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   ,         .   1790- .    XX.     ,     .    ,       ,      ,       .       ,        .                ,    .              .        ,     ,    .

      .         ,         ,         ,    .        .        ,    ,     ,     .       -,       ,          ,     XX.          , ,                   . ,        XX.,     . ,             ,    ,          [1 - Franz Schurmann, Ideology and Organization in Communist China, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968), p. xxxv.          .].  [2 -   (,  )                ,               .  .  7.     ,       1971.             ,      . . .]                 XX.  ,    ,         ,     .        ,          ,  . -   ,  , [ ]       ,          ,    [3 - Elbaki Hermassi, Toward a Comparative Study of Revolutions, Comparative Studies in Society and History 18:2 (April 1976), p. 214.].

,       ,    .      (     ,        ,   )    -      .          ,   -         ,   -    - .

    ,       ;          .               :             . , ,    ,               [4 -     ,          .           ,       - .      .  3.].     ,    ,  ,       [5 -      ,   (16401650. 16881689.  )     .                   .      3   5.     ,        ,      2.].   ,  ,    ,         -  (        ).      ,            ,    .       - ,       .

            . -,    ,  ,     .        ,  ,        (     ),          [6 -            .  ,    19  21   .        :     ,        ,    .].     ,        ,   .        ,  ,      1787  1800.,     ,     ,    ,      , ,   .      ,    .

-,     -  (     )   ,     ,        ,      [7 -   ,      , : Arthur L.Stinchcombe, Stratification among Organizations and the Sociology of Revolution, in Handbook of Organizations, ed. James G.March (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1965), pp. 169180; Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wes-ley, 1978), ch. 7; D. E. H. Russell, Rebellion, Revolution, and Armed Force (New York: Academic Press, 1974), ch. 4. ,     ,  ,      ,                     ,      ,      .     ,      ,   -    , ,    .      ,           ,    ,  ,             .           ,                  ,    .].       ,    , ,       ,       ,     .    -          (       ,     - ),                 .



     ?            ?   ,         [8 -      ,          .      : A.S.Cohan, Theories of Revolution: An Introduction (New York: Halsted Press, 1975); Mark N.Hagopian, The Phenomenon of Revolution (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1974).     : Isaac Kramnick, Reflections on Revolution: Definition and Explanation in Recent Scholarship, History and Theory 11:1 (1972), pp. 2663; Michael Freeman, Review Article: Theories of Revolution, British Journal of Political Science 2:3 (July 1972), pp. 9-359; Barbara Salert, Revolutions and Revolutionaries: Four Theories (New York: Elsevier, 1976); Lawrence Stone, Theories of Revolution, World Politics 18:2 (January 1966), pp. 159176; Perez Zagorin, Theories of Revolution in Contemporary Historiography, Political Science Quarterly 88:1 (March 1973), pp. 2352; Theda Skocpol, Explaining Revolutions: In Quest of a Social-Structural Approach, in The Uses of Controversy in Sociology, eds. Lewis A.Coser, Otto N.Larsen (New York: Free Press, 1976), pp. 155175.].              ,  ,      ( )  .   , ,    ,      ,        ,          ,          ,   .  ,   ,  -          ,     ,         ,   .

        ,         ,       ,    - ,          .   ,      ,                  ,          .         ,      . ,         (        -,           [9 - Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); - .     :        . : .    , 2016; Eric Wolf, Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century (New York: Harper & Row, 1969); John Dunn, Modern Revolutions: An Introduction to the Analysis of a Political Phenomenon (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972).]),          . ,        (, ,   ,     ),            ,         ,     . ,      ,       ,      -.  ,       ,      ,         ,     .  ,   ,     ,          ,   -  ,   ,           .

 ,         ,      ,     . ,         ;            .       ,    ,          . ,                 .        ,    (  [10 - Nikolai Bukharin, Historical Materialism: A System of Sociology, trans. from the 3rd Russian ed., 1921 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1969); ..   :    . : , 1928 ( . 7).]),   ,     [11 - : RobertC. Tucker, ed., The Lenin Anthology (New York: Norron, 1975),   13; Stuart R.Schram, ed., The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung, rev. and enlarged ed. (New York: Praeger, 1969),   26.           : Cohan, Theories of Revolution, ch. 5.],   ( ,  )   ,    [12 - . : Georg Lukacs, History and Class Consciousness, trans. Rodney Livingstone (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1971); .    .    . : -, 2003; Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, ed. and trans. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York: International Publishers, 1971); .   (). :  , 1959; Louis Althusser, Contradiction and Overdetermination, in For Marx, ed. L.Althusser, trans. Ben Brewster (New York: Vintage Books, 1970), pp. 87-128; .    // . : , 2006. .127186.          : Perry Anderson, Considerations on Western Marxism (London: New Left Books, 1976); .    . : -, 1991.].   ,        ,   - ,      .

     ,    ,          - .          ,    ,               .             (   )          . ,  ,  :



         ,             ,       ,         ,     ,  ,       , ,     [13 - Karl Marx, Capital (New York: International Publishers, 1967), vol. 3, The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole, ed. Frederick Engels, p. 791; . . . 3 // ., .. . . 25. . II. :   , 19551974. . 354.].


     ,      ,             .



               ,            ,       .           .     [14 - Lewis S.Feuer, Marx and Engels: Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy (New York: Doubleday (Anchor Books), 1959), pp. 4344, 53. .    .  //., .. . . 13. :   , 19551974. . VIII.].


  ,        .        (  ,    )                   .  ,    ,     ,     [15 - Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works (New York: International Publishers, 1968), p. 40; ., .    // ., .. . . 4. :   , 19551974. . 429.],       .

         .     ,      ,     ,      , ,                  , ,        ,          [16 - Ibid., p. 37;  . . 426.].

