  , 19051921
 . 


    , 19051921              1905.       1921.   :   ,   ,  -,        .  ,    ,      ,       ,       .     ,    ,         , ,   ,       .





 . 

  , 1905-1921



Mark D. Steinberg

The Russian Revolution

19051921



    

    



 Mark D. Steinberg 2017

The Russian Revolution, 19051921 was originally published in English in 2017. This translation is published by arrangement with Oxford University Press. Gaidar Institute Press is solely responsible for this translation from the original work and Oxford University Press shall have no liability for any errors, omissions or inaccuracies or ambiguities in such translation or for any losses caused by reliance thereon.



 The Russian Revolution, 19051921        2017.       Oxford University Press.           ,  Oxford University Press           , ,           .

   , 2018




   


  .          .        1917.     ,           ,              .        ,      ( ,  ),                . ,  2017.,     ,          (          ,   XX        ),             .    1917.,     ,          .    ,               ,             .

     ,  ,        ,      ,           .     1917  ,     ,    ,    ,       .    ,         .        ,     :    (    ,           )  ,       ,   ,       ,       :    , ,     . ,        ,             ( ).  ,     .        (  )    ,    ,         .

     , ,     ,      ,    ,         .  ,  ,   ,    .           .      ,          ,     ,    ,            . ,      ,  ,   ,    ,   ,      -  ,     , ,     ,        ,        .

  ,     ,    ,    ,     .     ,     ,         ,          .    ,      2017-,   ,     ,  -   ,   ,     ,      .       ,      ,      (    [1 -      2017            . . .]).        ,   ,     .

 ,           ,        ,     .        , ,   ,    ,      .        .        -   ,     ,          .       ,     :  ,           ,   .       ,   ,  -,      ,          .           .       .    ,    .

   ,          (    ,    ).                    .         .         :     ,    ,       .                 ,    .  ,          . ,                 ,   :  ,    ,    .



  ,

 



 2017.







     ,         .         ,  Oxford University Press.          ,    ,   -      .         ,     ,      .               .    .

,       ,     (           ).         ,   ,          .         ,       (     ).            ,     .      ,          ,        .                  ,         .

            ,     ,  , ,    ,         (        !).    ,          .    -    ,    .         ,     (Kruzhok)          .              .  ,  ,   (       Oxford University Press)         .  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,         ,     .     . ,        ,   , ,       ,      ,            .

      -:  ,   ,          .               .  ,       ,  ,  ,    ,          ,      .  ,        -,   ,        ,         .

        Oxford University Press  ,  ,             ,   .  ,     ,  , . .         ,  ,       .

       (19512015),   ,               ,     .  ,    ,    ,     .  ,       (  )   ,        .






    


     ,   .

. .      (1923)

,    ,           ,      , ,    !

    (1932)

         ,   ,         -          :      ,    ,        ,                  .          ,       .      . ,        1917.     ,      ,   ?     ,   ,       - :      ,     .   ,    ,          .                       [2 - Ronald Grigor Suny, Revision and Retreat in the Historiography of 1917: Social History and its Critics, Russian Review, 53/2 (April 1994): 167.].           ,            ,   ,   : 󻠖 , , ,   ,       ,            [3 - .: Ronald Grigor Suny, Toward a Social History of the October Revolution, American Historical Review, 88/1 (February 1983): 3152; Suny, Revision and Retreat; Steve Smith, Writing the History of the Russian Revolution After the Fall of Communism, Europe-Asia Studies,46/4 (1994): 56378; Edward Acton, The Revolution and its Historians, in Edward Acton, Vladimir Cherniaev, and William Rosenberg (eds), Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution (Bloomington, IN, 1997), 317; Mark D. Steinberg, Voices of Revolution, 1917 (New Haven, 2001), 135; Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution, 3rd edn (Oxford, 2008), 413; S. A. Smith, The Historiography of the Russian Revolution 100 Years On  Boris I. Kolonitskii, On Studying the 1917 Revolution: Autobiographical Confessions and Historiographical Predictions, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, 16/4 (Fall 2015): 73368.].

