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David A. Karp

SPEAKING OF SADNESS

Depression, Disconnection, and the Meanings of Illness



 Oxford University Press, 1996, 2017

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 1995

 ,    ,    ,   1995 .  -   -            .            ,     ,         .     ,      ,      ,        .     ,    Oxford University Press.     ,     .          ,    .      ,  ,  ,       ,             . ,             (The Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance, 堖 DBSA).           . DBSA     ,      ,           .



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                   ,    ,    ,               ,      . ,    , ,     1996    ,   .          ,            ,  ,              [2 -          : D. Karp, G. Stone, and W. Yoels, Being Urban: A Sociology of City Life, 2nd ed. (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1991); J. Clair, D. Karp, and W. Yoels, Experiencing the Life Cycle: A Sociology of Aging (Springfield, Illinois: Charles Thomas Co., 1993); D. Karp, L. Holmstrom, and P. Gray, Of roots and wings: Letting go of the college-bound child, Symbolic Interaction 27 (2004): 357382.]. ,       ,  1977   ,   1982-젖 ,       ,  .   1980- , ,    ,         ,       .        [3 - D.Karp, The Burden of Sympathy: How Families Cope with Mental Illness (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); D. Karp, Is It Me or My Meds? Living with Antidepressants (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006); D. Karp and G. Sisson (eds.), Voices from the Inside: Readings on the Sociology of Mental Health and Illness (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).]        (illness).      .

             蠖   ,    ,  , ,      .  ,   ,     [4 -          .: G. Fine, A Second Chicago School? The Development of a Postwar American Sociology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).],     ,          ,    ,  ,  , ,  [5 - .: N. Anderson, The Hobo; The Sociology of the Homeless Man (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1923); H. Zorbaugh, The Gold Coast and the Slum: A Sociological Study of Chicagos Near North Side (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1929); E. Sutherland, Professional Thief, by a Professional Thief (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1937); F. Thrasher, The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1927); W. I. Thomas and F. Znaniecki, The Polish Peasant in Europe and America; Monograph of an Immigrant Group (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1918).].           [6 -                 :       ,      . .: P. Berger, Invitation to Sociology: A Humanistic Perspective (Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1963).    : H. Becker, Whose side are we on?, Social Problems 14 (1967): 239247.], ,    , ,       ,   ,        .   :         , ,    ,      ,  .

 , ,            ,   ,  ,       ,          . ,   ,   .  ,  ,     ,    .  蠖      ,         ,      ,     . ,      , :    ,       ,   ?.        ,      .  ,       .    ,    .            [7 - A. Frank, The Wounded Storyteller: Body, Illness, and Ethics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), p. 25. . : A. Frank, Letting Stories Breathe: A Socio-Narratology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010).].  ,             .

 ,       ,               ,  . ,      MDDA (Manic Depression and Depression Association    - )[8 -         DBSA The Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (       ).  ,           - . DBSA         .],  .  ,       ,   ,   ,      ,    [9 -         Speaking of Sadness (.   .         . . .),       ,           .  2006             .   ,       ,   ,         .     .].    11       ,   , ,   (Time of Sorrow, Refection and Renewed Connection)[10 -  ,     ,      .], :

  ,  ,   MDDA     ,  ,   ,   ,   .   MDDA      ,      ,       ,  .            .    ; ,   ,  .            .



           ,     . ,   ,        ,          ,            .      ,     MDDA          [11 - D. Karp, Illness ambiguity and the search for meaning: A case study of a self-help group for affective disorders, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 21 (1992): 139170.],            .          ,           ; -           ,    .

    ,  , ,    ,    ,     .  ,           .          頖           -   .            ,  , ,           .  ,       ,   ,   1980          ,     .               .     ,              ,  (    )     ,  .

     ,         [12 -           : K. Jamison, An Unquiet Mind (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1995); M. Vonnegut, The Eden Express (New York: Praeger, 1975); K. Mille, The Loony-Bin Trip (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995); L. Slater, Prozac Diary (New York: Random House, 1998); S. Kayson, Girl Interrupted (New York: Turtle Bay Books, 1993).];      ,      20           ,        .          MDDA/DBSA,                       ,  ,      , - .               ,       .           .

         :          ,       ?         ,   ,         .    ,          ()[13 -   ,   ,         .      ,            .          .                    ()        .                 ,            .].       ,                 ,     ( )   ,   .