  ,   



 ,     ,   ,           [17 - Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, p. 46; ., . . . 4. .435436.].

    .         .     ,    ,        

    ,     .        ,      .      ,          .       ,      ,    ,      ,  .

[   ]             ,      ,         [18 - Ibid., pp. 4243, 45;  . . 431; 432433.].


     ,   ,    (         ).       ,   ,                .                   ,      ,      ,  ,    -       .  ,        ,      ,           .

         ,   (         ,   , , ,   ). ,             .             ,                 .   ,       ,     ,      ,      -    ,      .             :  ,                  [19 -   ,      ,         .       , : James Geschwender, Explorations in the Theory of Social Movements and Revolution, Social Forces 42:2 (1968), pp. 127135; Harry Eckstein, On the Etiology of Internal Wars, History and Theory 4:2 (1965), PP. 133163; DavidC. Schwartz, A Theory of Revolutionary Behavior, in When Men Revolt and Why, ed. James C.Davies (New York: Free Press, 1971), pp. 109132.             -,   .     : James C.Davies, Toward a Theory of Revolution, American Sociological Review 27 (1962), pp. 5-18; James C.Davies, The J-Curve of Rising and Declining Satisfactions as the Cause of Some Great Revolutions and a Contained Rebellion, in Violence in America, eds. Hugh Davis Graham and Ted Robert Gurr (New York: Signet Books, 1969), pp. 671709; Ivo K.Feierabend and Rosalind L.Feierabend, Systemic Conditions of Political Aggression: An Application of Frustration-Aggression Theory, in Anger, Violence and Politics, eds. Ivo K.Feierabend, Rosalind L.Feierabend and Ted Robert Gurr (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972), pp. 136183; Betty A.Nesvold, Social Change and Political Violence: Cross-National Patterns, in Violence in America, eds. Davies and Gurr, pp. 6068; Ted Robert Gurr, A Causal Model of Civil Strife: A Comparative Analysis Using New Indices, American Political Science Review 62 (December 1968), pp. 11041124; Ted Robert Gurr, Psychological Factors in Civil Violence, World Politics 20 (January 1968), pp. 245278.];  / ,               [20 -    (   ,       33)  : Talcott Parsons, The Processes of Change of Social Systems, in The Social System, Talcott Parsons (New York: Free Press, 1951), ch. 11; Anthony F.C.Wallace, Revitalization Movements, American Anthropologist 58 (April 1956), pp. 264281; Neil J.Smelser, Theory of Collective Behavior (New York: Free Press, 1963); Edward A.Tiryakian, A Model of Societal Change and Its Lead Indicators, in The Study of Total Societies, ed. Samuel Z.Klausner (New York: Doubleday (Anchor Books), 1967), pp. 6997.];   , ,        ,   ,      ,      [21 -     : Anthony Oberschall, Social Conflict and Social Movements (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973); Anthony Oberschall, Rising Expectations and Political Turmoil, Journal of Development Studies 6:1 (October 1969), pp. 5-22; William H.Overholt, Revolution, in The Sociology of Political Organization (Cro-ton-on-Hudson, N.Y.: The HudsonInstitute, 1972); D. E. R. Russell, Rebellion, Revolution and Armed Force (New York: Academic Press, 1974); Charles Tilly, Does Modernization Breed Revolution?, Comparative Politics 5:3 (April 1973), pp. 425447; Charles Tilly, Revolutions and CollectiveViolence, in Handbook of Political Science, eds. Fred I.Greenstein and Nelson W.Polsby (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1975), vol. 3, Macropolitical Theory, pp. 483556.].             :      ();     ( / )        (  ).

    [22 - Ted Robert Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970); ..   . -: , 2005.]     ,         ,  



             ,    ,     ,      .      ,                       ,  ,   [23 - Ted Robert Gurr, Why Men Rebel, pp. 34; ..   . G. 4243.].


          ,     :     ,       ,            .    ,        ,    ,    ,       ,    .          .   ,    .      ,    ,     .       ,    ,  ,          .  ,         ,      ,   ,  ,     [24 - Ibid.,  pp. 334-47;  . G. 422436.].

      [25 - Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1978).]  ,  ,     ,            -,    .        .    ,         ,        ( ),    ,   ,        .                 ,     .  ,    ,      ,



    ,  ,       ,                       ,       ,            [26 - Tilly, Does Modernization Breed Revolution?, p. 436.].


           ,   ,                   .       ,     ,   [27 - Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution, p. 7.].         :      [28 - Ibid., ch. 3.].        (,        )  ,     ,      (,  ,     )         (  ).    ,      ,     .     ,  ,  ,  ,     ,             ,     .

       ,    ()             ,      ,      [29 - Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution, ch. 7.].   ,      ()  : -,        ,          (        ). -,     ,         ,          ,        .  ,



  ,                    ,           .      ,    ,     ,   ,         ,       ,    .     ()[30 - Tilly, Revolutions and Collective Action, in Handbook of Political Science, eds. Greenstein and Polsby, vol. 3, Macropolitical Theory, pp. 520521.].


 ,   ,       .  , ,          ,        [31 - Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution, p. 213.].       ,          [32 - Ibid., p. 212.].  ,   ,                 .

            ,          ,      [33 - Chalmers Johnson, Revolutionary Change (Boston: Little Brown, 1966).             15.]              .      ,  ,      ,  [34 - Ibid., p. 3.]    ,  ,  ,      -   ,      .         ,           .       ,               .  ,          .

  ,        -  .   ,  ,    :          ; ,              [35 - Chalmers Johnson, Revolutionary Change, p. 57.].           .          ,      .       ,         .   ,  ,          ,         .   ,      ,  ,      ,   .   ,                 .   ,          .   ,   ,         .         ,         .  ,      ,          .