     ,    ,     ,    .      .         :          ,    ,    ,       ,     [4 - Martin Jay, Songs of Experience: Modern American and European Variations on a Universal Theme (Berkeley, CA, 2005), 401-9.].               (  )[5 -             (1789).]        ,      ,    .      ,         , ,    .             [6 - Joan Scott, The Evidence of Experience, Critical Inquiry, 17 (Summer 1991): 797.]. ,      ,            .                    .          ,   ,   (  ),   () .        ,       .

,   ,         ,    ,   (   ).   ,    (,     )   ,      . ,      ,   .    -,        (     ),  ,            ,                 .      ,           .     ,           .       ,     ,  ,    ,    ,     ,      ,   ,        .    ,    .     ,        ,          .        ,    ,  ,      , ,   ,            ,     .   (  ,      )    ,    ,  ,                       [7 - .: E.H.Carr, What is History? (London 1961); Joyce Appleby, Lynn Hunt, and Margaret Jacob, Telling the Truth about History (New York, 1994); Richard Evans, In Defense of History (New York, 1999); Lynn Hunt and Victoria Bonnell, Beyond the Cultural Turn (Berkeley, CA, 1999); Charles Megill, Historical Knowledge, Historical Error: A Contemporary Guide to Practice (Chicago, 2007); Lynn Hunt, Writing History in the Global Era (New York, 2014).].

  ,      ,  .    ,  1930-       ,       ,           [8 - Walter Benjamin, Paris, Capital of the Nineteenth Century: Expos [1939], in Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, tr. Howard Eiland and Kevin McLaughlin (Cambridge, MA, 1999), 14.].       ,      : Erfahrung  Erlebnis. Erfahrung      ,    ,  (Fahrt),     . Erlebnis  ,      ,      (Leben),        [9 - .: Jay, Songs of Experience, 1112, 2249, 3401,  passim.].    Erfahrung-     ,  ,       ,     Erlebnis-    ,        ,   .   ,  ,         ,      ,           .

     .         ,       .      ,  ,  ,     .  ,          ,     ,          .    ,  ,                   ,             .  ,   ,      ,   ,   [10 - ..    // -. 31.10.1910. . 3.].     ,       ,       ,         ,       (       XIX.   ).        ,  ,  ,       ,                         .  ,    ,       ,            ,              ,           ,   .      ,  ,    ,   ,  ,                        ,               ,    ,       .

    ,    ,    :

 (, , )    ,        ,      .

,    , ,    .

   ,        .

      ,      ,      .

 , ,   ,     :     ,          , ,       .



     .  I,   ,        ,        ,     [11 -  ,   Oxford University Press,     , ,          (,  ,  )            .   ,      -   ,              ,       .      .].           (  ),     :       ,            ,     .           :   1917.  ,       ,       :    .     (   ,  )            ,           .

 II, ,        ,  , , .              1905.       1921.      .    19051906.    ,    ?        ?    ,   1917.    ,    ?            ?   ,          ,   ,     -,        .       ,        :  , ,      , ,        . ,  ,   ,      :         ,        [12 - Lauds Journalists as True Historians, New York Times, 19.12.1930 (  ,   New York Times).].

,          .           ,          .  ,   ,        ,  ,      ,          ,            ,    ,    -     ,   ,     (    ,    ),         ,            .  -,           :    ,   ,             ,       ; ,   ,            , ,   ,  .

 III,   ,             .     ( 5)            .      ,         ,                 - .       ,   ,   ,     .  ,    ,   ,           .          :  ,  ,   (       ),      ,        .

  6  ,      ,      .   ,   (   ,   ),        ( ,      )     ,   ,    ,     ,     ,    ,     ,    ,            -     .

  7   .            ,      ,         ,  .       , ,   ,        ,   .       ,    ,                 ,      ,            :      ,             .

        :    ,      -  .              ,   ,   ,         .    ,           ,          ( )  ,       ,   ,  ,   .           ,   ,   ,   ,       ,       ,       ,        (   )      .  ,             .                 ,      ,    ,        .

      .               1917. (   ,    ,  ,    ),  19171918 (  ),  19171921 (  ),  19171929 (   ),  19171938 (   ),  19141921 ( ,       ),  18911924 (      )   [13 -   ,    ,    . ., : Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution, 14. .      .].             ,   ,       .       1905  1921     , ,    . ,       ,      ,    ,       .

