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       -   . -,        ,             .                  ,      .  ,     . -,    ,  ,                 ,    .                   .            .

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     . .  [1957; 1968; 1974]                   (, ,   .),             , ,   ,            .

                 .        ,            [, 2004].

          ,         ,       ,       , ,            [, 1972; 1983; , 1997; , 1987; 2004; , 1986; , 1999; 2010; , 2006; , 2007; , 2007; 2010].

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 1

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1.1.    - 


 -    30-  XX .       . . ,                     [, 1957; 1968; , , 1983].           100      300500 .       ,           [, 1957].

      .                  ,            : , ,   ,    . .         [, 1974].         :  , ,     .

  . .            [, 2011].      . . ,         .            ,  - ,          [, , 1971; , 1972; 1974; 1975; 1977; 1983; 1994; 2001; 2011].

   . . .       ,  -     ,          [, 1977; 1977; 1978; 1981; 1983; 2003; 2003; 2004].      . . .              -            [, 1976; 1977; 1978; 1983; 1985; 1998; 2001; 2002].

     -    . . .   -, ,       ,       [, 1965; 1972; 1974; 1975; 1977; 1978].                 [, 1969; 1983; 1987; 2001; 2001; 2001; 2004].       - ,        -      [, 1978; 1980; 1981; 1983; 1987; 1994; 2003; , , 1996].

     . . ,    -      [1991; 1994; 1997; , , 1993; , , 1995; 2003; , , 2011; , , 2010;   ., 2013],        [, , 2008; 2010; 2012;   ., 2012];. . ,      -      -    [1978; 1987; 1999; 2006]; . . ,   - ,    ,      [, 1992; 1994; 1999; 2003;2004; , , 1983]; . .            [2007; 2010; , , 2012]; . .    -         [1994; 1999; 2003]  .

    . .   . .    . . .        -                      ,        -      [, 2003; 2007; 2010].

-    -  . .  [, 1997; 1999; 2003; , , 1997].     -         . .  [1982, 1986, 1990].              . . , . .  [, 2003; 2005, 2008; , 1999; 2002; 2003].

 -         . . .       ,       .         ,       ;    -        [, 1991; 1992; 1994; 1994; 1999; 2000; 2007; 2008; 2010].

          . .   1964 .                 .                  ,       ,      .

 , ,  (edge-chipping) [Tringham et al., 1974; Odell, 1975; Shea, 1988],  (polish) [Keeley, 1980; Keeleyand Newcomer, 1977],   (non-organic residues) [Aderson, 1980; Anderson-Gerfaud, 1986].  ,             : Low Power Approach (LPA),      100   High Power Approach (HPA),         100 .

  ,    (LPA)  .  [Tringhametal., 1974].        ,        ,    ,  ,  ,  ,    ..        ,   (microchipping or microscarring).       . .                   : ,   ,      [Odell and Odell-Vereecken, 1980; Odell, 1981; Odell, Cowan, 1986].

   LPA     ,        -               .        ,      [Grace, 1990].  ,                [Setzer, 2004].

    HPA    .  (Keeley method).      ,         .       ( 500 ),               [Keeley, 1980].

     . .        [Knutsson, 1988].    . ,      -      .         ,  ,        .          ,         [Vaughan, 1985].   7080-    . ,              [Kamminga, 1979; Hayden, Kamminga, 1979].

       1 0001 500               (residue analysis)     [Hurcombe, 1992].            [Anderson-Gerfaud, 1986, 1990; Jahren et al., 1997; Kealhofer t al., 1999].        (bloodstains)     (blood protein residues),      [Briuer, 1976; Loy, 1983; Cattaneo et al., 1993; Eiseleetal., 1995; Gerlachetal., 1996].   (residue analysis)      ,    .              (use-wear) [Grace, 1996].

  ՖI .         .      -  (atomic force microscope),           [Kimball et al., 1995; Gonzalez-Urquijo, Ibanez-Estevez, 2003; Faulks, 2011].     (laser profilometry),        [Stemp, Stemp, 2001; 2003; Stemp et al., 2010].     (laser scanning confocal microscope)                -  [Derndarsky, Ocklind, 2001; Evans, Donahue, 2008].

             ,         [Odell, 1981; Andrefsky, 1997].      ,      ,        [Rots, 2008; 2009].

       -                   [Evans, Donahue, 2005; Lerner, 2007].                  -   [Lohse, 1996].

   ,         -             (LPA  HPA) [, 1999; Sajnerova-Duskova, 2007; Rots, 2009].    ,     (usewear)     ( 50


 1 000


)    (residue analysis) [Hardy, Garufi, 1998; Robertson, 2011].        . .     [Kononenko, 2007].

,      ()    ,       .   LPA , ,    [Piliciauskas, Osipowicz, 2010],   [Lohse, 1996; Setzer, 2004; Lozny, 2004; Beyin, 2010].  HPA      [Banks, 2004].

              ,       ,      .       -             -     .

           ,      .    ,   ,        -   ,    .

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1.2.           


              . .  [1961; , 2002].       ,              .         (,   . .),    ,    (,   . .).        .




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   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/elena-golubeva-17883/teoriya-i-praktika-eksperimentalno-trasologicheskih-i/)  .

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