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    ,    ,    ,   ( ,   ).         (            . .   )   .  ,   ,                    . -,    ,    ,    ,   ,    ,       .        . . , . .   . .    ,   [2 -       ,          :  . .,  . .   :       // .    50-  . . . ., 2019. . 214242;  .    :       . .  //  . 2021. 4. . 5264.].

   ,   1861 . -            . . ,  . .    . . .          ,     ( )           .

,    .        ,                 18401850? .   1770? .     ,    , ,   ,    ,   XIX . (   . 1),       12  18  ,    .

,          ,                . . [3 - .:  . .       //    :    /  . . . . ., 2005. . 4 (43). . 525610.   ,      ( ,     . ),        XIX .].      ,           .  ,   ,       ( ),      ( ),          (  ),  .              ,   ,                  (  -,     ,      ).      ,       ,         (   ).

    ,         ,                    .    .   ,                     ,     ,          , ,     ,    . ,  -     ,      ,         (,   )     .

     .      230     ,          ,     (         .   . )[4 -  .    / . . . ?  . . ., 2003. . 70; Taylor Ch. Modern Social Imaginaries. Durham, N, 2004. P. 2324.].   ,   ,           ( ,  ,  ,    ,  .).   ,         ,                           (   )       1840? . (  ),   1856 .    .     ,   1015%   2030  17901850? .  230   -     , . .    XX . (  ).    . . ,    . . ,   . .   . . ,  . . ,  . . , - . . ,    . . ,  ,     . . ,   . . , -  . . - (   ),   . . , -  . . ,   . .   . . ,      ,      , . . -, . .    .         ,    .  71  (   )   ,  ,  18  (. . 25%)    ,         .

         ;   . ,            ,     , . .    (), , [5 -  .   / . . . , .   . . ., 2016. . 329330.].           ,        -        ,   ,     .    ,       ,        .      ,        1861 .    : 1)   /  , 2)  , 3)     , 4)    ()    .    ,  ,        ,   .       ,         .   ,             ,      ,   ,     .

 , , ,          ,          .   ,    ,               (othering), . .  ,     ,        , . .          .      ,            ,    .       ,    ,   ,       .

             - (       )[6 -           1812 . .:  . .   ,      . ., 2011.      .:  . .         //     . ., 2005. . 1524;  .     //  . . 3550;  -.       XVIII    XIX  //       . 2007. 6. . 203205.].           ,               XIX         ,  . . [7 -          (1876).]  . . ,    .




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            ,           .

  ,        . . , . . , . . , . . , . .   .             ,    (Sonderweg),          .   XIX .,  ,    ,   ,            .        ,         (. . )   ,     ,   . ,      [8 - Shanin T. Peasants and Peasant Societies. London, 1971; Brass T. Peasants, Populism, and Postmodernism. The Return of the Agrarian Myth. London, 2000.]. ,  ,   ,                   .       XIX .,  ,  ,       .

          1960?   1970? .     . . ,  ,  ,    . . ,      :            ?[9 -  . .     ?    XIX  //   ?  XIX . .; ., 1961;  . .     //   ?  ? . , 1966 (     . . 37);  . .    . , 1972; Glickman R. An Alternative View of the Peasantry: The Raznochintsy Writers of the 1860s // Slavic Review. 1973. Vol. 32 (December). P. 693704; Fanger D. The Peasant in Russian Literature // Peasant in 19th-century Russia / Ed. by W. Vucinich. Stanford, 1968; Donskov A. The changing image of the peasant in nineteenth-century Russian drama. Helsinki, 1972.]      ,          .             ,               ,   ,   (, , . . , , . . ,  , . .   .),   ,   1861 .          (. . , -, . . ,   .).

 1970? .     ,            ,     .    ,   1990? .           ,      ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    .      - [10 - Shanin T. Russia as a Developing Society /The Roots of Otherness. Vol. 1. New Haven, 1985; Moon D. Russian Peasants and Tsarist Legislation on the Eve of Reform: Interaction Between Peasantry and Officialdom, 18251855. Houndmills, 1992; Idem. The Russian Peasantry 16001930: The World the Peasants Made. London; N. Y., 1999; Worobec C. Peasant Russia: Family and Community in Post-Emancipation Russia. Ithaca, 1991; Stites R. Serfdom, Society, and the Arts in Imperial Russia: The Pleasure and the Power. New Haven, 2005;  .].                  .   -     ,        ,      ,                      .

                 (1993)[11 - Frierson C. Peasant Icons: Representations of Rural People in Late Nineteenth Century Russia. Oxford, 1993.]       -       18601890? .              XIX . (. . , , . . , . . , . .   .)          , , ,   .  ,            ,      ,    .  ,    .   . ,   ,          , . .   ,     .

      , , ,      1861 .,        .   ,            XVIII   XX .    .     . .    2004 .,                 ,    XVIII .   -[12 -  . .     XVIII . ., 2004.]. , , ,            ,             ,     .

   1980?    2000? .      .              (        ),          .        , , ,   . .  .                     ,       [13 - Woodhouse J. A Landlords Sketches? D. V. Grigorovic and Peasant Genre Fiction // Journal of European Studies. 1986. Vol. 16. 4. P. 271294; Idem. Tales from Another Country: Fictional Treatments of the Russian Peasantry, 18471861 // Rural History. 1991. Vol. 2. 2. P. 171186.].   . .                 ?   ,     ,   ,             [14 -  . .      ?  185060? . //  . . 1993. 5.].  . .               ,        18401850? .[15 -  . .     XIX . ., 2009.]

   2000?  2010? .,            (, ,       ),      ,              [16 - Ogden A. The Impossible Peasant Voice in Russian Culture: Stylization and Mimicry // Slavic Review. 2005. Vol. 64. 3. P. 517537; Idem. Peasant Listening, Listening to Peasants: Miscommunication and Ventriloquism in Nekrasovs Komu Na Rusi Zhit Khorosho // The Russian Review. 2013. Vol. 72. 4. P. 590606.].     ,  ,         ,    ,              ,     .      ,       [17 - Ogden A. The Impossible Peasant Voice. P. 535536.].                      18201830? .[18 -  .    18001840? . Tartu, 2018; ?ela A. Russian Self-Taught Poets of the 1820s: Pastoral, Patronage and the British Example // Russian Literature. 2021. Vol. 119. P. 1541.],        . [19 - Flaherty J. In the Peasants Place: Social Problems and Narrative Practice in Turgenevs Notes from a Hunter // The Russian Review. 2021. Vol. 80. 3. P. 456472.]  . -[20 - Stuhr-Rommereim H. The Limits of Realism and the Proletariat on the Horizon: Fedor Reshetnikovs Where Is It Better? // The Russian Review. 2021. Vol. 80. 1. P. 100121; Idem. Writing Peasants after Emancipation: Chernyshevsky, Dostoevsky, and Nikolai Uspensky in 1861 // Slavic Literatures [ 2024  Russian Literature]. 2024 (forthcoming).].

,          . ,                    XIX .   media  sound studies,               ,              [21 - Safran G. Recording Russia: Trying to Listen in the Nineteenth Century. Ithaca, NY, 2022.].

        ,              (2010),          , ,    [22 - Donovan J. European Local-Color Literature: National Tales, Dorfgeschichten, Romans Champ?tres. N. Y.; London, 2010.].          ,      1800 .       , , ,   . .           ,      .           ,        :   , Dorfgeschichten    , romans champ?tres      , ,      .   ,  ,      (    . ).      ,         ()  .     ,       ,     ?         ,      .          :   1830? . ,  ,     ()       .

               .      , 18601880 (2009)  ,   [23 - Zink A. Wie aus Bauern Russen wurden. Die Konstruktion des Volkes in der Literatur des Russischen Realismus 18601880. Zu?rich, 2009.].    ,       ,  80% ,       ,  .           (1977)[24 - Weber E. Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 18701914. London, 1977.],  ,      18601880? .           ,   , ,   .

,             [25 -  .  .   . ., 2014.].    .       ,      ,        .      ,                     ,               [26 -  .,  .,  .   :     // , :       . ., 2012. . 25.].                   (  )    ,   .

   ,    ,  ,   .                       .              ,         (),     /.   ,    - ,    -        [27 - Jameson F. The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act. Ithaca, NY, 1982. P. 7779, 9899, 141144.].  -    ,  ,  ,    ,     ( ,    / )        .

 ,   ,      [28 - Cohen M. The Sentimental Education of the Novel. Princeton, 1999.].     :          ,      3040 .        ,      ,   .                  ,  ,  ,     .   ,   :               .    ,              XXXXI .      [29 - ., ,       ( 56)  2016 .].     ,            () ,  -,                      ,   .

       (   )   ,          20002010? .      [30 - .    11.].    ,    ,        ,       ,     .      ,   ,     ,         .

, ,    ,           .    ,      ,       ,     ,  ,    .      (  )         ,      [31 -       : Moretti F. The Way of the World. The Bildungsroman in European Culture. New Edition. London; N. Y., 2000. P. 412.].       :



1.       ?   ,     ?

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5.        ?


        .                 ,   ,    ,    .           ,   ,  ,   ,        .                      . ,      ,           18401850? .




 


     .         ,                .        1,    .                      , ,     .             ,       .    ,    ,   ,              1861 .,        (       )    ,            .

            1830? .  ,  ,  ,           .            ,          .             ,  ,     1840?    1850? .,      1845 .         .   ,         ,           ,           [32 - .  : Dolbilov M. The Emancipation Reform of 1861 in Russia and the Nationalism of the Imperial Bureaucracy // Construction and Deconstruction of National History in Slavic Eurasia / Ed. by T. Hayashi. Sapporo, 2003. P. 205230.].

             : -,      (  ),  -,                .    XVIII   XIX .             ,    18201830? .      (-  )        ,      ,        ,       .        ,       ,   , . .      (,     ).   ,  ,        XIX .,           .    1861 .         .  ,    ,           ,      ,       [33 - Frierson C. Peasant Icons. P. 182183.].      . .  ( , ),        ,  ,  (, )    [34 - .: Frierson C. Peasant Icons. P. 188189; Aliev B. Desacralizing the Idyll: Chekhovs Transformation of the Pastoral // Russian Review. 2010. Vol. 69. 3. P. 463476.].    1861 .     12,         ()  , ,    .   XIXXX .

 ,              XIX .      ,  ,         ,       .   ,        ,  1830? .         , ,    ,                  .  1855 . ?        ,   1856  1861 .    ,    .




   


  . ,        [35 - Moretti F. The Way of the World. P. XII.].          ,                       (, , ).    ,                  ;        . ,   12  ,     XIX .         (          ). ,    ,   , -,      .       XIX .           .  :                 .       . -,             . -,   ,           .                 ,    . -,           ,   .   ,   ,  ,         ,               .    ,        ,   ,   ,    ,        ,   ,  ,    . .[36 - .  : Brass T. Peasants, Populism and Postmodernism: The Return of the Agrarian Myth. P. 917;  . .        -   //  . 2013. 1. . 3347;  .  .           . ., 2011. . 2326; Moon D. The Russian Peasantry 16001930: The World the Peasant Made. London; N. Y., 1999. P. 212217, 230236.]

        .   ,             vs .      ,   -     ,        ,              ,   .    ,   ,    ,            .

           XIX .   ,     . , ,    1860? .       ,           .  :            (,    ),       (   )     1861 .[37 -  :    . . ,   ,   . .  ,   .]      ,  ,    ,  .

            ,   1830? .                .          ,   ,    ,     .    ,           [38 -   . ,   ,       ,   ,         - (nation-state) (Tolz V. Russia. Inventing the Nation. London, 2001. P. 15).].     ,          .                  .                 ,    ,                     .      ,   .

 1850? .    ,  ,               [39 -    4050      . .: Burchard J. Paradise Lost. Rural Idyll and Social Change in England Since 1800. London; N. Y., 2002. P. 23.].         ,               .       ,   ,           ,    1850? .     .               ,   1861 .     .  ,               .     . . ,   . .         (.  15).               ,            (1922)[40 -   18601870? . .: Glickman R. An Alternative View of the Peasantry.].

              (       ),        (. )        .      ,  ,             , ,       .        , ,     ,       (  )    .     ,   ,             .       ,  ,             . , ,     / ,         :      ,  ,      ,     ,     , , .               :



        ,      ,  <>           ,    ,         [41 - The principle of self-constitution by means of exclusion or denigration will be familiar, and examples are not hard to come by where <> fiction too allows a prosperous protagonist to realize himself while or even by denying the possibility of emancipation or self-transformation to an impoverished other (Robbins B. A Little Muzhik, Muttering to Himself: The Novel and the Poor // boundary 2. 2020. May 1. Vol. 47. 2. P. 85).       ,    , ,         ,             (Julien E. The Extroverted African Novel // The Novel. Vols. 12 / Ed. by F. Moretti. Princeton, 2006. Vol. 1. P. 676).].


         ,          .       ,                (, , ).                 ,        .        ,      XIX .    , ,    ,         .       .

         ,    18401850? .        ,           , , , .           ,     ,     18301850? . ,   . .      (1837)         , , , ,  ,   ,   ,   .[42 - . :  . . /.    .  XIX. ., 2016. . 351352.]

            .             ,  ,   ,       ,       18401850? .      .   , , . . ,  , , . .           ,  ,                  .      ( ,     )   ,         .          ,  / ,         .

 -                 ,     ,     (     affirmative action,  ).        , ,      ,   80%   ,       [43 -            1850?  1860? . .:  . .  .   . ., 2008. . 145165.].