 ,   ,     ,   -     .       ,   1918.       :  ,   , , ![14 - . . .  . ., 2013. . 4.]   1905     (  )   ,           ,   ,    .       :  ,      ,  , , , ,   ,        , , ,   .          ,      :       .          .         ,    .




 I

  





 1

 :   


       .  ,  The San Francisco Bulletin,     1917.    (  , -,       ), ,          ,   : , , ,      .   ,             ?  :   .  .         ,  ,     [15 - Bessie Beatty, The Red Heart of Russia (New York, 1918), 8.       ,    ,     . .:  . 10 ,    (., 1957), 36.].             ,       :    ,  ,   ,     [16 -   // . 19.09 (2.10).1917. C.3.].

        ,         .       ,     ,   ,    ,  ,     ,   .      .     , , ,      ,    ,    ,      ,     ,    ,   ,   .            .  ,  ,    .   ,    ໠            ,  ,     ,      .        .      ,              ,            .  , ,         ,      :            : ![17 -  . 3.03.1917. . 1. . : Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild, Equality and Revolution: Womens Rights in the Russian Empire, 19051917 (Pittsburgh, PA, 2010), 223.]

,      ,   ,       ,        .        ,     ,               .   ,         ,    .           ,    ,  .      ,     ,        :          ,   ,   ,               ,     . ,       ,    .   ,    ,   ,     : ,    ,    ,  ,  ,    (     ),  ,   :    ,          ,     .

 ,   ,      -   ,   ,  ,    , -  ,       .    :   1905.,      ,  1905  1906.    ,  ,       1914., ,      1917-,    ,                   ,      ,     -  ,   ,   .

                  ,     ,   :      1917.  ,           :     ,  ,           ,    ,   .      ,      ,    ,        ,      : .     ,           ,      ,   ,   ,       ,            ,     .

   ,          ,      1848.     ,   .        ,  ,     ,  ,        .  ,          ,     .         1904.,        ,     .                    1913.       ,      ,     ,  .

  ,     1917.,            ,       :  ,  ,   (     )      ,     ,       .     :    ,   ,  ,     ,   ,     ,   .   ,   ,     ,     :         ,        ,   .    ,   ,     , ,      ,        ,   ,          .  ,     ,          ,   :        ,         .   ,   ,     ,        .   XIX         ,       ,   [18 - Svetlana Boym, Another Freedom: The Alternative History of an Idea (Chicago, 2010), 78-9. .         :       .].        ,  ,        1917. ,    ,            ,    ,   .

        .              . ,  1917.                ,       :            ,  ,      ,  ,    ,     ,       [19 -   ,       , : Isaiah Berlin, Two Concepts of Liberty (1958), in Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty (New York, 1990),  Hannah Arendt, What is Freedom? (1958), in Arendt, Between Past and Future (New York, 2006).].  ,             ,        ,           .          ,  ,   ,     ,     ,       . ,  ,       ,      ,           ,         [20 - Arendt, What is Freedom? 165-9.].  ,     ,  ,   ,  ,      ,  ,                ,       , [21 - . .    (1940)//.   . ., 2012. .237250; Michael Lowy, Fire Alarm: Reading Walter Benjamins On the Concept of History (London, 2005).].           ,   .   ,    軠   ,        ,          ,  ,    ,    ,          (Sprung unter dem freien Himmel der Geschichte):       [22 - .   . . . 246  249 ( XIV  A). . : L?wy, Fire Alarm, 879, 99102.]. ,        ,    ,           [23 - . . -.   (). II ( )//. , . . . 2- . . 20. ., 1961. . 295-     : . . . .3. . 48//. , . . . . 25. . II. ., 1962. .385387. . : Andrzej Walicki, Marxism and the Leap to the Kingdom of Freedom: The Rise and Fall of the Communist Utopia (Stanford, CA, 1995).].

   :      .


1

          1917.   ,       ,       :    ,      ,    .   1917.,         ,     ,       . ,  ,        ,    .        -  1 ,           ,        ,   .  ,  ,  .    ,            ,    ,     ,   .   , ,      [24 - . .    // -. 1.01.1917. . 3.].           , ,           ,       . ,      ,            -,    ,   1917     .  (     ,  ,     ).           ,   !:



,              .    !..