     ;   ,  ,   ,       ,     (, ,       [1966])   , ceteris paribus[36 -     (.) . .],  .             ,  -      [37 - Chalmers Johnson, Revolutionary Change, p. 32.].


            ,             .   ,  ,    ,      ,        .  ,                   ,  ,    ,         .

        ,                 ,    ,    . ,           .  ,    ,  ,       ,    -    .        ,      ,           ,    .  ,                     ,     ,    .      ( ,        )   ,        .  ,     ,   ,         ,        .

   ,              ,   ,           .           ,               - .    ,        (   ,   ),          .      ,         ,    ,      .  ,   ,            ,               - ,       .  , ,   ,            .

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        ,          ,         .    ,           ,             .   ,   (     ),       ,      .  ,           ,   ,         .

         ,    ,   ,    (  ,         ).             ,            ,     ,        . ,   : -,           , -,    , , -,     ,      [38 - Gurr, Why Men Rebel, pp. 1213; ..   . . 51.]. ,         ,  ,         .           ,       .     ,      .                 ,    ,  .         ,          ,         . , ,              ,      .   ,     (      )       [39 -   ,   ,   ,    ,            ,        .   ,     ,     .              : Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works (New York: International Publishers, 1968), pp. 171172; .     // ., .. . . 8. :    19551974. .207211.]          ,     .  ,            ,     . ,        .         ,           .         ,    ,               .

,  ,          -    ,    - . ,   ,     ( )    ,    ,  ,      .         ,          .  ,     ,                .  ,                      -   . ,          (  )    ,   ,                  ,   [40 - .  Tilly, Mobilization to Revolution, pp. 202209.].   ,   ,               ,     ,   .  ,           -   ,        ,             ,      .

      ? -,   ,    ,   ,    (  )  ,      .  ,             , ,      ,   . , ,        ,    ,        .   ,   ,     [41 -  ,  ,          ,       ,        (..   . . 40).    ,   ,      .].  ,  ,    ,             ,        ,     [42 - .  30 .      ,        3839.].   , ,              .               ,  [43 - ., .: Herbert Adam, Modernizing Racial Domination: South Africas Political Dynamics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971),   Russel, Rebellion, Revolution, and Armed Force, chs. 13.               ,      - .].

  ,       ,    ,       .   ,  ,         (,  , - ),    ,            ,   .      :          ;       [44 - Jeremy Brecher, Strike! (San Francisco: Straight Arrow Books, 1972), p. 240.].  ,            /    .       .    (      ,     )         ,   .  ,      ,      -     .    ,     ,            .  ,      ,            .           :   ,  [45 -      : Stephen F.Cohen, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution (New York: Knopf, 1973), p. 336;  ..   18881938. : , 1988. C. 402.].

              ,      .   ,    ,                ( ),   . ,            ,  ,       ,    ,     .     ,  ,     ,   ,   .             --,   .

     [46 -   ,            ,           .   ,             ,        ,    ,       .       .         ,     ,      ,       ,     .      ,         (  )    ,        ,    .         ,    2  3.].         ,     - ,      .          -   .       ,      ,    .             ,    ,           .  ,      ,      ,      -   .           ,        ,        ,      .     :         ,     ,    . ,  ,  ,          ,   [47 - Eric Hobsbawm, Revolution (paper presented at the Fourteenth International Congress of Historical Sciences, San Francisco, August 1975), p. 10.].

             ,    ,     ,       ,   ,       ,     .     :



        ;     ,  .   ,    ,  ,   ,      ,          .          ,             ,  .  ,    ,  ,       ,    [48 - Gordon Wood, The American Revolution, in Revolutions: A Comparative Study, ed. Lawrence Kaplan (New York: Vintage Books, 1973), p. 129.].


   , , -,      (  )      .            ,    , ,         .     ,       -      ,        - .       (      )     ,           - .         .




  - 


      ,            ,            .      -      ,        .                             .  ,         . ,  ,     ,         -     ,     .

   ,           ,       -   [49 - Reinhard Bendix, Tradition and Modernity Reconsidered, Comparative Studies in Society and History 9 (1967), pp. 292313.].   ,     ( , -    ),           XVIII   XIX.  ,      .   (        ,       )   ,          .     ,   , ,       ,     ,      ,     , , ,   .    1867. , ,   ,         [50 -      1   (New York: International Publishers, 1967), pp. 89; . . . I.  // ., .. . . 23. . 9.].         ,   -      .     -     ,    [51 -  . : Neil J.Smelser, Toward a Theory of Modernization, in Essays in Sociological Explanation (Englewood Cliffs, N.O.: Prentice-Hall, 1968), pp. 125146; W.W.Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960); Marion J.Levy, Modernization and the Structure of Society (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1965); S.N.Eisenstadt, Modernization: Protest and Change (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1966); Bert F.Hoselitz, A Sociological Approach to Economic Development, in Development and Society, eds. David E.Novack and Robert Lekachman (New York: St.Martins Press, 1964), pp. 150162.]     -         ,       . ,            ,       ,   .        ,    ,   . ,   ,    ,         . , ,             ,        .      ,  ,           .      (,   ,  )   - .

     - ,      ,                    .              ,     ,       . ,      ,    .                     ,     .                     XVII. .     XIX.      (  )         ,    ,           .  ,          ,      ,                ,         .     ,         ,      ,     ,        .      ,                 .     ,         ( -)      [52 -               .          ,      : Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic in Backwardness Historical Perspective (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966); Alexander Gerschenkron, Continuity in History and Other Essays (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968); .     . :   , 2015.        -,    : Immanuel Wallerstein, The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis, Comparative Studies in Society and History 16:4 (September 1974), pp. 387415; Daniel Chirot, Social Change in the Twentieth Century (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977).  -        , ,   ,          ,  : Robert Brenner, The Origins of Capitalist Development: A Critique of Neo-Smithian Marxism, New Left Review no. 104 (July-August 1977), pp. 2592.].

