPRC).




26


Real Property Law and Procedure in the European Union. Spain. P. 5.




27


Real Property Law and Procedure in the European Union. Austria. P. 6.




28


The suretyship in the law of the Member States of the European Communities. Study prepared by the Max-Planck-Institut f?r ausl?ndisches und internationales Privatrecht /U. Drobnig (ed.). Hamburg, 1971. P. 3031.




29


Heyman H.W. Mortgage under Dutch Law (EULIS Conference Report, 25/26 September 2003) // http://eulis.org/pdf/Mortgage_under_Dutch_Law.pdf.




30


St?cker O.M., Sturner R. Op. cit. P. 45.




31


Stiven A. Op. cit. P. 21.




32


Real Property Law and Procedure in the European Union. General Report. P. 87.    .:  ..      :   //   . 2012. 3. . 6183.




33


Johow R. Entwurf eines b?rgerlichen Gesetzbuches f?r das Deutsche Reich. Sachenrecht. Begr?ndung // Die Vorlagen der Redaktoren f?r die erste Kommission zur Ausarbeitung des Entwurfs eines B?rgerlichen Gesetzbuches. Sachenrecht. Bd. 2. /W. Schubert (Hg.). Walter de Gruyter, 1982. S. 1487 (. : Vliet L. van. Op. cit. P. 156).




34


 .: Vliet L. van. Op. cit. P. 158;  . . . . 289.




35


,  ,    (., ,      23  2006. 09-10438/06-C3    60-10995/06).




36


, : Mata M.A. de la. Op. cit. P. 61; St?cker O.M., Sturner R. Op. cit. P. 45; Erp S. van. Surety Agreements and the Principle of Accessority  Personal Security in the Light of a European Property Law Principle. P. 314;  . . . . 103;  .. . . . 69.




37


Newnham, Everett & Co. v. Stuart (1794) 3 Pat 345 at 347 per Lord President Campbell.




38


.: Steven A. Op. cit. P. 1720.




39


Smith Sligo v. Dunlop & Co. (1885) 2 R 907 at 915.




40


Mata M.A. de la. Op. cit. P. 62;  . . . . 103.




41


  .. ,          ,                       ( .. . . . 70).   ,  ,     100,    70,      ,   10.   20   .       ,     .                   ,  ,   ,        - .            ( ,  , ),  ,      ,    (!)  (   ,       10 !)      ;       (.:        .  . ., 1893. . 382384).




42


.: Mata M.A. de la. Op. cit. P. 60.




43


Mata M.A. de la. Op. cit. P. 63; Erp S. van. Surety Agreements and the Principle of Accessority  Personal Security in the Light of a European Property Law Principle. P. 316;  . . . . 94.




44


       . Buckland  ,    ,  ,      (Buckland W. Principal and Fideiussor. Consumptio litis // Juridical Review. 1941. December. P. 2 (. : Levy E. Principal and Surety in Classical Roman Law: Did action brought against the one consume the obligation of the other? // Seminar. Annual Extraordinaty Number of The Jurist. 1944. Vol. II. P. 7).




45


St?cker O.M., Sturner R. Op. cit. P. 49.




46


Steven A. Op. cit. P. 21.




47


Steven A. Op. cit. P. 30.




48


          .




49


Mata M.A. de la. Op. cit. P. 90.




50


.  R. Anderson : Steven A. Op. cit. P. 30.




51


Steven A. Op. cit. P. 28.




52


Real Property Law and Procedure in the European Union. Scotland. P. 54.




53


Real Property Law and Procedure in the European Union. France. P. 65.




54


 . . . . 303304.




55


Real Property Law and Procedure in the European Union. The Netherlands. P. 41.




56


Real Property Law and Procedure in the European Union. Germany. P. 47.




57


Nasarre-Aznar S. Op. cit.; The Development of a European Capital Market. Report of a Group of experts appointed by EEC Commission (Segr Report). Brussels, 1966. P. 152153;  .: Wolfsteiner H., St?cker O. Non-accessory Security Right over Real Property for Central Europe // Notarius International. 2003. No. 12. P. 120.