  

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 ,        ,     ,         .               ,   ,  ,       [15 - A. Strauss, Turning points in identity. In: C. Clark and H. Robboy (eds.), Social Interaction (New York: St. Martins, 1992).].  ,      ,           :

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       [16 - .: P. Conrad, The Medicalization of Society: On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable Disorders (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007).]    :

  ,         ,      ,        ,  ,   .      ,  []    ,   .           .    ,     ,   ,   . [ ,    ] ,          ,    .

       ,           ,       .    1996        .      ,    ,   72 .     ,      . , ,    ,      .   ,            ,      .   ()  ,   ,    ,      1990- .   ,       .            .  ,      ,       .


  

   . ,  -      ,  ,        .          .    ,       .  ,       ,     .  ,    ,      .  ,        ,      .           ,   .         .    ,       : ,        , :   ? ,     :   .  . ,  ,       ,        , ,     ,   ?.      :    ?..

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     ,          .     ,       ,  , ,     .     ,    ,        ,          .   ,       , , ,      .   20      ,         .    ,    :  ,  ,       .       ,     ,  ,     .    ,   ,    .      ,      .

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 .     ,     .  ,   ,      .      ,       ,   ,      .  ., ,     , ,      . -,             ,            .             , , ,      -  ,      .

   .      ,      .    ,       .        .       ,      ,    .   ,  .      ,    ,    (, ,   ),   .    ,                  .    2006  [18 - D. Karp, 2006, op. cit.]  ,        15  .        ,   ,  ,   ,     . ,            ,    .   , ,  ,   .   ,      .

                  .   ,    ,     ,        .   ,       ,     .      ,   ,  ,     ,         .  ,         ,  [19 - .: R. Whitaker, Anatomy of an Epidemic: Magic Bullets, Psychiatric Drugs, and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America (New York: Random House, 2010a), p. 130.].    ,   ,  :     ,     .  :           ,           .         , ,            ,     .

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    ,  ,   ,       ,    .   ,    ,    .    ,   45  ,  (Freidson, 1970: 336) :     젖   , ,   ,         ,   ,   []     [21 - E. Freidson, Profession of Medicine (New York: Harper and Row, 1970), p. 336.].  ࠖ  .  ,       .  ,        .

 ,      .       ,        ,  ,              ,       ,       .     ,   ,     [22 -    (. David Drew Pinsky, . 1958),   ;    (. Phillip Calvin McGraw, . 1950), ;    (. Mehmet Cengiz ?z, . 1960), ,     ,     . . .].             .           ,    ,     ,      .

   ,          ,  ,             . , ,  ,     ,      .      .              . ,       ,      .  -    ,          -          .                .

       ,              .       ,  ,          .   ,     ( ,  ,    )         . ,        . ,  ,     ,      .                     , ,    ,     ,      .        ,           ,       .


 

            .  1986          ,     .           [23 - P. Kramer, Listening to Prozac: A Psychiatrist Explores Antidepressant Drugs and the Remaking of the Self (New York: Penguin Books, 1993).].      ,       -.     ,   ,  ,       (    ),      ,       .        ,   ,  ,       .

,  ,  ,   ,   ,  .         ,   -       蠖  ,      젖   .       ,  -         .      .   ,  ,  ,      ,   .   ,             [24 - .: C. Barber, Comfortably Numb: How Psychiatry is Medicating A Nation (New York: Vintage Books, 2008).].   ,        (, , , , )           (DSM[25 - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM)      .       (American Psychiatric Association, APA).   ࠖ DSM-5,   2013 . . .]),    .    -      ,     , ,    ,          .

          ,         [26 - M. Foucault, Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Translated from the French by Richard Howard (New York: Vintage Books, 1973).].     ,  , .  ,      ,      .   XVII  ,    ,           .        XVIII                 ,      .           ,   .          . ,   ,      .   , ,      ,     ,         .

  ,      ,     .     ,     ,     [27 -           .: R. Whitaker, Mad In America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and the Enduring Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill (New York: Basic Books, 2010b).]. ,   ,        ,      .    堖   ,    ,    .      ,      (   )   .             1946    .   ,  ,   ,            .  50 000   ,     ,   ,   [28 -      ,   - ,            ,       - . .  .   .           : http://neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu/functional/psysurg.htm.].  , ,       ,     .             .   [29 - ., : Whitaker, 2010a, op. cit.; D. Healy, The Anti-Depressant Era (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995); D. Healy, The Creation of Psychopharmacology (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002).], , ,      , ,     .