                ,      , ,   ,  ,  ,           , . .   .  ,      ,          18601890? .,     ,       . .   ,     ,      ,   , . . ,    [44 - .: Fanger D. The Peasant in Russian Literature. P. 256262.].




 


           ,          .   ,  .  ,    3040  XIX    (. ),  ( ),  (. ), , ,  ( ),           ,               (, ,  ). ,      ,          (, ,  ).      ,           ,   . ,            ,       [45 - .: Peterson D. E. Up from Bondage: The Literatures of Russian and African American Soul. Durham, 2000; Bellows A. American Slavery and Russian Serfdom in the Post-Emancipation Imagination. Chapel Hill, 2020.].         ,              (  ,   ) , ,     ,    (, , ).       ,  ,   ,    ,    .    ,    (    18701880? .)   XX .     ,  ,  ,   .   ,             [46 - .  :  .  i :    ii iiii i  ղ i. i, 2016.].

  ,    ,    ,   ,      ,        ,        ,    .  ,   ,     XIX . (  .)    (knowable communities)    (opaque),  , ,      [47 - Williams R. The Country and the City. London, 2016. P. 239240.].      ,   ,  .

              (  ),  ( . )   ( . ) ,   .        .          ,         .  ,         ,    1, 6  8.  ,       . .   ,    4  6.             (  . . )    16.




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    (1981)     ,     18301850? .:     ,      ,    ,   .          1861 .   .     XIX .   -    . . , . .   .;     ,     [48 - .:  .  .].     ,           [49 -   :    XVIII    XIX  / .   . . . . ., 2006.].     ,      .   (17991868?),   ,    ,      .     ,      , , ,   .     ,    1806 .,       6 .  18201830? .     ,    .

  1830? .       (18031864)     .     (      - . . ),         .        ,       ,   ,    ,              [50 - .:  . .    //   18001917.  . ., 1999. . 4. . 490491;  . .      . . ? //  . 1973. 3. . 168169.].

  1840? .            (18231853),    ;   ,      ,      .

    ,   ,     18591861 .   ,             ,  .

        1861 .   90%     .   1855 .     ,    .          . .      . . .             .      ,       15.

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    ,          .   ,      ,   ,    ,      ,   .             2020? .      ,     ,  ,           ,  ,    ,  ,  ,       .        XIX .        .      ,   [51 -   XIX :    . ., 1973. . 84, 208210, 351366.],         20   ,       .        1861 .   200,           ,  ?  (.   . . [52 -  . .   :  . 2? . ., 2023.])   .

       ,       .   ,  ,       ,    ,  ,             ,     ,         . ,     1861 .            .            ();  1856 .  ,      .  ,        -         (  ).   ,            ,    .

  ,      XIX .                 ,       XX .[53 - . :  .   :  . , 2004. ,   19561960? .,   150  ,                  .],  ,   ,   20102020? .        ,                          .   (  ,   )        ,          200 ,         .         ,        .  ,          .




 


          ,       ,   .  ,    ,          .    ,     ,     ,       ,     ,   ,    .   ,    ,           ,   .     ,                (,  , / ).             18401850? . ,     ,        , . .   ,      (   ).

      18401850? .:               .               1854 .,     ,            ,   .            , ,   ,       .                 ,      .

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                  18401850? .          , , ,          .  ,  ,                    ,      .        ,   ,                     .                  ,         ( )     .            ,        ;       . .  1861 .,       .            -   ,           1840?   1850? . .     ,             .

             XIX . (     ,    )      ,     ,  ( ),   (  )   ( ).          ,   ,    .

           (17721861),      .


***

        ,          ,     .     (Elsevier),  (Wiley)         (AATSEEL)            .

   (  )   : Vdovin A., Zubkov K. New Approaches to Representations of Peasants in Russian Literature // Russian Literature. 2021. Vol. 119. P. 714.

 4  6   :  .  :            XIX  //   . 2016. . 146. 5. . 287315;   .    : -  ,     . .       1840? . //     XIXXX     / Wiener Slawistischer Almanach. Bd. 93. 2017. S. 8997.

 5    : Vdovin A. Opaque Mind, Muteness, and Melodrama: Dmitry Grigorovichs Invention of Peasant Subjectivity in The Village (1846) // Slavic and East European Journal. 2022. Vol. 66. 3. P. 373391.

 7     :  .       ( . .  ) // Studia Russica Helsingiensia et Tartuensia, XII:   :  80-   . Tartu, 2011. . 301317.

 10   . .        . .           // Slovene. 2022. . 11. 2. . 168186.

 12   . .   :       //   . 2023. 4 (182). . 109122.

 13   . .        18391861 . //  . 2023. 1. . 269298.

 14  Vdovin A. The Nationalization of Patriotism in Russian Literature During the Crimean War: Institutions, Everyday Nationalism, and Images of Peasants // Russian Review. 2024. Vol. 83. 1. P. 108125.

 1    . .   :  . .       18401850? . //   .  9: . 2016. 3. . 190206.

 2   . .  :  ,        . .    // Russian Literature. 2021. Vol. 119. P. 4369.

      .          .







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  ,       ,     20112012 .,               ,   ,       .         ,  ,  .

     ,   ,         ,     , , ,   2020 . zoom       ,   ,    (       2023 .),  ,  ,   ,   ,  ,  ,  ,   ,   ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  -,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  .  , ,         ,          .

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 1

    

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       ,   .   , ,       ,     ,          .           ,  , -,     230      , ,       . -,        20             [54 - ., :  .   //  .  . ., 2016. . 103137; Underwood T. The Life Spans of Genres // Idem. Distant Horizons: Digital Evidence and Literary Change. Chicago; London, 2019. P. 3467; Martynenko A. What is Russian Elegy? Computational Study of a Nineteenth-Century Poetic Genre // CEUR Workshop Proceedings. 2021. 2865. P. 98107.].         ,     ,                   .




  ?


  . , .   .?.       ,     ,   ,   .            ,       [55 - .:  . .  .   . ., 2019. . 154175;  .?.    . ., 2010. . 68, 73, 79, 140, 151.].    -   ,              .    ,       ,    (. , .   . ,  )       .

  .        .      ,     - ,    -        [56 - Brooks P. The Melodramatic Imagination: Balzac, Henry James, Melodrama, and the Mode of Excess. 2nd ed. New Haven, 1995; Jameson F. Political Unconscious. P. 103150; Moretti F. Signs Taken for Wonders: Essays in the Sociology of Literary Forms / Transl. by S. Fischer, D. Forgacs, D. Miller. London, 1997. P. 921.].     ( , )   ,       ,     .       .       ,  ,  ,    .                     ( . [57 - Jameson F. Political Unconscious. P. 7576.]):



1)     ;

2)     ;

3)  /         .


      ,   ,          ,  ,     ,     ,         .        ,               ,     (mode)[58 -    .?.    ( .?.    . . 109).         ,          ,  ,    ,     (,    ).].      ,    /      ,       [59 -        . : Fowler A. Kinds of Literature: An Introduction to the Theory of Genres and Modes. Oxford, 1982. P. 106129.].

  ,   ,       (,     )    (  ) .         /,  , ,   ,   18201850? .    ?      ,   ,    .        (1973) ,   1820? .         [60 -   XIX .    . ., 1973. . 84.],    . .   . . .       1850? .,    ,       ,   ,             [61 -  . . 351.].

   , ,       [62 - .   : Moretti F. Graphs, Maps, Trees. London, 2005. P. 19.]        /,      ,   ?     ,  ,      .    ,  ,  ,               /,        .         ,                 ,      (  )     .         17901810? .  ,          . , . .      (1790)  ,      (1809)      ,    .          18401850? .  ,    /          .    ,   50   1800?  1850?   ( ,  )   /  /.  ,          ,         . ,  ,        [63 -     (   )   (   )   ( .?.    . . 77).],       1848 .   . .      . ,  1850? .,        .           ,             .           ,       , , , , ,        ,   ,   , :  -  (       515%,  ). ,        -  ( ,   . .),     ,      .           (rural novel       XIX   XX .)   ,                 [64 - .     ,        ,        (Parkinson M. H. The Rural Novel: Jeremias Gotthelf, Thomas Hardy, C. F. Ramuz (Europ?ische Hochschulschriften. Reihe XVIII: Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaften. Bd. 36). Berne, 1984. P. 30).   ,    ,         .].



 2.      






 ,                    .     ,                                 .    . 2,   ,          ,      70    1861 . ,                   -       .              ,             . .         (  ).

 230    ,         :

1)  (   ; . .  protagonicity);

2) ;

3)   ;

4)      ( 3? ).

    . ,      / ,              (  )    .          ,      12,     .




2000   


     1850? .            ,  ,     ,     [65 -    ,           , ,      ( . . .   :  2 . 2? ., . /. . . . ., 2007. . 2. . 410).].     ,        .

          (       )                     - .

           ,   /. ,     ,       ,       (     ),              (.   ).        XVIIIXIX ., ,       -,    ,       .

 ,      , ,           ,   .      ?    ,           ( ),    (    ).              ,          [66 - Alpers P. What Is Pastoral? Chicago, 1996. P. 66.].      ()  ,                .    ,  ,          :          ,               /[67 - Alpers P. What Is Pastoral? P. 22.].              , , , ,  ,       ,     .

           (   . convention)   ,        [68 - Ibid. P. 81, 86.].            , . .   (     5)[69 -       ,    ,       (Ibid. P. 93).].

 ,      ,     :      ,         ,                [70 - Ibid. . 24.].   ,  ,         (   )   (  )[71 - Ibid. P. 25.].              [72 - Ibid. . 324.]       -     (  ),     XVIIXVIII .        ()  ,   . .,    ,   ,    -[73 - Ibid. . 27, 179.].      XVIIXVIII .        [74 - Ibid. . 32.].  XVII . .   .     ໠ ,     ,          [75 - Ibid. . 185186.].

 XVII .         ,        .        ,  ,  ,  :              (   );            ,         [76 - Ibid. P. 221222.].

    (pastoral narration),        廠    ,        ,    - -     [77 - Ibid. . 325, 328.].    ,   ,       XVIII .,       ,       XIX .    .      . [78 - Alpers P. What Is Pastoral? . 377.          -,      (Pavel T. The Lives of the Novel. Princeton, 2013. P. 189).].               ()  ,            .  ,       (  ,  , )              .

     ,      [79 - Alpers P. What Is Pastoral? P. 35.],        . ,           ,           ,   ,          (  ),    [80 - Ibid. P. 134, 174.  ,   ,       (  . . .),      (Ibid. P. 162).].

    .       ,               XX .  ,            ,               -,     ,  ,     :



  ,    ,    (      );               ;       ;         ;        ;    ,        ;     [81 - Among the competing ideologies proleptically displayed in the Eclogues are Roman republicanism, the classic statement of the claims of the many to equal consideration; the counter-claim of the privileged few to special treatment on the grounds of special talent: the hegemonic needs of the holders of power for cultural authentication; the responsibility of the intellectual for providing that authentication, in the interests of stability; the value of political or social stability in nurturing the arts; the responsibility of the intellectual for telling the whole truth in the interests of social justice; the intellectuals claim to personal autonomy (Patterson A. Pastoral and Ideology: Virgil to Valery. Berkeley, 1987. P. 8).].


 ,         ,               .   ,         ,              .




 


 XVIII        ,    . ,             ,   -     ,    .          , ,   (     ,             [82 - Griffiths E. The Shepherd, the Volk, and the Middle Class: Transformations of Pastoral in German-Language Writing, 17501850 (Studies in German Literature Linguistics and Culture). Rochester, NY, 2020. P. 12.]).  (. . ) ,   ,                (),           ,  ,    .          .       (1795)[83 -   :    .   //  . 1850. . 68. 12.].

              ,            ,     .  ,       XVIII .      ,             ,          ,   ,  [84 -  .  :  7 . . 6. ., 1957. . 385.].    , ,         ,   ,   ,   ,           .           .

         ,         ,            [85 -  . . 441.],  ,  , ,       ,    :



   []    (     . . .),        ,       ,   ,   ,   ,  , ,    ,       .

             ,      , ,      <>   , ,  ,       ,        ,  ,        . ,         ,   ,   , ,   ,     ,  ,   ,      [86 -  . . 445446.].


                 ,        (  )[87 - .: Sharpe L. On the naive and the sentimental // Friedrich Schiller: Drama, Thought and Politics / Ed. by L. Sharpe (Cambridge Studies in German). Cambridge, 1991. P. 186187; Griffiths E. The Shepherd, the Volk, and the Middle Class. P. 2426, 111150.].      ,       ,  , ,     (1797)   ,             .    (    )  (      [88 -  . . .   . . 2. . 410.]),      ,     ,          ,   ,                 ,   [89 -  . . 426.].

     ,           (      )[90 - .: Morgan P. The Critical Idyll: Traditional Values and the French Revolution in Goethes Hermann und Dorothea. N. Y., 1990; Schutje K. German Epic / Jewish Epic: Goethes Exodus Narrative in Hermann und Dorothea and Israel in der W?ste // The German Quarterly. 2007. Vol. 80. 2 (Spring). P. 165184.].           ;           ,           [91 - .: Holmes T. M. Goethes Hermann und Dorothea: The Dissolution of Embattled Idyll // The Modern Language Review. 1987. Vol. 82. 1 (January). P. 111114.].

,    ,    ,     ,    . , ,      ,               ().        (    ),    .

 ,    XVIII .,        -[92 - .  :  .    XVIII . ., 2010. . 269.],      :     ,  ,       .    ,               -      [93 - .:  . .  :        //   . 2006. 80. . 91110.]. ,                  ,      .

