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    ,          , ,         ,            .              ,  -      .    ,      ,  ,  ,         .

  2005.             :        :    [7 - From Science and Society to Science in Society: Towards a Framework for 'Co-Operative Research'. Report of a European Commission Workshop Governance and Scientific Advice Unit of DG RTD, Directorate C2 Directorate General Research and Technology Development, Brussels 24th  25th November 2005.].    ,                .   ,            ,      .             , ,  ,     .

          ,   2009.         [8 - Global Governance of Science. Report of the Expert Group on Global Governance of Science to the Science, Economy and Society Directorate, Directorate-General for Research, European Commission. Brussels, 2009.].  ,  , ,         :  ,        ,   ,        .   ,    ,      ,             .     ,    :           ,          [9 - Global Governance of Science, . 9.].    ,  ,          .   ,   ,    ,            .

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 1985.     .    ,    .             ,      ,       .          ,          ,       .              ,           .

 1995. ,     ,          ,    [11 - Wolfendale Committee (1995). Final report. London: Office of Science and Technology. Retrieved from http://www.dti.gov.uk/ost/ostbusiness/puset/report.htm].       ,  ,         ,       .  2005.       -       ,   ,       ,     [12 - Council for Science and Technology (2005). Universal ethical code for scientists: Consultation letter and code. P. 4. Retrieved from www.cst.gov.uk/cst/business/files/ethicalcode-letter.pdf.].

 ,     ,       ,  ,    ,   ,     .

,     ,  2000.,      ,     .                 [13 - .: House of Lords Science and Technology Committee. Science and Society. Third Report of Session 19992000. (HL 38) London: The Stationery Office; 2000. www.publications. parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/ldselect/ldsctech/38/3801.htm [accessed 5 June 2006].].   I.,   ,         :   ,          ,   ,              ,  .        ,             ,     ,   ,                 [14 - .: House of Lords Science and Technology Committee. Science and Society. Third Report of Session 19992000. (HL 38) London: The Stationery Office, 2000. . 14.].

    ,        ,            .              ,        ,   [15 -  .].

 2002.      ,        (PUS  public understanding of science).        (PEST, public engagement in science and technology),           [16 - ., .: From PUS to PEST, Science, vol. 298, 4th October 2002. . 49; Nico Pitrelli. The crisis of the Public Understanding of Science in Great Britain. JCOM 2 (1), March 2003. P. 19.].

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 ,         ,   ,        ,         .   .. :       ,           ;    ,        ,     [17 -  .. , , . . 2-. .: , 1977. . 210.].          ,  ,        ,      , ,    ,      .  ,     ,      publish or perish   .

   ,  ,  ,     ,  ,         .           : , , . , ,   ,   (,  ,    )    ,     ,        .        ,           ,       .   ,   , ..      ,     .                      .

          (scientific integrity)        ,    ,                .         :  (2007),  (2010)   (2013).          [18 - http://www.singaporestatement.org/Translations/SS_Russian.pdf],         -  [19 - http://www.wcri2013.org/Montreal_Statement_e.shtml].  ,         ,            ,     .       ,        .

,          ,       ,  ,  ,  ,   ..

            ,     .    ,     ,      .   ,      ,          ,     .

,   ,           ,     ,            . ,           ,      , , ,                .        ,        ,           .

  , ,     .            :             1980- ,           .        ,   .          .   ,   ,             ,    .       ,       -   ,       [20 - Nicholas H. Steneck. ORI introduction to the responsible conduct of research. Washington, D.C.: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Office of the Secretary, Office of Public Health and Science, Office of Research Integrity, 2003. . 12.].

  2007.         .    [21 - Integrity in Research  a Rationale for Community Action //, see: http://ec.europa. eu/research/science-society/document_library/pdf_06/integrity-in-research-ec-ex-pert-group-final-report_en.pdf.].  ,  ,   :  ,        ,    .   ,      ,      .        ,           .   ,    ,      .   :

,         ;

,       ;

,  ,      ,    ;

  ,    [22 - Integrity in Research  a Rationale for Community Action].

-        .        ,      . ,   ,     2002.,    3600     4160 ,   ,     NIH,   : 33%  (38%      28%  ) ,             [23 - . Brian C. Martinson, Melissa S. Anderson, Raymond de Vries. Scientists behaving badly // Nature, 435, 737738 (9 June 2005).].

