.     ,   
 


,   :  
    ,           ,         .





 

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   ( 38, 1619),

  ( 12, 915, 2836),

  ( 2027),

  (,  3738)



 . 

  . 

 . , . 

  . 

  . 



 Daniel Yergin, 1991, 1992, 2008, 2011, 2012

   , 2018



  .           () .  ,  ,   ,  ,   ,          .  ,   ,     ,  ,          ,      ,   ,       .

,      ,  ,   ,        () ,        ,    .


* * *




       ,    .

Newsweek



    ,    ,        .

Time



      .

The New York Times Book Review



       :   ,        .

The Washington Post Book World



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Los Angeles Times



    ,       .    ,             ,    ,         ,      ꠖ ,  ,           :   .

Chicago Tribune Book World



     ,   ,             ,       .

 ,   The Seven Sisters, The Spectator



       .         XX     , ,      ,       ,  ,       ,   .

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,   ,          XX .

London Evening Standard



      -    (   )          XX 堖  蠖  .

Business Week



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Funancial Times, 



        堖  -     .

London Daily Mail



   ,       XX              .

Houston Chronicle



      ,       .

The New Yorker



   ,   .

The Economist



           ,   ,       .

The Independent



              .

Asahi Shimbun, 



        ,    .       ,   ,  ,    .

Far Eastern Economic Review



         ໠     ,   ,    ,         

The National Review



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Inc.



       .

Nihon Keizai Shimbun, The Japan Economic Journal


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 !         .           ,    ,           .

       .  ,     ,         .

 ,            . , , ,                 ,           .       ,   ,   .

  :        ,         ,      .    :         .

 ,    ,     ,       .     ໠  ,  ,      - ,   ,    ,   .    -      ,    , 頖        .    ,             .   .

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             .

         .  -      (     ),                 ,      .      ,     ,    38.

    .    2004. ,      $2228  .        $147,27,    $30     $100.    ,      ,       .    :      , , ,    ,    .  ,        .

 ,    ,     .               ,  ,   .        .       ,      .  1993.    .           ,      頖    .

         ,         .     10%   .         ,      .        .

          XIX.  堖  ,   .        ,      .     ,   ,        ,    Standard Oil,   .    XX.      .      1905.  ,     1917.       ,    ,    1920.  ,    .      ,      ,   ,        .

         - ,       .  1960- .       ,  ,  1970- .,   .             .

     1970- .      1973.,        ,         10-    .  ,     ,     .              ,         .       ,    , ,      :      .      ()  [1 -  .  .    . .:   , 2007.].

 1985.       ,       .      ,   .     ,     ,    ,           .                  .   1980- .   624     (12,5   ),        569    (11,4   ).

                    ,             .        ?      .               ?

    .   ,      ,          ,       ,               .   ,   [2 - Vagit Alekperov, Oil of Russia: Past, Present & Future (Minneapolis: East View Press, 2011), pp. 323328.].

         .          ,      ,       .       ࠖ      Ѡ     .

         1991.            .                ,    ,        .

          ,     .              1403,    1992.       .

   ,   . -     .         , ,     ,   .  ,   , ..    .

 , ,   75% .      2006.         .

       -. ,   ,       .     ,       ,  ,        30 . -    2003.          .          ,           .    ,  ,   ,     .  绠      .

    75%    .  25%    ,         ,       .

   ,                   .          ,         50%,  6   .      .     젖    ,    ,    ,        ,      . ,         .

         1998.,            .   1999.  .  2000.,        ,     .        ,  ,        .       ,   .

,       ,     ,         . -,           ,  -           - . ,         .             ,          .

     ,      ,               .      ,     .          .            ( )       .       ,          .

  ,   ( )   ,           .   ,    ,       ,      ,        ,    .          ,         ,  ,     .  ,  ,         .    ,        ,      .

         ,       軠       ࠖ       .        ,      ,           .            20082009.

    ,      ࠖ    .      ,       2020-   2025.    蠖   ,  ,  ,   .

 ,          ,      ,       .

           ,      ,    ,      .

 ,  ,        ,        ,     .



 ,
7  2011.







       .    1911. ,    ,     ⻠     ,               .         .        ,   ,       .        ,      .

 1  1911.        ,    .               .        ,     ,       .          ;       , ,        .          .    ,   ,     ,  .        .          ,           .             .

      ,            .    ,       蠖        .       ,   ,         .   ,         XX.     ,                ,    .      ,       ,  .     ࠖ        ⠖     ,    .           ,           .

  .   ,     [3 - Randolph S. Churchill, Winston Churchill, vol. 2, Young Statesman, 19011914 (London: Heinemann, 1968), p. 529 (bully); Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. 1 (New York: Scribners, 1928), pp. 13036.].

       ,        ,    ,      ,        XX .        ,     .

  1990- .  80    ,     ,         , ,  ,   ,      . 2 1990.    XX ,    ,    .        ,    .   .                  ,      .     ,                .  ,      .

            ,       .  1990.,         ,    ,      ,   ,     .     .   XX.  -   ,    .

        XIX.,  XX.     .        .

        .         ,    ,      XIX.  Standard Oil,        XIX.,           .    -,                ,  ,  ,  , ,      XX.       ,     ,   ,    ,    .               ,       .

    XXI ,  ,            ,    .          .        Fortune 500    .     ,   -      ;         , , ,      .     ,          ,  ,        .    , ࠖ     ,    .     ,     [4 -    .].

    ,               .               ,          .               ,    .   -         -.                .         ,          .                        .   1956.,        ,     ,   .  1970- .    ,            ,       ,       .          1990- .    .

   ,      .       ,    .  砖           1970-  1980- .   ,     ,        .  ,  -       ,     ,   5560%   ,                  .

       .  ,  ,                   .          .   -   ,         .

    蠖  ,     ,  ,   ,  .                  ,       .   XIX           ,     .         ,       2   ,   ,        .    ,    , ,     ,    ,   ,    .     ,    .

 XX.                 .         ,     ,    .      ,        ,         .   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,    .       .  (  )      ,      ;       ,       .      ,         蠖 ,  ,        .

    XX           ,   .  XXI    .               ,        ,   ,     .            ࠖ ,    ,  ,  ,      ,    堖  .          . ,         ,      ,   ,          ,            .         ,      .

 , ,     ,      ,      ,     .           ,   ,    .                .   1990- .  2008.       30%,  67  86   .               ,   堖     .        ,   ,         ,   ,  , ..       .

       ,   .  ࠖ  . 堖   ,     .    ,     ,        .       蠖 ,    ,    ,  ,  ,  , .    .       ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .

    ,       ,    -,      .        ,     ,      .  ,    , ,          ,         .




 I

-





 1

   : 



     $526,08.

    50- . XIX       ,       ,    ,     ,        $526,08.     1854.  .    ,    ,   .     ,   .        ,       , - ,   ,     -.         ,       ,          .

  , ,   ,     ,    ,                .             ,           -,      - .           :      ,        ,   .          .

  ,             ,    .      ,        ,    1850- .  ,  ,         ,         ,      XIX .   ,           .      ,              .    ,  ,    ,        .    . ,    ,         ࠖ  .




   


        ,         ,  ,  -,     . ,   ,     .         ,     .   12     ,      ,       .           ,     ,   .      ,     ,    .          ⠖  ,   ,      , ,    ,    .  1853.        , ,      ,  ,   :      .   ,    ,  -,    -  ,               ,    .          ࠖ     .

 ,             頖    , ,  , , , ,          .    ໠    ,    ,  ,       .            :

		     
		     ;
		    ,
		      .

 ,      .     ,   ,          ,   ,           .  ,         .       ,          ,         [5 - George Bissell: Compiled by his Grandson, Pelham St. George Bissell, Dartmouth College Library; Paul H. Giddens, The Birth of the Oil Industry (New York: Macmillan, 1938), p. 52, chap. 3; Harold F. Williamson and Arnold R. Daum, The American Petroleum Industry, vol. 1, The Age of Illumination, 18591899 (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1959), pp. 2324. Giddens and Williamson and Daum are basic sources. Paul H. Giddens, Pennsylvania Petroleum, 17501872: A Documentary History (Titusville: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1947), p. 54 (Seneca oil); J.T. Henry, The Early and Later History of Petroleum (Philadelphia: Jas. B. Rodgers Co., 1873), pp. 8283; Henry H. Townsend, New Haven and the First Oil Well (New Haven, 1934), pp. 13 (curative powers and poem).].




 


       ?      ,    1854.                .  堖  ,         ,           .

       . , ,  ,  ,          XIX.      ,        ,       .   XIX.      ,         .

    ,   ,       .        ,     .    ,    .            .            ,    ,   ,      .      :          !

      ,       ,      ,  .    ,      ,        .   ,  ,      ,             .      .  㠖  !   .    $526,08 (   $5000   ),     ,    $100       -.  ,  ,   ,   .     ,      .   ,         .    ,    .  ,    ,    .  ,    ,          ,      ,     .

   .     ,    .     㠖 .          ,       ,   - . ,  16  1855.,        .      , ,   ,   .  ,    ,    ,       .          .     ,   ,   ,    ,       .         . ,    ,  ,    ,      ,             .      ,        .

  ,      ,           .    200 ,     ,   Pennsylvania Rock Oil mpany.      ,        .

     ,        .       ?  ,        . ,   ,        .         ,        ,      [6 - Gerald T. White, Scientists in Conflict: The Beginnings of the Oil Industry in California (San Marino: Huntington Library, 1968), pp. 3845 (on Silliman); Petroleum Gazette, April 8, 1897, p. 8; Paul H. Giddens, The Begnnings of the Oil Industry: Sources and Bibliography (Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical Commission, 1941), pp. 23 (I can promise), 62 (unexpected success); Giddens, Beginnings of the Oil Industry: Sources, pp. 3335, 40 (hardest times), 38, 8 (turning point); B. Silliman, Jr., Report on the Rock Oil, or Petroleum, from Venango Co., Pennsylvania (New Haven: J. H. Benham's, 1855), pp. 910, 20.].




  


,        ,    .                 ,      ,         ,      .    ,     ,      .          ,    ,         堖    ,     .  ,       ,     ,     $2,50  .      ,      .      . ,    .    ,   ,    ,            .    ,    ,                 .     ,          .       .        ,      ,            .

   1840-  1850- .              .       ,       ,      ,        .

   ,     ( ,    )       ,    ,       .        .      ,     ,               Guys Hospital.   ,          -.                  .       젖     ????? ()  elaion,     .       ,         .  1854.           ,     ""         .

 -         ,   1859.  5000   .       .

          .            .  1859. 34     ,   ,    ,   $5  .    ,      ,    ,        ,     .        ,            -[7 - Abraham Gesner, A Practical Treatise on Coal, Petroleum, and Other Distilled Oils, ed. George W. Gesner, 2d ed. (New York: Baillie're Bros., 1865), chap. 1; Henry, Early and Later History of Petroleum, p. 53; Kendall Beaton, Dr. Gesner's Kerosene: The Start of American Oil Refining, Business History Review 29 (March 1955), pp. 3541 (new liquid hydrocarbon); Gregory Patrick Nowell, Realpolitik vs. Transnational Rent-Seeking: French Mercantilism and the Development of the World Oil Cartel, 18601939 (Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1988), pp. 10408; Business History Review, ed., Oil's First Century (Boston: Harvard Business School, 1960), pp. 8 (coal oils), 19 (impetuous energy).].

 ,      .        ,  ,         ,         3000.  .. .             ,    .  I.  ..        :       ,             .   ,          ,   ,       .

                 .         .  ,            ,   ,  .       ,     ,  .      .    ,   I.  ..   ,         ,     1850- .  ,     ,  ,  , ,   ,   ,  ,  ,           .    , ,   ,    ,   .

, ,     :          ,    .    :

		     
		 .   .

           ,    :        .     ,  ,    ,   ,  .   VII. ..       ,       ,    .        .      ,                .          ,  [8 - R.J. Forbes, Bitumen and Petroleum in Antiquity (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1936), pp. 1121, 57 (incredible miracles), 92 (eyelashes), 9599; R.J.Forbes, Studies in Early Petroleum History (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1958), pp. 15053; R. J. Forbes, More Studies in Early Petroleum History (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1959), pp. 20 (unwearied fire), 71 (pitch and tow).].

 ,          .  ,             . ,    ,           ,         .   ,   堖    ,  ,    ,  , ,           ,         .          ,     ,     ,   .

 -   ,     ,             ,    (    ,  ,  ),    .       ,    ,     .           ,      .  1854.     ,   1859.      ,   150       ,  -.     1859. 堖     蠖     36 000 .              .

     1850- .     : -,      , -,    ,   .       .     -   ,           .                .   -    ,    .         ,        ,      [9 - S. J. M. Eaton, Petroleum: A History of the Oil Region of Venango County, Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: J. B. Skelly & Co., 1865), pp. 21113; Beaton, Dr. Gesner's Kerosene, pp. 4445.].

,       ,         .               .        .  ,         ,          .     .          ࠖ ,        ,                 .

   ,       蠖  .     .  1500            3000 .   1830- .       ,       .   ,    1856.,             .    ,           .   ,     ,     ,       ꠖ   ,     .            .    蠖      堖   ,    ,  .  ,        ?         .

         Pennsylvania Rock Oil mpany         .  ,   .       :   ,   ,  ,     .        .      ,     .       .       ,     -:   - ,  ? ! !     .      .       ?[10 - Brief Development of the Petroleum Industry in Penn. Prepared at the Request of and Under the Supervision of James M. Townsend, D-14, Drake Well Museum (Oh Townsend).]







     ,      .      ,       .             ,               Tontina  -.          .            ,         ࠖ   ,     .       ,         .     ,        ,       ,  .         ,         . 堖 .       ,    .    ,         ,          .  ,     ,     , .

   ,         .       ,        ,        ,   . .    .  ,      1857.        ,  . ,  ,   .        ,  (  )        - .      ,  125 ,    ,         .         , ,      ,          .

     頖      ,   .         -        ,      .   :    ,              .     ,      .    ,       ,    , ,         .

    -     .  1858.          .          , Seneca Oil Company,     .             -,  ,                 .         :     ,    ,        :    - ,        .    .        ,      , ,      .           ,   ,         .                 .     .          ,   .   ,        ,       .         ,   -    .

 1859.     .         ,         .  -     ,         .            . ,         .   ,    -   .       .   .   ,            .        .    , ,     ,     ,      -.      1859.

27  1859.       ࠖ   69            .      .   ,  ,     .   ,                .         .       堖            ,    .      ,    ,     蠖  .             .   ,       ,     ࠖ   .   ,  .   . ,       -,     :    ,                .             ,         .

       . ,      .          ?     - ,       ,      ,      .  ,       ,      .          .         ,       .    ,   .       .      - ,            [11 - E. L. Drake manuscript, D-96, Drake Well Museum, p. 4 (I had made up my mind); Herbert Asbury, The Golden Flood: An Informal History of America's First Oil Field (New York: Knopf, 1942), pp. 5253 (Drake to Townsend); Giddens, Birth of the Oil Industry, pp. 3031, 5961 (Yankee).].




  


      ,         堖  .          :    ,               . ,      , ,     ,    , ,   ,               ,    ,   .

 ,   ,   ,     .     ,        -.         ,    .         .     ,   ,     ,   .      ,          :    ,     .    -  .   ,       .

     .             ,          ,      .    ,                ,       -     .       ,                  .  , ,       ,    , ,   ,  .     ,    ,     .      .      ,    ,            ,         .  :               .

  ,     .   ,        -,    .   ,    ,   ,    .  1866.     ,   ,  ,   .             ,    ,    .   ,   .     1873.        ,        ,        .