    (   )           .        ,     ,                ( 1450.).        ,   ,  -   .    ,                     ,    . ,   ,    ,    -,         .   -    ,      [53 -         : Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Academic Press, 1974), ch. 1.].    ,



                  .         ,        ,        -  [54 - WalterS. Dorn, Competition for Empire (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), p. 1.].


             ,           [55 -  ,        ,   : John Thurber Moffet, Bureaucratization and Social Control: A Study of the Progressive Regimentation of the Western Social Order, PhD dissertation, unpublished paper (Columbia University, Department of Sociology, 1971).].             ,         .                 .  ,   ,       ,          ,   ,      ,      .

 ,    XVI.     ,             .       ,         .  ,       ,                           .   XIX.                      .         ,    ,    ,   ,       .       , ,         ,       .    ,  ,        ;          ,      ,                    .

   ,    ,           (    )   [56 - .: Wallerstein, Rise and Demise; Wallerstein, Modern World-System,   3  7.          .  : Theda Skocpol, Wallersteins World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique, American Journal of Sociology 82:5 (March 1977), pp. 10751090.].        ,       ,                       .      ,        ,   ,        ,                 .             .                         ,     [57 -        ,     : Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975); Otto Hintze, Economics and Politics in the Age of Modern Capitalism, in The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze, ed. Felix Gilbert (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975).   ,      ,       (p. 427).           ,  ,       (p. 452).].     ( )                  .       ,    ,         [58 -   ., .: Tilly, Formation of National States; Otto Hintze, Military Organization and the Organization of the State, in Historical Essays, ed. Gilbert, pp. 178215; Randall Collins, Some Principles of Long-Term Social Change: The Territorial Power of States (paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Chicago, Illinois, September, 1977).].            (     )    ,             [59 -    ,     ,          .].            ,   ,   ,               .

 ,                 : ,  .     ,   ,      .             ,   (  ,   ,     )  /    .       ,           ,         [60 -     : Terence K.Hopkins and Immanuel Wallerstein, The Comparative Study of National Societies, Social ScienceInformation 6:5 (October 1967), pp. 2558.].

      .   ,         ,        .   ,       ,      ,    ,        ,       .

    ,      ,    .                  ,       ,    (  ) .  ,          .       ,      .  ,               .         ,        (            )       .        ,           .  ,            ,        .  ,          ,        ,      .     ,            ,      -,      () .

    ,       ,     [61 -     .: Wolfram Eberhard, Problems of Historical Sociology, in State and Society: A Reader, eds. Reinhard Bendix, et a1. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), pp. 2528.].  /    ,       ,   .      ,         - .             .       ,         ; ,                .     ,   ,  -  (,         )       ,      .             ,       ,            .

        .     ,      (       ),          ,    .  , ,  (,              ).       ,       ,              .  ,   ()  , ,       (     )    ,    ,  ,          .

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 ,     , ,     ,    , ,             17871789.     ,      ,          .  ,         ,          - ,   ,      .         .   ,       ,   ,     ,                .     ,   - ,     .       ,    ,          -  - ,      .

,   ,   ,    ,   ,           (     )  -   .       ,          . -  ---  ,                     ,    .           ,     .            ,       :          .          ,       .

 -         ,     ,     .           . ,     ,   ,           ,     .   ,  ,         ,              .        ,     .  ,         ,       ,      ,    .  ,   ,             .        ,        (   )       [62 -   .: Revolutionary Change, p. 32.   , .  41 ,  : Why Men Rebel, ch. 8; ..   . . 8.].          (),    ()  .          ,        .

,   ( ,   ,     )       . ,          ,   ,  ,      [63 - Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution, p. 52.].   ,      , :          ,       ?[64 - V.I.Lenin, The State and Revolution in The Lenin Anthology, ed. RobertC. Tucker (New York: Norton, 1975), p. 316; ..   :          // . . . 5- . . 33. :   , 1969. . 9.]  ,  (  ) [65 -         ,        .           ,  ,        ,       ,      ,  .]               .    ,         .  , ,   ,  ,                 .

  ,      ,  ,   ,    ,       ,     . , ,       ,    . ,   ,  ,        ,                .

         .          .        ,      ,     ,   ,    .      (  ,  ,    ,  [66 - Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution, p. 52.])            .        (   ),       .

        .  ,         .        ,          .     -       .       ,          ,     .  ,                      ,      [67 -     . : Frederick Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, reprinted in Marx and Engels, Selected Works; .  ,     // ., . . 2- . . 21. :   , 19551974. .23178; Lenin, The State and Revolution, reprinted in Lenin Anthology, ed. Tucker; ..   :         . Ralph Miliband, Marx and the State, in Karl Marx, ed. Tom Bottomore (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973), pp. 128150; RobertC. Tucker, The Political Theory of Classical Marxism, in The Marxian Revolutionary Idea (New York: Norton, 1970), eh. 3.].

 ,    ,                   ,                  . ,                  ,   ,      .         .  ,     ,            ,    --.