           ,   , ,   


   ,   ,        ,      .     ,  ,  ,        ,      .   ,  :



 ,       ,      .

   ,   ,             .

       .

  , ,  ,   ,      ,        :

  ?!     ?!  ,  .

    1917 .


      ,        .   ,    .        ,          ,    ,  ,     .    ?



          [ ].

   .

    ,           1917 .[25 - . .  1917  //  -. 1.01.1917. . 1.]


   ,   ,  .        .


2

2 1917. (        ,  13      )   II   .              ,  ,        ,        .   ,     ,        .       .     :



     .   !   .   .     

-! -! --!

      ,   -.

      .

  ,  ,    .

       ,   ,    ,   , .

 , ,          .

 , ,   .

       :

! ! 

     .

  [26 -  //  -. 6.03.1917. . 3.]


  ,           -   ,   ,    ,        ,   -          .     ,           ,    .     .   ,   (   )      ,   ,       . ,         ,   ,       .                 .    .


3

    , ,       ,                   ,         .         (. l).      ,    ,      .    ,       ,   !.          .            .            廠  : 28  1917. 27        :    ,     ,     (   ),                   ,     . ,  28-     ,         .  ,           :               ,     ,    ,  , ,    ,   .






.1.    , 28.02.1917

(   , )



           ,     ,    .   ,    ,    .    ,      ,     .           .    ,        ,         .       .       ,    !,         ,      .           .      ,        . ,  ,         : ,         ,      - .


4

    . ,          . ,    ,    : -      .       -    ,     ..   腠   ,       ,   ,    .  .      ,             ,          ,    . .       ,    .   ,      .



       

  ,    ,    ,   ,  

  ,  ,  ,    ,      ,     .

   .     .

  , ,  ,      

 ,  


,  ,        . ,    ,     .                    ,        :



 ,  ,  ,  ,            1001 軅 [         . . .\

   ,   ,      


        ,           .



   ,     ,          .

        .

         .

  ,   ,   ,     .


    ,        .      ,   ,     .    ,  ,    ,        :



  

   ,      .

 ,      ,  ,    ,   ,           

    ,       [27 - .   // -. 11.03.1917. . 1.]



5

     ,       ,              ,     .       , .         ,            .         ,      ,      ,           ,        . ,             ,  9-    :

		. ,  ,
		,   .
		   
		    .

		   ,
		     ?
		   
		 ,      ,
		 !

		     ,
		   ?
		,    ,   ,
		     .

       ,           !.              ,      .  ,       .

         ,        ,       .         ,     ,        ,           .      ,            .   ,  .    ,    .       -   ,  [28 -     (). . 1244. . 2. . 31. . 4344 .].  ,            ;  ,             .   1917. ,       .


6

   1917.       .      .          ,     .






.2.   ,  1917.

(    , -)[29 -  ,                   .2  3.]



 .2 ,        ,     ࠫ ,      .






.3.    !,  1917.

(    , -)



 .3,    ,                  :   !           (    )     ,             .


7

   ,    ,       ,   .         -,        ,             ,  .        ,             ,  ,     .               :    ,    ,       .        .    ,             ,     ,    ,       ,        ,  [30 - Ruthchild, Equality and Revolution, 218-23; Choi Chatterjee, Celebrating Women: Gender, Festival Culture, and Bolshevik Ideology (Pittsburgh, PA, 2002), ch. 2.].

      .                  19          ,    ,                .






.4.   19  1917.

(   , )



 .4        ,       ,      :   ,    .    . .5   - ( ),     :    ,          .






.5.     , 19  1917.

(The Russian Revolution  Events and Personalities: An Album of Photographs. Collected by Bessie Beatty. Unpublished. The New York Public Library, p. 42 (   9  1917.). Slavic and Baltic Division. The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations)



       ,  ,       .            ,        .    , -,       -!       -     :   ,  ,     ,   ,        ?[31 - . .     //. 21.03.1917. . 3.]           ,       .          19      ,    ,            .