 ,     ,    0,1  0,3% .  ,    , ,      1,2 ,    0,1% ,    1200  [24 - FP7  20072013 webpage (http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/home_en.html).].

     ,   ,   ,            ,      ,           .

                   (research misconduct): ,     ,         [25 - Federal Policy on Research Misconduct // http://www.ostp.gov/cs/federal_policy_ on_research_misconduct.].     ()          ;      ,          ,     :     , ,           [26 - .  .].

          ,     (Questionable Research Practices),             [27 - Steneck Nicholas. Fostering integrity in research: Definitions, current knowledge, and future directions // Science and Engineering Ethics, Vol. 12. 1. March 2006. p. 5374.]. ,        ,        10  40%.    :  ;   ;    ..[28 - .: Kelly L. Wester; John T. Willse; Mark S. Davis. Responsible Conduct of Research Measure: Initial Development and Pilot Study // Accountability in Research. Vol. 15. Issue 2 April 2008. . 87104.]

   ,                      .  ,            .    ,      ,             ,   ,  ,            .            .

    .  (    ), ,        ,             .             ,   ,  ,      -,    .         ,       [29 - James Hicks. Opinion: Ethics Training in Science; The NIH has required researchers to receive instruction about responsible conduct for more than 20 years, but misconduct is still on the rise // TheScientist.com. May 14, 2013.].

      ,     :  ,      ,   .  Chronicle of Higher Education ,    42%      .     ,           ,       .           ,     [30 -  .].

,              . ,       ,        .          ,  ,     ,     ,      .                    .       ʻ (  ).      .

      ,  -  ..  ,     ,            :            , -  ,     ,        .   ,  ,   ,    ,      .    ,  -       ,  [31 - http://www.polit.ru/article/2012/11/09/ostrovki-nauki-rbk/].  :      , ,   ,         ,        (, ).   ,          [32 -  .].

     ,           ,   ,         .  ,                 ,     ,        . ,     ,      ,    ,   ,     ,               .




2.    [33 -  ..      // . . . 2014. 1. . 3549.      ( 13-33-11120).]


          ,        ,   ,           .            .  ,           ,            :    ,    ,      . ,         ,  ,        , ,   ..         ,   ,            ,     .   ,                  .

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             ,   ,   ,      .   ,      ,           .

, .     , ,   ,   ,  .           ,    ,    ,      ,        ,                  .   ,    ,  . [34 -  .  . .: , 1996. . 16.].        :          ,         (   ).

. ,    ,      ,       .   ,      ,    ,   ,  , ,  ,  -  .

  ,   ,         .        ,         .  ,    ,       ,       ,        ,   - ,        .          ,         .

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      ,    ,  ,   ,      [35 -  ..   :   // . . . 2004. 1. . 8793; 2005. 1. . 7985.].         ,  , ,  -    .   ,    ,     .      ,      ,       .     ,             - .                  [36 -  ..      . .: , 1986. . 164.].

  ,       ,  ,     -    . ,       ,      ,      .   ,    ,      ,         .

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,                  .     : )     黠           )     ?    ,   .

  ,  ,       , :         .    ,      ,       ,       .      -  ,    ,         ,        [38 - . : Bull J.P. The Historical Development of Clinical Therapeutic Trials // Journal of Chronic Diseases. 1959. Vol. 10. No. 3. . 218248.].         ,  .     ,  ,        . (       ,   , , ,      ,       ,  .)     ,    ,     , ,     , ,  ,     ,    .

           ,   ,            ,     .   ,                  , , ,       . ,       ,  ,     ,       , ,    .          .        ,         .      .


  

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       ,       .     ,      ;  ,  ,      . ,  ,      ,      .

      ,   ,        731[40 -  .  . .: , 1983.].       .            ;    ,     ,     .   1949.    ,        ,      .    ,        ,          [41 -         ,       . .:    , 1950. . 540;  ..      :   1949. //     . 2009. 4. . 107125; Yudin B.G. Research on Humans at the Khabarovsk War Crimes Trial: A Historical and Ethical Examination // Japans Wartime Medical Atrocities. Comparative Inquiries in Science, History, and Ethics / ed. by Jing-Bao Nie et al. L.; N.Y.: Routledge. 2010. . 5978.].

,  -   :   ,  ,    ,    ,      .

 ,   731,    ,   .          :  ,    ,      ,     ,         ,        .