       ?              [68 -      . : DavidA. Gold, ClarenceY.H. Lo, Erik Olin Wright, Recent Developments in Marxist Theories of the Capitalist State, Monthly Review 27:5 (October 1975), pp. 2943, and 27:6 (November 1975), pp. 3651.].       (  ,      ,  ,       ,   ),  ,    [69 - . : Ralph Miliband, The State in Capitalist Society (New York: Basic Books, 1969); Miliband, Poulantzas and the Capitalist State, New Left Review no. 82 (November-December 1973), pp. 8392.],  [70 - . : Nicos Poulantzas, Political Power and Social Classes, trans. Timothy OHagan (London: New Left Books, 1973); Poulantzas, The Problem of the Capitalist State, in Ideology in Social Science, ed. Robin Blackburn (New York: Vintage Books, 1973), pp. 238253; Poulantzas, The Capitalist State: A Reply to Miliband and Laclau, New Left Review no. 95 (Janu-ary-February 1976), pp. 6583; Poulantzas, Classes in Contemporary Capitalism, trans. David Fernbach (London: New Left Books, 1975); Poulantzas, The Crisis of the Dictatorships, trans. David Fernbach (London: New Left Books, 1976).],  [71 - .: Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books, 1974);.   . :  , 2010.],  [72 - .: Goran Therborn, What Does the Ruling Class Do When It Rules?, The Insurgent Sociologist 6:3 (Spring 1976), pp. 3-16; Therborn, What Does the Ruling Class Do When it Rules? (London: New Left Books, 1978); .    ,   ?           //. 2008. 6. .7392.]   [73 - . : Claus Offe, Structural Problems of the Capitalist State, German Political Studies 1 (1974), pp. 3156; Offe, The Theory of the Capitalist State and the Problem of Policy Formation, in Stress and Contradiction in Modern Capitalism, eds. Leon N.Lindberg et al. (Lexington, Mass.: Heath, 1975), pp. 125-44; Claus Offe and Volker Ronge, Theses on the Theory of the State, New German Critique no. 6 (1975), pp. 137147.],             .         ,       .         ,              . ,   ,                 ,      ,       .  , ,   ,         .

         ( ,     ,        ,     ) , ,    ,           ,         [74 - . : Poulantzas, Problem of Capitalist State, in Ideology in Social Science, ed. Blackburn; Offe and Ronge, Theses on the Theory of the State.].          [75 -   ,       ,     (Ellen Kay Trimberger, State Power and Modes of Production: Implications of the Japanese Transition to Capitalism, The Insurgent Sociologist 7 (Spring 1977), pp. 8598; Trimberger, Revolution From Above: Military Bureaucrats and Modernization in Japan, Turkey, Egypt, and Peru (New Brunswick, N.J.: Trans-action books, 1978)    (Fred Block, The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State, Socialist Revolution no. 33 (May-June 1977), pp. 6-28).       ,        .].    ,    ,   , ,            ,            [76 - Offe, Structural Problems of Capitalist State.]. ,     ,      ,      [77 -           : Capitalist State: Reply to Miliband and Laclau; Crisis of Dictatorships.        : Gosta Esping-An-dersen, Roger Friedland, and Erik Olin Wright, Modes of Class Struggle and the Capitalist State, Kapitalistate no. 45 (Summer 1976), pp. 186220.].   ,          .             ,            .  ,            ,       .      ,                          ,     .             ,     .  ,          ,         ,   ,            [78 - Therborn, Ruling Class, p. 34.].

            ,             ,          . ,    (  ,        ),         .   ,   -     ,       ,    ,          - .          ,                        .      ,               .   -                .

         ,         .   ,  -  (  -   )    .    ,           ,     - .          ,      .        ,  ,    ,          .           .   ,   - ,        .                    .  ,      ,       ,       .  ,             ,   ,    .  ,        -           ,        ,   .      - ,   ,               .

-   ,       .  ,       ,    - . ,     ,    ,        .                       [79 -             , : Max Weber, Economy and Society, 3 vols., ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich (New York: Bedminster Press, 1968), vol. 2, ch. 9and vol. 3, chs. 1013; Otto Hint-ze,   Historical Essays, ed. Felix Gilbert, chs. 46, 11; Tilly, ed., Formation of National States; Randall Collins, Conflict Sociology (New York: Academic Press, 1975), ch. 7; Collins, A Comparative Approach to Political Sociology, pp. 4269 in State and Society, eds. Bendix et al.; Franz Schurmann, The Logic of World Power (New York: Pantheon Books, 1974).      75.]. ,             -    ,         .  ,           .     ,      ,    ,          .             .

,   ,       ,           . ,      (   ),     .  ,               ,     -      .      2         ,    ,   .                .       .       ,    ,  ,      .

    ,   ,    ()      .  ,       ,        .          .        (                  ).           . ,              .       :           .   ,          ,          .        ,    .   ,          ,                ,               (   )      .          ,          ,       .

 ,   ,        ,        .                .  ,                   ,      .       ,         . , -,    , -,               [80 - Hintze, Military Organization, in Historical Essays, ed. Gilbert, p. 183.]. ,                  (  )    ,        .   ,             ,          ,   ,  . ,        ,       ,     ,   - .   :                 -           .      ,    .        ,               .

  ,  ,     .      ( ),                         .     ,      ,  (  )   .         ,               .              ,      ,            ,        -   .                ,    ,        ,   ,      .    ,            ,     .

                .      ,         .       ,   ,   ,  (    ,     , ,     - ) , ,  ,       .           ,      ,       .  ,      ,        ( ,       ),               ,       .            (, ,       ),           [81 - .: Katherine Chorley, Armies and the Art of Revolution (1943; reprint ed., Boston: Beacon Press, 1973); Russell, Rebellion, Revolution and Armed Force.]. ,   ,       ,                     ,   .       ,        .                       .            ,         ,     .

 ,       ,     - ,     ,     .     ,           ,        .             ,   ,          .                     . ,      ,     ,   .    ,      -   .



            ,        .      .      , -      ,    .         .             - .  ,        .          ,  ,    -,      .       (    ,        )    .

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 ,  ,         (,       ,         )         .  ,      ,   -   .               ?

           ,    ,         ,      .      -   ,       .   ,    ,     ,    ,       [82 -   : Lyford P.Edwards, The Natural History of Revolution (1927; reprint ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970); .    //  . 2005. 1. .101131; Crane Brinton, The Anatomy of Revolution (1938; rev. and expanded ed., New York: Vintage Books, 1965); George Sawyer Pettee, The Process of Revolution (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1938).]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/teda-skochpol-180553/gosudarstva-i-socialnye-revolucii-sravnitelnyy-analiz/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


Franz Schurmann, Ideology and Organization in Communist China, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968), p. xxxv.          .