              .            ,     ,   ,  .   . .  (1792)           (.  8),    - ,     [94 -  .      // XVIII . . 8. ., 1969. . 221;  .    XVIII . . 387; Hammarberg G. From the Idyll to the Novel: Karamzins Sentimentalist Prose. Cambridge, 1991. P. 138139.].     ,          ,      , ,     ,   ,    .  ,       (, , locus amoenus    ).         ,      ,  :     -   ,      .             :       ,       (   )   [95 - Lucey C. Love for Sale: Representing Prostitution in Imperial Russia. Ithaca, 2021. P. 7.]. ,     ,       .        ,        [96 -          ,   (1791),        (   :  . .     . . 1. . 2. ., 1910. . 737739. . :  . .     // XVIII . . 8. ., 1969. . 229244).].

,   XVIIIXIX .   ,      ,            .     ,      ,       .      ,      ,       ,            .         .   , , ,                       ,           .    ,   ,   ,                  , . .   .        (   . ),               .

  ,            .               .     ,  , .         -,    , ,   ,               .           (     ).       /,  ,               ,  , ,  ,  ,   [97 -                       .    (  .)      : Torgovnick M. Gone Primitive: Savage Intellects, Modern Lives. Chicago; London, 1990.].




,          1861 


     ,       , , ,       .  1772  1814 .      13 ;     ,       ,     -  ,    .    1812 .    .

       ,            .  ,          [98 - .:  . .   :          XVIII    XIX . ., 2001.].  18101820? .               .      1812 .       ,         [99 - .:  . .   ,      .],   ,         . ,   ,  , ,  ,  , ,   ,             [100 - ., :  . .     . ., 1999. . 1555;  . .      //  . ., 1978. . 118138.].  1810? .            ,          .   1810? .   . .  (  . .   ), . .  (, ,  .)  . .      .

 1818 . . .                    [101 -   ,               ,    ,       .     :      ,          .         ( . .   . ., 1818. . 1).].          ,            . ,         :     ,    ,          .       ,     :   ,      ,    ,      ,      .   ,        ,              ,        ,       .   12  13      ,   .           , ,            (, , ),         ,     ,   1840? .     .

         . .  (1823)               , ,   ,        .                .

     (1820),   ,  ,           :    , ,   . .[102 -  . . . ., 1820. . VI.].       .     ,          (  .      ),      ,    ?  ,            [103 -  . . VIII.].         (      ), ,   . . ,   .        ,    ,     [104 -  . .     . . 520.].      ,  ,  ,          ,      .               ,         : ,      ,  ,          [105 -  . . . . XIV.].     ,  ,          ,            ,   - . ,       ( :     [106 -  . . XVI.])     ,       , ,   ,      -                . ,       ,    ,           .

        , . .         [107 -  . .  . . 532.],         . , ,               -   ,         1810?  1820? .[108 - [ . .]      //   XIX .   . ., 1973. . 207208.]                ,   [109 -  . . 209.].     ,    ,    .  ,    2000  ,        ,     .    (  ),     ,       , , ,     ,   .      ,    ,      ,   .          .   ,    ,    ,  ,   ,     ,          .      ,       .   ,   ,    .

               .     ,                ,   ,     ,     ,   ,       ,    .       ,    ,      ,   .

  ( -     )    ( ,  )       ,        .        (,  ,  ,    ):           ,  ,           ,  (      )    (    ,      ).                  .

   ໠     ,  deus ex machina,     2000 ,      ,    (           ,  ,        ,      ).   ,      ,   ,     ,    ,                ,     .       ,    (      ).    ,         ,      .  , , , [110 -  . .  . . 9.].        ,  ,          .        .

       :   ,   ,  ,       ,     .       .   ,     .   :  ,               .

   1820? .,    ,    ,          ,   . .        (1822).  ,             .    . .       (1829),                    ,   ,   ,            (   ).  ,          ,          1790? .,  ,     ,       .

      .     1820? .      ,               . -,           . .     (1829,   1834),         ,    -    .        ,    ,          , -    1820? .:



,            ,      ?

     ,         ,     ,       .    ,  ,   ,  ,    :         ;     ,      ,  ,      ,  ,    ,  ,   ,     ,   ,  ,         .    ,  ,  ,    .    , ,     ,  ,        ,     .    ,          ,  ,   !       ,   ,      ,        .    ,  [111 -  . .    . ., 1986. . 370.]


             ,          . -,   ,      ,    18201830? .       , , ,  ,        . -,            (   ,  ,  ,    )        ,  ,         .

              (   :       ,         ).            ?   (    ).        (  ,   )         ,          .     :             ,        .      ,     ,           .           .

                 .         ,  ,         ,         ,             :



-    ,          ,   .    ,     -,  ,     ;    ;           ,       ,    ,   ,  ,      ,     ,    ,   !      ,       .    ,  :  ,     :        ,   , ,   ,    ,              [112 -  . .    . . 381.].


             ,          .      ,       (.     8  12).

                  .               18201870? .:



 ,     18201870? .   ,   ,    .          ,    .   ,         ,  ,   ,         ,        ,        .          ,     ,       [113 -  . .     184050? . . . . . , 2007. . 26.].


                   .   1840? .      . , . .         (1845)     ,        (     . . ):



 ,      ,      ,   .             ,       .            .   ,       :     ,   ,         .   ,    ,        .        ,     ,       :         ,      [114 -  . .  . ., 1985. . 343344.].


,  , ,  ,  ,        ,        . ,   ,  2  1848 .,       [115 -  . . 388.], , ,               .

 ,            1840? .,          [116 - . .             1840? .,           ( . .     184050? . . 3335).].            ,              ,   . .    [117 - .  :  . .   . .     . .     //   : - . ., 2002. . 181185.].      ,   ,        ,      .      1840? .                (),       .             , ,   .

                  (1846), - (1848),   (1849),        (1844)[118 -      ,    .     (1853),        1854 .,     .],             [119 - .  : Gramm M. The Politics of George Sand Pastoral Novels // George Sand Today. Proceedings of the Eighth International George Sand Conference  Tours 1989 / Ed. by D. A. Powell. N. Y.; Boston; London; Lanham, 1992. P. 167179; Crummy M. I. Mythologizing the Peasant: Social Control in Honor de Balzacs Sc?nes de la vie de campagne and in George Sands Pastoral Novels: Ph.D. dissertation. Stanford University, 1992; .].          ,        1840?   1850? .,     [120 - .: Holland K. Literary Contexts of Triangular Desire: Natalie and Alexander Herzen as Readers of George Sand // Russian Literature. 2007. Vol. 61. 12 (January  February). P. 175205.].    ,      1848 .,            . ,    . .  :



La Mare au diable,  , .

! -        ,    :     ,          ;      ,      . <>

    ,            .       ,   ,   ,         .

    ,       ,  ,          .        ?          .  ,   , , , ,       terra incognita.      ,                . <>

    ,  ,    ;    ,     .   :    ,                .

,    ,  ,   ,   ,   ,   ,    [121 -  .  .     // . 1847. 1. . . III. . 8788.].


        :   ,         ,   ( )  ,  , ,  , ,  . ,  , ,   ,   ,      [122 -  . .  :  9 . . 3. ., 1978. . 328.].      .

     ,     ,  ,    ,               ,         . ,          ,    . ,       ,  ,   ,            ,   :          [123 - ,                  ,   ,             .].

-          1850?   1860? .          .     1850? .  .

    1850? .                     ,      ,     . , ,      1850 .   . .  ,       (1849)     ,     ,      [124 - [ . .]     1850 . // . 1851. . 25. 12. . III. . . 5556.      (18481849)        :   ,   ( . .  .  //  . 1902. 12. . 166).].              . .   . . , ,          [125 -  . .    1850 . //   : -    1850?  /  . . . , . .   . . . ., 2015. . 66.].  ,            1860? . , ,   . . -    [126 -  .   ,      ,        (? . .     //  . 1860. 3. . . 34).].

  1854 .  :          . .      ,      ,    (.     4).  ,                               . ,    ,     ,    :



  ,         ? ,         ?   . <> ?         - ,    ,           -, ? ? ?,    ,     ? ,   . ,     ,      <> ,  ,       ? . ? ,     , , ? ,         .         ,      ?,          ,         ,   ?     ?[127 -   . . 379.].


 ,      ,     , ,         ,          .             ,             [128 -    ,  ,     ,       ,       ,       . <>         , <>          ,           ( . . .   . . 1. . 248).].

 ,   1850? .                         [129 - , ,   1860 .       -       - :        ,  ,  .      ,      ,           ; -    (- . .    . . 36).].     ,      1820? .,                 1850? .,          ,      .

 ,            -    1830? .,     ,     ,        .         -       ,             XIX .  1840?   1850? .,   ,                 ,    .       ,             .

,           XVIII .          ,   .    . :



     ,         ,      . <>            [130 - In falsely identifying himself with the rustic commoner, in other words, the privileged aesthete helped to ward off associations of guilt brought about by glaring contrasts in real social conditions. <> Pastoral fantasy proved useful as a balm for the troubled political unconscious of the Russian landowner (Ely C. This Meager Nature: The Landscape and National Identity in Imperial Russia. DeKalb, 2009. P. 44).].


         ,     ,    ,            ,      .   ,            , ,   ,                .    .     ,      ,    :



,          ,    -       ,     ,  .              , , ,      ,      [131 - The universalist, ahistorical, and erotic aspects of the traditional and neoclassical pastoral had been discarded, but the countryside was still connected to visions of unspoiled nature, simple and genuine human relationships, and the innocence of youth. This interpretation of rural Russia offered elites the imagined experience of a cleansing and reawakening to their innate native sensibilities, which seemed to have been lost in the urban, Europeanized environment in which they spent so much of their time (Ibid. P. 124125).].


          1840?  1861 .             ,          [132 -         . : Wachtel A. B. The Battle for Childhood: Creation of a Russian Myth. Stanford, 1990.].            ,    ,   ,              .      ,       (        ),   ,            ,      ,     .    ,            ,    ,              .                       ,          (, , ), ,    (),   .         1840? .  .

 ,             XIX .      ,      ,  ,         ,     , , ,   ,     (.  3),                  , ,  ,              1856 .




 2

  

    



  ,          (suspension). ,     ,     ,    . ,       ,     [133 - Alpers P. What Is Pastoral? P. 6869.].                  ,  ,  ,   .      (agency).

                      .      ,  ,      . . [134 - Spivak G. Ch. Can the Subaltern Speak? // Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture / Ed. by . Nelson, L. Grossberg. Basingstoke, 1988. P. 271313.],      .      ,            ,             (    ),                    , ,   .  ,         ,            ,     ,          .              ,    ,                 .




  


 ,   (agency),        (    /)  ,   ,       [135 -       , .:  .,  .    . 2? . ., 2019. . 4348.].     ,      ,               (,  ,   . .).

            ,      :  . ,                 ,         ,      [136 -  .  :  ,       19811982   / . . . . . ., 2007. . 393394; McGushin E. Foucaults theory and practice of subjectivity // Michel Foucault: Key Concepts / Ed. by D. Taylor. Durham, 2011. P. 130134.]. ,           (subjectivity),            ,                [137 - Fludernik M. The Fictions of Language and the Languages of Fiction: The Linguistic Representation of Speech and Consciousness. London; N. Y., 1993. P. 227256.].  ,               ,    /, ,  ,  -      ,           (., ,     ,     12).

     . .   ,        ,      -,    .   ,            ,     ?      ,         .     ,     ,       XIX .     ,       ,     .           .           (1981)      18301840? . (-, , , )    ,     ,    ,     ()    ,  , ,    (  -),        [138 - Ranci?re J. Proletarian Nights: The Workers Dream in Nineteenth-Century France / Transl. by J. Drury. London, 2012. P. 2223.].                 ,    ,      .     ,     ,             [139 - Ibid. P. 2527.].

    -             ,       .    (1846)      ()   ,          [140 -  . . ., 1965 (  ). . 118.].     ,   ,    ,          :



 ( , , , . . .)   ,    .    ,      . <>  !     ,      ,    ,         .     ,    ,    ,  ,  . <>    ,   ,       ,    [141 -  . . . 120.].


                  ,                  .       ,  ,                   .           : ,      ,    ,         ,            .  ,                   (,  ),        ,   .   , ,                           (   ,    ).        XIX .        ,       .

            ,     .      (,   ) ,   XIX  8090%   [142 - Moon D. The Russian Peasantry 16001930: The World the Peasants Made. London; N. Y., 1999. P. 2.].            ,     ,    ,  , ,           .   1861 .       , ,           , . .   . ,      -. -       1830? .           .      ,   ,       ,    ,  ,   ,  .      , ,      .

      (, ,  ),      ,    -,   50  ,    , [143 - . : Rebecchini D. The Success of the Russian Novel, 1830s  1840s // Reading Russia. A History of Reading in Modern Russia / Ed. by D. Rebecchini, R. Vassena. Milan, 2020. Vol. 2. P. 141.].    (  ,  )         XIX .:  ,  ,     .    18201840? .     ,  /               [144 -     : Fanger D. The Peasant in Russian Literature. P. 241242. .    .         :  .  :               //   . 2023. 4. . 89108.].

 ,    ,     9095%      (   ).      ,           .   -  .

     -   .   ,            ,          (1868)       (1879).       ,    ,   ,  ,       .             (   ).   ,     . . ,   ,   ,  1)    - ,     , 2)     ,     ,  3)        [145 -  . .      //  .    . ., 1990. . 493, 504.].    ,              .         ,    ,       , . .      [146 -      .:  . ., . .    //   18001917 / . . . . . . 6. ., 2019. . 221225.].                   ,         -            .