         .  ,      ,         ,   .   ,       ,     .   :      ,         [12 - Forbes, More Studies in Early Petroleum History, p. 141 (light of the age); Giddens, Beginnings of the Oil Industry: Sources, pp. 8183 (Bissell to wife), 59 (I claim); Leon Burr Richardson, Brief Biographies of Buildings Bissell Hall, Dartmouth Alumni Magazine, February 1943, pp. 1819; Henry, Early and Later History of Petroleum, p. 349 (name and fame); Townsend, Brief Development, D-14, Drake Well Museum (whole plan); Giddens, Pennsylvania Petroleum, p. 189 (milk of human kindness).].




 


  ,      蠖 堖 ,    ,       ,   ,      .    ,     .                 ;                   .   , ,  .

 ,     ,   .       -,    1860.,  15        ,     ,  75    .         ,      1860.       ,    ,   ,       .. .. ,   ,   ,   50                  .

  ,           -     ,    -        ,    .           ,   1860.   15      ,     . ,      ,     1860. ,    .     ,  ,    .    :  1860.      ,     .

        ,      .    1861.,       ,         3000   .       ,       ,        ,    19 .          ,  ,  -,   ,            .

     :  450 000   1860.  3   1862-.       .  ,    1861. $10,   50      10    1861.    .             ,           ,   .      ,    1862.    $4       1863.  $7,25  .     ,          .          $15 000     [13 - Giddens, Birth of the Oil Industry, pp. 71 (hive of bees), 169, 95 (mine is ruined).].

        , ,       .       ,    ,   ,   .               ,      .        .   ,      ࠖ      .                .

         ,     ,            ,     $13,75  .      ,    .    -     ,     ,  -           .      ,           ,      .     -.   ,      ,     ,          ,        ,     ,    ,   ,   ,   [14 - Paul H. Giddens, The American Petroleum Industry: Its Beginnings in Pennsylvania! (New York: Newcomen Society, 1959), p. 28; Giddens, Birth of the Oil Industry, pp. 87, 12324 (profits of petroleum and assailed Congress), chap. 9.].

  -      ,     ,  -,  15   .       1865.  ;      ,   2000         ,     ,     .  ,   , ,   ,  .  , ,   .   ,        ,    $1,3   1865.,  ,     ,   $2.      -  6000         .             15 000 . New York Herald ,          ,  The Nation :    ,         ,         .         :    ,  ,   , ,  ,  ,    50 ,           ,     5000   .

        ,   .        ,    1866.,       ,        . ,     , .    ,   1865.  $2,  1878-     $4,36.

  ,     .       3,6   1866. ,         ,          ,    .          ,   ,         .

		   蠖 -, , ,
		         ,
		    :     
		         .

		   ࠖ  ,     ,
		     .    .
		   ,  , ,   .
		    ,      [15 - Giddens, Birth of the Oil Industry, p. 137 (smells); William  Darrah, Pithole: The Vanished City (Gettysburg, Pa., 1972), pp. 3435 (liquor and leases and vile liquor), 23031; Giddens, American Petroleum Industry, p. 21 (song titles); Paul H. Giddens, Early Days of Oil: A Pictorial History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1948), p. 17 (Oil on the brain).].




  


          .              ,             .     ,     .       .  ࠖ    ,    .    ,       .

                  ࠖ ,       .           ,          .             , ,       ,     ,          .

      ,             ,  ,             .                  ,      .       ,   .    ,                 .       .           ,        .        [16 - Williamson and Daum, Age of Illumination, pp. 37577, 759 (hidden veins), app. E; August W. Giebelhaus, Business and Government in the Oil Industry: A Case Study of Sun Oil, 18761945 (Greenwich: JAI Press, 1980), p. 2.].

   ,      ,         ,        ,   ,        ,   .    ,     .      ࠖ  . -      ,     ,       ,         ,  -  . ,    ,         ,    ,    ,       .

-     ,  ,    ,  ,         ,      .  ,  ,  ,         ,   .        ,      1865.     ,   .   ,     ,   . , , , , , ,      ࠖ  ,    .      ,        -  ,  .  ,  ,  ,       ,   ,   ,        .   , 堖  ,      .     .   :       [17 - Andrew Cone and Walter R. Johns, Petrolia: A Brief History of the Pennsylvania Petroleum Region (New York: D. Appleton, 1870), pp. 99100 (Oil Creek mud); Henry, Early and Later History of Petroleum, p. 286; Giddens, Birth of the Oil Industry, pp. 12526 (oil and land excitement); Samuel W. Tait, Jr., The Wildcatters: An Informal History of Oil-Hunting in America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1946), pp. 2631.].

 렖       .     18661867.,      $2,40  .       , - ,        -.  ,       .

    ,   ,       .        .  ,    ,              ,          -.        蠖  .    1863  1865.,     ,   ,        . ,    ,  ,  ,   .    .  1866.       ,      ,    .

    ,      .      ,  ,   ,  .         .   ,          ,              -.   1870- .     , -,  -      -.       . -       .        10 .   ,              .      ,         .                    .  ,             .

    1871.        ,      .          .        ,         ,     .       ,        堖    ,   ,    , ,     , ,  ,     [18 - John J. McLaurin, Sketches in Crude Oil, 3rd ed. (Franklin, Penn., 1902), 3d ed., pp. 31621; Giddens, Birth of the Oil Industry, pp. 18283 (favorite speculative commodity); John H. Barbour, Sketch of the Pittsburgh Oil Exchange, Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine 11 (July 1928), pp. 12743.].

    ? ,        ,   .    ,         ,         ,   .        ,         .       .




 2

 :      



-   1865.  ,  ,   .             ,         .               ,      .           ,     , ,   ,             .        ,          .    ,   .

   $500    .      $72 000.    72 500.    .     , ,  .    .        ,   ,    ,   .    ,  .

     ,    ,     ,     .

       .        .      Standard Oil ,                  ,   ,    .   ,    ,    XIX.    ,            [19 - John D. Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences of Men and Events (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1909), p. 81 (I'll go no higher); Allan Nevins, Study in Power: John D. Rockefeller, Industrialist and Philanthropist (New York: Scribners, 1953), vol. 1, pp. 3536 (I ever point). Nevins remains the standard biographical source.].




  


   Standard Oil    ,        1865.  ,   26 ,     .   ,     , ,   .           ,            .  ,     .

   ,    .                    .        ,           堖  -  ,  - .      ,      ,        .         -   .

   1839.      -     堖  1937.        ,       ,     ,      . -     .  ,          .

       堖 , , , ,   ,       .         堖  .         .       ,   .        ,     .  ,    .        .           ,       .

  - ,  16          .  1859.           .     ,   ,   .    ,      .                .    , ,    ,       ,     .     ,   ,   .                 .

           ,   1863.        .         .       ,             .   ,       ,       ,     . ,  1865.,           , ,       ,     ࠖ    30   [20 - David Freeman Hawke, John D.: The Founding Father of the Rockefellers (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), pp. 26, 27; Grace Goulder, John D. Rockefeller: The Cleveland Years (Cleveland: Western Reserve Historical Society, 1972), p. 10 (trade with the boys); John K. Winkler, John D.: A Portrait in Oils (New York: Vanguard Press, 1929), p. 14; Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, pp. 1014 (something big and methodical); Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, p. 46 (intimate conversations).].




 -


           .      1865.         ,       ,    .    ,   ,   ,      .          .      XIX.         ,  ,  ,  ,     .      - (   )     ,           .  ,       ,   ,      ,     .

     ,     ,        .     ,     ,   1866.    -           .        .         $2.

       ,      ,         .          .        ,       .     ,     : , , 蠖    .  ,       ,    ,     ,        .     ,     .

      ,        ,     .      蠖            ,            .     ,    ,    ,      -    .    ,       ,    .    1860- .      ,        ,     ,          .             ,    ,          .

       :   ,          ,               ,     .      ,   .       ,      .         ,      .             ,     ,  .       1860- .  , ,      [21 - Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, p. 19 (Great Game); Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, pp. 81 (All sorts), 21 (bookkeeper); John Ise, The United States Oil Policy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), pp. 4849.].

 1867.    ,  ,     Standard Oil   ,  .    14    ,  20      ,     .  1858.       젖   ,    .       ,         .      ,         .

   ,    ,   ,       .               .   ,  , ,         .    :            .           .

     ,        .           : ,   ,  ,   .   ,      ,  ,     ,    .      .   , ,  ,       .   ,     ,          .        ,   ,     ,         --.

       .  ,    ,       .    ,   ,         ,    ,     ,   .      ,        蠖  ,    Union Club      .    ,  ,     ,  ,     .

       ,       Standard Oil.                   .        ,  ,      Standard Oil,     .

,                ,        ,              .        .  ,  Standard Oil    ,      .          ,        ,      ,        . ,     Standard Oil,    .

 Standard Oil   .          .         ,   -.   ,   ,  25      ,    Standard Oil! ,  ,     Standard Oil,        .      ,  ,    ,  Standard Oil.    ,  Standard Oil,       ,       [22 - Edward N. Akin, Flagler: Rockefeller Partner and Florida Baron (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1988), pp. 318, 19 (competition and Keep your head), 27 (A friendship); Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, pp. 11 (vim and push), 13 (walks), 19; John T. Flynn, God's Gold: The Story of Rockefeller and His Times (London: George Harrap & Co., 1933), p. 172 (bold, unscrupulous); John W. Martin, Henry M. Flagler (18301913): Florida's East Coast Is His Monument! (New York: Newcomen Society, 1956), pp. 811 (American Riviera).].




  


     ,        ,         .   1860- .,       ,     .   ࠖ       .       ,  .  1865-  1870.     .    ,        .

       .  ,     ,         .       ,      . ,    ,       . 10  1870.          Standard Oil Company.        ,      .       ,     .       ,     ,   ,      ,      .      ,            .     .      ,   :    ,    ?

       , Standard Oil   ,           .       ,   1871.      .      ,     .  ,    ,  .                 .  1864.      .     ,     ,      :     ,        .        ,               .         , ,     -     ,     . ,  1872.,      ,       :  ,        .

                  .    -    ,   .      ,         :    ,        .         ,     .  , ,  ,        .   ,    .   ,     ,          ,     .

Standard Oil    ,   ,        .         .   1872.     ,            -.  ,        South Improvement Company.    ?    ?           [23 - John G. McLean and Robert W. Haigh, The Growth of Integrated Oil Companies (Boston: Harvard Business School, 1954), pp. 5963; W. Trevor Halliday, John D. Rockefeller (18391937): Industrial Pioneer and Man (New York: Newcomen Society, 1948), p. 14 (standard quality); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, pp. 8083 (Who would ever), 97 (independently rich), 99100 (idea was mine); Hawke, John D., pp. 4446, 54 (independence of woman), Dictation by Mr. Rockefeller, June 7, 1904, Rockefeller family, JDR, Jr., Business Interviews, Box 118, S.O. Company Misc. folder, Rockefeller archives (It was desirable).].

South Improvement Company            .        , ,        ,       ,       .            .           ,        ,    ,    .     , -    ,     ,    .

 South Improvement Company     .    ,            ,       ,     ,    .               ,   South Improvement Company.    .  ,    蠖   .       ,    40 . ,    ,      .     Standard Oil  ,     1200 ,     ,      70 .       .    ,      ,      " ".    ,     ,   .              :        .

     1872.  ,  ,  , ,      South Improvement Company   .     .   ,     South Improvement Company,        .    ,   :    .        South Improvement Company.   1872.                 -,          .       .

1870- .     .     ,  .     ,    .         ,               .  ,     48     3  ,         .      .       ,     .  ,    ,    -  .   ,    XIX        16 000  .      , 堖 ,    ,    ,   ,         ,       .    ,           .  ,    ,   .    [24 - Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, pp. 107 (crudest), 117 (Monster and Forty Thieves), 128, 11415 (newspaper articles and private contracts), 104 (try our plan), 172 (mining camp); Chester McArthur Destler, Roger Sherman and the Independent Oil Men (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1967), pp. 28, 34 (but one buyer), 37 (dry up Titusville).].




  


      ,   ,             컠   .    ,  ,     ,   .  ,             .

Standard           .     ,      .  ,  Standard Oil ,   ,      .         .      , Standard Oil    ,    , ,   ,   . Standard Oil     ,     . ,  Standard Oil    ,     .

  ,   ,   :   ,    ,     .    ,       .

  Standard Oil    ,   ,        Standard Oil.     ,    ,      ,        .       Standard     蠖  Standard Oil  .          .    !   .           ,    ,    ?

 1879.    . Standard Oil .   90%   ,   ,         .    .       .   ,          Standard        .   Standard Oil      1870- .,     [25 - David Freeman Hawke, ed., John D. Rockefeller Interview, 19171920: Conducted by William O. Inglis (Westport, Conn, Meckler Publishing, 1984), pp. 4 (cut-throat), 6 (safe and profitable); Hawke, John D., pp. 79 (war or peace), 106 (good sweating), 170 (brass band); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, pp. 216 (feel sick), 224 (barrel famine), 223 (Morose); Akin, Flagler, p. 67 (blankets); McLean and Haigh, Integrated Oil, p. 63.].




 


   ,    ,   ,     ,          Standard    ࠖ     .  ,   ,   ,       ,    .         110          .      .     ,  Standard Oil    .       ,    .      1879.    .     ,        .        .            .

                Standard Oil,   ,         .    . Standard Oil   ,            , -,   .     Standard Oil                ,        .    ,              Standard Oil.     Standard Oil    ,      [26 - Archbold to Rockefeller, September 2, 1884, Box 51, Archbold folder (1.51.379), Business Interests, 18791894, RG 1.2, Rockefeller archives; Jerome Thomas Bentley, The Effects of Standard Oil's Vertical Integration into Transportation on the Structure and Performance of the American Petroleum Industry, 18721884 (Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh, 1976), p. 27.].

,         ,        .   1870- .            .     Standard Oil Company   ,   ,      ,     ,    .       -         Standard Oil.                 Standard,    ,        .     ,                 .        .      -      ,    .








         ,    ,       .    ,    .    Standard Oil              Chicago Tribune,    ,    ,      Atlantic Monthly  1881.     ,     .  ,  Standard Oil Company   ,          .         Standard Oil. ,   ,     Standard Oil,    .      .          :   ,   [27 - Archbold to Rockefeller, August 15, 1888, Box 51, Archbold folder (1.51.378), Business Interests, 18791894, RG 1.2, Rockefeller archives; Destler, Roger Sherman, pp. 85 (overweening), 95 (Autocrat), 132 (gang of thieves); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, p. 337 (Rockefeller will get you).].







                 .   ,               .  ,         ,  Standard Oil        ,  .          -,    90%           .       ,          Standard Oil         .       .    Standard Oil,          .           .     ,     Standard Oil Company, ,      .

   ,         Standard Oil,    2  1882.           1870-  1880-.  ,    :         .   ,    ,              ,    ,  .       ,      .

         ,   .    ,        ,  Standard Oil.      700 000 ,   191 700  , 60 000 .        41   Standard Oil       14 ,    ,  26  .        ,        .     ,     .        ,    ,       ,      .     Standard Oil     ,       .              .          .           ,          .

    .      ?           ,  ,     300   ?         .    , , ,   ,   ,  ,   , ,   .        .       ,            .     ,    ,   .      ,      .     -          : , ,    ,  ,    ,        ,     [28 - Interview with Mr. Rogers, 1903, T-003, Tarbell papers (every foot and inheritance); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, pp. 13234 (pleasant and clamorer); . . White folder (87.1.59), Box 134, Business Interests, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., papers, Rockefeller archives (stockholding); Ralph W. Hidy and Muriel E. Hidy, History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) vol. 1, Pioneering in Big Business, 18821911 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1955), p. 6 (You gentlemen).].

  Standard Oil 1870- .        1880-堖  .    ,   ,   ,    ,     .      .   1880- .    Standard Oil  ,   ,  -,       . Standard Oil       ,      .        ,   .     , Standard Oil           , , -, ,      .                 .          , ,    ,   ,          .