2


  (,  )                ,               .  .  7.     ,       1971.             ,      . . .




3


Elbaki Hermassi, Toward a Comparative Study of Revolutions, Comparative Studies in Society and History 18:2 (April 1976), p. 214.




4


    ,          .           ,       - .      .  3.




5


     ,   (16401650. 16881689.  )     .                   .      3   5.     ,        ,      2.




6


           .  ,    19  21   .        :     ,        ,    .




7


  ,      , : Arthur L.Stinchcombe, Stratification among Organizations and the Sociology of Revolution, in Handbook of Organizations, ed. James G.March (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1965), pp. 169180; Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wes-ley, 1978), ch. 7; D. E. H. Russell, Rebellion, Revolution, and Armed Force (New York: Academic Press, 1974), ch. 4. ,     ,  ,      ,                     ,      ,      .     ,      ,   -    , ,    .      ,           ,    ,  ,             .           ,                  ,    .




8


     ,          .      : A.S.Cohan, Theories of Revolution: An Introduction (New York: Halsted Press, 1975); Mark N.Hagopian, The Phenomenon of Revolution (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1974).     : Isaac Kramnick, Reflections on Revolution: Definition and Explanation in Recent Scholarship, History and Theory 11:1 (1972), pp. 2663; Michael Freeman, Review Article: Theories of Revolution, British Journal of Political Science 2:3 (July 1972), pp. 9-359; Barbara Salert, Revolutions and Revolutionaries: Four Theories (New York: Elsevier, 1976); Lawrence Stone, Theories of Revolution, World Politics 18:2 (January 1966), pp. 159176; Perez Zagorin, Theories of Revolution in Contemporary Historiography, Political Science Quarterly 88:1 (March 1973), pp. 2352; Theda Skocpol, Explaining Revolutions: In Quest of a Social-Structural Approach, in The Uses of Controversy in Sociology, eds. Lewis A.Coser, Otto N.Larsen (New York: Free Press, 1976), pp. 155175.




9


Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); - .     :        . : .    , 2016; Eric Wolf, Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century (New York: Harper & Row, 1969); John Dunn, Modern Revolutions: An Introduction to the Analysis of a Political Phenomenon (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972).




10


Nikolai Bukharin, Historical Materialism: A System of Sociology, trans. from the 3rd Russian ed., 1921 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1969); ..   :    . : , 1928 ( . 7).




11


: RobertC. Tucker, ed., The Lenin Anthology (New York: Norron, 1975),   13; Stuart R.Schram, ed., The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung, rev. and enlarged ed. (New York: Praeger, 1969),   26.           : Cohan, Theories of Revolution, ch. 5.




12


. : Georg Lukacs, History and Class Consciousness, trans. Rodney Livingstone (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1971); .    .    . : -, 2003; Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, ed. and trans. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York: International Publishers, 1971); .   (). :  , 1959; Louis Althusser, Contradiction and Overdetermination, in For Marx, ed. L.Althusser, trans. Ben Brewster (New York: Vintage Books, 1970), pp. 87-128; .    // . : , 2006. .127186.          : Perry Anderson, Considerations on Western Marxism (London: New Left Books, 1976); .    . : -, 1991.




13


Karl Marx, Capital (New York: International Publishers, 1967), vol. 3, The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole, ed. Frederick Engels, p. 791; . . . 3 // ., .. . . 25. . II. :   , 19551974. . 354.




14


Lewis S.Feuer, Marx and Engels: Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy (New York: Doubleday (Anchor Books), 1959), pp. 4344, 53. .    .  //., .. . . 13. :   , 19551974. . VIII.




15


Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works (New York: International Publishers, 1968), p. 40; ., .    // ., .. . . 4. :   , 19551974. . 429.




16


Ibid., p. 37;  . . 426.




17


Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, p. 46; ., . . . 4. .435436.




18


Ibid., pp. 4243, 45;  . . 431; 432433.




19


  ,      ,         .       , : James Geschwender, Explorations in the Theory of Social Movements and Revolution, Social Forces 42:2 (1968), pp. 127135; Harry Eckstein, On the Etiology of Internal Wars, History and Theory 4:2 (1965), PP. 133163; DavidC. Schwartz, A Theory of Revolutionary Behavior, in When Men Revolt and Why, ed. James C.Davies (New York: Free Press, 1971), pp. 109132.             -,   .     : James C.Davies, Toward a Theory of Revolution, American Sociological Review 27 (1962), pp. 5-18; James C.Davies, The J-Curve of Rising and Declining Satisfactions as the Cause of Some Great Revolutions and a Contained Rebellion, in Violence in America, eds. Hugh Davis Graham and Ted Robert Gurr (New York: Signet Books, 1969), pp. 671709; Ivo K.Feierabend and Rosalind L.Feierabend, Systemic Conditions of Political Aggression: An Application of Frustration-Aggression Theory, in Anger, Violence and Politics, eds. Ivo K.Feierabend, Rosalind L.Feierabend and Ted Robert Gurr (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972), pp. 136183; Betty A.Nesvold, Social Change and Political Violence: Cross-National Patterns, in Violence in America, eds. Davies and Gurr, pp. 6068; Ted Robert Gurr, A Causal Model of Civil Strife: A Comparative Analysis Using New Indices, American Political Science Review 62 (December 1968), pp. 11041124; Ted Robert Gurr, Psychological Factors in Civil Violence, World Politics 20 (January 1968), pp. 245278.




