     
  


         ,        .             ,        .          ,            ,  -            .





.. , . . , . . 

     








          .       (),        ,    ;                       (, 1974; , 1965).          ,         ,      .    (, 1974; , 1965; Martinez-Conde, Macknik, 2008, 2015; Rolfs, 2015; Shepherd et al., 1986),      (overt),      (  )      (covert)  ,  ,  ,                (Hafed, Clark, 2002).        .  ,       ,       ,    ,      ,            (Inattentional Blindness)     (Rock, Gutman, 1981; Simons, Chabris, 1999; Most at al., 2001).  ,       ,    ,      (Laubrock at al., 2010). -,                             .

      .             ,       .

   ,   ,   , ,    ,     ,   -    .             ,     (bottom-up).   ,   -       ,       ,    ,       .               (top-down).  ,          ,          ,                 . ,        .               .  ,       ,     ;    ,   ,           ,     (Staub et al., 2010; Stigchel et al., 2009).      (Pastuchov et al., 2009; Stigchel et al., 2009), ,            ,     .

 ,  ,      ,        (      ,    ,   . .)       .    ,      ,              ,  ,    ,     . . ,    ,  ,      ,    ,      ,             ,   ,       .

        (Torralba et al., 2006; Williams et al., 2007; Underwood et al., 2008   )   ,     ,      (self-termined paradigm).                  .     (Schiefele, Krapp, 1996)           ,    .  ,         ,            ,         .  ,         .     ,    ,   .       Unema et al. (2005)  Velichkovsky et al. (2000),               (Podladchikova et al., 2009).

  (Active Vision Era)    ,      (Wade, Tatler, 2005; Tatler et al., 2009),       (1965, 1967),          ,                  .              (. 1).  (Wade, Tatler, 2005; Tatler et al., 2009),             .  ,                .

 ,                     (, 1989, 2007; Smith, Ratcliff, 2009; Belopolsky, 2015).              (    ),         . -,                     ,           (, 1965;   ., 2011; Carrasco, 2011; Graupner et al., 2007; Henderson, Pierce, 2008; Lavie, 2006; Reingold E. M., Stampe, 2002).






. 1.    .  Eye Movements and Vision     (Fig. 14   Tatler et al. 2010)



  ,         ,       .     -    (Corneil, Munoz, 1996; Foley, Schwarz, 1998; Graupner et al., 2007; 2011; Hodsoll et al., 20011; Miles et al., 2009; Tandonnet et al., 2012).  ,        ,        -   .   -  ,        ,    ,       ,         .         ,         ,       ,      .

 ,     ,      .                   .   ,                .  ,                 ,  ,              ,     (Lavie, Fox, 2000; Lavie, 1995, 2006; Wei, Zhou, 2006; Cartwright-Finch, 2007; Di Stasi et al., 2010).            ,        .

         ,        ,       .  ,       -   ,          ,     (  ., 2013;   ., 2014; Ahlstroma., Friedman-Bergb, 2006; Mathan et al., 2010)     .      ,   Index of Cognitive Workload (http://www.eyetracking.com)  Index of Cognitive Efficacy,               .

 ,                        ,    (, 1965; Unema et al., 2005; Podladchikova et al., 2009; Velichkovsky et al., 2005   ).         ,    25 ,            (Carrasco, 2011).          (Pastukhov et al., 2009),            ,     .     ,   ,          (Ho-Phuoc, 2012; Tandonnet et al., 2011; Tatler et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011; Judd et al., 2010; Henderson et al., 2007; Li, Gilbert, 2002; Lowe, 2004; Navalpakkam, Itti, 2005; Podladchikova et al., 2009; Priviterra, Stark, 2005; Rao et al., 19972008; Rybak et al., 19982005; Samarin et al., 2015; Saykol et al., 2004; Simion et al., 2001; Wolfe, 19972005; Trappenberg et al., 2001; Brockmann, Geisel, 2000).  (Nuthmann et al., 2010; Walther, Koch, 2007),                       ,   .

             (Tatler et al., 2011).  ,       ,    Koch, Ullman (1985),      ,    (saliency maps)           .    ,          (Nuthmann et al., 2010; Sutcliffe, Namoune, 2008)    (Judd et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2011),    .

                   .          .   ,              ,     .




1.      ( )





1.1.       



           (, 1965; Buswell, 1935; Stratton, 1906).             ,  ,  .  ,        (, 1965; , , 2008; Underwood et al., 2008).       :        , , ,   (Martinez-Conde, Macknik, 2008, 2015).        ,        ,    .          ,       1,52 ( )  68 ( )   (, 1965; , 1974; Velichkovsky et al., 2000).  ,      ,          ,    .  ,                  .

        .     ,    , ,      (Rayner, 1978).        ,      .      ,   .




1.1.1.    (top-down)   (bottom-up)   


    ,       ,   ,     ,        (Treisman, Gelade., 1980; Henderson, 2003; Awh et al., 2012).

   (1890)         .   ,            ,             .   ,    ,  ,                  .        ,       ,   .  ,  ,  ,             ,         (, 1981).

 ,          ,           .  ,       ,     ,     ,    .      ,         ,  ,   ,         (, 1981).    ,          ,    .   ,     ,    ,   ,               .

     ,          ,           .     ,   :  ,      ,  ,    .       ,     ,         .           ,        ,       .

,     ,    ,  ,       .   ,         ,           (, 1981).            ,    .

   ,    ,      (Duncan, Humphreys, 1989; LaBerge, Brown, 1989; Wolfe et al., 1989).      , ,        ,          ;         (top-down   ).  ,        ,   ,     ,       (bottom-up) .  ,   8090  XX .,           .

Treisman, Gelade (1980)  ,        .   ,             . ,  ,      ,    , ,    . LaBerge and Brown (1989) ,         ,            .  ,       ,      ,         ,          ,   ,     .

      ,     ,          ,            (Itti, Koch, 2000).     Treisman (1988)  Huang, Pashler (2005).       , ,       ,  -  .        ,     ,        ,    .       ,        .

 ,      ,   Sagi et al. (1986).    , ,     ,       .           ,     ,      .   ,         ,        .

,     ,    .  ,  ,   ,   ,    ,       ,            ; ,      ,          .  ,  ,   ,        ,   ,     ;  ,        .

     ,   ,        ,         ,      ,     .          .     ,      (Egeth, Yantis, 1997; Itti, Koch, 2001; Corbetta et al., 2008),             ,       :           ,         (Stigchel et al., 2009; Hickey et al., 2010).     ,            (Einh?user et al., 2008).

Backer, Mertsching (2003)          .        :         ,         ;      ;        ,      .         Treisman (1998)    ,    ,   ,     Wolfe (2006).

 Backer, Mertsching (2003)               .     ,            .  ,           ,   ;  ,         .          ,                  .

  ,           (Parkhurst et al., 2002),           ,        (Tatler et al., 2005).

                .            ,      ,    ,   ,         ,       (Underwood, Foulsham, 2006; Underwood et al., 2006).          ,          .          ,      .              ,               (Velichkovsky et al., 2002; Henderson, 2003).

Tatler et al. (2011)  ,     .   ,           ,    ,        .   ,         .                ,      ,     , ,       (Tatler et al., 2005).




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   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/kollektiv-avtorov/sovremennye-predstavleniya-o-mehanizmah-zritelnogo-vnima/)  .

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