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            .   ,      ,        .         -    .

        .         .    . .      :        ,    ,     ,     ,    ,    .        ,     [42 - Dower J.W. War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War. N.Y.: Pantheon Books. 1986. . 8.].  ,        ,   .

,         .          .       ,       ,  .  ,           .

 ,   ,      ,      .     ,  ,        ,    .      , -  ,      731,    ,        ,      [43 -  ..     (     ). .:  , 1985. . 167.].

          (         ,   ..)   .         -          .       .         ,  .       ,         ,   --.

         -    ,      [44 -         ,       . .:    , 1950. . 15.].

, ,       . .  ,    ,    731,  :   ,      ,     ,       ,    ,     .          ,    -  . : ,     ,       [45 -  .  . .: , 1983. . 13.].

,   ,               . ,  ,   ,          . . ,      731,  ,                  ,       [46 -  .   731. .: -  , 1958. . 67.].

    -    .  -            . , , - ( ,   )         ,  -      ,    .

 -   . -, ,        ,    ,   ,  , - ,       ,  .   . ,   [47 -  .  .   . .: , 2008.]. -, -      . ,          ,        .

     :  ,    ,       ,  (  ..)    ,         .    ,      ,        蔅[48 -  .  . .: , 1983. . 5.].

 ,    ,        ,       ,      [49 -         ,       . .:    , 1950. . 231233.].    ,    ,     ,   ,   ,    ,        ..

   , ,  ,      .   ,      .  ,   , ,   ,     .   731     ,  ,     ,      ,     .  ,   : ,                  ,   , ,     .   ,      .     .       [50 -  .  . .: , 1983. . 6.].         ;  ,  ,       ,          .  ,              ,       .

 ,      ,    ,      , ,  ,       .        .            . :                     [51 -  .     //  . 2006. 11. . 98.].

 ,           ,  --       .      ,          .    [52 -  .  . .: , 1998.].    ,     :  XVIII   XIX.,     ,  ,    -,   ,    .

   ,  ,        :        ,            :    ,    ,  :          ,      ?      ,   ,      ,    [53 -  . . 135.]. ,  ,   ,    ,   ,  ,          ,    ,           .

     ,        1.  ,    ,       ,      ,      ,     ,   .       2.

    ,        ,    .     ,       ,      ,     . , ,       ,            ,     :   ,   ,   .

-    ,     ,          ..,      ,       ,       .  ,         -     ,    .

  ,       ,  -   ,     .  ,       ,     ,     ,       .          ,       ,          ,        .   ,                .  ,    ,   ,            ,    ,       ,       1?


-

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  ,        .         (     ),      -.      ,   ,     ,     ,      .     ,    ,     ,    .           ,   ,  -     .

    -,   -:      , ,     .    . ,     ,     ,   ,   [54 - Kennedy W.P. The Nocebo Reaction // Medical World. Vol. 95. September. 1961. . 203205.]. ,         .         ,   ( )       ,     .

  ,  ,       ,         .     ,          .          ,         ,            ,              .




3.  [55 -  ..,  ..    // . . . 2011. 10. . 2545.]





   ,        , ,      ,           .              .          ,    .

         .                     .           .

 ,     ,           ,         .         ,          .            ,          ,          .

       ,   ,   .., ,    ,         - .            ,      ,        - .

                ,     - .     .. ,  -      ,  , -,       (),  -,    ,  ,      (  ).         :         ,     (),             ,     .

  ,   ,        ,      .         ,         ,  ,  ,   ,    ,    ..                   .               .

          [56 -                (research integrity)    (research misconduct).].


         

         - .   ,         ..     , , ,       .      : ,  ,     ,      .   ,                   .     ,       ,                  ,     .

     ,        .           ,       (-)  ,             1980-            .        ,   .           .   ,   ,             ,    [57 - Steneck Nicholas H. ORI introduction to the responsible conduct of research. Washington, D.C.: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Office of the Secretary, Office of Public Health and Science, Office of Research Integrity, 2003. P. 12.].

, ,   .    ,            ,         ,        ,   .

  ,  , ,    ,    ,    .    ,    ,     ,   ( )    ,     . ,               .   ,     ,        ,     ,    ,        .       ,        ,      -       [58 -  , ,               ,       .     ,     :   !    .].              .     ,        : , ,        ,       ,        .