 ,    :    ,     .             ,     . , ,                   ,    1884.        ,   ,     .   : , ,   ,    .

   ,   ,      ,       .       .     ,  ,  ,  젖  .     ࠖ  ,     ,   .      .        ,     ࠖ     ,       ,    , ,      . ,  ,    ࠖ      ,            ,  .              !       ,       .            ,      ,     ,    .  ,       .

        ,       -,   ,   .  1885.      -     , 26,   ,     .       ,     ,       .            .     ,      .        ,      ,   ,    .      , 26,    .     ,     -    New York Central Railroad.   .             ,  [29 - Flynn, God's Gold, p. 131 (everything count); Standard Oil Rachel Crothers Group, T-014, Tarbell papers (espionage); Halliday, Rockefeller, p. 20; Hawke, John D., p. 50 (Hope if); Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, pp. 6 (not easiest of tasks), 10 (just how fast); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, p. 324 (smarter than I).].




  


  ,  ,   .    , ,   40  ,       .    ,   -     .              .  ,    .

        :

		    ,
		   ,   ,
		,  ,    ,
		       ?

      ,  ,   .      ,   ,    .  ,        .          .        , ,    . ,   ?  .     .    ,   .    ,      , ,    .  , ,  ,    ,     .  ,  140  , ,    ,   .

    ,   ,       ,   - .      ,  ,  ,     ,    . 18701880- .  ,     .                 .  ,   ,       ,   .         ,     ,    ,    .

       .           ,          .       .        ,         .    , , , -,       .         [30 - Goulder, Rockefeller, p. 223 (wise old owl); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, pp. 331, 326 (expose as little), 157 (wonder how old), 337 (anxiety), 328 (ten letters); vol. 2, p. 427 (unemotional man); Ida M. Tarbell, The History of the Standard Oil Company (New York: McClure, Phillips & Company, 1904), vol. 1, pp. 10506.].

 ,  ,      .              .      ,   , :           堖   ,  , -,     .    ,  .   ,     .   ,      .

    -       :  ,       ,  ,     .        ,        ,    -.       ,  ,     ,   .             ,        .

  ,     ,       .  ,   ,    ,     ,      .       .                 -.      .    ,       $600  .

      ,  ,        .   ,       . ,             ,   .       , ,    ,    ,      .                   .      ,   ,    ,      --     .   ,  ,      ,       71.     .

       ,     .    ,          .          ,    .       ,   .           ,      .

  1880- .                         .        .     ,      ,    .     -    ,   ,           .     1896.      .    ,    .   ,   -         ,        ?    ,    :

		   ,
		     .

 1910. ,    ,  $35,         ⠖ $7.          $550.

        .     ,             .     -       ,    ,    -      ,     .           ,      . ,        ,    .  -   -      ,             ,     ,         ,   .

 1888.              .      ,       . Poulets!  .   poulets?      -.  ,   ,         . ,   -,    ,       .       ,         [31 - Vinnie Crandall Hicks to Ida Tarbell, June 29,1905, T-020 and Marshall Bond to Ida Tarbell, July 3, 1905, T-021, Tarbell papers (Sunday school and Buzz); Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, pp. 2526; Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 2, pp. 84 (dentist's chair), 9195 (poulets and life principle), 19394 (best investment and spare change); William Manchester, A Rockefeller Family Portrait, from John D. to Nelson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1959), pp. 2526; Flynn, God's Gold, pp. 23235, 280.].




  


 18801890- . ,      ,       .     .      ,         頖    .   ࠖ         .    ,    ,          ,     ,    .   ,  .       .   ,    ,  ,   .

         .     蠖            ,       ,         ,  ,  ,  Standard Oil.   1864.   -      :         ,  . ,  -                    ,         ,   .

    ,        ,    1869.       -,        ,    .     ,      ,  ,   ,   .        ,      .   1870- .            .  ,   ,      ,               Standard Oil[32 - Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, p. 58 (volume); Williamson and Daum, Age of Illumination, p. 320 (length of life); Catherine Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe, The American Women's Home or Principles of Domestic Science (New York: J. B. Ford, 1869), pp. 36263 (explosions).].

         ,  , ,      ࠖ     .     .     -   1885.,   $10    ,            .      .          1876.  ,       ,    .         ,   " ",    ,   ,   -     ,        .

   ,      .     , ,       ,    , ;       ,  ,  ,   , , .  ,  ,           ,  ,          ,       ,      ,  .

    , Standard Oil       .   1880- .              80%        .           ,    . Standard   ,           .      ,    , ,    .      ,        . Standard       -,  ,            .  蠖    -    蠖            ,     [33 - Willamson and Daum, Age of Illumination, pp. 526 (gas bill), 678, 249 (sewing circles); Gerald Carson, The Old Country Store (New York: Oxford University Press, 1954), p. 188 (lively country store).].




   


 Standard Oil      ࠖ  .     ,   .   -,    ?     ,    ,       ,   .         1885.:    , , -,            ,     .

  ,     Standard Oil    .   ,   .         ,   .       .        ,  ,      ,       .       ,     .  ,      10 ?           頖  , , , ,  ?   ,         .  1885.     ,          ,  ,   , ,     .

     ,    Standard Oil,    ,                    .     ,       Standard Oil  7580     .          .    ?  .   ,     ,   !

            .    - ,             .      1880- .     ,     -          .     ,   1890.    ![34 - Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 17778 (Our business and drink every gallon), 8; Paul H. Giddens, Standard Oil Company (Indiana): Oil Pioneer of the Middle West (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1955), p. 2 (vanishing phenomena); S. Cornifort to Archbold, June 27,1885, Box 51, Archbold folder (1.5.379), Business Interests, 18791894, R.G. 1.2, Rockefeller archives (one hundred to one), Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 2, p. 3; Edgar Wesley Owen, Trek of the Oil Finders: A History of Exploration for Oil (Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1975), pp. 12426.]

       堖    .   ,   ,    . ,   ,    ,          .    ,  , Standard           ,    ,        .  , Standard             ,      .    ,  ,   ,    Standard.

      ,   - ,      ,        .      .    .     ,        ,     .       .        ,     ,      .

    , 26,   堖     .  ,    .  ,          ,   ,        .        ,     40     1886.  15     1887.         ,        .     ,    ,          .     ,  Standard    40   .   1888  1889.  ,   ,   Standard Oil,  :        ,   ,    ,         .           ;            15   ,  Standard   ,  30   .

          .              ,     .      ,   . ,   , ,    .      .   :    .  1891.        , Standard      [35 - Giddens, Standard Oil Company (Indiana), pp. 27 (skunk juice); Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, pp. 79; Hawke, John D., pp. 18283 (conservative brethren); 185; Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 2, pp.3, 101 (Buy).].

Standard Oil               ,         ,     . ,   ,     Standard,        .   ,  Standard   .      Chicago Tribune    -    :      .       ,    ,  . , ,     $5,  ,     .   ,      ,       .

 ,      .                   -.  1880- .   ࠖ   Standard     ,    ,     .        ,           .       ,      .   1890- .       .

  1895.             .  ,           .   ,  ,        ,       ,            .  :       .   ,     80  90%     -,   Standard Oil       ,      .      :        ,        .         [36 - Giddens, Standard Oil Company (Indiana), p. 19 (entirely ignorant); Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 279 (Seep), 87; Gilbert Montagu, The Rise and Progress of the Standard Oil Company (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1903), p. 132 (best possible consensus).].







  Standard Oil  ,   .         ,     .  1520%   ,   Standard    .     85%     Standard,     .      ,    :  ,     ,      . Standard Oil,  ,      .      .         Standard Oil of Ohio,       ,       .     ,            ,            .  ,      ,   ,   ,   .  :   ,   -    "".   ,      .

       .       Mineral Resources   1882.:       ,     ,       ,     ;         ,   .

   Standard    蠖      .        Standard Oil   ,        .   ,     ࠖ     ,     ,   ,     ,                   .

      .      ,      ,      ,       1887.   , ,  (,  )     ,        [37 - Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, pp. 60 (large scale), 29; Halliday, Rockefeller, pp. 10 (instinctively realized), 16 (conceived the idea); Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 12021, 3839 (Mineral Resources); Destler, Roger Sherman, pp. 47 (body and soul), 192; Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 2, pp. 54, 78, 129 (success unparalleled); J. W. Fawcett, T-082, Tarbell papers.].

      .  ,            Standard Oil  .              ,  Standard Oil    ,      ,          .   ,               .    , ,       .    ,  Standard Oil     .    ,  ,     .   . Standard Oil,  ,    ,   ,  ",  -    ".

                               .    堖    . Standard Oil   ,      .    ,    ,    ,   ,   , ,    ,           ,  ,       [38 - Lockhart interview, p. 3, T-003 (with Rogers interview), Tarbell papers (Give the poor man); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, p. 402 (day of combination); vol. 2, pp. 37987; Mark Twain with Charles Dudley Warner, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (NewYork: TridentPress, 1964), pp. 271 (giant schemes), 1; Flynn, God's Gold, pp. 45; Tarbell, History of Standard Oil, vol. 2, p. 31 (cut to kill).].

    .              ,            .         ,             ,  , , ,    ,      .         .




 3

   



        ,          .             ,  .   1861.        ,      .        .      ,      .    .           .        ,    , ,           .          ,    ,       ,          .           ,     ,     ,   ,             .

 ,          . ,   ,     ,      ,    ,    .            .                 .   1870-  1880- .          .          堖   .        .

  1870- .       ,     Standard Oil.      90%     Standard.  Standard    ,          .                 .          .        .      Standard Oil,              ,    ,    ,    .

, ,    .    , 26,      . ,     ,     .      1874.  ,   ,    ,    .    ,                 -    .        ,        .    [39 - Giddens, The Birth of the Oil Industry, pp. 9698 (Yankee invention); Williamson and Daum, Age of Illumination, pp. 48889 (drill); J. D. Henry, Thirty-five Years of Oil Transport: Evolution of the Tank Steamer (London: Bradbury, Agnew 8(Co., 1907), pp. 5, 17274; Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 12223 (forced its way).].




 


          ,       ,      . -,  ,      ,          .        1862.       -,        ,     .     -        1863.,                   .        ,          ,          ,        .

       ,   ,       ,     .  XIII.           ,      ,       ,        .   ,     ,  .   ,  ,   ,            .

    ,         XIX .          ,   1829.    82   .     .      ,  ,   ,     ,        .    1870- .           .       .     .      18711872.,   1873-    20   .

            .      ,   ,   1837. ,       堖  .      ,   ,           ,    .    , ,          .     ,      .  , ,    , ,    - ,    ,    ,     .  ,  ,     .     ,       -,     .

         .       ,              ,  .   1873.     .              ,  -           ,     ,   .         ,           .     (-    , ,   ),   25 000 ,  ,       ,       .     [40 - Giddens, Birth of the Oil Industry, p. 99 (safe to calculate); Robert W. Tolf, The Russian Rockefellers: The Saga of the Nobel Family and the Russian Oil Industry (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1976), chaps. land 2, pp. 4146 (pillars and walnut money); Boverton Redwood, Petroleum: A Treatise, 4th ed. (London: Charles Griffen & Co., 1922), vol. 1, pp. 39 (Marco Polo), 3646; Forbes, Studies in Early Petroleum History, pp. 15462; John P. McKay, Entrepreneurship and the Emergence of the Russian Petroleum Industry, 18131883, Research in Economic History 8 (1982), pp. 6364.].




  


          ,     .     ,       .   1876.          -.         ,      .      ,     ,      .       ,      .       ,    ,    .         , ,    -    .  -         ,    -     ,        .

      .             600        ,          ,                 .   -   .      .     ,            ,        ,    .     ,     .      , ..  .

    ,         .  ,      , :   ,    ,  ,    ,     ,          .             ,       1878.  .   1880- .       ,       .        ,               .            -.

   ,  ,       .          : , ,  , , , ,   ,       ,     ,        ,      .                    XIX.[41 - Owen, Trek of the Oil Finders, pp. 4, 150; Tolf, Russian Rockefellers, pp. 108 (Oil King), 149 (Nobelites); J. D. Henry, Baku: An Eventful History (London: Archibald, Constable & Co., 1905), pp. 5152; Williamson and Damn, Age of Illumination, pp. 63741 (difficulty), 517; W. J. Kelly and Tsureo Kano, Crude Oil Production in the Russian Empire, 18181919, Journal of European Economic History 6 (Fall 1977), pp. 30910; McKay, Entrepreneurship, pp. 4855, 87 (greatest triumphs).]

     ,   1874. 600 000 ,    10,8,         .   1880- .    ,     堖  ,   200  .       ,  ,             .    ,    .         ,      ,             .

        .      ,      ,       .     ,     ,          . ,   ,      -     ,   .    ,    ,    - ,       .                .       ,          ,      .   ,        ,      ,       Crdit Lyonnais.         ,         .

           ,          .      . ,       ,    2000          ,    .     ,              ,          .       蠖 ,          8000 ,     ,     341   .

 ,       :          ,         .              .     ,  ,   ࠖ   頖               ,    ,        1877.    .         ,       .     .

   ,   ,       ,     ,       .      ,    ,         .        ,    ,         .               .

      .  1882.             .  -       堖     , ,   .     .        ,           1871.               ,        ,      . ,  ,         1883.,              .  1886.       ,        .         .      .          ,          [42 - Charles Marvin, The Region of Eternal Fire: An Account of a Journey to the Petroleum Region of the Caspian in 1883, new ed. (London: W. H. Allen, 1891), pp. 23435 (chimney-pot); Sidney Pollard and Conn Holmes, Industrial Power and National Rivalry, 18701914, vol. 2of Documents of European Economic History (London: Edward Arnold, 1972), pp. 10810 (American kerosene); . E. Stewart, Petroleum Field of South Eastern Russia, 1886, Russia File, Oil, Box C-8, Pearson papers; Tolf, Russian Rockefellers, pp. 8086 (main point and speculation); Williamson and Daum, Age of Illumination, p. 519 (2000 miles); Bertrand Gille, Capitaux Fran?ais et Ptroles Russes (188494), Histoire de Enterprises 12 (November 1963), p. 19; Virginia Cowles, The Rothschilds: A Family of Fortune (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973), chaps. 78; Henry, Baku, pp. 74, 79.].




 


          ,          .       ,        ,    ,      .     ,     . Standard Oil        .            .      Standard Oil          .  , 26,      ,        ,     Standard.    . Standard         .

 Standard Oil ,            .           ,           ,         ,  Standard   .  1885.     -    Standard      . .     . ,              .     .                   .      ,    ,  ,     .              43 000   ,     .  1886.   11  ,           .     1879  1888.        ,  23 , ..  4/5     .   1880- .     ,        .

    ,    ,      , Standard   ,       .   1885.                  .                 .  ,      .     Standard,         ,   Standard     ,  ,      ,   [43 - Archbold to Rockefeller, August 19, 1884, and July 6, 1886, Archbold folder (1.5.381), Box 51, Business Interests, 18781894, R.G. 1.2, Rockefeller archives. Tolf, Russian Rockefellers, pp. 4748 (fountains); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 2, p. 116; Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 13839 (Russian competition).].

    Standard                ,       .  ,           .   ,       ,    1885.  :

		      ,
		  ,
		, , 
		 .

 1888.                  .      .     Standard,      렖 Anglo-American Oil Company   24         .            ,  Standard      . Standard Oil     .

      .                 .        : 78-       3000    ,          .  1889.         42 .     400  .    ,   Standard         ,          78%  1888.  71%  1891-,       22  29%.

         ,    .         .              ,    .  1888.                57 .