      ,           /.        (    , ,  )   ,        (  )   (  )[147 -  . .   //  .     . ., 1986. . 162163.].  ,    , ,      ,   ,            .  ,     , ,      ,      ,        .       , ,  ,                 ;  ,            .    ,                  :



           . -,     .   ,        ,    ,             ,  -       .  ,       ,   -  ,   ,   ,   ,    ,  ,  ,     .     ,   ,        ,      ,          .  ,  ,            ,   ,      [148 -  . .  . . 164.]


             - :     ,   .    ,        ,    ,      1861 .        .       -.  ,        1850?   1860?,   ,           ,            [149 -  . . 169.].             ,       , ,  ,   ,     .

                 ,      ,     , ,   ,       .   ,         ,          ,    .   ,      ,       ,     ,         ,   ,      -  [150 -  . . 176.].

             .  ,   -      1861 .,          -.   1860? .          ,          [151 -  . . 265.],          .       ,        ,     ,   .        ,        :     ,  ,    (     , . . .)   ,  ,     ꓻ[152 -  . .  . . 282.].             1861 .        (   ) .

        ,         ,          ,     - .         1861 .,       ,   ,  .        ?




   


                  , ,  .           .     ,               ,                       ,           1861 .

           ,  .  ,   XVIII  XIX .                   ,    .         :           ,     ,        / ( )[153 - Ranci?re J. Mute Speech: Literature, Critical Theory, and Politics / Transl. by J. Swenson. N. Y., 2011. P. 4350.].     ,   ,        /     ,        .              [154 - Ibid. P. 60.                .      ,  ,      , . .   ,   .                   ;           (Ibid. P. 5355).].

    XIX .,  ,          ,     .   ,    ,           :        ,  ?    ,     .      ,      ,    ,   .       ,   ,       [155 - Ranci?re J. Mute Speech. P. 125, 117, 107.].

 ,  ,              (  . ,       . .   . . [156 - .  :  .,  .,  .,  . .    XIX  //   XIX : , ,  / . . . , . , . , . . ., 2020. . 566.]), ,  ,     .         ,                .

  ,                 ,    ,  ,   ,           .  ,                  .     ,   .     ,        [157 - Ranci?re J. Mute Speech. P. 5859.].

           . ,    ,    ,       ,       .                ,         .

                         .       ,        (         ).          ,          .

,      ,    ,   ,           .         ?   ,           .          .     , ,      ,      :              [158 -   . : Jameson F. Antinomies of Realism. London, 2011. P. 2744.].

  ,       ,         (sensible)   ().      ,     ,        [159 - Ranci?re J. The Politics of Aesthetics: The Distribution of the Sensible / Ed. and transl. by G. Rockhill. N. Y., 2004. P. 1213.].     . ,          ,     ,          ,   ,     ,        ,    <>.       ,      [160 - The distribution of the sensible describes a certain epistemic link between politics and aesthetics that encompasses not only what constitutes legitimate political claims and proper subjects of art but also the way these two fields intertwine to constitute and reconstitute themselves along with the communities they represent <> The sensible is also a shared space that is common to the members of the community (Brant D. Distribution of the Sensible // Understanding Ranci?re, Understanding Modernism. London, 2017. P. 236).].         ,    .       ,      [161 - Ibid. P. 237.]. ,              ,   .

  -,              , ,    ,  ,   [162 - - .   / . . . . https://prostory.net.ua/ua/krytyka/491-sdelat-naglyadnym-rendre-sensible (  09.10.2023). ,           , , ,             /.].  : ,    ,  , ,          . 18401850? . , ,     ,        (. .  ,   ,   ),            :       , , , , ,      .         -:        ,        ,  .                          ,      .



  ,  ,      ,   ,    ,     : ,       ,   . ,   ,     ,            -      -  ,       ,    . ,   ,  ,  -    ,   ,  , ,   [163 -  .].


           XIX .       .         ,      ,          .              , , ,    (     ).

          ,            .         ,  ,    ,  ,    XIX .,    ,  ,        (,   ),    .           ,    ,      , . .          ,                [164 - .  :  .    .        18611914. ., 2006.].

 ,      ,                   ,           .       ,    .      , , ,      ,     ,    .

 ,      ,    ,     ,          ,    ,          .   ,                      .




 3

    



  . .   (1846),          ,           ,     ,     ,   .    .     ,        ,            .          ,   ,  (  ,   )     .        ,       -,       [165 - .: Veraldi D., Cushman S. Paralepsis // The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Princeton, 2012. P. 997.].              XIX .,    -             .    ,       ,        ,           .

   ,     ,   5,          ,       ,                   .




   ?


    ,     ,                  .    ,          ?    :      - .     (. , .   .[166 -  .  / . 2?, . . ., 2008;  . .      XIXXX . ., 1994; .]),    ,        .    ,             ,   - . -,        ; -, -    de facto   (    ); ,      ,         ,           .  ,      .

      ,   1950? .             .     (1957)[167 - Hamburger K. Die Logik der Dichtung. Stuttgart, 1957.]    (1978)[168 - Cohn D. Transparent Minds: Narrative Modes for Presenting Consciousness in Fiction. Princeton, 1978.]   (mind and consciousness)         ,      ( -                 ).                     -    (discourse and thought),     ,       [169 - Ibid. P. 89.].

 1990? .     -   ,                      ,        ,      .       ,      , -         (narrated perception, speech/thought report, free indirect discourse, indirect discourse, direct discourse)       , ,    ,      (SELF)[170 - Fludernik M. The Fictions of Language and the Languages of Fiction: The Linguistic Representation of Speech and Consciousness. P. 46.].              ,      [171 - Ibid. P. 227228.].      ,  ,    ,    ():      ,      (  , , , -      )    [172 - Ibid. P. 451.].

              (experientiality).        ,      (experientiality of an anthropomorphic nature).          ,   ,  ,    ,        ,    , ,   [173 - prototypically human existents, who can perform acts of physical movements, speech acts and thought acts, and their acting necessarily revolves around their consciousness, their mental center of self-awareness, intellection, perception, and emotionality (Fludernik M. Towards a Natural Narratology. 2nd ed. London; N. Y., 2002. P. 19).].       ,           ,         (      XIXXX .       per se,      [174 - Palmer A. Social Minds in the Novel. Columbus, 2010. P. 9.]),            ,      .  ,       XIX .  / ,   ,           (    ).

 ,            ,    .            :           ,      ,       ,      [175 - Ibid. P. 11, 22.].

 ,            20002010? .    .   . .  ,                ,             [176 - Palmer A. Fictional Minds. Lincoln, NE, 2004; Herman D. Introduction // The Emergence of Mind: Representation of Consciousness in Narrative Discourse in English / Ed. by D. Herman. Lincoln, NE, 2011. P. 812.   ,     . .  .    .  ( .      (      fictional mind  social mind) // Narratorium [ ]. 2014. 1 (7). http://narratorium.rggu.ru/article.html?id=2633109 (  10.03.2023)).].   ,        ,     ,                .




   


         ,           ,  ,   11,               .  ,              ,      XXI .

        ,  ,                          ,   , ,      .                :



(1)       ;   ,     ,     .        ,    ,        ;   ,         [177 -  . . :  3 . ., 1988. . 1. . 86.].

(2)  ,       ,  , ,  ,                [178 -  . . . . 1. . 94.]


    ,               ( )        ( ),         /   .   . ,         ,        ,      ,    [179 - Phelan J. Narrative as Rhetoric: Technique, Audiences, Ethics, Ideology / Theory and Interpretation of Narrative Series. Columbus, OH, 1996. P. 8283, 219.       .  ( . . ., 1998. . 2. . 211).].     ,  . ,    ,        ,   ,            .    .   ,            .           ,     ,            .

,             ,            ,              ,     .        ,   ,  .   .     ,          [180 - Herman D. Introduction. P. 79.].            ,          , . .      ,     ,      [181 -   . . ,   ()       ,     (    )        ,   (Abbott H. P. Unreadable Minds and the Captive Reader // Style. 2008. Vol. 42. 4. P. 463).].                 .     (  )          [182 - Herman D. Introduction. P. 10.].   ,         :           (       ,    ),             ,      ,    .

     ,            ,         :



1)  ,  ;

2)   ,  [183 - Herman D. Introduction. P. 11.].


 ,       , ,   ,      XIX .,            ,        ,     .

 : ,    ,      ,       ?    .   (2),       ,        ,             .      ,           theory theory ( ).   ,          ,    ,    [184 - Ibid. P. 13.].

 ,       ,                      [185 - Ibid. P. 1314.].    . 3.

   ,            (    )       .     , ,     ,          ,          .      4  11,  ,      -,     ,     ,     ,  -[186 -   4      -     ,                     .       ,      .].            ,  ,    [187 -          ໠    ,             (.:  . .         // ,    . 2019. . 47. 1. . 127136).],    .    ,  -       /          .    ,          . .  (.  7). ,                    .



 3.    







 :    


,  ,             (,   ),  ,     ,                  .      ,       ,      ,   ,   ,    ,         .

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(4) ,     ;   ,   ,   .      ,   , -          ,   ,    ,      ,    ,          ,  [189 -  . . 136.].


  (3)  (4).   (3)       ,   ,           ,    (4)      ,            (, , ).      ,       ,    , , ,  ,        ,      ,    .

      ,                .                       ,   .          (  ),      , -, , , ,   ,     .

                     XIX .,        ,    .             (continuing-consciousness frame),               [190 - Palmer A. Social Minds. P. 10.],            , ,     .             ,   XIX .      , ,   ,  ,    (   mentalese).           , ,  ,            [191 - Palmer A. Fictional Minds. P. 9498, 113115.       .    ,       .].                   18601880? .,   ,    ,         ,      ,    ,   ,      [192 -          :  . .     :      . .  //   XIX . . 431451.].

    :        ,                    ,   (,    )         .    (   3)               (    ,    ).



 :

 ;

  (     ()[193 - Palmer A. Social Minds. P. 2829.           ,     ,    ,       .]  ).



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       .



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     (intermental thought),        .



 ,    ,  ,           ,    .     XVIIIXX .       .   ,  , ,         ,    , ,     ,      ,       .          [195 - .    : Somoff V. The Imperative of Reliability: Russian Prose on the Eve of the Novel, 1820s  1850s. Evanston, 2015.]       ,   ().

     ,                      ,        .                  XIX .,   ,                               .   ,      ,            ,         (, , , ,  ).

 ,       XIX .         ,       ,              .




 2

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    ,      1840?   1850? . (,   )   (     )     ,     .   ,               .    ,  ,          ( ,  . . )   (sensible), . .         1840?  1850? .




 4

 

        18401850? 



   ,                1850? ., . .     ,        1840?   1850? .       .        ,             ,             .

    ,  ,  :          (   )         ?     ,    -   (. .   )?      ,      ?

  ,    ,  . . .  1854 .              [196 - . 1854. 23.],      ,  ,        .

 ,  ,          -        (subaltern people).                          ,         ,     ,            .  ,          ,   ,                ,     ,      (       )   . ,           ,         ,       ,     -    .

       ,    ,                            1840? .,   .             .      ,                   ,            .                      .   ,      ( ,  )    ,              ,  -    .




  


      ,          1850? .      .       (1853),  (1853)    ,    ,   . ,  ,  ,              (1852),      (1848),   - ,    .    .

           ,      :                 [197 -  . .         //   : -    1850?  /  . . . , . . , . . . ., 2015. . 361.].        ,        ,        , . .    .         ,           ( ,   ),      [198 -      .:  . . 751759.].    ,          ,       .

 ,    ,        ?         .   -:      ,     ,                  (          ).     :          ,      .     , ,   ,    ,         (                      , .     7).     :                ,       . ,     , - :  ,  ,   ,     ,     .    ,                        (.  ,  , ,   ).   ,        ,   ,    [199 -  . .        . . 364.],     ,   ,     ,    .   ,      ,     1850? .,               ,    1853 .      (.  9)[200 -      .:  . ,   :     , 18451855 . //      :  / . . . , . . , . . . ., 2005. . 155198.].

     (,   . . )        .  ,  ,         ,                ໠   [201 - ., ,     . . :  . .  1854 .  3?  4? //   : -    1850? . . 452466.].   ,         ,   1852 .  , , ,    -:        1850?         ,    ,  ,      ,         [202 - ., ,         (1855).].

,  ,   1860? .,                 ,      ,              . ,         XV [203 -      .:  . . . .         //   . . . . 2009. . 92. . 228233.]  ,   <>  ,  [204 -  . .       XV  //   . 1861. 2. . II. . 36.].   ,    , , , ,   .   ,    ,             ,  .         ,  ,      ,    ,     ,       [205 -  . . 37.].

        ,  ,            .                   1853   - [206 - [].    1853  // - . 1854. 14/15. 1920 .],              (, , , ,          . . ),     ,          .           .    ,    :   ,      ,      ,      .        ,    [207 -  . 14. 19 .].                   ,    .  ,            ,         .

      -          . . .   1851 .     ,   :       ,   ,        ,  ,      <>     [] [208 -   1851  // . 1851. 8. . 540.].    ,   ,      , . .   ,      -  <>        ,        ,    [209 -   1851  // . 1851. 8. . 541.].   1850? .  ,            ,        1851 . .   ,    , :



         ,   ,    .              .   ,    ,    ,  ,   .    , ,   ,          ,     ;   ,    ,          ,       .  ,  ,     .        ,            . <>            ,   ,      -  ,             ,        ;  ,             [210 - . . 1205. . 1. . . 127. . 15 . 16 (  ).].


