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    ,     .  Google Books      ,      .   - (Chadwyck-Healey database)     250       ,     1782  1903 .      3500 ,      .

    ,    ,   : OED      , Robert  Littr   , Grimm  ,  Battaglia  .




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1.    


          ,           .    ,  ,    , -, .     ,          ,     1895 [1 - Max Weber, Der Nationalstaat und die Volkswirtschaftspolitik, in Gesammelte politische Schriften, T?bingen 1971, p. 20;  ,     , :  ,  . .: , 2003, . 33.].      ?      ?

       .   ,   ,                .           ,      ,         .   ,      [2 - Immanuel Wallerstein, The Bourgeois(ie) as Concept and Reality, New Left Review I/167 (January  February 1988), p. 98;  , ():     XI  XXI  //     , , , :  . .: , 2004, . 169170.].     ,              ,  , , ,         .    ,       ,     .    (  )  ,         . , :     [3 - Ellen Meiksins Wood, The Pristine Culture of Capitalism: A Historical Essay on Old Regimes and Modern States, London 1992, p. 3;   : Ellen Meiksins Wood, The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View, London 2002 (1999), p. 63.].

 ,  ,    .        ,        軠  ,          ,       [4 -  ,      //  . . .; .:   , 2013, . 13.].   ,      :  ,    ໠        (  ,   ,    )     ,   , ,   .           .         ,     ,             ,       [5 - Eric Hobsbawm, The Age ofEmpire: 18751914, New York 1989 (1987), p. 177;  ,  . --: , 1999, . 262.].  ,   ,            .              ,      :             ,          .         [6 - Perry Anderson, The Notion of Bourgeois Revolution (1976), in Perry Anderson, English Questions, London 1992, p. 122.].

     :          ?       ,  ,  ,     ,        ,    .           ,     :   XVIII          (,  ,      )   ;        ,       [7 - J?rgen Kocka, Middle Class and Authoritarian State: Toward a History of the German B?rgertum in the Nineteenth Century, in J?rgen Kocka, Industrial Culture and Bourgeois Society. Business, Labor, and Bureaucracy in Modern Germany, New York/ Oxford 1999, p. 193.].    XIX           ,                 :         Besitzs-  Bildungsb?rgertum        ,    ,  ,        ( )   (  )   [8 - Hobsbawm, Age of Empire, p. 172; ,  , . 253254.].

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2.


 .     ?     []  ,      ,   ,      [9 - Peter Gay, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud. V. Pleasure Wars, New York 1999 (1998), pp. 237238.].  ,  ,  ,  ,      , -      ,      ;    ,      ,        [10 - Peter Gay, Schnitzlers Century: The Making of Middle-Class Culture 18151914, New York 2002, p. 5.].      [11 - Peter Gay, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud. I. Education of the Senses, Oxford 1984, p. 26.]       XIX         [12 - Ibid., pp. 45?.].             .         -,    ,      (       [la vita leggera e la grave],       , , ,      [quasi con impossibile congiunzione congiunte]),   :                  ,        ,   -. ,     ,                 ,        [13 - Aby Warburg, The Art of Portraiture and the Florentine Bourgeoisie (1902), in Aby Warburg, The Renewal ofPagan Antiquity, Los Angeles 1999, p. 190191, 218.       ,            (1902):  -    ,    ,  ,    ,   ,     (p. 297).].

 ,   .       ,       ,      ,         ,         ,        <>          ,        ,           <>       <>         ,       ,          [14 - Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches, California 1988, pp. 338, 371.].

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3.,  


  ,    ,    ,           ,   ,   ,   ;     [15 - Bernard Groethuysen, Origines de lesprit bourgeois en France. I: LEglise et la Bourgeoisie, Paris 1927, p. vii.]. Garder lincognito;          .          ,   [16 - Reinhart Koselleck, Begri?geschichte and Social History, in Reinhart Koselleck, Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time, New York 2004 (1979), p. 86.], ,     ,  , ,      .     ?   -  ,       ,  ,       ,   [17 - Wallerstein, Bourgeois(ie) as Concept and Reality, pp. 9192; , (), . 160.         ,         :      . ,     ,                         ,    , ,         ,    askholia   negotium (necotium,  ),   ,    pragma,  a?aires (   ? faire)   busy (    business, , ). .: Emile Benveniste, Indo-European Language and Society, Miami 1973 (1969), p. 118;  ,    . .: -, 1995, . 108109.],     ,      :        ,      ,      ,      ,     .     ,        ,      ?          ?

       XI   burgeis       (bourgs),          (Robert).                 -    XVII    ,       ,      ,   ,        ( Robert).   ,          [18 -   B?rger   (Stadt-)B?rger ()  1700   (Staats-)B?rger ()  1800.  B?rger ()    1900 ໠  . .: Koselleck, Begri?geschichte and Social History, p. 82.],       ,   borghese   burgus,  burgu?s,  B?rger   burger.       bourgeois     ,     ,         .    , ()       bourgeois    [  ] OED;     󻠖  ,     ,   ,   .    bourgeoise  ,    ,   bourgeoisie (      ,    ),     ,     ;   ;         .