          .     ,   ,      ,     ,  ,  ,            .      -       ,  ,         ,       [44 - Archbold to Rockefeller, July 6, 1886, Archbold folder (1.5.381), Box 51, Business Interests, 18791894, R.G. 1.2, Rockefeller archives; Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil vol. 1, pp. 14753 (poem and competitive commerce); Henry, Baku, p. 116; Tolf, Russian Rockefellers, pp. 9697, 10709; Nicholas Halasz, Nobel: A Biography of Alfred Nobel (New York: Orion Press, 1959), pp. 35 (dynamite king), 21113.].




  


           .   ,        .   ,    ,      .  -     Standard Oil     .      ,        .     ?

       ꠖ        ,     ,       .        ,          .   ,  ,           .          ,       .   ,     [45 - Shady (.) , . . .] ,   ,   ,  ,             ,   ,     - .

           ,   .              .     ,        ,     ,          Standard Oil    .

  1880- .          .      ,      ,   -,  ,     1750.    .       ,    ,      .  -       ,            .    1851.    :  ,   ,      ,     ,   ,       .  1860- . -                       .       ,        .          ,          ,        ,  , , , ,      .

    1853.  1869-,   16 ,            .       ,      14 ,       .          .  1869.    ,         4000 .     .  1870.      ,    ,          , ,   .            .       堖       .      ,      .     -     .

            .         ,       M. Samuel & Co.   Samuel Samuel & Co. ,     .       ,             .       ,       ,        .           ,    .

     ,  ,   ,      ,      .      ,         , , ,    .  ,  ,   ,      .    ,      , ,     .   ,   ,     ,      .     ,          ,         .      .        .       -,        ,        .

 ,   ,   , , ,       .    ,       . ,      ,  :    [46 - Race (.) ;  ( ). . .].  ?  ,   .

        ,    .         -,    ,     ,    ,    ,      .         .    ,  , ,   ,   .   ,          .         ,        .         Lane & McAndrew,            ,   M. Samuel & Co.[47 - Robert Henriques, Marcus Samuel: First Viscount Bearsted and Founder of the 'Shell' Transport and Trading Company, 18531927 (London: Barrie and Rockliff, 1960), pp. 7475 (go-between), 44 (lovely day).       ,        Shell. Geoffrey Jones, The State and the Emergence of the British Oil Industry (London: Macmillan, 1981), pp. 1920 (Shady Lane).]




 1892 .


          ,  ,    ,   .         .    1890.    .        ,  ,    ,   ,    .     ,      ,      ,     ,     .        .        蠖  ,     .       .

       ,            .   ,      .  ,       ,          ,  Standard Oil,       Standard Oil   .          ,  Standard Oil      ,      ,     ,    .  ,     蠖   .  ,       .

 -      ?  ,   ,    .   ,    .                 .  ,       ,       .         ,    ,      ,          .            ,           .       ,     4000             Standard,     ,    .          ;  Standard     .         .          .       ,      .         ࠖ       ,            .   ,        ,    ,     !

          .  ,    ,     Standard,      .  . ,     , Standard   cette puissante compagnie (  ),    .    1891.   ,           ,       (..  1900.)        ,  .      ,    ,   ,  ,      .

          .                   ,     ,         .  ,        .  ,       ,      .     Standard,        ,     ,   . ,            ,      .

             .   1891.      ,                 .            Russell and Arnholz                      .      ( )   .     ,      ,       ?      ,    ,   .   ,    ,       ,      .    ,    Standard Oil.  Russell and Arnholz       :        ,        .      , , ,      ,            ?

         ,      1875.       ,      Banque Worms.  ,    ,         ,      ,     ,    .    Lloyd      [48 - Henriques, Marcus Samuel pp. 80 (powerful company), 96, 83, 112 (Hebrew influence), 108 (to block); Henry, Thirty-five Years of Oil Transport, pp. 4147.].

   M. Samuel & Co.        .                 ,          .   ,    .   ?5           , ,       .   ,      ,     ࠖ   .     ,            ,  ,    .        ,     .    ,   ,     ,    . ,    ,            ,       ,   ,       .

5  1892.,       ,             .        ,  The Economist   .    ,      ,    ,    .    ,        ࠖ  ,      .       ,   ,  -  ,           ,     -         ,          .

      .                   ,     ,         ,     .            1892.   ,         ,       .   .    ,    Standard Oil   .

       -.    Murex    ,        .       -,  . 22  1892. Murex   -    ,      . 23         .        ,    ,  ,    ,       ,        ,    ,  .  .

    ,  Standard    ,   .     , ,   The Economist,       ,          .  Standard Oil :     .  , Standard             .

         .        ,  ,        .  ,       ,       . ,         Standard Oil.    .        Standard    ,             , [49 - 蠖   . . .],        .         .      ࠖ     , 26,         ,  -    .       ,   ,      .








  ,      ,     .    ,  ,   ,             .  ,    ,   ,        .   ,     .     ,     ?        .   .    ?    . ,  ,  : !

            ,      -         Standard,          . ,        -  ,  -  .   ,      蠖  ,      , ,   ,        .

  .   ,    .   1893.     10  ,        Conk, Clam, Elax, Kauri  ..   1895.      69,            .  1902. 90%  ,    ,     [50 - Petroleum in Bulk and the Suez Canal, Economist, January 9, 1892, pp. 3638; Henriques, Marcus Samuel pp. 10911 (got cheaper), 13840 (wire handles); Henry, Thirty-five Years of Oil Transport, p. 50; R. J. Forbes and D. R. O'Beirne, The Technical Development of the Royal Dutch/Shell, 18901940 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1957), pp. 52930.].




[51 -   ,   ( ). . .]


         ,        .  1891.,       ,          ࠖ  .      ,    .  ,  1893-,    ,   蠖      , ,  .   :            .    젖   - 34 .        ,         .       Tank Syndicate,   ,       .          ;    ,      Standard Oil,      ,     .  Tank Syndicate       .

   ,       ,        ,   .                    18941895.         Murex     ,   -,    ,       -,               500 .        ,     .

       .             .        ,      .       ,    ,       .  ,          ,           ,         .        .         ,     ,  ,  ,       .

   ,  ,   ,   , ,        1400     ,    ( ,     ),           .        - ,    ,      ,     ,   ,  ,     ,  ,   ,      .  -     ,  -  ,    , , ,  ,   ,    .      .  -  : ",     "     ,     .       [52 - Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 5254 (two brothers).].




 


      ,  Standard Oil,                ,     .   1890- .      ⠖ Standard Oil, ,     .       ,  ,    ;    ,      ;       .      ,  ,       ,    ,        .   Standard Oil          ⠖ ,    Standard,  .

 1892  1893. ,   Standard    ,      ,    .   ,  . ,     ,    ,     ,          .  ,   ,    , ,   ,      -,    Standard.    Standard Oil     ,            ,          .     -  , 26.       Standard Oil  ,         -, ,                 ,     .    ,     ,  Standard Oil      .   ,    ,    ,  ,                   Standard.   Standard    85  90%   ,            ⠖   ,   .

     1894. Standard      .             Standard        . ,       ,      Standard Oil. ,         , Standard     .    ,   ,     ,         .   ,  ,   .     ,       Standard Oil,   젖  Standard      .       .    .         ,    M. Samuel & Co.,    ,     .              ,       .

Standard Oil     ,  14  1895.                     .   75%  ,  젖 25%.         -    .        . Standard    .

     Standard            ,     ,  ,       .       ,     11 500   ,    15 000 .    ,   Standard            .  Standard     ,    -,             .      ,            .         ,      Crown Oil.          .    Royal Dutch[53 - Archbold to Rockefeller, December 15, 1891, Frank Rockefeller folder, Box 64; Archbold to Rockefeller, July 13 (quite confident), July 22, 1892, Archbold folder (1.51.381), Box 51, Business Interests, 18781894, R.G. 1.2, Rockefeller archives. Gille, Capitaux Francais et Pe'troles Russes, pp. 4348 (crisis); Tolf, Russian Rockefellers, pp. 116117 (on behalf); F.  Gerretson, History of the Royal Dutch, vol. 2 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1955), p. 35. Geltetson's 4-volume work extensively details the rise of Royal Dutch.].




Royal dutch


     -     ,               .  1865.        52    .         ,     .

  1880.  ,    ,  Sumatra Tobacco Company,     ,       .     ,  -     -,  20   .         ,             .    ,  ,   .        .  ,     ,    .  ,      .  ,      .   ,      ,               , ,  .

       ,       .    :        .            .     ,        59  62% .            .         .

         .      -    -         ,     .    1885.   .         ,         .     .         ,  ,      -   -.  ,          III      Royal      ,        .    .  Royal Dutch    1890.,                .

  .       .   ,  ,     .        :    ,   ,    .   ,      ,    ,   -,        .          . ,   -   1890.,       ,     ,   ,      .       .

 ,     ,   -  .    1853.         -.       ,      ,     . Royal Dutch     ,     .    ,                  .

     1891.,      : ,  ,     ,   ,    .         ,   .      -  .    .         .    ,    80     ,         ,   15 .        -,         ,  堖   .      ,    ,  -     .

 1892.     ,          . 28      ,     .  ,     ,         .  ,    .   . ,  ,  .    .  ,  ,               Royal Dutch.       ,    ,           Royal Dutch.

,     .   1892.,          ,           Crown Oil.      .   Royal Dutch  ,        -    .      [54 -      1963. ,     ,      ,   ,   . . .]    .   20 000    ,   .

    , ,   -  1893.,      .  , , , ,   ,  .       ,       .   ,    ,    :   .

   ,    300     ,                 .          ,        . ,   ,    .    ,   ,      , ,  ,         . , ,    .

       .         ,  Royal Dutch   .     .     ;  , Royal Dutch    ࠖ    ⠖    .            .     Tank Syndicate ,              .       ,   Tank Syndicate    -,     ,        Tank Syndicate. Royal Dutch   蠖  1895  1897.      .   ,          . -  ,    ,  Royal Dutch     ,    .    ,             -   Royal Dutch.     , , Standard Oil,        堖 㠖   Royal Dutch   [55 - Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 1, pp. 22 (earth oil), 8990 (won't bend), 12934 (do not feel and mighty storm), 16365 (Half-heartedness and stagnate), 171 (things go wrong), 224 (object of terror), 174 (pretend to be poor).].




 


 Royal Dutch       .              Standard Oil  ,     .  Standard Oil    .          ,      -   .          ࠖ      .

 1897. Standard       ,         Royal Dutch.  -       Royal Dutch    ;                .   , 26,        .  ,    -,          젖   ,      ,    ,        ,   .    ,   Standard        .     Royal Dutch.

  Standard Oil   .   Standard         .   Standard    堖              .     ,    ,     ,       Royal Dutch.   Standard Oil    Royal Dutch  ,      - .    ,      ,    ,  ,    .

 ,   ,          Royal Dutch.   1896-  1897.      .     . Royal Dutch        .        Royal Dutch .     ,     .         ,        ,   :         ,    ,  , , ,        .    . ,   ,      .        ,        ,       1897.   ,          ,         .

 Standard Oil         ,           .    :          .         ,    ,   - . Standard           . ,  1897., . ,   Standard Oil   ,    Royal Dutch  .  Royal Dutch     ,   Standard Oil     .  ,  Standard Oil       Royal Dutch.  ,   , :    .       ,    .      Royal Dutch  .

 Standard Oil        -,       Royal Dutch    .          ,    Standard Oil,     ,   .    Royal Dutch     .     ,  Standard Oil   堖     ,      .      Royal Dutch     ,       .      ,        .    Standard   ,  Royal Dutch      .   ,          ,     .  Royal Dutch    15%   [56 - Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 26167 (Standard reps in East Indies, Every day, Dutch obstacles and sentimental barrier); Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 1, pp. 28284 (into its power); vol. 2, p. 48 (pity); Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 181 (Dutchman), 184 (still open).].




 4

 



 컠       Standard Oil.          ,       .        ,         ;  ,  Standard         .   1890- .    XX.     .        .              ,    Standard.   ,           Standard Oil[57 - Gerald T. White, Formative Years in the Far West: A History of Standard Oil of California and Its Predecessors Through 1919 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1962), pp. 199, 267, 269.].




   


  XIX        ,    ,    .                    .      ࠖ ,   頖   : , ,  ,      .    ,        -,   .

 ,    . -   ,      ,  , ,    ,       1877.          .      ,  .    ,   ,     ,  .    ,    ,         ,        !                .          ,               , .. $2,25    .       ,      -.  1882.,      . ,   ,     ,        ,   ,     .     ,         ,  ,    ,     .  1885.  250 000  ,   1902.  18.     ,   .          .    ,   ,     .

      .        ,     .  1882.         Holborn Viaduct.           .   XX    65   . ,     ,   ,    ,     ,        ,      ,     ,      -.

,   ,    .         ,     .     Standard Oil,     ,  , ,    ,      ,   ?[58 - Harold G. Passer, The Electrical Manufacturers, 18751900 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953), pp. 18081 (fuzz on a bee); Arthur A. Bright, Jr., The Electric Lamp Industry: Technological Change and Economic Development from 1800 to 1947 (New York: Macmillan, 1949), pp. 6869; Thomas P. Hughes, Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 18801930 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), pp. 55, 73, 176, 227 (Londoners); Leslie Hannah, Electricity Before Nationalization (London: Macmillan, 1979), chap. 1.]

       頖  ,     .      ,         .             ,             栖    1895.,           15   .     ,  -,        .      ,  -    :  !

     ,     ,        .      Edison Illuminating Company  .   ,   ,        ,     .       ,        . ,  ,      .              .

 1905.           頖       .          .            -  1906.         ,  15 000       Standard Oil.       ,       -,        ,        .         ,        ,        " !".  ,       .    ,   . ,  ,         ,     .     .         8000  1900.  902 000  1912.            ,      .      .

       ,          頖  .  1892.  ,          .     ,     .  ,          ,     .           ,        :       ? ,    .        .     ? ?     ?[59 - James J. Flink, America Adopts the Automobile, 18951910 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1970), pp. 4250 (Get a horse, skeptical and theme for jokers), 64 (automobile is the idol); John B. Rae, American Automobile Manufacturers: The First Forty Years (Philadelphia: Chilton Company, 1959), pp. 33 (Horseless Carriage fever), 31; George S. May, A Most Unique Machine: The Michigan Origins of the American Automobile Industry (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans Publishing, 1975), pp. 5657; Allan Nevins, Ford: The Times, the Man, the Company, vol. 1 (New York: Scribners, 1954), pp. 133, 168, 237, 44257.]







 Standard         XIX .  ,     ,       ,     ,    ,      .   1890- .      Producers & Refiners Oil Company,    ,    . ,         ,                ,       .       ,         ,       .     Standard Oil.      .

 1895.     Pure Oil Company,            . Pure Oil    ,       . Standard Oil              Pure       ,        .    Pure     ,      .     Pure       Standard Oil,              .  Standard Oil,    ,    ,          [60 - Williamson and Daunt, Age of Illumination, pp. 56981; Arthur M. Johnson, The Development of American Petroleum Pipelines: A Study in Private Enterprise and Public Policy, 18621906 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1956), pp. 17383 (gloved hand); Austin Leigh Moore, John D. Archbold and the Early Development of Standard Oil (New York: Macmillan, [1930]), pp. 197202 (champions of independence).].

 Pure     .   ,       , ,      ,     ,   .      ,   ࠖ    .

   ,   ,  .        ,  -    .        -  1860- .      ,   1850- .       ,      ,     .     .     ,         ,   젖   ,    ,  .  ,  ,  .        ,           -,       .        ,              . -      1860- .,      .       .      ,  ,         ,          .

     .        ,      ,         -,    -,     8000 .    ,               .             ,  ⠖  .   1890- .     堖 -,          -.      젖  470 000   1893.  24   1903-,     12         .  1910.   73 , ,     ,   22%    .