 ,             ,          ໠ . .   . . ,   18511853 .       ,             .             (   . . ),                   .

      ,  ,         XIX . ,              . - ,              ,             [211 -  . .   //  .     . ., 1986. . 178.].  , ,   , ,         ,     ,    .   - (, , )        : ,       , , , , , ,   . .   ,         ,            ;  ,        ,    [212 -  . .    - . ., 19321933. . 4. . 208209.].  , ,    -   <>   (. .     ): , , ,  ,  ,     ,      <>  -     ,     ,     , ,       [213 -  . .    - . . 4. . 210.].

           ,          1850? .           :                     ;     , -      [214 -  . . 215.].




       


         .                        .

   ,                - (Fran?ois le Champi[215 - Journal des dbats. 1847. 31 Dec.]).      ,   (1848)   (1851).         (1849)   [216 -   .:  . .,  . .    .          (18321900). ., 2000.],        [217 -   . 1848. . 86. . . . 193195.].  ,       -[218 -   1847 .            .],              [219 - . 1849. 1.],     ,        - .  ,   ,   ,              ,       ,  ,  tour de force[220 -  . .   / . . . . . ., 2000. . 37.].  ,    ,      1854 .

   -     ,     ,          [221 -       47?    1846 .         .  (, . laboureur   1846 .    ,       ).] (1846).               [222 - .:        ,         ,         ,   ,  , ,  <>.     ,    ( .  :  9 . . 8. ., 1974. . 17).      .:  . .          XIX . //    . 2011. 352. . 1114.],   -     ,         .  , .   . [223 -     - .: Fermigier A. Prface // G. Sand. Fran?ois le Champi / d. par A. Fermigier. Paris, 1978. P. 1923, 2829.],             .           ,  ,   ,   ,               :



,  ,  !    ,       .     ,   ,         ,        [224 -  .  . . 6. . 654.       .   .  (Sand G. La mare au diable. Fran?ois le Champi. Paris, 1956)      .          : Sand G. Prfaces de George Sand: En 2 vols. /d. par A. Szabo. Debrecen, 1997. Vol. 1. P. 140149.        -  Collection de lAurore        ,         (.: Sand G. Fran?ois le Champi. Grenoble, 1998. P. 219229).      ,    Champion    ,   -   .].


          ,   ,           [225 -          .: Donovan J. European Local-Color Literature. P. 143145.].           .           (1844)  ,         : ,        ,      ,            (    ):



   ,         ,  , ,   .  -  , ,       ,       , -     ,         .    ,      ,     ,       ;       ,      [226 -  .  . . 6. . 656.].


  ,         ,     ,     [227 -  . . 653.],    ,       [228 -  .].             18401850? .[229 - .    1841 . Quelques rflexions sur Jean-Jacques Rousseau.         1840? . .  :  .  ,    . ., 1916. . 2. . 353354.         ,       .: Callahan A. La Nouvelle Elle et Lui: Sand reads Rousseau // Rousseau and Criticism / Ed. by L. Clark, G. Lafrance. Ottawa, 1995. P. 169180.            : Lane B. George Sand, ethnographe et utopiste: rhtorique de limaginaire // Revue des sciences humaines. 1992. Vol. 26. P. 151153; Hecquet M. Poetique de la Parabole. Les romans socialistes de George Sand 18401845. Paris, 1992.]     ,              [230 - ,   ,              . : Crummy M. I. Mythologizing the Peasant: Social Control in Honor de Balzacs Sc?nes de la vie de campagne and in George Sands Pastoral Novels: Ph. D. dissertation. Stanford University, 1992. P. 17, 4446, 7991.         .] (1754).

   ,    :  ,   ,       (  ),     :       .    . ,     ,  (  . . .)      [231 - Crummy M. I. Mythologizing the Peasant. P. 14.].        ,      :   ,   - ,  ,    (    ),   [232 -  .?. . ., 1969. . 51, 53, 56, 6869.].      ,       [233 -  . . 68.],         .

                   (sentiment),  (sensation)  () (connaissance):      ,        [234 -  .  . . 6. . 651.]. . : Pour parler le langage que tu adoptes, je te rpondrai quentre la connaissance et la sensation, le rapport cest le sentiment[235 - Sand G. La mare au diable. Fran?ois le Champi. P. 207.].      ,     .  ,          ,          (De lHumanite, 1840, 2? . 1845)       1840? .  ,    1840? .        ,     Revue indpendante  Revue sociale[236 -               , , ,      (Salomon P. Les rapports de George Sand et de Pierre Leroux en 1845 dapr?s le prologue de La Mare au Diable // Revue dHistoire littraire de la France. 1948. 4. . 352358).         1830?  1840? .   .: Vermeylen P. Les ides politiques et sociales de George Sand. Bruxelles, 1984; Klenin E. On the Ideological Sources of Cto delat?: Sand, Druzinin, Leroux // Zeitschrift f?r slavische Philologie. 1991. Bd. 51. 2. S. 385397; Hamon B. George Sand et la politique. Paris, 2001.].     ,     -   (,  ),       ,        -.    ,    ,   .  , sensation   ,    (); connaissance    ()  (, , ). , sentiment    , ,   ,     ( )  [237 - . : Bras-Chopard A. De L galit dans le Diffrence: Le socialism de Pierre Leroux. Paris, 1986. P. 30.].  ,       [primitive] () vs   [factice] (),         .        (sensation),     (connaissance),      (sentiment   )      [238 -   ,  ,                ,    . -. ,        : Godwin-Jones R. Romantic Vision: The Novels of George Sand. Birmingham, 1995. P. 194195, 205.].

    ,   ()       ,    ,    (),   [239 -         .: Bras-Chopard A. De L galit dans le Diffrence: Le socialism de Pierre Leroux. P. 316.].  ,         vs     ,     .    ,         ,          [240 -  ,         connaissance      :       ,    ,         (Rogers N. E. Sands Peasant Heroines: From Victim to Entrepreneur, from connaissance to ide, from Jeanne to Nanon // Nineteenth-Century French Studies. 1996. Vol. 24. P. 349).].

 ,   . -,      :    an sich ( )  f?r sich ( ),    sensation (  )  connaissance ( ),   sentiment    (    , , )[241 - Bras-Chopard A. De L galit dans le Diffrence: Le socialism de Pierre Leroux. P. 3132.].                 (),           ,       1840? .[242 - Breckman W. Politics in a Symbolic Key: Pierre Leroux, Romantic Socialism, and the Schelling Affair // Modern Intellectual History. 2005. Vol. 2. 1. P. 7884.        -  . : McWilliam N. Pierre Leroux and the Aesthetics of Humanit // Idem. Dreams of Happiness. Social Art and the French Left, 18301850. Princeton, 1993. P. 160181.]

               ,       .   . ,                     (, , ,  .)[243 - Breckman W. Politics in a Symbolic Key. P. 61.       .     .  . : Hecquet M. Poetique de la Parabole. P. 1117.].        ,      ,           .       -:    ,      ,    ,   [244 - Breckman W. Politics in a Symbolic Key. P. 71.].     ,        ,            ,   ,  ,    ,   ,       1840? .,           .      ,             ,     ,            .       ,    (,      ,    -   . .).  ,             ,    .  ,    ,        ,   .

          ,       ,  ,     .    ,   ,   ,          ,     . ,   ,          ,     .  -, , ,     [245 -   ,     - ,    ,    ,  .    ,      ( .  . . 6. . 654).],           ,    ,      (.     ).             ,           .              ,    ,       ,      ,    .




 an sich:   


           ,   [246 - ,          <>, <>, <>  (. 1854. . 3.  . . 1415).].  , ,   ,         [247 -  ,   1840? .,         :  . .,  . . . .     //  . 1994. 4. . 3233.],    1835 .   . .     1840?   . , ,      [],      (  ,     )        f?r sich ( ),  ,    ,     an sich[248 -    / . : Wicks R. Hegels Aesthetics: An Overview // The Cambridge Companion to Hegel / Ed. by F. C. Beiser. Cambridge, 1999. P. 360368; Inwood M. J. A Hegel Dictionary. Oxford, 1993. P. 133136.] ( ).    ,  ,       1850? . ,  . , ,  ,     ,        (,    ).  ,        ,     .

    , ,        :  ,      ,     [T?uschung[249 -    1835 .      ,     , : Hegel G. W. F. Vorlesungen ?ber die ?sthetik. Berlin, 1835. Bd. 1. S. 7.       .: Inwood M. J. A Hegel Dictionary. P. 3840.]],                  . <>         ,     ,    ,   [250 -  . . .   :  2 . /. . . . .: , 2007. . 12. C. 8586.       1847 .   . ,    ,       . .        : []  . <>                       ,    ( . . .  ,    / . . . ., 1847. . 1. . 3, 5).].           ,     ,   .

         ,     ,    ,  ,        ,      ,    .            ,    ,               [251 -  . . .   . . 1. . 143.].    ,   , -, ,      ,          ,  -,         , . .   -[252 -  . . 140.].    ,  ,        ,       []        [253 -  . . 144.].   : ,    ,       ,  ,    , ,  ,        ,      ,       .          (     )     ,        ,  ,       ,      [254 -  . . 89.], . . [255 -    ,         . : Jaeschke W. Die gedoppelte Sch?nheit. Idee des Sch?nen oder Selbstbewusstsein des Geistes? // Gebrochene Sch?nheit: Hegels ?sthetik  Kontexte und Rezeptionen / Hrsg. von J. Zovko, G. Kruck, A. Arndt. Berlin, 2014. S. 1729.].

                      .              ,        [256 -  . . .   . . 1. . 250251.],                     ,    [257 -  . . 593594.].       ,  ,                  [258 -  . .   . . 365.].            .            ,  ,      ,    ,    [259 -  . . 197198.].          ,      .  ,        /             .        (  )      ()   ().     . ,              ,    哻[260 -  .     / . . . . . ., 2003. . 17.].  ( )                :        ,  ,   , , ,  [261 -  . . .   / . . . ., 2000. . 102.].

             (       ,    ),       .        ,   , -,    .            . ,   (   )    ,      [262 -  . . .   . . 1. . 227.], . .       , ,        () ,  .            .   ,       ,         1840?   1850? .   ,  ,     . , ,     ,              ,     .

  ,    XVI .            ,  ,      , ,          ,       [263 -  . . 228230, 605606; . 2. . 234235.].    :              ,      XVI .[264 -           . . -       ,           ,        ,           (Gethmann-Siefert A. Einf?hrung in Hegels ?sthetik. M?nchen, 2005. S. 7679).       .: Bungay S. Beauty and Truth. A Study of Hegels Aesthetics. Oxford, 1984. P. 131134; Sallis J. Carnation and the Eccentricity of Painting // Hegel and the Arts / Ed. by S. Houlgate. Evanston, 2007. P. 107110.]       ( ,    )     .     /       [265 -  ,            (  XVIII .), ., ,  . ,   ,  ,     ,       XVII .        ( )     (Smith A. D. The Nation Made Real: Art and National Identity in Western Europe, 16001850. Oxford, 2013).      ,     (Volk, Volksgeist;     ) ,     1962 .  ,             Volk  -,     .  ,     . . : Avineri Sh. Hegel and Nationalism [1962] // The Hegel Myths and Legends / Ed. by J. Stewart. Evanston, 1996. P. 109128.].

 ,                 ,     .           ,  , ,  ,  ,            .    ,     ,     ,     .

       , ,   ,          .   ,       (1820?)   :        ,       ,     .     ,  ,   ,                   [266 -  . . .   . . 1. . 604605.].   , ,       ,             ,       [267 -          .:  . .            : . . . . ., 2013. . 94110.].           18301850? .           ,        1960? .        . .

 . ,        ,   Brillo Boxes . ,                  .  ,   ,       1850? . (,  ), ,                 .  ,  ,   (   )         ,      1850?,     .    XVIIIXIX .,        [268 - Danto A. C. The End of Art: A Philosophical Defense // History and Theory. 1998. Vol. 37. 4. P. 135.        ,   ,  ,                  ,    . .  : Pippin R. The Absence of Aesthetics in Hegels Aesthetics // The Cambridge Companion to Hegel and Nineteenth-Century Philosophy / Ed. by F. C. Beiser. Cambridge, 2008. P. 394418.].

 1854 .  . .            .  ,       ,    ,            .      ?   ,    ,        ![269 -  . .  <> [1854] //   : -    1850? . . 405.]   , ,          ,         ,   ,   .          ,          :



      : -              ,      ? <>     ,     ,  ,           ,     ,   ,   ,   .            , .  ,      ;       ,              [270 -  . . 406.]


         XIX .    :    ,             .




   


   ,   1850? .      ,  ,  ,    1840? .                      .  1839  1861 .        ,               ,     .

     :             ,          ,       .         ,           .            (1829) . .  ( ):



     ,         ,     ,       . <> ,  ,    ,  ,   ,     ,   ,  ,         .    ,  ,  ,    .    , ,     ,  ,        ,     .    ,          ,  ,   !       ,   ,      ,        .    ,  [271 -  . .    . ., 1986. . 370.]


,   ,   ,      :  ,       (),              .    , ,    :                    .          ,      1840? .,   ,              . ,     . .    :



      -     ,   ,     ,    ? ,   ,    ,  , ;    ,  ,   ,     ;         ;  ,         ? <>     . B          ,  [272 -  .  // ,    . ., 1841. . 1. . 23.].


           1847     ,    ,   ,      :



    ,         .      ?       ,  ?  ?  , , , , , ,   ,     . ,   ;      ,   ,   ,  ?            ,     ?[273 -  . .   :  13 . . 10. ., 1956. . 300.]