Bourgeois   -.      ,  (1856)            ,      ,   ,  ,      (     , )    (?   ?).      ,     ;   -,   250       XIX ,  bourgeois       18501860.,   rich []  4600 , wealthy []  613,  prosperous []  449.          ,        ,    , 3500       :  rich   1060  , wealthy   215, prosperous   156,  bourgeois   8,   , , , , ,  -  .

  ?  ,  ,       ,            :  ,        ,   B?rgertum [],      ,   ,    .    : ,        (      ),                      (    ),    ,     B?rgertum    [19 - Kocka, Middle Class and Authoritarian State, pp. 194195.].

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        ,     .   Google Books  ,              18001825 ;   ,      1832 ,             ,           -  ,  . , ,                  ,     [24 -      18301832.,   -,            ,  . . .  (F. M. L. Thompson, The Rise ofRespectable Society: A Social History of Victorian Britain 18301900, Harvard 1988, p. 16).  ,    ,      :   ,   ,  ,         .     ,        ,          <>   ,  ,     ,     ,       (Dror Wahrman, Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, c. 17801840, Cambridge 1995, pp. 308309).]. ,           ( ):              , , ,       ,    ,              .  , ,     ,       ,       ⻠   , ,   . ,  ,     ,          ( ) :   1832 ,     [25 - Perry Anderson, The Figures of Descent (1987), in his English Questions, London 1992, p. 145.],       ,     .   :   .




4.   


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     ,    ,   .          ,       ,         ,   ,      ;    ,       ,          ,       .        :           ,  (  ,    )     ,     ,           [27 -         :        ,  ,    ,         ,      (  ,         ).      ,     (        ),           .    ,        (        ),      ,      .  ,       ,    ,    ,   XIX .  ,   ,    .                             ()  ,           .].




5. 


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?  , -,    .   XIX ,        ,      : ,  , , ,  ,    , .    ,    ,      ,          , , , .       ,   ,           𻠖   [31 - Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, New York 1975 (1942), pp. 137, 128;  , ,   . .: , 1995, . 192, 179.             the last of our heroism [   ] (Weber, Protestant Ethic, p. 37; ,     , . 20).].          :     ,        ,       .    [adventure]             ,      [32 -        , .: Michael Nerlich, The Ideology of Adventure: Studies in Modern Consciousness, 11001750, Minnesota 1987 (1977)      .].    ,     ,     .       ,        :



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     ,   [33 - Elizabeth Gaskell, North and South, New York/London 2005 (1855), p. 60.].


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7. 


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  軠   :       ,                .   ,   ,      ,  ໠    ,      .  ,        :   ,    ,    ,               ,    [48 - Thomas Mann, Stories of Three Decades, New York 1936, p. 506;  ,   . . 8. .:    , 1960, . 137.].  ,    ,    ,       ,    .                    ,   ,            .       . , ,  .




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notes








1


Max Weber, Der Nationalstaat und die Volkswirtschaftspolitik, in Gesammelte politische Schriften, T?bingen 1971, p. 20;  ,     , :  ,  . .: , 2003, . 33.




2


Immanuel Wallerstein, The Bourgeois(ie) as Concept and Reality, New Left Review I/167 (January  February 1988), p. 98;  , ():     XI  XXI  //     , , , :  . .: , 2004, . 169170.




3


Ellen Meiksins Wood, The Pristine Culture of Capitalism: A Historical Essay on Old Regimes and Modern States, London 1992, p. 3;   : Ellen Meiksins Wood, The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View, London 2002 (1999), p. 63.




4


 ,      //  . . .; .:   , 2013, . 13.




5


Eric Hobsbawm, The Age ofEmpire: 18751914, New York 1989 (1987), p. 177;  ,  . --: , 1999, . 262.




6


Perry Anderson, The Notion of Bourgeois Revolution (1976), in Perry Anderson, English Questions, London 1992, p. 122.




7


J?rgen Kocka, Middle Class and Authoritarian State: Toward a History of the German B?rgertum in the Nineteenth Century, in J?rgen Kocka, Industrial Culture and Bourgeois Society. Business, Labor, and Bureaucracy in Modern Germany, New York/ Oxford 1999, p. 193.




8


Hobsbawm, Age of Empire, p. 172; ,  , . 253254.




9


Peter Gay, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud. V. Pleasure Wars, New York 1999 (1998), pp. 237238.




10


Peter Gay, Schnitzlers Century: The Making of Middle-Class Culture 18151914, New York 2002, p. 5.




11


Peter Gay, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud. I. Education of the Senses, Oxford 1984, p. 26.




12


Ibid., pp. 45?.




13


Aby Warburg, The Art of Portraiture and the Florentine Bourgeoisie (1902), in Aby Warburg, The Renewal ofPagan Antiquity, Los Angeles 1999, p. 190191, 218.       ,            (1902):  -    ,    ,  ,    ,   ,     (p. 297).




14


Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches, California 1988, pp. 338, 371.