58


 .. . . . 5053.




59


Drobnig U. Principles of European Law. Study Group on a European Civil Code. Vol. 4. Personal Security. Munich, 2007. P. 208 (  PEL/Drobnig, Pers. Sec.).




60


The Suretyship in the Law of the Member States of the European Communities. P. 48.




61


PEL/Drobnig, Pers. Sec. P. 208.




62


Ibidem.




63


The Interaction of Contract Law and Tort and Property Law in Europe. A Comparative Study. P. 341; Steven A. Op. cit. P. 3133; Mata M.A. de la. Op. cit. P. 133.




64


.   :  ..    //   . 2011. 9, 10.




65


PEL/Drobnig, Pers. Sec. P. 218219.




66


Mata M.A. de la. Op. cit. P. 84.




67


PEL/Drobnig, Pers. Sec. P. 219220.




68


Ibid. P. 220.




69


Ibid. P. 209.




70


Steven A. Op. cit. P. 34.




71


 . . . . 309.




72


St?cker O.M., Sturner R. Op. cit. 50.




73


St?cker O.M., Sturner R. Op. cit. 50.




74


,      P. Sparkes:    (Sparkes P. European Land Law. Hart Publishing, 2007. P. 399).




75


St?cker O.M., Sturner R. Op. cit. P. 46.




76


PEL/Drobnig, Pers. Sec. P. 212, 214215.




77


Ibid. P. 215.




78


Erp S. van. Surety Agreements and the Principle of Accessority  Personal Security in the Light of a European Property Law Principle. P. 313.




79


Wieling H.J. Sachenrecht: Ein Handbuch. Bd. 1: Sachen, Besitz und Rechte an Beweglichen Sachen. 3. Aufl. Berlin: Springer, 2007. S. 27.




80


Erp S. van. Surety Agreements and the Principle of Accessority  Personal Security in the Light of a European Property Law Principle. P. 314.




81


.: Erp S. van. Surety Agreements and the Principle of Accessority  Personal Security in the Light of a European Property Law Principle. P. 317.




82


The Integration of the EU Mortgage Credit Markets: Report by Forum Group on Mortgage Credit. P. 29.




83


The Interaction of Contract Law and Tort and Property Law in Europe. A Comparative Study / C. von Bar, U. Drobnig (eds.). P. 341342.




84


Erp S. van. Surety Agreements and the Principle of Accessority  Personal Security in the Light of a European Property Law Principle. P. 316317.




85


Ibid. P. 314 (    M. Habersack  Th. Wachter).




86


., : Regulating Unfair Banking Practices in Europe. The Case of Personal Suretyships / A.C. Ciacchi, S. Weatherill (eds.). Oxford, 2010. P. 202, 217,    269.




87


.: PEL/Drobnig, Pers. Sec. P. 216, 393398.




88


Erp S. van. Surety Agreements and the Principle of Accessority  Personal Security in the Light of a European Property Law Principle. P. 316.




89


Steven A. Op. cit. P. 42.




90


Wolfsteiner H., St?cker O. Op. cit. P. 119.




91


      60- .   (.: The Development of a European Capital Market. Report of a Group of Experts Appointed by EEC Commission (Segr Report). P. 169).




92


 ,  , M. Habersack (Erp S. van. Surety Agreements and the Principle of Accessority  Personal Security in the Light of a European Property Law Principle. P. 315).




93


.         : The Interaction of Contract Law and Tort and Property Law in Europe. A Comparative Study / . von Bar, U. Drobnig (eds.). P. 354355; c. : Sagaert V. Harmonization of Security Rights on Immoveables: An Ongoing Story // Towards European Civil Code / A.S. Hartkamp, M.W. Hesselink, E.H. Hondius, Ch. Mak, C.E. du Perron (eds.). 4


ed. Kluwer Law International, 2011. P. 1051.




94


Real Property Law and Procedure in the European Union. General Report. P. 92.




95


Steven A. Op. cit. P. 34.