, ,                ,        (.  9).    , . . ,        .                1840? .  . .  .     :



-   :       ?                      ,   -      ,    [274 -  . .  . ., 1978. . 142.].


 ,           :           XIX .[275 -    .  - . .      ,                ( .  // . 1855. 7. . 18).]

     ,         ,     ( ),  -.               ,    ,   ,  ,    .          ,            . ,            1840? .     ,                .   ,     ,            , ,  ,   (   ),          ,    ,   . .     .     ,     1840? .       ,          -    .

                    (  ),         [276 -           .    . .        , ?:  . .     :   , ? . .       XIX  // Acta Slavica Estonica IV.      . , IX. /. . . . , . . . . 4.  :       XIX . Tartu, 2013. . 139162.].          ,          1830? .,      . .      (1839),   ,        ,      [277 - [ . .]    :      / .  . ., 1839. . 242243.].

   ,   , . .   1843 .    ,   ,  ,          .  ,    ,    ,    :



      ,          ,   ,   ;     :        ,       , , ,    ,     .     ,      ;     ,       ,    ,  .     ,        ,         ,   ,       ,             [278 -  . .  :  8 . ., 1995. . 2. . 8889.]


       ,          (.  1011). -,      ,     ,  ( )     [279 -  ,           ,        .   ,     ,    . .   . .:    ,      ,   20   ,    ,   , , ,     ;  ,  ,  ,   - ,    ,  ,   ,    ,     ( . .  : 12 . ., 1999. . 83.   ).].         ,    ,   .     .                .       ,  - ,   :  ,  , - [280 -  . [. ]    //  . 1855. . 100. 6. . 215.]. -,      ,   .        ,   ,     .   <>  ,        [281 -  . .  . . 241.].

      18401850? .        . ,        ,           ,   . ,  ,       . .   :



 . ,  ,           ;       ,    ,   ,  ,           [282 -  . .   //   ,    . . . ., 1846. . 118119.].


 ,        ,   . .  ( . . )   :



          , ,     .           ;         [283 -  .  .  //  . 1847. 11. . . 42.].


 ,         ,     .  ,  ,          - . . :  ,     ,      ,     ,      [284 -  . .  :  30 . . 4.  . 18411846 / .   . . . . ., 1955. . 217.].          -,   .       . . ,    (1848),  ,        ,   ,     :



 ,     .         ,          ,   , , ,              [285 -  . .     // . 1848. 12. . 75.].


   :



            ,         ,  ,     -,   ,     (. . .),         , -   ,   ,       [286 -  . . 8788.].


 ,             ,  , ,          .            . ,      (1857)   ,   ,       :



   ,   , . .  ,   ,              :    ( ,     ),      ,  ,         ;    ,      ,       ;      ,  ;  ,       [287 -  . .    //  . :  3 . . 2. ., 1988. . 53.     .  :  . .    . . :    //    . . 2023. 81. . 209224.]


         ,   1850? .,             .               ,      ,  ,      .




 5

       . .  (1846)



   XIX .                  (1846). , ,   . . - :   ,   ,     ,      .      ,    ,          ,    ,    ,     [288 - - . .  :  20 . . 13. ., 1970. . 468.].       ,        .  ,            (1792).   ,             (  ),                .     ,          ,             :    ,     ,    ,   ,       .

        ?       ,        ,    ,            [289 - , .  ,      ,    (Fanger D. The Peasant in Russian Literature. P. 244). .  ,      (point of view)   ,      (Woodhouse J. A Landlords Sketches? D. V. Grigorovic and Peasant Genre Fiction. P. 286).].        ,       . .        ,  ,        .    ,           .                   ,        . ,                 ,     .   ,       ,       ,       .            ,   .         :      ,    .  ,       ( ,  ,  ),       ,    ,    .    ,         ,  ,         ,     .

 1840? .,       ,                 ().  ( . . ) ,      ,    ,      .     1840? .,    ,        ,            . ,        ,         .            ,        .

         .        ,                  ,   .           ,     ,    ,        .     ,     (    )          1820?  1850? .,   [290 - Somoff V. The Imperative of Reliability: Russian Prose on the Eve of the Novel, 1820s  1850s. Evanston, 2015. P. 111138.].             ,    ,    (1854),        .   ,             ,   ,     ?  [291 - Ibid. P. 123.].

 ,            XIX .           .   ,      ,           1861 .




 ,  


        ,        [292 -           ( . . . ., 1987. . 8992).].        ,            ,           ,  ,         [293 -  . .   . . 10. . 43.].      ,       ,           .                . ,       . .       [294 -      , ,     :    ,           .  ,  ,  ,  ,               ( . .  :  5 . . 1. ., 2013. . 126).].  :



       ,  .  ,          .   ,            ;  ,   ,           [295 -  .    .]    ,     .  ,        ,      ,       , ,  ,       -     ,    ,     [296 -  . .  . . 1. . 127.]


         .          ?        ?  , ,   ,       ,      ,         ?  ,                .            .

   ,    ,    ,     ,        .             .         ,           ,         .         (, )      ()         .         .       ,    ,     [297 - Somoff V. The Imperative of Reliability. P. 6387.].               ,       [298 -  ,    XX .       . ,   . :     ,      , , ,    ,      (Strong R. Grigorovics The Village: An tude in Sentimental Naturalism // The Slavic and East European Journal. 1968. Vol. 12. 2. P. 174).].

        ,            ,     .      ,      11 ,            (   ,    ),          (,   ).   ,      /    ;        (    -,      /);     ,      ,      (, ),  ,   .                 ,         . -, ,         (       22 ,       12). -,     11        ,          6  (       ),      ,     .         (   2   ),         (3)    (2).

        ,            :



 :            ,    ,        ,       [299 -  . .  //  . :  3 . . 1. ., 1988. . 132.].


      ,              ,            .

          ,              ,              , , ,    ,       .

, ,        .        -  (, , ),  -,          .               ,            .           ,    ,     (     ).      ,  ,        .

 ,         .                   .  ,     , ,     ,         [300 -  . .  . . 89.]. ,           ,          ,     ,       .            :            ,               .

  -         .        ,             .     ,          ,   ,        :



      ;   ,     ,     .        ,    ,        ;   ,         [301 -  . . . . 86.            (,      ),   .   . . .:  .,  .    :        // Revue des tudes slaves. 2023. T. 94. 12. P. 225244.   ,  ,          ,        .].

  , ,       . -      , ,    , -,  ,      . ,    ,          ,       .

   ,      ;     ,   ,          .

 ,       ,  , ,  ,                

    [302 -  . . . . 85, 91, 94, 95.]


           ,  , , , .             4? ,       ,      .        ,      , ,    . ,           ,       (     ):



 ,  ,   ,   ,   , -  ,     .

          ,   ,   -,      ,    ,  ,    ,       ;                [303 -  . . . . 97.].


      (, ),       .         ,     :              ,        ,   ,                 [304 -  . . 96.]




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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes



1


    ,      : Robbins B. The Servants Hand: English Fiction from below. Durham, NC; London, 1993.




2


      ,          :  . .,  . .   :       // .    50-  . . . ., 2019. . 214242;  .    :       . .  //  . 2021. 4. . 5264.




3


.:  . .       //    :    /  . . . . ., 2005. . 4 (43). . 525610.   ,      ( ,     . ),        XIX .




4


 .    / . . . ?  . . ., 2003. . 70; Taylor Ch. Modern Social Imaginaries. Durham, N, 2004. P. 2324.




5


 .   / . . . , .   . . ., 2016. . 329330.




6


          1812 . .:  . .   ,      . ., 2011.      .:  . .         //     . ., 2005. . 1524;  .     //  . . 3550;  -.       XVIII    XIX  //       . 2007. 6. . 203205.




7


         (1876).




8


Shanin T. Peasants and Peasant Societies. London, 1971; Brass T. Peasants, Populism, and Postmodernism. The Return of the Agrarian Myth. London, 2000.




9


 . .     ?    XIX  //   ?  XIX . .; ., 1961;  . .     //   ?  ? . , 1966 (     . . 37);  . .    . , 1972; Glickman R. An Alternative View of the Peasantry: The Raznochintsy Writers of the 1860s // Slavic Review. 1973. Vol. 32 (December). P. 693704; Fanger D. The Peasant in Russian Literature // Peasant in 19th-century Russia / Ed. by W. Vucinich. Stanford, 1968; Donskov A. The changing image of the peasant in nineteenth-century Russian drama. Helsinki, 1972.




10


Shanin T. Russia as a Developing Society /The Roots of Otherness. Vol. 1. New Haven, 1985; Moon D. Russian Peasants and Tsarist Legislation on the Eve of Reform: Interaction Between Peasantry and Officialdom, 18251855. Houndmills, 1992; Idem. The Russian Peasantry 16001930: The World the Peasants Made. London; N. Y., 1999; Worobec C. Peasant Russia: Family and Community in Post-Emancipation Russia. Ithaca, 1991; Stites R. Serfdom, Society, and the Arts in Imperial Russia: The Pleasure and the Power. New Haven, 2005;  .




11


Frierson C. Peasant Icons: Representations of Rural People in Late Nineteenth Century Russia. Oxford, 1993.




12


 . .     XVIII . ., 2004.




13


Woodhouse J. A Landlords Sketches? D. V. Grigorovic and Peasant Genre Fiction // Journal of European Studies. 1986. Vol. 16. 4. P. 271294; Idem. Tales from Another Country: Fictional Treatments of the Russian Peasantry, 18471861 // Rural History. 1991. Vol. 2. 2. P. 171186.




14


 . .      ?  185060? . //  . . 1993. 5.




15


 . .     XIX . ., 2009.




16


Ogden A. The Impossible Peasant Voice in Russian Culture: Stylization and Mimicry // Slavic Review. 2005. Vol. 64. 3. P. 517537; Idem. Peasant Listening, Listening to Peasants: Miscommunication and Ventriloquism in Nekrasovs Komu Na Rusi Zhit Khorosho // The Russian Review. 2013. Vol. 72. 4. P. 590606.




17


Ogden A. The Impossible Peasant Voice. P. 535536.




18


 .    18001840? . Tartu, 2018; ?ela A. Russian Self-Taught Poets of the 1820s: Pastoral, Patronage and the British Example // Russian Literature. 2021. Vol. 119. P. 1541.




19


Flaherty J. In the Peasants Place: Social Problems and Narrative Practice in Turgenevs Notes from a Hunter // The Russian Review. 2021. Vol. 80. 3. P. 456472.




20


Stuhr-Rommereim H. The Limits of Realism and the Proletariat on the Horizon: Fedor Reshetnikovs Where Is It Better? // The Russian Review. 2021. Vol. 80. 1. P. 100121; Idem. Writing Peasants after Emancipation: Chernyshevsky, Dostoevsky, and Nikolai Uspensky in 1861 // Slavic Literatures [ 2024  Russian Literature]. 2024 (forthcoming).




21


Safran G. Recording Russia: Trying to Listen in the Nineteenth Century. Ithaca, NY, 2022.




22


Donovan J. European Local-Color Literature: National Tales, Dorfgeschichten, Romans Champ?tres. N. Y.; London, 2010.




23


Zink A. Wie aus Bauern Russen wurden. Die Konstruktion des Volkes in der Literatur des Russischen Realismus 18601880. Zu?rich, 2009.




24


Weber E. Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 18701914. London, 1977.




25


 .  .   . ., 2014.




26


 .,  .,  .   :     // , :       . ., 2012. . 25.




27


Jameson F. The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act. Ithaca, NY, 1982. P. 7779, 9899, 141144.




28


Cohen M. The Sentimental Education of the Novel. Princeton, 1999.




29


., ,       ( 56)  2016 .




30


.    11.




31


      : Moretti F. The Way of the World. The Bildungsroman in European Culture. New Edition. London; N. Y., 2000. P. 412.




32


.  : Dolbilov M. The Emancipation Reform of 1861 in Russia and the Nationalism of the Imperial Bureaucracy // Construction and Deconstruction of National History in Slavic Eurasia / Ed. by T. Hayashi. Sapporo, 2003. P. 205230.




33


Frierson C. Peasant Icons. P. 182183.




34


.: Frierson C. Peasant Icons. P. 188189; Aliev B. Desacralizing the Idyll: Chekhovs Transformation of the Pastoral // Russian Review. 2010. Vol. 69. 3. P. 463476.




35


Moretti F. The Way of the World. P. XII.




36


.  : Brass T. Peasants, Populism and Postmodernism: The Return of the Agrarian Myth. P. 917;  . .        -   //  . 2013. 1. . 3347;  .  .           . ., 2011. . 2326; Moon D. The Russian Peasantry 16001930: The World the Peasant Made. London; N. Y., 1999. P. 212217, 230236.




37


 :    . . ,   ,   . .  ,   .




38


  . ,   ,       ,   ,         - (nation-state) (Tolz V. Russia. Inventing the Nation. London, 2001. P. 15).




39


   4050      . .: Burchard J. Paradise Lost. Rural Idyll and Social Change in England Since 1800. London; N. Y., 2002. P. 23.




40


  18601870? . .: Glickman R. An Alternative View of the Peasantry.




41


The principle of self-constitution by means of exclusion or denigration will be familiar, and examples are not hard to come by where <> fiction too allows a prosperous protagonist to realize himself while or even by denying the possibility of emancipation or self-transformation to an impoverished other (Robbins B. A Little Muzhik, Muttering to Himself: The Novel and the Poor // boundary 2. 2020. May 1. Vol. 47. 2. P. 85).       ,    , ,         ,             (Julien E. The Extroverted African Novel // The Novel. Vols. 12 / Ed. by F. Moretti. Princeton, 2006. Vol. 1. P. 676).