15


Bernard Groethuysen, Origines de lesprit bourgeois en France. I: LEglise et la Bourgeoisie, Paris 1927, p. vii.




16


Reinhart Koselleck, Begri?geschichte and Social History, in Reinhart Koselleck, Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time, New York 2004 (1979), p. 86.




17


Wallerstein, Bourgeois(ie) as Concept and Reality, pp. 9192; , (), . 160.         ,         :      . ,     ,                         ,    , ,         ,    askholia   negotium (necotium,  ),   ,    pragma,  a?aires (   ? faire)   busy (    business, , ). .: Emile Benveniste, Indo-European Language and Society, Miami 1973 (1969), p. 118;  ,    . .: -, 1995, . 108109.




18


  B?rger   (Stadt-)B?rger ()  1700   (Staats-)B?rger ()  1800.  B?rger ()    1900 ໠  . .: Koselleck, Begri?geschichte and Social History, p. 82.




19


Kocka, Middle Class and Authoritarian State, pp. 194195.




20


James Mill, An Essay on Government, ed. Ernest Baker, Cambridge 1937 (1824), p. 73.




21


Richard Parkinson, On the Present Condition of the Labouring Poor in Manchester; with Hints for Improving It, London/Manchester 1841, p. 12.




22


Mill, Essay on Government, p. 73.




23


Henry Brougham, Opinions of Lord Brougham on Politics, Theology, Law, Science, Education, Literature, &c. &c.: As Exhibited in His Parliamentary and Legal Speeches, and Miscellaneous Writings, London 1837, pp. 314315.




24


     18301832.,   -,            ,  . . .  (F. M. L. Thompson, The Rise ofRespectable Society: A Social History of Victorian Britain 18301900, Harvard 1988, p. 16).  ,    ,      :   ,   ,  ,         .     ,        ,          <>   ,  ,     ,     ,       (Dror Wahrman, Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, c. 17801840, Cambridge 1995, pp. 308309).




25


Perry Anderson, The Figures of Descent (1987), in his English Questions, London 1992, p. 145.




26


Georg Lukcs, The Theory of the Novel, Cambridge, MA, 1974 (19141915), p. 62;  ,  ,   . 1994, 9, . 30.




27


        :        ,  ,    ,         ,      (  ,         ).      ,     (        ),           .    ,        (        ),      ,      .  ,       ,    ,    ,   XIX .  ,   ,    .                             ()  ,           .




28


      :    ,    ,        ,  ,   :            ,         (Sarah Maza, The Myth of the French Bourgeoisie: An Essay on the Social Imaginary, 17501850, Cambridge, MA, 2003, p. 6).




29


        ,              ,       .            (Jon Elster, Explaining Technical Change: A Case Study in the Philosophy of Science, Cambridge 1983, pp. 11, 112).




30


             :  ,   , , , ,    ,   -    <> ,         . .: Richard Helgerson, Soldiers and Enigmatic Girls: The Politics of Dutch Domestic Realism, 16501672, Representations 58 (1997), p. 55.




31


Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, New York 1975 (1942), pp. 137, 128;  , ,   . .: , 1995, . 192, 179.             the last of our heroism [   ] (Weber, Protestant Ethic, p. 37; ,     , . 20).




32


       , .: Michael Nerlich, The Ideology of Adventure: Studies in Modern Consciousness, 11001750, Minnesota 1987 (1977)      .




33


Elizabeth Gaskell, North and South, New York/London 2005 (1855), p. 60.




34


Karl Marx, Capital, vol. I, Harmondsworth 1990 (1867), pp. 739, 742;     , . . 23. .:    , 1960, . 605, 609.




35


   ,    , .: Alberto Asor Rosa, Thomas Mann o dellambiguit? borghese, Contropiano 2: 68  3: 68.   -  ,         ,          .   -   19992000.         (Wissenschaftskolleg)  .




36


Koselleck, Begri?geschichte and Social History, p. 86.




37


Ibid., p. 78.




38


Groethuysen, Origines I, p. xi.




39


Emile Benveniste, Remarks on the Function of Language in Freudian Theory, in Emile Benveniste, Problems in General Linguistics, Oxford, OH, 1971 (1966), p. 71 ( . . .);  ,        //  ,  . .: , 1974, . 122 ( . . .).




40


Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There, Harmondsworth 1998 (1872), p. 186.




41


John H. Davis, The Guggenheims, 18481988: An American Epic, New York 1988, p. 221.




42


Antonio Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Torino 1975, p. 1519.




43


    ,        ,   ,        (18861914). Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, New York 1994 (1948), p. 123;  ,  . .: , 1996, . 185.




44


Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, p. 138; , ,   , . 193




45


Perry Anderson, The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci, New Left Review I/100 (November  December 1976), p. 30.




46


           :                , ,  ,    .            , , ,      ,    .             ,         . ,      ,     ,   ,     .




47


,                ,        ,    .




48


Thomas Mann, Stories of Three Decades, New York 1936, p. 506;  ,   . . 8. .:    , 1960, . 137.




49


Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, Harmondsworth 1965 (1719), p. 28. (          ,   . . .)




50


Ibid., p. 39.