    ,   ,       (  ,   ..)         .      ,                - .

  ,       ,           .

     :    ,       -   ,       [59 - Integrity in Research  a Rationale for Community Action http://ec.europa. eu/re-search/science-society/document_library/pdf_06/integrity-in- research-ec-expert-group-final-report_en.pdf.].

         .

               .    ,    2007.  ,  ,   :  ,        ,    . ,   ,      :      .

  :

,         ;

,       ;

,  ,     ,    ;

  ,    ;

       ;

   ,       [60 - Ibid.].

  , ,  ,     ,      .     ,          ,                 .

-          .        ,      . ,   ,     2002.,    3600     4160 ,   ,        (NIH),   : 33%  (38%      28%  ) ,             ,     ,     ,           ,       [61 - Martinson Brian C., Anderson Melissa S., de Vries Raymond. Scientists behaving badly // Nature, 435, 737738 (9 June 2005).].

 ,     ,    0,1  0,3% .  ,    , ,     1,2 ,    0,1% ,    1200  [62 - FP7  20072013 webpage (http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/home_en.html).].

   ,     ,      ,       .  2009.       ,  ,             .        ,  ,   ,        43,4%, 45,2  51,2%.    ,   2007.,      72%    ,  24%   ,  4%    .

 2009.     , ,  44,25%    .   24,28%  , ,     ,     , ,  ,  .     , ,   Crystalis,  70  ,    20072008.      .

          ,    : 2008.   4700     ,     - .  2007.          1,8  (270 . ).  2009.    5,5 .        .       80  .       200 [63 - Zhu Guo-Guang, Ilkka Marjomaa. Recent trends of scientific misconduct in China, and suggestions towards a system of scientific integrity // 2-nd World Conference on Research Integrity. Singapore. July 2010.].

    ,   ,   ,            ,      ,           .          ; ,           .

,         (Office of Research Integrity),       ,        .             ,    ,        .

         ,   ,          (NIH)             NIH        (responsible conduct of research  RCR)    .       ,       NIH ,     ,    NIH.

,           ,           RCR.          ,  ,  ,         .    ,      ,          ,      ,   ,        .




  .


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   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/b-udin/chelovek-vyhod-za-predely/)  .

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notes








1


 ..      . .: , 1986.




2


 ..,  ..  :   . .: , 1986.




3


 ..     :   //   .         . .: -, 2016. . 142162.




4


,               .




5


  ..        (.: , 1980)          .            .        ,        .        ,              .        ,          .    (     , )       ,      (),         ()  ,          .  ,     ,           ,    .




6


      ,      ,    ,           ,           .    ,       .




7


From Science and Society to Science in Society: Towards a Framework for 'Co-Operative Research'. Report of a European Commission Workshop Governance and Scientific Advice Unit of DG RTD, Directorate C2 Directorate General Research and Technology Development, Brussels 24th  25th November 2005.




8


Global Governance of Science. Report of the Expert Group on Global Governance of Science to the Science, Economy and Society Directorate, Directorate-General for Research, European Commission. Brussels, 2009.




9


Global Governance of Science, . 9.




10


Engaging Science: Thoughts, deeds, analysis and action. Ed. By John Turney. Wellcome trust, 2006.




11


Wolfendale Committee (1995). Final report. London: Office of Science and Technology. Retrieved from http://www.dti.gov.uk/ost/ostbusiness/puset/report.htm




12


Council for Science and Technology (2005). Universal ethical code for scientists: Consultation letter and code. P. 4. Retrieved from www.cst.gov.uk/cst/business/files/ethicalcode-letter.pdf.




13


.: House of Lords Science and Technology Committee. Science and Society. Third Report of Session 19992000. (HL 38) London: The Stationery Office; 2000. www.publications. parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/ldselect/ldsctech/38/3801.htm [accessed 5 June 2006].




14


.: House of Lords Science and Technology Committee. Science and Society. Third Report of Session 19992000. (HL 38) London: The Stationery Office, 2000. . 14.




15


 .




16


., .: From PUS to PEST, Science, vol. 298, 4th October 2002. . 49; Nico Pitrelli. The crisis of the Public Understanding of Science in Great Britain. JCOM 2 (1), March 2003. P. 19.




17


 .. , , . . 2-. .: , 1977. . 210.