        ,      .  ,   ,       ,       ,   ,     ,      .  ,        ,    ,        .     ,        .          ,          ,        .    ,    ,    ,     ,   1960- [30 -  ,   1960-  1970- ,       : E. Gofman, Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients (Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday Anchor, 1961a); T. Szasz, Ideology and Insanity: Essays on the Psychiatric Dehumanization of Man (Garden City, N. Y.: Anchor Books, 1970); T. Szasz, The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a theory of Personal Conduct (London, Paladin, 1972); R. Laing, The Politics of Experience (New York: Ballantine Books, 1967); T. Schef, Being Mentally Ill: A Sociological theory (Chicago: Aldine, 1966).].                ,       .  ,     [31 - T. Szasz, Ibid., Myth of Mental Illness.],            .

  XX     . ,             ;      ,           ,      .                 .        1960  1980        ,                  .             .         . , -     ,       .   ,      ,    .        ,         ,    .

 1952     ()       ,  DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders       ).    ,            .  ,      106   .    DSM   1968 .      ,      ,     182-.        ()   [32 - 蠖  ,      ,   ,    . . .],     .   -  ,                     .        .  ,    蠖    ,        .  ,       ,    .

      ,     ,         ,      .     ,     ,    50 000.       ,       ,   ,            [33 -          1967 .              .      ,         , ,         .             ,      .          -.][34 - Titicut Follies   (1967)       -,           . . .].        ,         .  ,     ,    ,       ,           . , , ,        ,   ,      蠖    ,      .

  1960-  1970-       (,   )    ,    .   ,       ,       ,            ,    ,      ,           .  , ,    [35 - Mothers Little Helper   Rolling Stones 1966      . . .].    1970-  ,        ,   .             . ,       .   ,      ,    ,   .

          1980  DSM-III.       265 .     ,  DSM-III        .      ,   ,     .         ,           (   ,  ,     ?),   .  DSM     . -              .           ,  ,      .  ,          .  ,           ,     .

DSM-III        . ,    ,    ,       .         ()  ,        ,    (). ,  ,  DSM       ,  ,   ,      .  ,    .        DSM   , ,     DSM       ,   젖   ,    [36 - G. Greenberg, The Book of Woe (New York: Blue Rider Group, Penguin Books, 2013), p. 167.].           DSM-III   :

DSM-III    ࠖ    ,       ,        .       ,     .             .             ,     ( . . .)[37 - A. Frances, Saving Normal: An Insiders Revolt Against Out-of-Control Psychiatric Diagnosis, DSM-5, Big Pharma, and the Medicalization of Ordinary Life (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2013), p. 67.].



,      1994  DSM-IV,                ,   ,           .       DSM,    ,        , ,                        .        , ,    ,   ,            [38 -          ,      . A. Frances, Ibid., p. 77113.]     DSM.

,   DSM    2013 . DSM-5,           ,   .     ,    350  ,        .              ,    ,  ,   ,      .   , ,       , ,    ,      .     ,     DSM  .     ⠖   1973         .  ,      ,  ,   ,   .   ,     DSM-5       (, ,   ),         .




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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 ,    . . .




2


         : D. Karp, G. Stone, and W. Yoels, Being Urban: A Sociology of City Life, 2nd ed. (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1991); J. Clair, D. Karp, and W. Yoels, Experiencing the Life Cycle: A Sociology of Aging (Springfield, Illinois: Charles Thomas Co., 1993); D. Karp, L. Holmstrom, and P. Gray, Of roots and wings: Letting go of the college-bound child, Symbolic Interaction 27 (2004): 357382.




3


D.Karp, The Burden of Sympathy: How Families Cope with Mental Illness (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); D. Karp, Is It Me or My Meds? Living with Antidepressants (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006); D. Karp and G. Sisson (eds.), Voices from the Inside: Readings on the Sociology of Mental Health and Illness (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).




4


         .: G. Fine, A Second Chicago School? The Development of a Postwar American Sociology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).