        , , ,    ,  6      .            .        ,     ;     ,  ;  ,   ,   ,        ,         ,  ,      ,       ,  -        .        ,   ,           ,       [32 -    // . 9.03.1917. . 4.    ,     ,           : Michael . Hickey (ed), Competing Voices from the Russian Revolution: Fighting Words (Santa Barbara, CA, 2011), 167-8.].


8

   ,       ,   ,    .      ,      ,  ,     ,          ,  ,      ,           ,   ,   ,    .     ,           . ,      ,      . ,   , ,                     ,   .

   ,      ,       ,   ,    .         ,        ,    2017.    .         ,  - . (     )     ,    ,       :

		  ,   
		  ;
		   ,   ,
		   !

		 ,  
		   ;
		    
		   

		 ,  ,   
		     ,
		     ,
		   [33 -  . .    //. 10.05.1917. . 6.].

           .  ,   ,         .             ,           , ,         ,            ,   [34 - .: ...   //. 10.05.1917. . 2.].


9

   1917.       ,        ,     ,    .          ,         :        ,     ,       ,              [35 - Mark Steinberg, Voices of Revolution, 1917 (New Haven, 2001), passim.].   ,    ,   ,   .      ,        ,    .    ,   1917.,      .       .            ,      ,    .               ,   .     ,           ,    ,   ,       ,   .  ,    ,        ,       (, ,        ),        ,      , , ,    [36 - Berlin, Two Concepts of Liberty, 154166.          . . .    (Anerkennung),      18051806.     , ,         .].  ,        . , ,                   ,    XVIII.   .       ,             ,     ,         .         ,    ,      [37 - . . 6978. .1. . 354. . 106.-2 (       ).],      :  ,   ,    ,   ,   [38 - ., ,       13.04.1917 : Steinberg, Voices of Revolution, 95.].            ,      ,   ,       ,     [39 - Berlin, Two Concepts of Liberty, 154170.].          ,   ,  ,  ?

  ,       ,         ,     .  ,    ,        ,    ,    .     . ,    ,                        ,     ,      ,    .



  ,        ,            .      ,           . ,   ,        ,        ,  ,   ,       -.     :    ?         ? ,       ,             ,         ,   ,         , ,    ,    ,     ,    [  - . . .]     2  ,     .                      ,    [      . , .]      ,         ,      : !!            ,       :   !..


     , ,       :



   (    )         ,   ,  ,  ,   ,  .


       ,                 (  ),         :



 : !  !      ,   ,                   ,      ! ,  ,   ,  -,  ,            ,   ,   ,  ,  -        


     ,         , ,          (   ).  ,      -, ,         ,    :



      .    ,     ,   ..? ,  ,      .     ,   .,      ,         ,    ,           ,       : ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,            .          .    ,  , ,     ,    ,    ,  ,     . , ,  ,            :        [40 - . . 6978. . 1. . 296. . 39-45.].



10

              . ,        (      )         . ,        ,        ,        .      ,         ,            ,     ,  ,       .        ,    .                  ,           ,       .        ,     ,    ,         .

 1917.       .       ,        ,     .        [41 - . .   // . 25.04 (8.05).1917. .1.].     1 ,      (18    ).         :     ,           .  ,       .     ,          .  ,  ,   ,      ,              [42 - . .    // . 18.04 (1.05).1917. C.1.].        , ,   ,      ,   :



          .

,     ,            ,      ,         .

     ,     ,         .   ,         ,      .   ,         ,  ,  , ,  ,   [43 - . .   //  . 20.04 (3.05).1917. . 5.]


     , 21 ,    ,    ,   ,             - ,         .         ,     ,   :



       

      ,        ,      . ,   ,       .   - 

         ,        .

  ,  ,          :   ,       ,  ,        ,   .

    ?

  ,              .   ,        [44 - . .   // . 23.04 (6.05).1917. .1.].