18


http://www.singaporestatement.org/Translations/SS_Russian.pdf




19


http://www.wcri2013.org/Montreal_Statement_e.shtml




20


Nicholas H. Steneck. ORI introduction to the responsible conduct of research. Washington, D.C.: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Office of the Secretary, Office of Public Health and Science, Office of Research Integrity, 2003. . 12.




21


Integrity in Research  a Rationale for Community Action //, see: http://ec.europa. eu/research/science-society/document_library/pdf_06/integrity-in-research-ec-ex-pert-group-final-report_en.pdf.




22


Integrity in Research  a Rationale for Community Action




23


. Brian C. Martinson, Melissa S. Anderson, Raymond de Vries. Scientists behaving badly // Nature, 435, 737738 (9 June 2005).




24


FP7  20072013 webpage (http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/home_en.html).




25


Federal Policy on Research Misconduct // http://www.ostp.gov/cs/federal_policy_ on_research_misconduct.




26


.  .




27


Steneck Nicholas. Fostering integrity in research: Definitions, current knowledge, and future directions // Science and Engineering Ethics, Vol. 12. 1. March 2006. p. 5374.




28


.: Kelly L. Wester; John T. Willse; Mark S. Davis. Responsible Conduct of Research Measure: Initial Development and Pilot Study // Accountability in Research. Vol. 15. Issue 2 April 2008. . 87104.




29


James Hicks. Opinion: Ethics Training in Science; The NIH has required researchers to receive instruction about responsible conduct for more than 20 years, but misconduct is still on the rise // TheScientist.com. May 14, 2013.




30


 .




31


http://www.polit.ru/article/2012/11/09/ostrovki-nauki-rbk/




32


 .




33


 ..      // . . . 2014. 1. . 3549.      ( 13-33-11120).




34


 .  . .: , 1996. . 16.




35


 ..   :   // . . . 2004. 1. . 8793; 2005. 1. . 7985.




36


 ..      . .: , 1986. . 164.




37


              (.  , .:  . ., , . .  II:        . .: - . - , 2013.).




38


. : Bull J.P. The Historical Development of Clinical Therapeutic Trials // Journal of Chronic Diseases. 1959. Vol. 10. No. 3. . 218248.




39


 ,   -     ,       ,     ,    .




40


 .  . .: , 1983.




41


        ,       . .:    , 1950. . 540;  ..      :   1949. //     . 2009. 4. . 107125; Yudin B.G. Research on Humans at the Khabarovsk War Crimes Trial: A Historical and Ethical Examination // Japans Wartime Medical Atrocities. Comparative Inquiries in Science, History, and Ethics / ed. by Jing-Bao Nie et al. L.; N.Y.: Routledge. 2010. . 5978.




42


Dower J.W. War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War. N.Y.: Pantheon Books. 1986. . 8.




43


 ..     (     ). .:  , 1985. . 167.




44


        ,       . .:    , 1950. . 15.




45


 .  . .: , 1983. . 13.




46


 .   731. .: -  , 1958. . 67.




47


 .  .   . .: , 2008.




48


 .  . .: , 1983. . 5.




49


        ,       . .:    , 1950. . 231233.




50


 .  . .: , 1983. . 6.




51


 .     //  . 2006. 11. . 98.




52


 .  . .: , 1998.




53


 . . 135.




54


Kennedy W.P. The Nocebo Reaction // Medical World. Vol. 95. September. 1961. . 203205.




55


 ..,  ..    // . . . 2011. 10. . 2545.




56


               (research integrity)    (research misconduct).




57


Steneck Nicholas H. ORI introduction to the responsible conduct of research. Washington, D.C.: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Office of the Secretary, Office of Public Health and Science, Office of Research Integrity, 2003. P. 12.




58


 , ,               ,       .     ,     :   !    .




59


Integrity in Research  a Rationale for Community Action http://ec.europa. eu/re-search/science-society/document_library/pdf_06/integrity-in- research-ec-expert-group-final-report_en.pdf.




60


Ibid.




61


Martinson Brian C., Anderson Melissa S., de Vries Raymond. Scientists behaving badly // Nature, 435, 737738 (9 June 2005).




62


FP7  20072013 webpage (http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/home_en.html).




63


Zhu Guo-Guang, Ilkka Marjomaa. Recent trends of scientific misconduct in China, and suggestions towards a system of scientific integrity // 2-nd World Conference on Research Integrity. Singapore. July 2010.