     Union Oil ( Unocal),    ,  Standard Oil,        1890.     . Union      ,        ,     .  ,  -       .  1900  1911.    40   -, , ,                 . Union Oil    Standard,           .  1907.    Standard Oil of California    .          ,         ,      ,       ,      .           .              - [61 - White, Standard Oil of California, pp. 813 (fabulous wealth and without limit).].




  


      ࠖ    .   ,      ,         ,   - ࠖ   19      -   -,    .      ,           .      ,    .         .    ,      . ,     ,  [62 - Spindle (.) . . .],  ,  ,    ,    .      -        .   ,         ,    .       ,         .  - .

   ,    -  ,         .  1892.   Gladys City Oil,      ,           .           ,  ,     ,          .       .

-        .       ,          -  .           1893.      .      ,    ,          .        ,     ,    ,   .       堖  1900.     2300   .                 .      ,        .            1898. ,           .   .   ,     ,    -            .    .    .

           .        .    - ,    ,    - ,      .        ,    ,     .  -      .

    ,   1899.      .      .        .  ,       .   ,       .        ,  ,     ,     ,       .    , ,   ,    .    Standard Oil,     .

      ,  Guffey and Galey     ,   .     .  1890- .             ࠖ  ,     Standard Oil.    .    ,       .  ,       .              ,   ,    -    .    ,      ,       ,   .  ,   ,    ,   ,   .

     . -     ,    [63 -  렖     (18461917),      . . .]      ,    -   .     ,    -    .           :          ,        ,          .    .           :       Guffey and Galey        .   ,    Guffey and Galey,  ,   .  ,     ,         .

      .              ,       . ,    ,     .               ,     :   ,      .   : ,          [64 - Patillo Higgins Oral History, II, pp. 79; Carl Coke Rister, Oil! Titan of the Southwest (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1949), pp. 35, 34, 5659; James A. Clark and Michael T. Halbouty, Spindletop (New York: Random House, 1952), pp. 45, 22, 27, 3842 (Tell that Captain); John O. King, Joseph Stephen Cullinan: A Study of Leadership in the Texas Petroleum Industry, 18971937 (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1970), pp. 1221, 17 (Dash and push). F. Lucas to E. DeGolyer, May 6, 1920, 1074 (visions); John Galey to E. DeGolyer, August 22, 1941, 535, DeGolyer papers. Mody  Boatwright and William A. Owen, Tales from the Derrick Floor (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1970), p. 14 (Dr. Drill); W.L.Mellon and Boyden Sparkes, Judge Mellon's Sons (Pittsburgh, 1948), pp. 14850 (bewitched); Robert Henriques, Marcus Samuel p. 346 (example).].

     1900.    ,    .    ,     ,    ,         . ,      ,  ,   .       ,      .   880   .         ,     . 50    ,  ,  ,        25   .

           1901. 10    :        .        6   ,             .    . ,       ,      ,   ,      :      ,             .     ,      ,   ,   ,  젖   .    ,     젖 ,   ,        .      ,       ,    .

    ,   .       ,    .   ,        .   ,      . ! !  ?    . , !  .   蠖 .  ,  ,  .

,   -1,   50,   75 000   .     ;   ,    .   - 堖  , ,   .        .     ,     .    .

    .        ,    ,        .     ,        $35 000.  ,      $10  ,   900 000.        ,   ,           .    ,  ,   -.       ,      ,    -    .           15 000 ,  ,        ,      . ,   16 000       .        10 000  50 000.

, , , ,    ࠖ    ,      .   ,   ,     ,   .    .       ,    .       16      .           ,    ,   ,     .     ;     ,     , ̸    栖  .        ,        .     ,       ,           . -   $40  $50  ,     ,      .

,    ,  ,        .         ,      [65 - Swindl (.) . . .].

        ,  ,     .         ,        . ,    ,    .

       214 ,        ,     Young Ladies Oil Company[66 - Young Ladies Oil Company (.)     . . .].

         ,        .       .    1901.     3   ,      5 ,       , ,      -,   [67 - Allen Hamill Oral History, I, pp. 2021 (All), 34; James Kinnear Oral History, I, pp. 1519, II, p. 16; T. A. Rickard, Anthony F. Lucas and the Beaumont Gusher, Mining and Scientific Press, December 22, 1917, pp. 88794; Rister, Oill, pp. 6067; Clark and Halbouty, Spindletop, pp. 8889 (X-ray eyes); Burt Hull, Founding of the Texas Company: Some of Its Early History, pp. 89, Collection 6850, Continental Oil, University of Wyoming.].




 


       ,   ,    .        Standard Oil,     .       ,      .    ,      - ,   .         Shell[68 - Shell (.) . . .] Transport & Trading  ,        ,    ,     .  ,     ,     ,          ,      .            .       :  ,     ,       ,      .             .   1901.   ,                  .

,      , Shell   :   ,   -    ( ,   ,    ),       .    Shell      ,     .             Shell,      ,         ,  Shell    ,       ,     Standard Oil.     ,   Standard Oil    - ,   ,    Shell  .          -,   ,             .    . Shell     ,         ,     .  -        ,       Shell   .         ,        젖  ,        .     .

  1901.,    ,       ,      .         20  Shell             25    ..  15 .      .   ,    .          ,    򻠖     .

                      -.         XX ,      ,  . , ,    ,  :     ,            .        ,   ,        .            .     -  1901.      ,   1905.   227.         .                .

 ,       -.    ,    ,     .      ,          ,      ,    頖  .        ,     , , ,   ,    ,   ,     .

    ,          -   ,            .     ,   ,     .   ,    1901.,    1905.  -  .  ,     .               ,       .  ,       ,    1906.        .    1928.      ,      [69 - Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 353 (pioneers), 34145 (magnitude and opponent), 349, 350 (failure of supplies); Harold F. Williamson, Ralph L. Andreano, Arnold R. Daum, and Gabert . Klose, The American Petroleum Industry, vol. 2, The Age of Energy, 18991959 (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1963), pp. 16, 22; Clark and Halbouty, Spindletop, pp. 10001.].




Gulf:   


 ,   ,     : ,      .     . ,        . -             Shell   20 .     1902.,         ,        .          ,    -      . ,      -.   Guffey Petroleum     :    ,   .      ,    .

     ,         .        .  ,   ,      ,    26 .   Mellon & Sons      ,         XIX .           蠖  .     ,  ,          .  ,        ,         .  1900. ,  ,     $300 000            ,      . ,  1902.,        ,  ,       ,     .

 ,        ,       .     .  19   ,      ,  ,  .       ,         .              .         1000         .     .

 ,    .   ,   ,        ,           ,        .   ࠖ ,        .     ,      . ,   蠖       .       ,  ,        :       ,  ,     .        Standard Oil.

  ,    .      Standard Oil    ,     ,         ,    ,          .  1893.     ,   , 10%       ,      1 .  Standard Oil     .    ;   ,       - ,        ,    .      .     , ,     .  ,   ,    27   ,  .           .     ,       ,     .

    ,     Standard Oil.  Standard   -  ,       ,      .   ,   Standard.           ,        .

,     ,  ,  ,     ,    ,    ,    .     ,      .        Guffey Petroleum  Gulf Refining,   1901. ,       -        .            .

 ,  ,     . -       Guffey Petroleum  Shell,       Shell      25      20 .    ,   , ,   ,    ,            10    3        .      20 ,        .   1902-    1903.           35     .   ,    , Guffey Petroleum       ,     Shell    .   -    ,  ,  ,  .       ,    -   ,    .

       .       ,     ,     .      , Shell                . ,    - ,     ,      ,       -.     ࠖ    .      ,     ,      ,            .

          ,     ,      ,     .   ,      18  1903.       :      9.27           - ,       Guffey & Co.,  modus vivendi[70 - Modus vivendi (.)  , . . .]     ,     .    , ,   ,         .        .  ,      ,   ,   Shell     . Guffey Petroleum     [71 - Mellon, Judge Melton's Sons, pp. 153162 (epic card game and real way), 269 (We're out), 27678 (just about as bad and good management), 27475 (main problem); Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 46266 (Samuel's diary).].

     ,            XX            .        Standard Oil.  ,   Standard,       ,        ,       . Standard  ,  ,        .         Standard  ,        .  ,             Standard                Standard.     ,      ,    Standard.    ,     ,        ,       .  ,      . ,       ,   ,      .            ,      Standard Oil.

       ,        -        .  ,     ,       .     1905.    -,  ,      .     :      ,  ,     ,  .       . Standard Oil          .       ,    ,       .          450   -  ,     :      ,     -,           .        Standard Oil.   1907.   -      -  ,          .

     .         .    Guffey Petroleum  Gulf Refining,       Gulf Oil Corporation.    .     ,   ,  젖 -.      .   ,     .

     ?   -      ,    ,     ,         ,   .    ,     .               ,  ,  ,  .           :    .     .

   ,        , ,   ,      .    Higgins Oil Company,     .       Higgins Standard Oil Company,     ,        ,    .    , ,       ,  - 32     ,         .   ,      .

  ,        .       ,         ,   .      , , ,       .    .       .               ,  ,                 .

      (   91 )  .                 .        $366 000,         .              ,      .           ,       .     ,           ,  .     ,   .             ,  .         蠖 ,      .      .

   ,           Gulf Oil,        .  1949.,   ,  : Gulf Corporation  ,       [72 - Mellon, Judge Mellon's Sons, pp. 27273 (Standard made the price, at the mercy and by your leave), 282 (marketable), 284 (hitch onto); John G. McLean and Robert Haigh, The Growth of Integrated Oil Companies, pp. 7879; King, Cullinan, p. 179 (throwed me out). On the fate of the pioneers: Rickard, Anthony F. Lucas, p. 892; Oillnvestors Journal, March 1, 1904, p. 3 (Owing and milked too hard); Clark and Halbouty, Spindletop, pp. 12327(whole honor); Thomas Galey, Guffey and Galey and the Genesis of the Gulf Oil Corporation, January 1951, P448 (Gulf Oil), Petroleum Collection, University of Wyoming (Difficult times and lost track); Al Hamill to Thomas W. Galey, February 21, 1951, P448 (Gulf Oil), Petroleum Collection, University of Wyoming (dribble).].




Sun: ,     


   ,     ,  ,       ,    .         . .      ,     .         ,         .       , , ,  ,  ,       ,    .      .  ,            .

    ,     堖      .   1876.   .         ,   ,    蠖      .  1883.               ,  .     .       Standard Oil,   1886. Nation Gas Trust,     . .    ,   1890- .     ,      Standard.

  1886.        .      -  ,     ,      . Sun Oil Company            ,            Standard Oil.

    1901., .     Sun Oil Company ,       ,    ,     .       5   ,   . ,   ,    .  Sun    .     -,   ,  ,           ,        .            ,         .  1904. Sun     ,       [73 - August W. Giebelhaus, Sun Oil, 18761945, pp. 4243 (five cents).].




  


            .     ,      .  1895.       Standard,  ,            .     ,   ,      ,    [74 - Buck skin (.)  . . .] ,                   .

 1897.    ,  ,        .    ,         .     ,       ,        .   ,             ,   . ,   ,        ,   Texas Fuel Company.            .          20   ,      Texas Fuel Company   .

         ,     .      㠖 -     ,    .     : [75 - Hog (.)    . . .]  ,   ,   .        , ,      ,    젖    -    .   ,   ,   ,     .         ,  .     ,   ,      ,      .   ,             Standard Oil.    ,        -,     .        Standard     .

 ,    ,       -,  U.S. Leather    ,    ,   ,    ---,    -       .   ,     ,    :           .      .

,        ,     .    1902.     ,               ,     ,       .      ,      , ,        ,      .      ,        1893.       ,      ,         -.  1902.   Texas Company      ,       .

      ,    ,      Guffey Gulf  Texas Company      .          65   .             12   ,      . ,    ,      ,     Gulf  Texas Company.    ,     ,           .      -       .         ,      .

       Texas Company.      -    -  .  1906.         һ       .    ,   1907.,       ,         40  .  1913.       ,        .   ,   ,   ,          ,            -.   ,      ,    ,      ,          -.

       ,         -      .        ,   ,             , ,   -,    ,   .       ,           .   ,          .       ,     ,              -       . , ,     .     .

 -  ,         .      .       ,           .    ,    ,       .           .        ,     [76 - Curt Hamill Oral History, II, p. 29 (Hogg's my name); Robert . Cotner, James Stephen Hogg (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1959), pp. 43739 (Northern men); King, Cullinan, pp. 107 (Tammany), 18082 (time will come), 186 (butt into everything), 19094 (Texas deals and boarding-house brawl).].




  ?


                Standard Oil.                   , ,    ,       Standard Oil       . ,   Standard     .    1900  1911. ,     ,   1911.     .  Standard Oil      .   1903.         -,   ,        ,    Standard Oil           . ,          ,  Standard    .       90%  1880-   6065%  1911.

              ,             .            Standard   . ,      ,        -.   ,   ,    ,      Standard X.X. . ,      .     ? ,  -  Standard Oil Company  . ,   ,  -   [77 -              Standard      90%  1880.  6065%  1911. Business History Review, ed., Oil's First Century (Boston: Harvard Business School, 1960), pp. 7382; Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 416, 473, 462; Joseph A. Pratt, The Petroleum Industry in Transition: Antitrust and the Decline of Monopoly Control in Oil, Journal of Economic History 40 (December 1980), pp. 81537; Ida Tarbell, All in the Day's Work (New York: Macmillan, 1939), p. 215 (no end of the oil).].




 5

 



    .           ,    .  ,           Standard Oil      .                Standard Oil Trust.        .  ,    ,    .    ,           Standard Oil     ,     ,   ,       .

        -.  Standard    , , , ,       .    ,    ,    ,      .           . Standard Oil      .           XIX.                       ,   .      ,        , , ,      .       .   XIX  XX   ,    ,          ⠖   ,     .        Standard Oil.




 


   Standard       ,     .          ,      Standard          .            .   Standard        ,       .  ,    ࠖ ,       ,    1888.     ,      , ,   ,     .      .             ,    ,   -   :   ,  .

  , Standard      .      ,      .   ,       ,  ,        ,       .      . Standard Oil    -   堖  1900.   $44 500.         ,     ,             .     , ,     ,  ,   Standard Oil.        ⻠ ,        ,      . ,  1901.         Republic Oil.      ,     .        -  -, 75, , ,     , 26.

            Standard,     .  ,    ,  Standard Oil,    ,   ,    ,     ,     The Driskill,  ,     .   蠖  Standard Oil[78 - Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 213214 (craze and Our friends); Bruce Bringhurst, Antitrust and the Oil Monopoly: The Standard Oil Cases, 18901911 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1979), pp. 25 (Clam), 5258 (Democratic Leader), 63, 90 (Republic Oil ads); Pratt, Petroleum Industry in Transition, p. 832 (blind tigers).].

       Standard.  1892.         ,     20 .        .     Standard Oil Interests.          , 26,       ,   Standard Oil Interests.      ,      .

       Standard Oil Interests.    ,          .       -.    ,      ,      .            .   -    ,     .  ,  Standard Oil Interests   1899.   Standard Oil of New Jersey,   .      10  $110,      41 ,    ,  , , .

    Standard Oil      .  ,   ,      .    50  ,          Standard    .   1890.        .  ,             .  1893.       ,        ,     ,    ,    .       ,    .       : 1893.  ,    ,          ,    .        ,    1897. ,    60 ,   ,      ⠖  [79 - Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 2, pp. 27678; Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 23132 (gentlemen); Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976), pp. 4546, 645.].




:  


  ,     .       Standard         .                    ,          .    .

     , ,          .        1860.      .      ,      .  15       ( ,    )    ,  ,           ,     .       ,        .    젖   .  -         .        .      ,     .                ,     -    堖   ,      .        ,    ,  .