      ?      .               ,    ,    .       , ,     ,        .      XIX.      ,     ,      :   ,         ,  ,    .              ,     ,    ,                 [45 -    .: . . .  . ., 1994. .271309; Derek Offord, Lichnost: Notions of Individual Identity, in Catriona Kelly and David Shepherd (eds), Constructing Russian Culture in the Age of Revolution, 18811340 (Oxford, 1998), 1325; Laura Engelstein and Stephanie Sandler (eds), Self and Story in Russian History (Ithaca, NY, 2000); Mark D. Steinberg, Proletarian Imagination: Self Modernity, and the Sacred in Russia, 19101925 (Ithaca, NY, 2002), 25, 62-101.].

    ,                 ,   ,     ,         ,      .       ,       .          :    ,   ,     -        .  ,  1917.,     XIX.    ,  ,  ,     .      ,       ,        .   ,  ,          :         ;       ,       ,   .


11

       ,      -     ,        ,          ໠   ,           . ,       (1916),      :



  ,  ,  :  ,     : , , ;      ,   [46 - . .   . ., 1917. C.3.].


           :



       ,      ;    :      ,    ,       [47 -  . .1213.].


  (      )       ,            ,  ,    .

 -        ,         :



  ;   ;   ;     ;    ;              ,     .      ;    ;        ;   ;          .


 ,      ,  :



     ,          :   ;     ,  : , , ;   ;    ;   ;              [48 -  . . 1314.].


        ,   .      , , ,  -         .    ,                  ,   ,   ,    ,    ,                    [49 - . , . . . . 20. ., 1961. . 295.].        ,    1894      ,       ,        ,      [50 - . . .    . , 1894.].

   .            ,           .    :      !    ![51 - . .   . . 17.]        :



      ;  :       ;            ;    :     :                    ,     [52 -  . . 24.].


  ,        ,         :



   ,      ;     ,       ;      ;       :      [53 -  . . 30.].


  ,        ( ),   1910.   [54 - ., : . 1910. 3. . 23,  1910. 11. . 86 (  ).],             ,  ,   ,    ,  . ,   ,    ,   ,       ,    ,     ,  ;    ;     [55 - . .   . . 29.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/mark-steynberg/velikaya-russkaya-revoluciya-1905-1921/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


     2017            . . .




2


Ronald Grigor Suny, Revision and Retreat in the Historiography of 1917: Social History and its Critics, Russian Review, 53/2 (April 1994): 167.




3


.: Ronald Grigor Suny, Toward a Social History of the October Revolution, American Historical Review, 88/1 (February 1983): 3152; Suny, Revision and Retreat; Steve Smith, Writing the History of the Russian Revolution After the Fall of Communism, Europe-Asia Studies,46/4 (1994): 56378; Edward Acton, The Revolution and its Historians, in Edward Acton, Vladimir Cherniaev, and William Rosenberg (eds), Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution (Bloomington, IN, 1997), 317; Mark D. Steinberg, Voices of Revolution, 1917 (New Haven, 2001), 135; Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution, 3rd edn (Oxford, 2008), 413; S. A. Smith, The Historiography of the Russian Revolution 100 Years On  Boris I. Kolonitskii, On Studying the 1917 Revolution: Autobiographical Confessions and Historiographical Predictions, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, 16/4 (Fall 2015): 73368.




4


Martin Jay, Songs of Experience: Modern American and European Variations on a Universal Theme (Berkeley, CA, 2005), 401-9.




5


            (1789).




6


Joan Scott, The Evidence of Experience, Critical Inquiry, 17 (Summer 1991): 797.




7


.: E.H.Carr, What is History? (London 1961); Joyce Appleby, Lynn Hunt, and Margaret Jacob, Telling the Truth about History (New York, 1994); Richard Evans, In Defense of History (New York, 1999); Lynn Hunt and Victoria Bonnell, Beyond the Cultural Turn (Berkeley, CA, 1999); Charles Megill, Historical Knowledge, Historical Error: A Contemporary Guide to Practice (Chicago, 2007); Lynn Hunt, Writing History in the Global Era (New York, 2014).




8


Walter Benjamin, Paris, Capital of the Nineteenth Century: Expos [1939], in Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, tr. Howard Eiland and Kevin McLaughlin (Cambridge, MA, 1999), 14.




9


.: Jay, Songs of Experience, 1112, 2249, 3401,  passim.




10


..    // -. 31.10.1910. . 3.




11


 ,   Oxford University Press,     , ,          (,  ,  )            .   ,      -   ,              ,       .      .