42


. :  . . /.    .  XIX. ., 2016. . 351352.




43


           1850?  1860? . .:  . .  .   . ., 2008. . 145165.




44


.: Fanger D. The Peasant in Russian Literature. P. 256262.




45


.: Peterson D. E. Up from Bondage: The Literatures of Russian and African American Soul. Durham, 2000; Bellows A. American Slavery and Russian Serfdom in the Post-Emancipation Imagination. Chapel Hill, 2020.




46


.  :  .  i :    ii iiii i  ղ i. i, 2016.




47


Williams R. The Country and the City. London, 2016. P. 239240.




48


.:  .  .




49


  :    XVIII    XIX  / .   . . . . ., 2006.




50


.:  . .    //   18001917.  . ., 1999. . 4. . 490491;  . .      . . ? //  . 1973. 3. . 168169.




51


  XIX :    . ., 1973. . 84, 208210, 351366.




52


 . .   :  . 2? . ., 2023.




53


. :  .   :  . , 2004. ,   19561960? .,   150  ,                  .




54


., :  .   //  .  . ., 2016. . 103137; Underwood T. The Life Spans of Genres // Idem. Distant Horizons: Digital Evidence and Literary Change. Chicago; London, 2019. P. 3467; Martynenko A. What is Russian Elegy? Computational Study of a Nineteenth-Century Poetic Genre // CEUR Workshop Proceedings. 2021. 2865. P. 98107.




55


.:  . .  .   . ., 2019. . 154175;  .?.    . ., 2010. . 68, 73, 79, 140, 151.




56


Brooks P. The Melodramatic Imagination: Balzac, Henry James, Melodrama, and the Mode of Excess. 2nd ed. New Haven, 1995; Jameson F. Political Unconscious. P. 103150; Moretti F. Signs Taken for Wonders: Essays in the Sociology of Literary Forms / Transl. by S. Fischer, D. Forgacs, D. Miller. London, 1997. P. 921.




57


Jameson F. Political Unconscious. P. 7576.




58


   .?.    ( .?.    . . 109).         ,          ,  ,    ,     (,    ).




59


       . : Fowler A. Kinds of Literature: An Introduction to the Theory of Genres and Modes. Oxford, 1982. P. 106129.




60


  XIX .    . ., 1973. . 84.




61


 . . 351.




62


.   : Moretti F. Graphs, Maps, Trees. London, 2005. P. 19.




63


    (   )   (   )   ( .?.    . . 77).




64


.     ,        ,        (Parkinson M. H. The Rural Novel: Jeremias Gotthelf, Thomas Hardy, C. F. Ramuz (Europ?ische Hochschulschriften. Reihe XVIII: Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaften. Bd. 36). Berne, 1984. P. 30).   ,    ,         .




65


   ,           , ,      ( . . .   :  2 . 2? ., . /. . . . ., 2007. . 2. . 410).




66


Alpers P. What Is Pastoral? Chicago, 1996. P. 66.




67


Alpers P. What Is Pastoral? P. 22.




68


Ibid. P. 81, 86.




69


      ,    ,       (Ibid. P. 93).




70


Ibid. . 24.




71


Ibid. P. 25.




72


Ibid. . 324.




73


Ibid. . 27, 179.




74


Ibid. . 32.




75


Ibid. . 185186.




76


Ibid. P. 221222.




77


Ibid. . 325, 328.




78


Alpers P. What Is Pastoral? . 377.          -,      (Pavel T. The Lives of the Novel. Princeton, 2013. P. 189).




79


Alpers P. What Is Pastoral? P. 35.




80


Ibid. P. 134, 174.  ,   ,       (  . . .),      (Ibid. P. 162).




81


Among the competing ideologies proleptically displayed in the Eclogues are Roman republicanism, the classic statement of the claims of the many to equal consideration; the counter-claim of the privileged few to special treatment on the grounds of special talent: the hegemonic needs of the holders of power for cultural authentication; the responsibility of the intellectual for providing that authentication, in the interests of stability; the value of political or social stability in nurturing the arts; the responsibility of the intellectual for telling the whole truth in the interests of social justice; the intellectuals claim to personal autonomy (Patterson A. Pastoral and Ideology: Virgil to Valery. Berkeley, 1987. P. 8).




82


Griffiths E. The Shepherd, the Volk, and the Middle Class: Transformations of Pastoral in German-Language Writing, 17501850 (Studies in German Literature Linguistics and Culture). Rochester, NY, 2020. P. 12.




83


  :    .   //  . 1850. . 68. 12.




84


 .  :  7 . . 6. ., 1957. . 385.




85


 . . 441.




86


 . . 445446.




87


.: Sharpe L. On the naive and the sentimental // Friedrich Schiller: Drama, Thought and Politics / Ed. by L. Sharpe (Cambridge Studies in German). Cambridge, 1991. P. 186187; Griffiths E. The Shepherd, the Volk, and the Middle Class. P. 2426, 111150.




88


 . . .   . . 2. . 410.




89


 . . 426.




90


.: Morgan P. The Critical Idyll: Traditional Values and the French Revolution in Goethes Hermann und Dorothea. N. Y., 1990; Schutje K. German Epic / Jewish Epic: Goethes Exodus Narrative in Hermann und Dorothea and Israel in der W?ste // The German Quarterly. 2007. Vol. 80. 2 (Spring). P. 165184.




91


.: Holmes T. M. Goethes Hermann und Dorothea: The Dissolution of Embattled Idyll // The Modern Language Review. 1987. Vol. 82. 1 (January). P. 111114.




92


.  :  .    XVIII . ., 2010. . 269.




93


.:  . .  :        //   . 2006. 80. . 91110.




94


 .      // XVIII . . 8. ., 1969. . 221;  .    XVIII . . 387; Hammarberg G. From the Idyll to the Novel: Karamzins Sentimentalist Prose. Cambridge, 1991. P. 138139.




95


Lucey C. Love for Sale: Representing Prostitution in Imperial Russia. Ithaca, 2021. P. 7.




96


         ,   (1791),        (   :  . .     . . 1. . 2. ., 1910. . 737739. . :  . .     // XVIII . . 8. ., 1969. . 229244).




97


                      .    (  .)      : Torgovnick M. Gone Primitive: Savage Intellects, Modern Lives. Chicago; London, 1990.




98


.:  . .   :          XVIII    XIX . ., 2001.




99


.:  . .   ,      .




100


., :  . .     . ., 1999. . 1555;  . .      //  . ., 1978. . 118138.




101


  ,               ,    ,       .     :      ,          .         ( . .   . ., 1818. . 1).




102


 . . . ., 1820. . VI.




103


 . . VIII.




104


 . .     . . 520.




105


 . . . . XIV.




106


 . . XVI.




107


 . .  . . 532.




108


[ . .]      //   XIX .   . ., 1973. . 207208.




109


 . . 209.




110


 . .  . . 9.




111


 . .    . ., 1986. . 370.




112


 . .    . . 381.




113


 . .     184050? . . . . . , 2007. . 26.




114


 . .  . ., 1985. . 343344.




115


 . . 388.




116


. .             1840? .,           ( . .     184050? . . 3335).




117


.  :  . .   . .     . .     //   : - . ., 2002. . 181185.




118


     ,    .     (1853),        1854 .,     .




119


.  : Gramm M. The Politics of George Sand Pastoral Novels // George Sand Today. Proceedings of the Eighth International George Sand Conference  Tours 1989 / Ed. by D. A. Powell. N. Y.; Boston; London; Lanham, 1992. P. 167179; Crummy M. I. Mythologizing the Peasant: Social Control in Honor de Balzacs Sc?nes de la vie de campagne and in George Sands Pastoral Novels: Ph.D. dissertation. Stanford University, 1992; .




120


.: Holland K. Literary Contexts of Triangular Desire: Natalie and Alexander Herzen as Readers of George Sand // Russian Literature. 2007. Vol. 61. 12 (January  February). P. 175205.




121


 .  .     // . 1847. 1. . . III. . 8788.




122


 . .  :  9 . . 3. ., 1978. . 328.




123


,                  ,   ,             .




124


[ . .]     1850 . // . 1851. . 25. 12. . III. . . 5556.      (18481849)        :   ,   ( . .  .  //  . 1902. 12. . 166).




125


 . .    1850 . //   : -    1850?  /  . . . , . .   . . . ., 2015. . 66.




126


 .   ,      ,        (? . .     //  . 1860. 3. . . 34).




127


  . . 379.




128


   ,  ,     ,       ,       ,       . <>         , <>          ,           ( . . .   . . 1. . 248).




129


, ,   1860 .       -       - :        ,  ,  .      ,      ,           ; -    (- . .    . . 36).




130


In falsely identifying himself with the rustic commoner, in other words, the privileged aesthete helped to ward off associations of guilt brought about by glaring contrasts in real social conditions. <> Pastoral fantasy proved useful as a balm for the troubled political unconscious of the Russian landowner (Ely C. This Meager Nature: The Landscape and National Identity in Imperial Russia. DeKalb, 2009. P. 44).




131


The universalist, ahistorical, and erotic aspects of the traditional and neoclassical pastoral had been discarded, but the countryside was still connected to visions of unspoiled nature, simple and genuine human relationships, and the innocence of youth. This interpretation of rural Russia offered elites the imagined experience of a cleansing and reawakening to their innate native sensibilities, which seemed to have been lost in the urban, Europeanized environment in which they spent so much of their time (Ibid. P. 124125).




132


        . : Wachtel A. B. The Battle for Childhood: Creation of a Russian Myth. Stanford, 1990.




133


Alpers P. What Is Pastoral? P. 6869.




134


Spivak G. Ch. Can the Subaltern Speak? // Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture / Ed. by . Nelson, L. Grossberg. Basingstoke, 1988. P. 271313.




135


      , .:  .,  .    . 2? . ., 2019. . 4348.




136


 .  :  ,       19811982   / . . . . . ., 2007. . 393394; McGushin E. Foucaults theory and practice of subjectivity // Michel Foucault: Key Concepts / Ed. by D. Taylor. Durham, 2011. P. 130134.




137


Fludernik M. The Fictions of Language and the Languages of Fiction: The Linguistic Representation of Speech and Consciousness. London; N. Y., 1993. P. 227256.




138


Ranci?re J. Proletarian Nights: The Workers Dream in Nineteenth-Century France / Transl. by J. Drury. London, 2012. P. 2223.




139


Ibid. P. 2527.




140


 . . ., 1965 (  ). . 118.




141


 . . . 120.




142


Moon D. The Russian Peasantry 16001930: The World the Peasants Made. London; N. Y., 1999. P. 2.




143


. : Rebecchini D. The Success of the Russian Novel, 1830s  1840s // Reading Russia. A History of Reading in Modern Russia / Ed. by D. Rebecchini, R. Vassena. Milan, 2020. Vol. 2. P. 141.




144


    : Fanger D. The Peasant in Russian Literature. P. 241242. .    .         :  .  :               //   . 2023. 4. . 89108.




145


 . .      //  .    . ., 1990. . 493, 504.




146


     .:  . ., . .    //   18001917 / . . . . . . 6. ., 2019. . 221225.




147


 . .   //  .     . ., 1986. . 162163.




148


 . .  . . 164.




149


 . . 169.




150


 . . 176.




151


 . . 265.




152


 . .  . . 282.




153


Ranci?re J. Mute Speech: Literature, Critical Theory, and Politics / Transl. by J. Swenson. N. Y., 2011. P. 4350.




154


Ibid. P. 60.                .      ,  ,      , . .   ,   .                   ;           (Ibid. P. 5355).




155


Ranci?re J. Mute Speech. P. 125, 117, 107.




156


.  :  .,  .,  .,  . .    XIX  //   XIX : , ,  / . . . , . , . , . . ., 2020. . 566.




157


Ranci?re J. Mute Speech. P. 5859.




158


  . : Jameson F. Antinomies of Realism. London, 2011. P. 2744.




159


Ranci?re J. The Politics of Aesthetics: The Distribution of the Sensible / Ed. and transl. by G. Rockhill. N. Y., 2004. P. 1213.




160


The distribution of the sensible describes a certain epistemic link between politics and aesthetics that encompasses not only what constitutes legitimate political claims and proper subjects of art but also the way these two fields intertwine to constitute and reconstitute themselves along with the communities they represent <> The sensible is also a shared space that is common to the members of the community (Brant D. Distribution of the Sensible // Understanding Ranci?re, Understanding Modernism. London, 2017. P. 236).




161


Ibid. P. 237.




162


- .   / . . . . https://prostory.net.ua/ua/krytyka/491-sdelat-naglyadnym-rendre-sensible (  09.10.2023). ,           , , ,             /.




163


 .




164


.  :  .    .        18611914. ., 2006.




165


.: Veraldi D., Cushman S. Paralepsis // The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Princeton, 2012. P. 997.




166


 .  / . 2?, . . ., 2008;  . .      XIXXX . ., 1994; .




167


Hamburger K. Die Logik der Dichtung. Stuttgart, 1957.




168


Cohn D. Transparent Minds: Narrative Modes for Presenting Consciousness in Fiction. Princeton, 1978.




169


Ibid. P. 89.




170


Fludernik M. The Fictions of Language and the Languages of Fiction: The Linguistic Representation of Speech and Consciousness. P. 46.




171


Ibid. P. 227228.




172


Ibid. P. 451.