     ,  .      ,        . ,   ,   Standard Oil     ,   :      .     ,   ,   ,   .  ,      젖    ,     .      1871., ,    ,    ,   .      ,  :  , $4  .     ࠖ              ,      .

  ,      .     South Improvement Company    1872.,  Standard         ,           .      ,       ࠖ ,   ,      ,       .      1875.,        .   .           -.      .     ,     27  .

     Standard Oil.    :     , 堖    .          젖   ,   .    ,   ,          .   ,   .     50 ,        ,          Standard Oil.  ,    , 26,      , ,     ,   .  1893  1901. Standard Oil      $250,       ,      .  ,     Standard Oil,   ,         ,          .

  ,    ,   ,  .  1909.   ,      ,     : -,   . -,      . -,  -     .      ,      .        .

      ,       .    ,    .    , Standard Oil       ,        ,   .  ,      -   Standard Oil.   젖    ,   .     ? ,  ,        蠖   . ,       .           ..        :   ,      .     ,    -      ,      ![80 - E. V. Cary to J. D. Rockefeller, November 8, 1907, 19071912 folder. Box 114, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Business Interests, Rockefeller archives; Moore, Archbold, pp. 4849 (go ahead and hard job), 17 (God is willing), 53 (oil enthusiasm), 119 (not entirely philanthropic), 109 (one flash); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, pp. 11718 ($4 a barrel); vol. 2, pp. 28586 (really a bank), 29394 (three simple rules), 457, n. 8 (We told him); Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, p. 67 (unfortunate failing).]




 


  XIX    Standard Oil   .        堖 .      ,  ,  ,   ,       .    ,          .     Standard Oil Trust    1882.        1890- .   ,  1898.   82     $1,2,     1898  1904.  234      $6.    ( )   .      ,       ,      , ,     .  1899.     ,    ,    .             1900.,            :       .

      ,      Standard Oil      ,   1894.                . ,     ,         , ,     ,        .       .

,     ,  McClure's.             .       , ,   .     : ,            .    -     ,     .    ,       1899.     .  ,    ,    ,    .

       ,       .    ?     ,    .          . ,     .     .         ,     ,       , 堖   ,    ,     [81 - Edward . Kirkland, Industry Comes of Age: Business, Labor, and Public Policy, 18601897 (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1961), p. 312 (great moral battle); Lewis L. Could, Reform and Regulation: American Politics, 19001916 (New York: John Wiley, 1978), pp. 17, 23 (trust question); Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR (New York: Vintage, 1955), pp. 169, 18586 (critical achievement); Alfred D. Chandler, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977); Naomi R. Lamoreaux, The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 18951904 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), chap. 7; Kathleen Brady, Ida Tarbell: Portrait of a Muckraker (New York: Seaview/Putnam, 1984), pp. 12023 (great feature and new plan of attacking).      ,     ,  Harper's    Wealth Against Commonwealth   ,         .            Standard Oil   ,       Harper's. Interview with H. H. Rogers, T-004, Tarbell papers.].




 


          ࠖ    .    ( )      .  -,    ,            ,    .          ,            .   XX     40,     ,       .         .        ,   ,    McClure's.    ,       .         McClure's,      .      ,       .       ,      ,      . ,    ,      Standard Oil.

   ,  -  ,        ,         ,        .                  ,   1860- .,      ,        .         -  ,   $600    ,        60 000.   ,    ,  , ,    ,       ,  10   ,           .   ,          ,      . (      :        .)

    1872.     South Improvement Company     .     ,         ,       Standard Oil   .   , ,       Pure Oil Company       .          ࠖ   ,     .      -  ,     1896., ,   - ,  ,       -  .      ,    ,  ,  ,     ,     ,   Standard Oil,  ,  .

  , ,    ,  ,      Standard Oil  McClure's.   .

  ,       , -    ,    .   ,   :     ,     ,    McClure's. ,   ,  ,  ,     [82 - Brady, Ida Tarbell, p. 115 (holding people off), 110 (playing cards), 123 (Well, I'm sorry); Tarbell, All in the Day's Work, pp. 19, 204 (Pithole), 207 (Don't do it).].

   .    ,    ,     ,     .  ,        ,   - ,  :   ,   ,  ,  ,        .         .         McClure's  .      .

      Standard?        .. .           Standard Oil,    .  Standard       .        .      ,             ,    ,    ,           ,  ,   ,   .      :       ,  ,    .           .    ;     ,    .       ,    ,    .      ,   Standard Oil,    :      ,   .             ,      񻠖      -.     ,    ,    ,  .  ,      , ,      ,     .

          ,    .                ,      .      ,     ,         .   ,   ,     ,   , ,   , ,                ,    Standard Oil     .  ,             .

         , 26,               . -  , ,   , McClure's    Standard Oil.    ,     . ,      ,   .     ,       .          Standard.

       1902.           .     .   ,           -.     ,  , ,      ,          ,    ,          ,     .   ,    (           ),        Standard Oil.   ,    -    .   ,      ,    . ,         ,    .     렖             ,  -     -.

         .     ,    :         .   , 26,     .     ,    , ,   .       .  , ,    ,   Standard  .

, ,    !    .            .    ,               .  ,   ,   ,       : " - .    ,    ,      ".   .

    ? ,     ,     .      .  ,  ,       Standard Oil Company,        ,     ,    ,       .        ,            .   ,     :  , ,  .  ,        ,      .    .

 ,       ,     Standard Oil Company.     ,      ,           .  ,      ,     [83 - Joseph Siddell to Ida Tarbell, T-084 (most interesting figure); Standard Oil Rachel Crothers Group, T-014, p. 3 (confession of failure). Interviews with H. H. Rogers, T-004 (ask us to contribute), T-003 (made right), T-001, T-002, Tarbell papers. Albert Bigelow Paine, Mark Twain: A Biography (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1912), pp. 97173 (stop walking and affairs of a friend), 165859 (best friend); Justin Kaplan, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1966), pp. 32023 (out for the dollars); Tarbell, All in the Day's Work, pp. 21720 (born gambler and we were prospered), 21115 (by all odds), 10 (as fine a pirate), 22728; Albert Bigelow Paine, ed., Mark Twain's Letters (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1917), pp. 61213 (only man I care for); Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, p. 662; Brady, Ida Tarbell, pp. 12529 (straightforward narrative); Would Miss Tarbell See Mr. Rogers, Harper's Magazine, January 1939, p. 141.].

       ,   ,     McClure's   1902.,    .          ,      ,  Standard     ,      .            .            . ,     ,           ,     ,  .      .   ,    ,        .          Standard,          .    .           .       ,  ,  ,            Standard.        ,       ,    .     Standard    ,  .         .

       ,     1904.         Standard Oil Company,   64 .                ,         Standard.         堖  ,      .    ,       ,     . - ,  ,    ,   ,     1872.         .

    .           ,    .    :              ,     .      ,         .   50- . XX.  Standard Oil of New Jersey,         , ,    ,   ,          .  ,          , -    .          ,       ,  .   ,   ,   蠖    .      ,      .

       Standard.  1905.        .        ,    ,   ,  ,       .  ,     ,        ,    . ,        .     ,         ,         .   ,      .

     ?   ,   ,    ,     ,   ,  .

 ,   ,  ,   ,   ,    .     ,        - ,        .

   ,        ,    ,         .      ,    .   ,  Standard   ,  . ,     󻠖   [84 - Miss Tar Barrel (.)   . . .][85 - Standard Oil Rachel Crothers Group, T-014, p. 13, Tarbell papers (turned my stomach); Brady, Ida Tarbell pp. 13757 (very interesting to note, most remarkable, McClure's comments, guilty of baldness, lady friend and Rockefeller's response); Tarbell, History of Standard Oil vol. 1, p. 158; vol. 2, pp. 207, 60, 230, 288 (loaded dice), 24; Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil vol. 1, pp. 652 (more widely purchased), 663; Tarbell, All in the Day's Work, p. 230 (never had an animus); Hawke, Rockefeller Interview, p. 5 (Miss Tar Barrel).].




  


       .     Standard Oil      ,       ,    .   ,    1901.     ,      .

     .        ,     .   ꠖ     .   ,         .        蠖    -     .         1906.    ,                 ⠖  dropt  dropped.         ,           .

         .     ,                  .  ,               .            ,     ,   ,    ,         .          頖       .                  .   ,         ,     . ,  ,          ,        .    ,   ,   ,         .       ,      .       .         45  .

       . Standard Oil      :                .  ,      1904.     ,  Standard Oil     .     ,          Standard,  , ,   , Standard Oil    ,  , , ,     ,     ,           .

     :  ,    ,  ,      .            . " "      ,    .     :     ,      ,     .      ,      .     ,       ,   ,   ,   -      1904..

             ,      $100 000,     .. .     100 000,          ,     .        .          , ,     1904.     ,  ,         Standard Oil.

, - ,    ?  .   ,    . ,  ,        .

     1904.      Standard Oil     .        ,           .    ,    1906.   ..    ,            .   ,       ,     ,    ,       ,            .    ,    , , ,      ,       [86 - Gould, Reform and Regulation, pp. 2526(steamroller, meteor and wring the personality), 48 ($100,000 donation); Tarbell, All in the Day's Work, pp. 24142 (muckraker and vile and debasing); George Mowry, The Era of Theodore Roosevelt, 19001912 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1958), pp. 13132 (levees), 124; Henry F. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company, 1931), pp. 35051(read every book and Darkest Abyssnia); United States Congress, Senate, Subcommittee of the Committee on Privileges and Elections, Campaign Contributions, 62d Congress, 3d Session (Washington, B.C.: GPO, 1913), vol. 1, p. 133; vol. 2, pp. 1574, 1580; Moore, Archbold, p. 260 (1906 visit to TR).].




 


     ,   .   1906.   ,      :    -       Standard Oil.       1890.         .        .          ,      ,   .        ,   Standard Oil     .   ,         .   ,          ,            .

 Standard Oil ,     .  ,      .     Standard  :             ,    ,     .   Standard     .         ,        .        444 ,   1371 .    14 495 ,  21 .     ,                    ,     40 .

  Standard     .            .  44     ,     ,             ,   ,    .    , ,   ,   ,         . ,    ,  ,       .        ,       1907.   ,           ,      ,    ,      .        .    ,  -    .

          ,       ,     Standard Oil      .     Standard       .      ,   -     .   ,  ,      .    : , , ?      :  ?  .  ,   , $29,  .   :    ,       .    ,     , , ,  ,         .  ,  ,  [87 - Bringhurst, Antitrust and the Oil Monopoly, pp. 133, 140 (Every measure), 136 (biggest criminals). Starr J. Murphy to J. D. Rockefeller, September 7, 1907 (Administration has started); Telegram, W. P. Cowan to J. D. Rockefeller, August 3, 1907, 19071912 folder. Box 114; Stair Murphy to J. D. Rockefeller, July 9, 1907, Standard Oil Company Misc. folder. Box 118, J.D.R., Jr., Business Interests, Rockefeller archives. White, Standard Oil of California, p. 373 (inordinately voluminous); Moore, Archbold, pp. 295 (forty-four years), 220 (Federal authorities); Goulder, Rockefeller, pp. 84 (insolence and inadequacy), 2045 (Rockefeller on golf course); John K. Winkler, John D.: A Portrait in Oik (New York: Vanguard, 1929), p. 147.].

  1909.               Standard Oil.  ,        ,     ,   ,      .  .   ,      ,    .    Standard Oil,   ,    ,          .        .    1911.,      ,     :       398       Standard Oil Company.   ,  ,        ,  ,  ,   ,   .       .     49 ,        ,  ,    ,       ,       .          ,     ,      ,      .  ,        ,        .        .   ,    ,    (  1870.),     ,                      ,     .       . Standard Oil  .

       , 26,     .   .           .    ,   .          : Standard     .      .   .    - ,  ,       ,  ,       ,      .    .   , ,     ,     .    [88 - David Bryn-Jones, Frank B. Kellogg: A Biography (New York: Putnam, 1937), p. 66 (signal triumphs); Bringhurst, Antitrust and the Oil Monopoly, pp. 150, 15657 (I have also); White, Standard Oil of California, p. 377 (No disinterested mind); New York Times, May 16, 1911; Mock, Archbold, p. 278 (one damn thing).].







      Standard     .   ,        .     ,     ?    .   Standard   4/5  ,   ,   .    3/4     ;       ;    4/5        ,   ;     9/10    .  Standard     ,  300  700 .        78   19  .      ? , 26,  ,   .     1911.     .

Standard Oil     .         Standard Oil of New Jersey,         .       Exxon      .     9%    Standard Oil of New York,       Mobil.    : Standard Oil (California),    Chevron; Standard Oil of Ohio,    Sohio,      British Petroleum; Standard Oil of Indiana,   Amoco; Continental Oil,   Conoco; Atlantic,   ARCO,    Sun.          ,     ,      Standard.   ,  ,    ,              .           ,      .      ,    . -,   , 26,           .           蠖 Polarine, Perfection Oil,  Red Crown.     -     .

          ,    .      ,      .      Standard Oil;      ,      .         .    ,     ,        Standard of Indiana.    -         , 26,   ,  $5000,      $50[89 - Giddens, Standard of Indiana, pp. 12335 (office boys); Nevins, Study in Rower, vol. 2, pp. 38081 (young fellows); Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 416, 528, 71314; White, Standard Oil of California, pp. 37884.].




 


          ,        .     Standard of Indiana    .      ,     ,    .  ,      ,        .

          1518,     20%  .      ,       ,    ,     .         ,   .  ,           .

 ,       ,    ,    Standard of Indiana.                 ,    .  Standard    1889.  ,        .  1909.,        ,    ,          ,        ,     .        , 26,         .   ,       .         ,        .

   .        ,              堖  650   .     .    ,  ,     .      ,       . ,    ,   .          ,      ,        .    :      ,      堖  45%   .             ,   .       ,     .

 堖    .       .    - Standard Oil  -   ,       .  , 26,    .  -    .       :         .     Standard Oil    Standard Oil of Indiana,            ,    ,  -     :   .

  .            .  1910.       ,    .   ,           .      9,5    1911.  17    1913.        50   ,       $1.

   1913.,     Standard Oil,       ,  Indiana     ࠖ  , .. ,    .  ,  :   ,    ,          .        ,     .            .          .  , ,   ,     ,   ,                .

     Standard of Indiana  .   ,       .   ,      .   1914. Standard Oil of Indiana         ,     ,   ,     蠖  .   ,    1914  1919.     14 . Indiana          .  Standard Oil of New Jersey         ,   ,     ,   ,    Indiana  .  Standard Oil of Indiana  .   1915. Standard Oil of New Jersey       Indiana.          Standard Oil of New Jersey          Standard Oil of Indiana[90 - Giddens, Standard of Indiana, pp. 14163 (Burton).].







         .  ,      :    ;     , ,   ;       .     Standard Oil       .

         ,        Standard Oil,                .     .  -     Standard Oil of New Jersey.     ,    ⠖   Standard     .      Standard Oil         ,    Indiana,    .        ,  ,    , ..  .            $900 (   $9).

 1912.               ,      Standard Oil.       100%,  -        ,      . ,   -  : ",  ,     "[91 - Moore, Archbold, p. 281; Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 2, pp. 383 (Roosevelt), 4045.].




 6

 :  royal dutch    



 1896.  ,         ,      ,         頖          .  , ,   ,   Standard Oil       -:  - , ,   ,   ,        , ,  ,      .   -    ,              ,       - .    .             ,         ,  ,   .

          ,         .             ,     .    ,     .    :       ,     .   .      ,    :   䠖   ,      .    ,       ,       ,  .       ,  ,    ,  .