12


Lauds Journalists as True Historians, New York Times, 19.12.1930 (  ,   New York Times).




13


  ,    ,    . ., : Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution, 14. .      .




14


. . .  . ., 2013. . 4.




15


Bessie Beatty, The Red Heart of Russia (New York, 1918), 8.       ,    ,     . .:  . 10 ,    (., 1957), 36.




16


  // . 19.09 (2.10).1917. C.3.




17


 . 3.03.1917. . 1. . : Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild, Equality and Revolution: Womens Rights in the Russian Empire, 19051917 (Pittsburgh, PA, 2010), 223.




18


Svetlana Boym, Another Freedom: The Alternative History of an Idea (Chicago, 2010), 78-9. .         :       .




19


  ,       , : Isaiah Berlin, Two Concepts of Liberty (1958), in Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty (New York, 1990),  Hannah Arendt, What is Freedom? (1958), in Arendt, Between Past and Future (New York, 2006).




20


Arendt, What is Freedom? 165-9.




21


. .    (1940)//.   . ., 2012. .237250; Michael Lowy, Fire Alarm: Reading Walter Benjamins On the Concept of History (London, 2005).




22


.   . . . 246  249 ( XIV  A). . : L?wy, Fire Alarm, 879, 99102.




23


. . -.   (). II ( )//. , . . . 2- . . 20. ., 1961. . 295-     : . . . .3. . 48//. , . . . . 25. . II. ., 1962. .385387. . : Andrzej Walicki, Marxism and the Leap to the Kingdom of Freedom: The Rise and Fall of the Communist Utopia (Stanford, CA, 1995).




24


. .    // -. 1.01.1917. . 3.




25


. .  1917  //  -. 1.01.1917. . 1.




26


 //  -. 6.03.1917. . 3.




27


.   // -. 11.03.1917. . 1.




28


    (). . 1244. . 2. . 31. . 4344 .




29


 ,                   .2  3.




30


Ruthchild, Equality and Revolution, 218-23; Choi Chatterjee, Celebrating Women: Gender, Festival Culture, and Bolshevik Ideology (Pittsburgh, PA, 2002), ch. 2.




31


. .     //. 21.03.1917. . 3.




32


   // . 9.03.1917. . 4.    ,     ,           : Michael . Hickey (ed), Competing Voices from the Russian Revolution: Fighting Words (Santa Barbara, CA, 2011), 167-8.




33


 . .    //. 10.05.1917. . 6.




34


.: ...   //. 10.05.1917. . 2.




35


Mark Steinberg, Voices of Revolution, 1917 (New Haven, 2001), passim.




36


Berlin, Two Concepts of Liberty, 154166.          . . .    (Anerkennung),      18051806.     , ,         .




37


. . 6978. .1. . 354. . 106.-2 (       ).




38


., ,       13.04.1917 : Steinberg, Voices of Revolution, 95.




39


Berlin, Two Concepts of Liberty, 154170.




40


. . 6978. . 1. . 296. . 39-45.




41


. .   // . 25.04 (8.05).1917. .1.




42


. .    // . 18.04 (1.05).1917. C.1.




43


. .   //  . 20.04 (3.05).1917. . 5.




44


. .   // . 23.04 (6.05).1917. .1.




45


   .: . . .  . ., 1994. .271309; Derek Offord, Lichnost: Notions of Individual Identity, in Catriona Kelly and David Shepherd (eds), Constructing Russian Culture in the Age of Revolution, 18811340 (Oxford, 1998), 1325; Laura Engelstein and Stephanie Sandler (eds), Self and Story in Russian History (Ithaca, NY, 2000); Mark D. Steinberg, Proletarian Imagination: Self Modernity, and the Sacred in Russia, 19101925 (Ithaca, NY, 2002), 25, 62-101.




46


. .   . ., 1917. C.3.




47


 . .1213.




48


 . . 1314.




49


. , . . . . 20. ., 1961. . 295.




50


. . .    . , 1894.




51


. .   . . 17.




52


 . . 24.




53


 . . 30.




54


., : . 1910. 3. . 23,  1910. 11. . 86 (  ).




55


. .   . . 29.