173


prototypically human existents, who can perform acts of physical movements, speech acts and thought acts, and their acting necessarily revolves around their consciousness, their mental center of self-awareness, intellection, perception, and emotionality (Fludernik M. Towards a Natural Narratology. 2nd ed. London; N. Y., 2002. P. 19).




174


Palmer A. Social Minds in the Novel. Columbus, 2010. P. 9.




175


Ibid. P. 11, 22.




176


Palmer A. Fictional Minds. Lincoln, NE, 2004; Herman D. Introduction // The Emergence of Mind: Representation of Consciousness in Narrative Discourse in English / Ed. by D. Herman. Lincoln, NE, 2011. P. 812.   ,     . .  .    .  ( .      (      fictional mind  social mind) // Narratorium [ ]. 2014. 1 (7). http://narratorium.rggu.ru/article.html?id=2633109 (  10.03.2023)).




177


 . . :  3 . ., 1988. . 1. . 86.




178


 . . . . 1. . 94.




179


Phelan J. Narrative as Rhetoric: Technique, Audiences, Ethics, Ideology / Theory and Interpretation of Narrative Series. Columbus, OH, 1996. P. 8283, 219.       .  ( . . ., 1998. . 2. . 211).




180


Herman D. Introduction. P. 79.




181


  . . ,   ()       ,     (    )        ,   (Abbott H. P. Unreadable Minds and the Captive Reader // Style. 2008. Vol. 42. 4. P. 463).




182


Herman D. Introduction. P. 10.




183


Herman D. Introduction. P. 11.




184


Ibid. P. 13.




185


Ibid. P. 1314.




186


  4      -     ,                     .       ,      .




187


         ໠    ,             (.:  . .         // ,    . 2019. . 47. 1. . 127136).




188


 . . . . 1. . 94.




189


 . . 136.




190


Palmer A. Social Minds. P. 10.




191


Palmer A. Fictional Minds. P. 9498, 113115.       .    ,       .




192


         :  . .     :      . .  //   XIX . . 431451.




193


Palmer A. Social Minds. P. 2829.           ,     ,    ,       .




194


,         ,                  ,  - /,   .  (Palmer A. Fictional Minds. P. 5585).




195


.    : Somoff V. The Imperative of Reliability: Russian Prose on the Eve of the Novel, 1820s  1850s. Evanston, 2015.




196


. 1854. 23.




197


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198


     .:  . . 751759.




199


 . .        . . 364.




200


     .:  . ,   :     , 18451855 . //      :  / . . . , . . , . . . ., 2005. . 155198.




201


., ,     . . :  . .  1854 .  3?  4? //   : -    1850? . . 452466.




202


., ,         (1855).




203


     .:  . . . .         //   . . . . 2009. . 92. . 228233.




204


 . .       XV  //   . 1861. 2. . II. . 36.




205


 . . 37.




206


[].    1853  // - . 1854. 14/15. 1920 .




207


 . 14. 19 .




208


  1851  // . 1851. 8. . 540.




209


  1851  // . 1851. 8. . 541.




210


. . 1205. . 1. . . 127. . 15 . 16 (  ).




211


 . .   //  .     . ., 1986. . 178.




212


 . .    - . ., 19321933. . 4. . 208209.




213


 . .    - . . 4. . 210.




214


 . . 215.




215


Journal des dbats. 1847. 31 Dec.




216


  .:  . .,  . .    .          (18321900). ., 2000.




217


  . 1848. . 86. . . . 193195.




218


  1847 .            .




219


. 1849. 1.




220


 . .   / . . . . . ., 2000. . 37.




221


      47?    1846 .         .  (, . laboureur   1846 .    ,       ).




222


.:        ,         ,         ,   ,  , ,  <>.     ,    ( .  :  9 . . 8. ., 1974. . 17).      .:  . .          XIX . //    . 2011. 352. . 1114.




223


    - .: Fermigier A. Prface // G. Sand. Fran?ois le Champi / d. par A. Fermigier. Paris, 1978. P. 1923, 2829.




224


 .  . . 6. . 654.       .   .  (Sand G. La mare au diable. Fran?ois le Champi. Paris, 1956)      .          : Sand G. Prfaces de George Sand: En 2 vols. /d. par A. Szabo. Debrecen, 1997. Vol. 1. P. 140149.        -  Collection de lAurore        ,         (.: Sand G. Fran?ois le Champi. Grenoble, 1998. P. 219229).      ,    Champion    ,   -   .




225


         .: Donovan J. European Local-Color Literature. P. 143145.




226


 .  . . 6. . 656.




227


 . . 653.




228


 .




229


.    1841 . Quelques rflexions sur Jean-Jacques Rousseau.         1840? . .  :  .  ,    . ., 1916. . 2. . 353354.         ,       .: Callahan A. La Nouvelle Elle et Lui: Sand reads Rousseau // Rousseau and Criticism / Ed. by L. Clark, G. Lafrance. Ottawa, 1995. P. 169180.            : Lane B. George Sand, ethnographe et utopiste: rhtorique de limaginaire // Revue des sciences humaines. 1992. Vol. 26. P. 151153; Hecquet M. Poetique de la Parabole. Les romans socialistes de George Sand 18401845. Paris, 1992.




230


,   ,              . : Crummy M. I. Mythologizing the Peasant: Social Control in Honor de Balzacs Sc?nes de la vie de campagne and in George Sands Pastoral Novels: Ph. D. dissertation. Stanford University, 1992. P. 17, 4446, 7991.         .




231


Crummy M. I. Mythologizing the Peasant. P. 14.




232


 .?. . ., 1969. . 51, 53, 56, 6869.




233


 . . 68.




234


 .  . . 6. . 651.




235


Sand G. La mare au diable. Fran?ois le Champi. P. 207.




236


              , , ,      (Salomon P. Les rapports de George Sand et de Pierre Leroux en 1845 dapr?s le prologue de La Mare au Diable // Revue dHistoire littraire de la France. 1948. 4. . 352358).         1830?  1840? .   .: Vermeylen P. Les ides politiques et sociales de George Sand. Bruxelles, 1984; Klenin E. On the Ideological Sources of Cto delat?: Sand, Druzinin, Leroux // Zeitschrift f?r slavische Philologie. 1991. Bd. 51. 2. S. 385397; Hamon B. George Sand et la politique. Paris, 2001.




237


. : Bras-Chopard A. De L galit dans le Diffrence: Le socialism de Pierre Leroux. Paris, 1986. P. 30.




238


  ,  ,                ,    . -. ,        : Godwin-Jones R. Romantic Vision: The Novels of George Sand. Birmingham, 1995. P. 194195, 205.




239


        .: Bras-Chopard A. De L galit dans le Diffrence: Le socialism de Pierre Leroux. P. 316.




240


 ,         connaissance      :       ,    ,         (Rogers N. E. Sands Peasant Heroines: From Victim to Entrepreneur, from connaissance to ide, from Jeanne to Nanon // Nineteenth-Century French Studies. 1996. Vol. 24. P. 349).




241


Bras-Chopard A. De L galit dans le Diffrence: Le socialism de Pierre Leroux. P. 3132.




242


Breckman W. Politics in a Symbolic Key: Pierre Leroux, Romantic Socialism, and the Schelling Affair // Modern Intellectual History. 2005. Vol. 2. 1. P. 7884.        -  . : McWilliam N. Pierre Leroux and the Aesthetics of Humanit // Idem. Dreams of Happiness. Social Art and the French Left, 18301850. Princeton, 1993. P. 160181.




243


Breckman W. Politics in a Symbolic Key. P. 61.       .     .  . : Hecquet M. Poetique de la Parabole. P. 1117.




244


Breckman W. Politics in a Symbolic Key. P. 71.




245


  ,     - ,    ,    ,  .    ,      ( .  . . 6. . 654).




246


,          <>, <>, <>  (. 1854. . 3.  . . 1415).




247


 ,   1840? .,         :  . .,  . . . .     //  . 1994. 4. . 3233.




248


   / . : Wicks R. Hegels Aesthetics: An Overview // The Cambridge Companion to Hegel / Ed. by F. C. Beiser. Cambridge, 1999. P. 360368; Inwood M. J. A Hegel Dictionary. Oxford, 1993. P. 133136.




249


   1835 .      ,     , : Hegel G. W. F. Vorlesungen ?ber die ?sthetik. Berlin, 1835. Bd. 1. S. 7.       .: Inwood M. J. A Hegel Dictionary. P. 3840.




250


 . . .   :  2 . /. . . . .: , 2007. . 12. C. 8586.       1847 .   . ,    ,       . .        : []  . <>                       ,    ( . . .  ,    / . . . ., 1847. . 1. . 3, 5).




251


 . . .   . . 1. . 143.




252


 . . 140.




253


 . . 144.




254


 . . 89.




255


   ,         . : Jaeschke W. Die gedoppelte Sch?nheit. Idee des Sch?nen oder Selbstbewusstsein des Geistes? // Gebrochene Sch?nheit: Hegels ?sthetik  Kontexte und Rezeptionen / Hrsg. von J. Zovko, G. Kruck, A. Arndt. Berlin, 2014. S. 1729.




256


 . . .   . . 1. . 250251.




257


 . . 593594.




258


 . .   . . 365.




259


 . . 197198.




260


 .     / . . . . . ., 2003. . 17.




261


 . . .   / . . . ., 2000. . 102.




262


 . . .   . . 1. . 227.




263


 . . 228230, 605606; . 2. . 234235.




264


          . . -       ,           ,        ,           (Gethmann-Siefert A. Einf?hrung in Hegels ?sthetik. M?nchen, 2005. S. 7679).       .: Bungay S. Beauty and Truth. A Study of Hegels Aesthetics. Oxford, 1984. P. 131134; Sallis J. Carnation and the Eccentricity of Painting // Hegel and the Arts / Ed. by S. Houlgate. Evanston, 2007. P. 107110.




265


 ,            (  XVIII .), ., ,  . ,   ,  ,     ,       XVII .        ( )     (Smith A. D. The Nation Made Real: Art and National Identity in Western Europe, 16001850. Oxford, 2013).      ,     (Volk, Volksgeist;     ) ,     1962 .  ,             Volk  -,     .  ,     . . : Avineri Sh. Hegel and Nationalism [1962] // The Hegel Myths and Legends / Ed. by J. Stewart. Evanston, 1996. P. 109128.




266


 . . .   . . 1. . 604605.




267


         .:  . .            : . . . . ., 2013. . 94110.




268


Danto A. C. The End of Art: A Philosophical Defense // History and Theory. 1998. Vol. 37. 4. P. 135.        ,   ,  ,                  ,    . .  : Pippin R. The Absence of Aesthetics in Hegels Aesthetics // The Cambridge Companion to Hegel and Nineteenth-Century Philosophy / Ed. by F. C. Beiser. Cambridge, 2008. P. 394418.




269


 . .  <> [1854] //   : -    1850? . . 405.




270


 . . 406.




271


 . .    . ., 1986. . 370.




272


 .  // ,    . ., 1841. . 1. . 23.




273


 . .   :  13 . . 10. ., 1956. . 300.




274


 . .  . ., 1978. . 142.




275


   .  - . .      ,                ( .  // . 1855. 7. . 18).




276


          .    . .        , ?:  . .     :   , ? . .       XIX  // Acta Slavica Estonica IV.      . , IX. /. . . . , . . . . 4.  :       XIX . Tartu, 2013. . 139162.




277


[ . .]    :      / .  . ., 1839. . 242243.




278


 . .  :  8 . ., 1995. . 2. . 8889.




279


 ,           ,        .   ,     ,    . .   . .:    ,      ,   20   ,    ,   , , ,     ;  ,  ,  ,   - ,    ,  ,   ,    ,     ( . .  : 12 . ., 1999. . 83.   ).




280


 . [. ]    //  . 1855. . 100. 6. . 215.




281


 . .  . . 241.




282


 . .   //   ,    . . . ., 1846. . 118119.




283


 .  .  //  . 1847. 11. . . 42.




284


 . .  :  30 . . 4.  . 18411846 / .   . . . . ., 1955. . 217.




285


 . .     // . 1848. 12. . 75.




286


 . . 8788.




287


 . .    //  . :  3 . . 2. ., 1988. . 53.     .  :  . .    . . :    //    . . 2023. 81. . 209224.




288


- . .  :  20 . . 13. ., 1970. . 468.




289


, .  ,      ,    (Fanger D. The Peasant in Russian Literature. P. 244). .  ,      (point of view)   ,      (Woodhouse J. A Landlords Sketches? D. V. Grigorovic and Peasant Genre Fiction. P. 286).




290


Somoff V. The Imperative of Reliability: Russian Prose on the Eve of the Novel, 1820s  1850s. Evanston, 2015. P. 111138.




291


Ibid. P. 123.




292


          ( . . . ., 1987. . 8992).




293


 . .   . . 10. . 43.




294


     , ,     :    ,           .  ,  ,  ,  ,               ( . .  :  5 . . 1. ., 2013. . 126).




295


 .    .




296


 . .  . . 1. . 127.




297


Somoff V. The Imperative of Reliability. P. 6387.




298


 ,    XX .       . ,   . :     ,      , , ,    ,      (Strong R. Grigorovics The Village: An tude in Sentimental Naturalism // The Slavic and East European Journal. 1968. Vol. 12. 2. P. 174).




299


 . .  //  . :  3 . . 1. ., 1988. . 132.




300


 . .  . . 89.




301


 . . . . 86.            (,      ),   .   . . .:  .,  .    :        // Revue des tudes slaves. 2023. T. 94. 12. P. 225244.   ,  ,          ,        .




302


 . . . . 85, 91, 94, 95.




303


 . . . . 97.




304


 . . 96.