20


   (   ,       33)  : Talcott Parsons, The Processes of Change of Social Systems, in The Social System, Talcott Parsons (New York: Free Press, 1951), ch. 11; Anthony F.C.Wallace, Revitalization Movements, American Anthropologist 58 (April 1956), pp. 264281; Neil J.Smelser, Theory of Collective Behavior (New York: Free Press, 1963); Edward A.Tiryakian, A Model of Societal Change and Its Lead Indicators, in The Study of Total Societies, ed. Samuel Z.Klausner (New York: Doubleday (Anchor Books), 1967), pp. 6997.




21


    : Anthony Oberschall, Social Conflict and Social Movements (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973); Anthony Oberschall, Rising Expectations and Political Turmoil, Journal of Development Studies 6:1 (October 1969), pp. 5-22; William H.Overholt, Revolution, in The Sociology of Political Organization (Cro-ton-on-Hudson, N.Y.: The HudsonInstitute, 1972); D. E. R. Russell, Rebellion, Revolution and Armed Force (New York: Academic Press, 1974); Charles Tilly, Does Modernization Breed Revolution?, Comparative Politics 5:3 (April 1973), pp. 425447; Charles Tilly, Revolutions and CollectiveViolence, in Handbook of Political Science, eds. Fred I.Greenstein and Nelson W.Polsby (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1975), vol. 3, Macropolitical Theory, pp. 483556.




22


Ted Robert Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970); ..   . -: , 2005.




23


Ted Robert Gurr, Why Men Rebel, pp. 34; ..   . G. 4243.




24


Ibid.,  pp. 334-47;  . G. 422436.




25


Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1978).




26


Tilly, Does Modernization Breed Revolution?, p. 436.




27


Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution, p. 7.




28


Ibid., ch. 3.




29


Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution, ch. 7.




30


Tilly, Revolutions and Collective Action, in Handbook of Political Science, eds. Greenstein and Polsby, vol. 3, Macropolitical Theory, pp. 520521.




31


Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution, p. 213.




32


Ibid., p. 212.




33


Chalmers Johnson, Revolutionary Change (Boston: Little Brown, 1966).             15.




34


Ibid., p. 3.




35


Chalmers Johnson, Revolutionary Change, p. 57.




36


    (.) . .




37


Chalmers Johnson, Revolutionary Change, p. 32.




38


Gurr, Why Men Rebel, pp. 1213; ..   . . 51.




39


  ,   ,   ,    ,            ,        .   ,     ,     .              : Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works (New York: International Publishers, 1968), pp. 171172; .     // ., .. . . 8. :    19551974. .207211.




40


.  Tilly, Mobilization to Revolution, pp. 202209.




41


 ,  ,          ,       ,        (..   . . 40).    ,   ,      .




42


.  30 .      ,        3839.




43


., .: Herbert Adam, Modernizing Racial Domination: South Africas Political Dynamics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971),   Russel, Rebellion, Revolution, and Armed Force, chs. 13.               ,      - .




44


Jeremy Brecher, Strike! (San Francisco: Straight Arrow Books, 1972), p. 240.




45


     : Stephen F.Cohen, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution (New York: Knopf, 1973), p. 336;  ..   18881938. : , 1988. C. 402.




46


  ,            ,           .   ,             ,        ,    ,       .       .         ,     ,      ,       ,     .      ,         (  )    ,        ,    .         ,    2  3.




47


Eric Hobsbawm, Revolution (paper presented at the Fourteenth International Congress of Historical Sciences, San Francisco, August 1975), p. 10.




48


Gordon Wood, The American Revolution, in Revolutions: A Comparative Study, ed. Lawrence Kaplan (New York: Vintage Books, 1973), p. 129.




49


Reinhard Bendix, Tradition and Modernity Reconsidered, Comparative Studies in Society and History 9 (1967), pp. 292313.




50


     1   (New York: International Publishers, 1967), pp. 89; . . . I.  // ., .. . . 23. . 9.




51


 . : Neil J.Smelser, Toward a Theory of Modernization, in Essays in Sociological Explanation (Englewood Cliffs, N.O.: Prentice-Hall, 1968), pp. 125146; W.W.Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960); Marion J.Levy, Modernization and the Structure of Society (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1965); S.N.Eisenstadt, Modernization: Protest and Change (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1966); Bert F.Hoselitz, A Sociological Approach to Economic Development, in Development and Society, eds. David E.Novack and Robert Lekachman (New York: St.Martins Press, 1964), pp. 150162.




52


              .          ,      : Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic in Backwardness Historical Perspective (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966); Alexander Gerschenkron, Continuity in History and Other Essays (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968); .     . :   , 2015.        -,    : Immanuel Wallerstein, The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis, Comparative Studies in Society and History 16:4 (September 1974), pp. 387415; Daniel Chirot, Social Change in the Twentieth Century (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977).  -        , ,   ,          ,  : Robert Brenner, The Origins of Capitalist Development: A Critique of Neo-Smithian Marxism, New Left Review no. 104 (July-August 1977), pp. 2592.




53


        : Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Academic Press, 1974), ch. 1.




54


WalterS. Dorn, Competition for Empire (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), p. 1.




55


 ,        ,   : John Thurber Moffet, Bureaucratization and Social Control: A Study of the Progressive Regimentation of the Western Social Order, PhD dissertation, unpublished paper (Columbia University, Department of Sociology, 1971).




56


.: Wallerstein, Rise and Demise; Wallerstein, Modern World-System,   3  7.          .  : Theda Skocpol, Wallersteins World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique, American Journal of Sociology 82:5 (March 1977), pp. 10751090.




57


       ,     : Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975); Otto Hintze, Economics and Politics in the Age of Modern Capitalism, in The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze, ed. Felix Gilbert (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975).   ,      ,       (p. 427).           ,  ,       (p. 452).