  1890- .  ,       ,      .      .            1900.       ?     ,               Standard Oil.  ,        .  ,             ,                        .    :   ,    -          ,      蠖 Standard Oil           Shell    . ,  ,     ,          ,  蠖    .   ,    [92 - Robert Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 158 (Mr. Abrahams), 272 (mere production), 163 (great disadvantage), 165 (berserk).].







 1895.     ,         -,             .      50       .  ,   ,   ,         .            ,         ,            ,     .

             . ,    , ,      ,              .     ,            .     ,     ,    .           .

               .        ,   .  ,     -    ,   ,    .       ,         - .  ,     ,     .           ,      ,     ,       .            ;  蠖   軠   .  ,    ,    ,    .        ,   .   ⠖ , -  -⠖  .     ,    .  ,     - ,   ,  .    ,  , ,   .

                   ,         .   !             䠖     .            .    ,      ,   ,   ,   ,      ,          . ,       ,     .

    ,   1897.   ,    1898.   .   ,     ,    .  ,           .            .            ,      ,      ,         , ..  .  ,  ,   XX.,     ,     ,      ,    .             .

        1870- .,             軠           , .. .     :      ,     ,        .              ,    ,      .  ,  1890- .              .          ,      ,        ,      .          ,             .              .         ,     ,     - .          ,   [93 - Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 186212 (correspondence), 267 (tremendous role), 272; Williamson and Daum, Age of Illumination, pp. 33637.].




 shell


        .           ,                .      ,   堖    ,      .        ,   ,          ,           .  1897.          .    .        ,  Tank Syndicate   .          ,          ,   ,    .     Shell Transport and Trading Company.

         ,        ,       렖         .   ,     ,      ,             .   ,       Shell  ,       Shell,  .    ,   Shell, , ,       .         , ,    ,     .

 XIX      .    ,     ,   . -    ,   1899.,     .   1900.   .           .       ,        ,     .   .  ,       Shell,   ,           .  Shell  ,       .

       .   ,  Shell     .      ,         .         ,  .    .      젖 , ,       ,    .    ,     ,    ,     .         -       .    ,         ,    ,      ,     ࠖ  ,  - ,     [94 - Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 30023.].




Royal dutch  


    Royal Dutch       ,       .   31  1897.       ,    ,       .            Sultan of Langkat    .        ,        .  ,    -   .

    Royal Dutch     .     .   1898.  ,        .   Royal Dutch . Standard Oil    Royal Dutch  .    ,  , ,  .

Royal Dutch    .       110   ,   110      .    .   80                    ,   ,     .  ,     ,          .      ,  ,                         .     - -        .      ,      Royal Dutch     ,      ,    .

          22  1899.   .      ,        .        Royal Dutch    ,          .               -. ,     , Royal Dutch        [95 - Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 31935, 17679, 223, 234, 29899; Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 1, pp. 121, 126, 177, 23839; vol. 2, pp. 32427, 89, 92146; Forbes and O'Beirne, Royal Dutch/Shell, p. 65.].




 


  1900. - , ,  Royal Dutch     ,      ,      .   ,      ,     ,    1900.    .           .                  .

      1866.    ,  ,     .        ,               .      蠖   ,        .     ,          ,               .        ,  ,       ,     ,     .     ,      ,      .        :      ,          ,     .

        ,   ,       ,   -   ,            .      ,       ,    .  ,    - ,  ,      ,    ,   ,     ,        .     ,             .

     ,         .    1890- . Royal Dutch     , ,         ,    .      ,   .    :         ,       .   Royal Dutch    ,        .        .

  ,   ,  Royal Dutch        ,   , ,      .   ,    :  ,        .       ,   , ..  ?  1895.        ,  ,       , .              .     Royal Dutch       .   ,   ,   .

           .     .   ,           ,          .   ,       60,    ,    ,    ,    45-  .      ,    .  ,  ,      ,  ,        .                 ,       .   .   Royal Dutch        ࠖ     :      -     ,    ,    .  ,       ,  : " ",      ,   "     ".

      . ,    ,           ,    .    , ,      , , ,     ,  ,   ,    .

     Royal Dutch,            ,       Royal Dutch  Standard Oil. Eendracht maakt macht   ໠    ,   .    ,       .   ,       ,       Standard Oil         . ,             .    ,         ,              .       ,      ,    Royal Dutch     .         . , ,     ,  -  ,       [96 - Interview with John Loudon; Henriques, Marcus Samuel pp. 33031 (nervous condition), 333; Heart Deterding, An International Oilman (as told to Stanley Naylor), (London and New York: Harper & Brothers, 1934), pp. 2830 (lynx-eye and go a long way), 37 (sniftering), 910 (Simplicity rules); Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 1, pp.199202 (first-rate businessman); vol. 2, pp. 17374 (not aiming and heart and soul); Robert Henriques, Sir Robert Waley Cohen, 1877 1952 (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1966), p. 98 (charm); Lane to Aron, January 11, 1912, Rothschild papers (terrible sort).].




   


Shell  Royal Dutch           .          ,              .         頖      ,  ,          ,      ,  ,  ,         .                .      ,     , ,     Shell    .      ,    ,        .

      ,       .     ,        ,     ,   ,         .           ;   , ,   ,    䠖  ,    .     ,     ,    .             Royal Dutch  Shell          ,     .        .       .           .       .    ,       ,       .  ,     1901.     -     -,     , 26,        Standard Oil.     ,    .                 . , ,    ,        .          .    ,          Shell.  Standard Oil    ,  .      ,           ,     Shell,       [97 - Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 2, pp. 19194 (battledore and joint management); Archbold to Rockefeller, October 15, 1901, GDR to JDR, October 15,1901,18771906 folder, Box 114, Business Interests, J.D.R., Jr., Rockefeller archives (There is here).].




British dutch  asiatic


    -,          Royal Dutch  Shell.        :          ?  4  1901.    ,   ,   .     :        ,       ,   .       .     :  ,    ,  .       ,         . ,    ,   .            Royal Dutch/Shell.

   , ,  Standard Oil     Shell.    .      1901.,     , Standard Oil -   Shell          $40 ( $500 )!       .  ,  ,          .          :    ,           Standard Oil,       Royal Dutch.    .            ,    ,  .  ,      .   27  1901.       Royal Dutch.        .        -      Standard Oil   .

   . Standard Oil,   ,    ,  ,  ,   ,     .  ,         ,   ,     ,    ,    .            ,      .   ,               -   Royal Dutch.      ,   ,        -.        Shell?     ,        .      Standard Oil  ,  Shell  ,       ,    .    ,       ꠖ  ,  .

  ,  ,         ,   Shell     ,       -   .          ,  .   .       ,  㠖   ,   .       .        .           -,     ,   Shell Transport Royal Dutch Petroleum Company,     British Dutch.  ,   ,    Standard Oil   .

   , .. , , ,        Shell,        .    ,    ,        .   ,  .       ,      .       ,    ,       .      .

  1902.         . British Dutch   ,    Asiatic Petroleum.   ,        ,                   .           ,   ,  ,  ,       ,    ,      [98 - Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 2, pp. 195201 (no solution and cordially), 23438 (Neither of us and Delay dangerous); Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 4003 (sincere congratulation).].




 


  British Dutch,   Asiatic        .          .     Shell,        ,         .       .

     ,   29  1902. ,  ,     - .           .       堖         ,  -      .      .    Shell,   ,     ,   ,    ;      ,    [99 -   (.)  . . .].    ,      Shell     Asiatic Petroleum Company.

        (        1897.).    Asiatic       Royal Dutch  Shell,      ,  ,         -.         ,   .        -,          .

           Asiatic,      ,       ,     - ,  10  1902.  , ,    ,       ,      .        ,   -     .      .    ,    ,    ,      -,     .       [100 -  (.)    . . .]    ,     .     .        ,          . , ,  ,    ,            ,        .    -     ,   , ,       .

        젖   ,   .   ,       ,          -            .          ,    -[101 - - (.)  -. . .],   ,       ,   .      -,      .   ,    -,         ,        .

    .     1902.       ,  ,      ,      ,      .      ,     - .                 蠖      .        .             Shell.     -  ,    - Asiatic.            .  ,         ,  . ,          :   ,       .         ,   ,         ,   -   .    .      ,  ,         .    ,  ,      .   ,     .   ,      .      .

  Asiatic      .     ,             .  Royal Dutch ,   ,      .      :       ,            .   ,   ,        .  -   :     ,    -.

    1903.        Asiatic,       .         -,      ,          .    ,     ,  ,  Royal Dutch       . ,   ,  -  Asiatic,  Royal Dutch   ꠖ  .    ,          .    .   ,    ,  ,     ,    .       .

    Asiatic    1903.,        . ,   , ,  堖       ,     ,      .    [102 - Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 2, pp. 18788 (not worth a white tie), 24445 (rightly and fairly); Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 43641 (Lane's critique), 44652 (rage, ten Lord Mayors and Twenty-one years), 470.].




    


       .     Royal Dutch  ,    ,  : ,          ,   .    ,     ,     .   Royal Dutch       -,       .          ,      Asiatic       .

     Royal Dutch ,  Shell  .      ,                     -   .  ,  ,      , -     .  Royal Dutch     ,      ,       .    Standard Oil    .      Shell  ,      - Asiatic    . ,   ,   ,     Royal Dutch   Shell,      -   ,     Royal Dutch   5065%,   1905.    73%.

   Shell?    .  1906.    ꠖ          :     .    Shell    Royal Dutch,    .     -          .  ,       .  . ,  .    ?  ,  ,       British Dutch.   ,   :  British Dutch ,     .   ,    : 60%  Royal Dutch  40%  Shell.    Shell    !  .         .

       ,   Shell    ,         .  ,  ,     Royal Dutch,  , ,    ,    Royal Dutch     Shell.

    : Royal Dutch    Shell         .     ,   :    .      ,    ,   .     .   .           .  .

    1907.,    Royal Dutch/Shell.     ,    ,  British Dutch    .    Royal Dutch  .   젖     .        .          Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij,     ࠖ   Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company.  Royal Dutch,  Shell  ,  Royal Dutch  60%   ,  Shell 40%.      Royal Dutch/Shell,     ,   .  -     ,          -. Royal Dutch    Shell    ,   ,        ,    .

     ,       Royal Dutch/Shell.      ,      ,      .   ,      ,   .      .   ,      ,        60: 40.

         ,      . , ,  . 젖  ,  ,     Royal Dutch,      ,    .      .    - ,       ,        1901.,      Shell  Asiatic.          .       ,     ,    .         ,     ,     ,      ,    ,     .

         ,     .       .   ,    .    ,   ,        650.     ,         .   ,    ,       .         ,  ,    ,   1908.    Shell,      ,  .    ,       Shell Transport and Trading       .    ,   ,         ,     ,     ,     .          .        .   [103 - Gerretson, RoyalDutch, vol. 2, pp. 298301 (seize one's opportunities), 34546 (Deterding and Samuel); Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 495 (disappointed man), 509 (genius); Mira Wilkins, The Emergence of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from the Colonial Era to 1914 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970), p. 83; Henriques, Waley Cohen, pp. 12948, chaps. 810; Deterding, International Oilman, p. 114 (our chairman).].




 !


   1907. ,         ࠖ  Standard Oil   Royal Dutch/Shell.      Standard   ,    ,    1910.   :    .   , ,   ,          , 26,     .       Royal Dutch/Shell  $100.  ,  ,         ,   .   ,  ,   ,                 ,           Standard.

Standard Oil       ,       .         ,       .      ࠖ    ,    :  !     Royal Dutch/Shell    1910  1914.       ,        ,  Standard,   Standard            ,     ,       ,    .    Standard ,     .         ,         .

    .    ,   1912.         ,          .        .     ,     ,     .              1890- .,        1890-.     ,   ,   ,            .

, ,  ,        ,   ,    -     1912.              ,      ,   ,   $2500   ,       ,  ,    ,    .   ,            Roxana Petroleum.  ,     ,      .      Standard.   ,   ,   ,      :    ![104 - Gerretson, RoyalDutch, vol. 3, pp. 303 (wipe us out), 29798 (1 am sorry), 307 (To America!); Kendall Beaton, Enterprise in Oil: A History of Shell in the United States (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957), pp. 123 (Oil Capital), 126 (we are in America!).]




  


          Shell  Royal Dutch,       ,   Shell   .         ,    ,    18921903.   ,              젖        .         ,          .      .             ,    .      .

    ,     ,     .       ,   .       II,   ,     .  ,  ,      ,       ,   ,     "",   .       "" ,  .   ,        ,        .    ,        ,   .

 II            ,         .        .  1903.        ,    II   .   ,  ,        .

砖    蠖         .       .       ,       14      .

     .           .   ໠   ,                 .      ,        .         :           .           ,               .       ࠖ  ,  ,  .    ,   ,  -  .        .

 1901  1902.       ,        ,        .      蠖     .     ,         .  1903.    ,                  .    ,     . ,   ,          [105 - Geoffrey Jones and Clive Trebilcock, Russian Industry and British Business, 19161930: Oil and Armaments, journal of European Economic History 11 (Spring 1982), pp. 6869 (too hurried development); Serge Witte, The Memoirs of Count Witte, trans, and ed. Abraham Yarmolinsky (Garden City: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1921), pp. 2729, 125, 198 (imported mediums), 183 (Byzantine habits), 247 (tangle), 279; Theodore Von Laue, Sergei Witte and the Industrialization of Russia (New York: Atheneum, 1974), pp. 255, 12223, 250; A. A. Fursenko, Neftyanye Tresty i Mirovaia politika (Moscow: Nauka, 1965), pp. 4243.     . Richard Hare, Portraits of Russian Personalities Between Reform and Revolution (London: Oxford University Press, 1959), pp. 305; Tolf, Russian Rockefellers, pp. 15155 (revolutionary hotbed); Adam B. Ulam, Stalin: The Man and His Era (New York: Viking, 1973), pp. 37, 5960; Isaac Deutscher, Stalin: A Political Biography (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966), p. 47; Ronald G. Suny, A Journeyman for the Revolution: Stalin and the Labour Movement in Baku, Soviet Studies 23 (January 1972), p. 393.].

     , ,     ,                .  ,  ,    ,   堖 .       ,      ,   1901.      . ,               ,      ,       .        - .       ;        1903.  ,   .      .      -  ,    .     ,    .  ,     .

-     1904.     -.        ,           .     , , ,   .   1904.            .           ,   .    .           ,     ,    .    ,   1905.,  ,     .

     , -    .  ,  ,      ,   .      ⠖  .  ,              ,   .    ,  40   .

            1905.          ,  - .           ,    ,    ,   .     ,   " ".         ,      ,           .   ,      ,       ,      ,        .    ,          .  ,      ,      .

        .  ,      ,     . Standard Oil     蠖          ,      .     ,    :         ,      .

  1905.  . -   ,      ,   ,  -,           .   1905.         ࠖ .  ,        . -     .           .  1907.   ,      ,         ,          ,   .          ,   ,  ,    ,      .  ,   ,  ,   -     .  1910.          ,       .           ,     ,      [106 - Witte, Memoirs, pp. 189 (monkeys), 250 (Russia's internal situation); Deutscher, Stalin, p. 66 (hour of revenge); Solomon M. Schwarz, The Russian Revolution of 1905: The Workers' Movement and the Formation of Bokhevikism and Menshevikism, trans. Gertrude Vaka (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966), pp. 30114; Adam B. Ulam, The Bolsheviks & the Intellectual (New York: Collier Books, 1965), pp. 219, 227; J. D. Henry, Baku, pp. 15759 (Adamoff), 183184 (flames); K. H. Kennedy, Mining Tsar: The Life and Times of Leslie Urquhart, (Boston: Alien & Unwin, 1986), chaps. 2and 3; Gerretson, RoyalDutch, vol. 3, p. 138; Hidy and Hidy. Standard Oil, p. 511; Ulam, Stalin, pp. 8998; Suny, Stalin, pp. 394, 386 (unlimited distrust).].