5


.: N. Anderson, The Hobo; The Sociology of the Homeless Man (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1923); H. Zorbaugh, The Gold Coast and the Slum: A Sociological Study of Chicagos Near North Side (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1929); E. Sutherland, Professional Thief, by a Professional Thief (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1937); F. Thrasher, The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1927); W. I. Thomas and F. Znaniecki, The Polish Peasant in Europe and America; Monograph of an Immigrant Group (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1918).




6


                :       ,      . .: P. Berger, Invitation to Sociology: A Humanistic Perspective (Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1963).    : H. Becker, Whose side are we on?, Social Problems 14 (1967): 239247.




7


A. Frank, The Wounded Storyteller: Body, Illness, and Ethics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), p. 25. . : A. Frank, Letting Stories Breathe: A Socio-Narratology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010).




8


        DBSA The Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (       ).  ,           - . DBSA         .




9


        Speaking of Sadness (.   .         . . .),       ,           .  2006             .   ,       ,   ,         .     .




10


 ,     ,      .




11


D. Karp, Illness ambiguity and the search for meaning: A case study of a self-help group for affective disorders, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 21 (1992): 139170.




12


          : K. Jamison, An Unquiet Mind (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1995); M. Vonnegut, The Eden Express (New York: Praeger, 1975); K. Mille, The Loony-Bin Trip (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995); L. Slater, Prozac Diary (New York: Random House, 1998); S. Kayson, Girl Interrupted (New York: Turtle Bay Books, 1993).




13


  ,   ,         .      ,            .          .                    ()        .                 ,            .




14


.: E. Hughes, Men and their Work (New York: Free Press, 1958).




15


A. Strauss, Turning points in identity. In: C. Clark and H. Robboy (eds.), Social Interaction (New York: St. Martins, 1992).




16


.: P. Conrad, The Medicalization of Society: On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable Disorders (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007).




17


   : D. Karp, Social science, progress, and the ethnographers craft, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 28 (1999): 597609.




18


D. Karp, 2006, op. cit.




19


.: R. Whitaker, Anatomy of an Epidemic: Magic Bullets, Psychiatric Drugs, and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America (New York: Random House, 2010a), p. 130.




20


   ,              .




21


E. Freidson, Profession of Medicine (New York: Harper and Row, 1970), p. 336.




22


   (. David Drew Pinsky, . 1958),   ;    (. Phillip Calvin McGraw, . 1950), ;    (. Mehmet Cengiz ?z, . 1960), ,     ,     . . .




23


P. Kramer, Listening to Prozac: A Psychiatrist Explores Antidepressant Drugs and the Remaking of the Self (New York: Penguin Books, 1993).




24


.: C. Barber, Comfortably Numb: How Psychiatry is Medicating A Nation (New York: Vintage Books, 2008).




25


Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM)      .       (American Psychiatric Association, APA).   ࠖ DSM-5,   2013 . . .




26


M. Foucault, Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Translated from the French by Richard Howard (New York: Vintage Books, 1973).




27


          .: R. Whitaker, Mad In America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and the Enduring Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill (New York: Basic Books, 2010b).




28


     ,   - ,            ,       - . .  .   .           : http://neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu/functional/psysurg.htm.




29


., : Whitaker, 2010a, op. cit.; D. Healy, The Anti-Depressant Era (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995); D. Healy, The Creation of Psychopharmacology (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002).




30


 ,   1960-  1970- ,       : E. Gofman, Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients (Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday Anchor, 1961a); T. Szasz, Ideology and Insanity: Essays on the Psychiatric Dehumanization of Man (Garden City, N. Y.: Anchor Books, 1970); T. Szasz, The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a theory of Personal Conduct (London, Paladin, 1972); R. Laing, The Politics of Experience (New York: Ballantine Books, 1967); T. Schef, Being Mentally Ill: A Sociological theory (Chicago: Aldine, 1966).




31


T. Szasz, Ibid., Myth of Mental Illness.




32


蠖  ,      ,   ,    . . .




33


         1967 .              .      ,         , ,         .             ,      .          -.




34


Titicut Follies   (1967)       -,           . . .




35


Mothers Little Helper   Rolling Stones 1966      . . .




36


G. Greenberg, The Book of Woe (New York: Blue Rider Group, Penguin Books, 2013), p. 167.




37


A. Frances, Saving Normal: An Insiders Revolt Against Out-of-Control Psychiatric Diagnosis, DSM-5, Big Pharma, and the Medicalization of Ordinary Life (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2013), p. 67.




38


         ,      . A. Frances, Ibid., p. 77113.