58


  ., .: Tilly, Formation of National States; Otto Hintze, Military Organization and the Organization of the State, in Historical Essays, ed. Gilbert, pp. 178215; Randall Collins, Some Principles of Long-Term Social Change: The Territorial Power of States (paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Chicago, Illinois, September, 1977).




59


   ,     ,          .




60


    : Terence K.Hopkins and Immanuel Wallerstein, The Comparative Study of National Societies, Social ScienceInformation 6:5 (October 1967), pp. 2558.




61


    .: Wolfram Eberhard, Problems of Historical Sociology, in State and Society: A Reader, eds. Reinhard Bendix, et a1. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), pp. 2528.




62


  .: Revolutionary Change, p. 32.   , .  41 ,  : Why Men Rebel, ch. 8; ..   . . 8.




63


Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution, p. 52.




64


V.I.Lenin, The State and Revolution in The Lenin Anthology, ed. RobertC. Tucker (New York: Norton, 1975), p. 316; ..   :          // . . . 5- . . 33. :   , 1969. . 9.




65


        ,        .           ,  ,        ,       ,      ,  .




66


Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution, p. 52.




67


    . : Frederick Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, reprinted in Marx and Engels, Selected Works; .  ,     // ., . . 2- . . 21. :   , 19551974. .23178; Lenin, The State and Revolution, reprinted in Lenin Anthology, ed. Tucker; ..   :         . Ralph Miliband, Marx and the State, in Karl Marx, ed. Tom Bottomore (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973), pp. 128150; RobertC. Tucker, The Political Theory of Classical Marxism, in The Marxian Revolutionary Idea (New York: Norton, 1970), eh. 3.




68


     . : DavidA. Gold, ClarenceY.H. Lo, Erik Olin Wright, Recent Developments in Marxist Theories of the Capitalist State, Monthly Review 27:5 (October 1975), pp. 2943, and 27:6 (November 1975), pp. 3651.




69


. : Ralph Miliband, The State in Capitalist Society (New York: Basic Books, 1969); Miliband, Poulantzas and the Capitalist State, New Left Review no. 82 (November-December 1973), pp. 8392.




70


. : Nicos Poulantzas, Political Power and Social Classes, trans. Timothy OHagan (London: New Left Books, 1973); Poulantzas, The Problem of the Capitalist State, in Ideology in Social Science, ed. Robin Blackburn (New York: Vintage Books, 1973), pp. 238253; Poulantzas, The Capitalist State: A Reply to Miliband and Laclau, New Left Review no. 95 (Janu-ary-February 1976), pp. 6583; Poulantzas, Classes in Contemporary Capitalism, trans. David Fernbach (London: New Left Books, 1975); Poulantzas, The Crisis of the Dictatorships, trans. David Fernbach (London: New Left Books, 1976).




71


.: Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books, 1974);.   . :  , 2010.




72


.: Goran Therborn, What Does the Ruling Class Do When It Rules?, The Insurgent Sociologist 6:3 (Spring 1976), pp. 3-16; Therborn, What Does the Ruling Class Do When it Rules? (London: New Left Books, 1978); .    ,   ?           //. 2008. 6. .7392.




73


. : Claus Offe, Structural Problems of the Capitalist State, German Political Studies 1 (1974), pp. 3156; Offe, The Theory of the Capitalist State and the Problem of Policy Formation, in Stress and Contradiction in Modern Capitalism, eds. Leon N.Lindberg et al. (Lexington, Mass.: Heath, 1975), pp. 125-44; Claus Offe and Volker Ronge, Theses on the Theory of the State, New German Critique no. 6 (1975), pp. 137147.




74


. : Poulantzas, Problem of Capitalist State, in Ideology in Social Science, ed. Blackburn; Offe and Ronge, Theses on the Theory of the State.




75


  ,       ,     (Ellen Kay Trimberger, State Power and Modes of Production: Implications of the Japanese Transition to Capitalism, The Insurgent Sociologist 7 (Spring 1977), pp. 8598; Trimberger, Revolution From Above: Military Bureaucrats and Modernization in Japan, Turkey, Egypt, and Peru (New Brunswick, N.J.: Trans-action books, 1978)    (Fred Block, The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State, Socialist Revolution no. 33 (May-June 1977), pp. 6-28).       ,        .




76


Offe, Structural Problems of Capitalist State.




77


          : Capitalist State: Reply to Miliband and Laclau; Crisis of Dictatorships.        : Gosta Esping-An-dersen, Roger Friedland, and Erik Olin Wright, Modes of Class Struggle and the Capitalist State, Kapitalistate no. 45 (Summer 1976), pp. 186220.




78


Therborn, Ruling Class, p. 34.




79


            , : Max Weber, Economy and Society, 3 vols., ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich (New York: Bedminster Press, 1968), vol. 2, ch. 9and vol. 3, chs. 1013; Otto Hint-ze,   Historical Essays, ed. Felix Gilbert, chs. 46, 11; Tilly, ed., Formation of National States; Randall Collins, Conflict Sociology (New York: Academic Press, 1975), ch. 7; Collins, A Comparative Approach to Political Sociology, pp. 4269 in State and Society, eds. Bendix et al.; Franz Schurmann, The Logic of World Power (New York: Pantheon Books, 1974).      75.




80


Hintze, Military Organization, in Historical Essays, ed. Gilbert, p. 183.




81


.: Katherine Chorley, Armies and the Art of Revolution (1943; reprint ed., Boston: Beacon Press, 1973); Russell, Rebellion, Revolution and Armed Force.




82


  : Lyford P.Edwards, The Natural History of Revolution (1927; reprint ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970); .    //  . 2005. 1. .101131; Crane Brinton, The Anatomy of Revolution (1938; rev. and expanded ed., New York: Vintage Books, 1965); George Sawyer Pettee, The Process of Revolution (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1938).