96


The Interaction of Contract Law and Tort and Property Law in Europe. A Comparative Study / . von Bar, U. Drobnig (eds.). P. 358.




97


,       (debtors defense)     Common Frame of Reference (.: PEL/Drobnig, Pers. Sec. P. 212217).




98


Erp S. van. Surety Agreements and the Principle of Accessority  Personal Security in the Light of a European Property Law Principle. P. 318319.




99


., : Kull I. Unfair Contracts of Suretyship  a Question about the Horizontal Effect of Fundamental Rights or about the Application of Contract Law Principles? // Juridica International. 2007. Vol. XII. . 3645; K?hler L. Decision-making about Suretyships under Empirical Uncertainty: How Consequences of Decisions about Suretyships Might Influence the Law // European Review of Private Law. 2005. No. 3. P. 348349.




100


St?cker O.M., Sturner R. Op. cit. P. 47.   ,    , , , , ,     .




101


. art. 2422 Code civil; c. : Sagaert V. Op. cit. P. 1053.




102


Ibid.




103


PEL/Drobnig, Pers. Sec. P. 319.




104


   , -,     (, ),      ( , ,  ,  ,   ,    ), , -,        ,     ,  .




105


               (Sicherungsabrede),        .




106


Vliet L. van. Op. cit. P. 164165.




107


 . . . . 367.




108


Vliet L. van. Op. cit. P. 166.




109


Ibid. P. 167.




110


.:  .   // Legal insight. 2011. 3(4);  ..           . ., 2011;  ..       // . 2004. 7;  ..        //    . 2004. 11;  ..      // . 2005. 7;  ..        //  . 2006. 6;  ..           // :   . 2007. 5;  ..     // . 2009. 3;  ..     //    . 2012. 2;  ..   //   . 2012. 2.




111


         ;     ,         (.:  .  4. /. . .. . ., 2003. . 2.  1. . 52.;   . /. . .. . ., 2010.  2. . 8485;  .  3. / . .. , .. . . 1. ., 2009. . 683;  .  3. / . .. . . 1. . 900901. ., 2008;  ..,  ..  .  . ., 1997. . 384385.




112


 . 1998. 29. . 3400.




113


, ,      29  1992. 2872-I   (. 1992. 6),             ,   ,       ,    ,  ,          (. 3. 4 ).




114


     . :  .     // -. 2006. 34 (.     ,      ); .         .. :  ..  . . 41.




115


      . 3. 11    ,       ( )       .   ,     ,     ,        ,       .   ,           . ., ,    ,  .. ,  ,           ,       ( ..     . ., 2007. . 156).   ,  , -,        , -,     . 11             .




116


         .     :  ,     -   ,     ,       .             ,          ;      ,  .              .




117


  :           ,  ,      ,   ,    ,   ,    3  4  1      4   .




118


 .. . . . 7071.




119


  ,    ,                                   ,  .




120


 .. . . . 50.      ..  (.:  ..      //  : , , . 2012. 5).




121


 .:  ..    //   . 2011. 2. . 1718.




122


        :       ,     (.:  ..        . ., 2008. . 14).




123


,       (. :  .. . . . 37).




124


  ,   ,       (. :  .. . . . 1819).




125


.:  . . . . 37.




126


.  :  ..      ,   //    . . 7. , 2000. . 6062.        ,          ,  ,   ,     ,         .            ,          . .    ..   .. :  ..    ()   . . ., 2003. . 119120, 124.




127


 ..         //        : . . /. . . . . .. . ., 2010. . 143145.




128


. 1996. 10, 13 .




129


     15  2011. 6737/10 //  .




130


  . 2011. 4.




131


  -   12  2003. 56-25885/02 //  .




132


  -   28  2006. 10-13838/05-02-3815/06-2,  6  2007. 10-13838/05-02-1006/07-2;      21  2006. 09-11291/06 //  .




133


     14  2006. 09-6885/06-5 //  .




134


  .




135


     17  2011. 13819/10 //  .




136


.       1  2011. 13910/10 ( ).




137


,      13910/10     ,      .