  


    ,        .            .                    ,     .       .           .           ,      .          ,     .  ,    .        ,      .

           .     蠖 ,            , ,    .  1890- .                  .   -        XX. Standard Oil, Deutsche Bank  Royal Dutch.               ,       .    XX.        . Deutsche Bank           1906.         ().           Standard Oil       ,       20  25%   ,     Standard Oil.          .

           ,           .        ,        ,      .      . 堖  ,   .            .     .          ,       .      , , , .           .      .         .           ,    ?

 1911.     Royal Dutch/Shell        .     .        .   ,     -    ,  ""       .         ,    , ,  ,   , ,    ,    ,   ,     - .     ,      .   1912.   .       ,   Royal Dutch,   Shell,        .                   ,   .

        ,   Shell      .  ,  ,     Royal Dutch/Shell  .          ,   ,   ,    .     ,       ,   ,   堖  .          , ,   ,        .           : 53%  -, 17    29  . ,       .                .   ,     ,   .

    ,    ,   ,    ,   .     ,     . ,       ,    .    1904  1913.           31  9%.  , ,                 ,      .  ,           .      ,       ,    .      -       ,    1920- .  ,     .       . ,  ,       .     [107 - A. Beeby Thompson, The Oil Fields of Russia (London: Crosby Lockwood and Son, 1908), pp. 19597, 213; Maurice Pearton, Oil and the Romanian State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971), pp. 145; Tolf, Russian Rockefellers, pp. 18385; Lane to Aron, December 21, 1911 (I can assure you), December 13, 1911 (his intention), Rothschild papers; V. I. Bovykin, Rossiyskaya Neft i Rotshil'dy', Voprosy Istorii 4 (1978), pp. 2741; Suny, Stalin, p. 373 (journeyman for the revolution).].

  1905.            ,            .   ,   ,  -         .




 7

   



  1900.        蠖   .       ,   젖 ,      ,      .     ,              .       .           ,  ,   ,  :     ,      ,       .        (, ,    ),      ,          .            :     . ?  -  ꠖ  .

          .           ,       ,             .    蠖  ,      1935.,        ,          [108 - Henry Drummond Woolf, Rambling Recollections, vol. 2 (London: Macmillan, 1908), p. 329 (well versed); Charles Issawi, ed., The Economic History of Iran, 18001914 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971), p. 20 (Persian finances); R. W. Ferrier, The History of the British Petroleum Company, vol. 1, The Developing Years, 19011932 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 28 (Shah's prodigality); T. A. B. Corky, A History of the Burmah Oil Company, 18861927 (London: Heinemann, 1983); Geoffrey Jones, The State and the Emergence of the British Oil Industry (London: Macmillan, 1981). The books by Ferrier, Corley, and Jones all making extensive use of corporate and government archives are the best works on their respective subjects.].




  


         ,        :   ,        , ,     . ,    ,   '.    1849. ,  ,    ,       .       .     , '               .  ,       ,     '       .            ,    ,        .     '    ,      ,   ,    .   , ,  ,   ,            .       ,               .

        ,            .  1872.,     1889.    ,     ,   ,  ,  ,  .                          .      .  1890- .      ,  ,       ,     .     ,      , ,   ',          .    ?      .

25  1901.   '   ,  16      .         ,   '  ,    .        .       ,          ,      ,        [109 - Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 29 (capitalist), 31 (riches), 3536 (morning coffee). On D'Arcy, see ibid., pp. 3032; Corky, Burmah Oil, pp. 9697; Henry Longhurst, Adventure in Oil: The Story of British Petroleum (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1959), pp. 1819, 25; David J.Jeremy and Christine Shaw, eds., Dictionary of Business Biography (London: Butterworths, 1984), vol. 2, pp. 1214. On the de Reuter concessions, see Firuz Kazemzadeh, Russia and Britain in Persia, 18641914 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968), pp. 10034, 21014.].




  


      ,         I,   V.  ..          .        ,       .              ,    .          ,     .      ,     .   XVIII          ,                 .       .  XIX. ,    ,                   ,            .

              . -       ,     ,   頖  .   1860- .          .      堖            .          ,   .      1871.,   ,   ,      ,    ,     .      .  1885.     ,         .

       XIX.      ,            .           ,      .        ,          .      -    ,           .   - ,     ,   ,     ,   ,       ,             .  ,       ,               -    .        頖    :             ?              .   ,          .

   '       .                .        .         ', , ,   .       .   '     ?5000,  ,      ',    -  ,         .      ,  28  1901.   -   ,    ?20 000 ,      ,   16%    .       . (    .)    '  ,  3/4 ,   60 .

   '       ,   , ,       .         .          ,                ,  ,   ,          ,         .      ,    ,    .     ,  ,   ,    ,       ,    ,      ,     ,   .         [110 - Kazemzadeh, Russia and Britain in Persia, pp. 3 (chessboard), 8, 22 (Insurance), 32528 (ragamuffins); Arthur H. Hardinge, A Diplomatist in the East (London: Jonathan Cape, 1928), pp. 280 (elderly child), 268 (vassalage), 328 (detestable); Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 39 (ready money), 43 (no umbrage); Hardinge to Lansdowne, January 29, 1902, FO 60/660, PRO (Cossacks); Briton Cooper Busch, Britain and the Persian Gulf (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), chap. 4and pp. 23542.].

 '            .        ',      ,  ,   ,            .           ,         ,  '.  ,    ,    .      ,  ,      ,    ,          .    :  ,     ,               ,          .

   '      㠖      ,     ? , ,     ,    .  , '      (     ),     . ,   '   ,    ,      .     ,   ,    ,   ,       ,         ,      .  ,      .      .    ' ,       ?10 000.         ?200 000[111 - Issawi, Economic History of Iran, p. 41 (far-reaching effects and soil of Persia); Jones, State and British Oil pp. 13132; Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 43 (wild-catting), 107.].




 


 '    ,    ,      .           ,      .  ,   ,    -,       - .       - ,   ,   ,  300     .   ,        800 ,      ,    .       ?             ,       .

      ,           ,    .         ,    ,       ,     , ,         -.       ࠖ      ,               ,    ,     ࠖ     .       "",             ,      .   ,              ,        :    , ,   ,   렖 , ,          .  ,      .

  '    .        ,     ,  300       ,         .      ,     ,   ,     ,          .       .

  '      .  ,       1902.  .      .      ,   1902.  ,  ,        ,       .        50 .  ,   .       -    , ,   ,     ,        .   ,        ,          .         -     .        ,  '  .             [112 - Hardinge, Dipbmatist, pp. 281, 27374 (Shiahs), 30611; Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 57 (expedite), 65 (heat, Mohamedan Kitchen and Mullahs).].




   


      ,    1903.,  11     ,     .  '  ,        ,     :  ,       .    ,    ,     .   ,   ,      .    ,       .

'      .      ,     ,         ,              XX.   ,    ,       -  ,     .        .   ,   ,    ,   .  1896.    , 頖 ,   蠖         .            ,          ,    '.          .       -     ,       Standard Oil,   Shell,          .

       ,       ',     ,      '. , ,       ',             .    '     ,   :          ?160 000,       ?120 000. '  ,       ,           .  ,       .      ,         ,    .

'   .      ,   - ,    ,      .   1903.      Lloyds Bank  ?177 000,              .     1904.     -   .    ,   ',      ,     .              ,  ,   ,   '    .

    '      Joseph Lyons and Company  .     Standard Oil,      .    ,       ,   ,      Shell  Royal Dutch   Asiatic Petroleum. ,  ,    -     ,           ,     ,     ,       - .   1904.    '   ,  Lloyds Bank      .             [113 - Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 5962 (Every purse and keep the bank quiet); Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 9799 (eminence grise), 133; Corky, Burmah Oil pp. 98103 (Glorious news).].




 


      ,    ,  ', ,          ,    .        ,  ,       .            .         1903.     :      -  -             ,          .   -    ,      " "   .       :           .   ,    - ,     .        .                 - .  .    ,       ,          ,   ,      .        ,    '  .

     '       ,       , :   ,         .    ,   , ,                ,      .  ,           .

      .  '                        .        ' ,     ,   -   ,        .        ,  .       , 84-     .    ,       -  ,  ,      ?50 000   ,   ,     , ,    ,    .

     ,     .       Burmah Oil. Burmah      1886.             -  .       ,        ,      ,      .  1904.         ,   ,     1885.,   .    Burmah Oil    ,               .        .

         :    Burmah,   '.    Burmah,     ,      .      ,       ,        -   .                 .    ,  蠖      ?   ,  ,     .  ',   ,  - Burmah    ,        .           -,         ,        '  .

    Burmah Oil    ',  Burmah Oil   , ,   堖           (      ),         .   1905.,         ,       '  Burmah.          .  '    ,   '蠖   .   Burmah     ,    ,         .           ,  '    . ,   .        ,   '     .     .    Burmah Oil,  '         ,     ,   ,     .           [114 - Kazemzadeh, Russia and Britain in Persia, pp. 44244 (menace and Monroe Doctrine). Lansdowne to Curzon, December 7, 1903, FO 60/731 (danger); Cargill to Redwood, October 6, 1904, ADM 116/3807, PRO. Corley, Burmah Oil, pp. 99102 (imperial, patriots and coincided exactly); Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 13334 (British hands).].




  : -


          - .       -  ,  ,      40 ,    ,             .        ,     (900 )   ,     .      .       蠖 -  . ,   ,  -,      .      ,     , ,   .   1903.         .      '         ,           ,    ,      ,              .          ,           -     .      .

  ࠖ   ,      廠         -.         1904.    ,    .   ,  1906-,    -      .       ,    .   ,  ,        .

  -     :      ,        Burmah Oil.   ,   , ,   ,    ,   .   :  ࠖ    .   ,  ,   .     .    ,   ,  ,      ,             .     ,       ,   150    ,  堖  ,          [115 - A. R.  Cooper, A Visit to the Anglo-Persian Oil-Fields, Jornal of the Central Asian Society, 13 (1926), pp. 15456 (thousand pities); Kazemzadeh, Russia and Britain in Persia, pp. 444445; Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp.67, 86 (beer and skittles), 79 (dung and teeth); Arnold Wilson, S. W. Persia: A Political Officer's Diary, 190714 (London: Oxford University Press, 1941), p. 112.].

    .         1901.,    50 ,            .      ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  .            ,        .   ,   .           ,   堖 ,  ,  ,  , ,    堖  , .    ,   ,    ,     ,          .  ,  ,   ,   .

     .      ,    ,    ,   ,    ,     .            .         Burmah Oil:   ,     . ,           ,        ,    ,        .          .  ,        1907.,  ,        -,  .   .       ,       ,       ,     [116 - Wilson, S. W. Persia, p. 27 (dignified and solid British oak); Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 79 (reasonable and beasts), 96 (type machine), 73; Corley, Burmah Oil, p. 110 (amuse me).].




  


  ,                  .      ,         .         .      - .   1906.       ,   ,          .    蠖  ,  ,   .  ,     .  ,   ,  14 000   ,      .      ,       ,           . ,    ,         .

    .               ,       .   ,     ,        .  1905.        ,                  .        ,       -     ,       .   ,       ,    . ',      ,   : ,    .

               . '      ,        .   ,     ,     ,          - .     ࠖ      20  .          .  1907.  -              .       .       -    1905.,        .                           .   1907.,      ,   ,      .  ,            .         ,       ,         .          ,  ,  ,   ,          , -   [117 - Ervand Abrahamian, Iran Between Two Revolutions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), pp. 8085 (luxury of Monarchs); Gene R. Garthwaite, The Bakhtiar Khans, the Government of Iran, and the British, 18461915, International Journal of Middle East Studies 3 (1972), pp. 2144; Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 83 (nightingale and Baksheesh), 85 (importance attached). Harold Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1930), p. 171 (spontaneous infiltration); Spring-Rice to Grey, April 11, 1907, FO 416/32, PRO (great impetus); Kazemzadeh, Russia and Britain in Persia, pp. 475500.].









  


-            .  ,       ,  ,   - .     ,     .        ,   ,    ,     .      ,  ,    1908.     .

     . Burmah Oil       .     ,      .      Burmah  ',              .   1908.   Burmah     ',     ,         ,   .

,     ?20 000,   ',   ,  .   ,  Burmah     .  Burmah  30      , '  -  ,    .  ,      .   Burmah  '   .

    ', Burmah       . 14  1908.        ,       ,      .        -   1600 .        ,       ,          ,       .     .      ,  '    .   ,        ,   .          ,      .      .

    ,     .       . -        ,    ,      45   .           .             .  25  1908.   ,   ,    ,   ,        . 26        .    .    50       .      .

    .             . ,    ,        .  ,    (  ): .  103,  15.       :  ,         '   .   ,     .         ,    ,  .      .           .          Burmah Oil,  14 ,      .  ,             , ,     .   ,     ,       ,    : , ,   ,   , ,      ,   ,        ,  .                 .

              - . ,        ,    Burmah  . '   ,   Burmah,     ,  -   .          ,    1911.   .               :      ,      ,  ,   ,   ,     ,     ,          ,  .   ,    ,       .  ,   ,    ,        .  ,  Burmah -  ,  , ,      [118 - Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 8688 (last throw, cannot find and Psalm 104), 96 (stupid action); Corley, Burmah Oil, pp. 12839 (go smash, abandon operations, telling no one and may be modified); Wilson, S. W. Persia, pp. 4142 (endure heat).].




 : - 


19 1909.  Bank of Scotland     .        .           ,  .     ,     .          .    -    ,          .

    ,        . ,    ,    ,        .         .  ,       ,    ,       Burmah     .       ,        ,      Burmah,    .  ,          '.   ,   ,       ,         .         ,  '   .    ,        ,    '.      ࠖ  .

      . ,  Burmah Oil     , '   .         ,       ,      ?895 000 (   ?30,  $55).      ',    .      ,     ,      Burmah Oil.          . '           :   ,   .      ,  ,    ,          '  1917.    ,  -     '    ,   .

 ,      ,    . -      .   1910.    2500 .            , -           .  ,        ,       ,       .    ,   - ,      ,      ,    ,  ,       ,  .          ,       ;           ,     ,   .

           10 . ,      :          ?               138 ,         .     6000 .                 --,      ,   .              Burmah,      .       1912.      .          .      :         .            ,    Burmah Oil   1913.

  1912. -          蠖      Asiatic  Royal Dutch/Shell,   .                 Asiatic,  -      ,        .    -                . Shell       .       ,     , , ,   ,   ,        .

      ,  -       .       .   1912.      .  Burmah Oil      :  ,      .   " ",            - ,            .

       ,         .         ,      Royal Dutch/Shell.         Burmah Oil.       [119 - Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 1056 (making public, corns and immense benefit), 98 (great mistake), 103 (signing away), 113 (just as keen). While Ferrier places the value of D'Arcy's shares at ?895,000, Corley puts them at ?650,000 still a healthy return after all. Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 112 and Corley, Burmah Oil, p. 142. On Anglo-Persian's operations after the stock issue, see Wilson, S. W. Persia, pp. 84, 103 (spent a fortnight), 21112; Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 15253 (one chapter); Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 142, 144 (serious menace), 147; Corley, Burmah Oil, p. 189 (hell of a mess).].




 8

 



  1903.,    ,  ',           ,       ,  .     ,     ,         ,              .               ',    ,        .

          ,          .            .    Hannibal     .         ,      .        ,         .      ,    .             -         ,   Shell.        ,      '.

     ,      ,          . '         ,    .              ',    ,    .  ,  '        ȅ  ,   .     ,    ,    (') ,    -,         ! '  ,    - .   ࠖ  ,   頖 ,       ,     '[120 - Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 59; John Arbuthnot Fisher, Memories (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1919), pp. 15657; Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 399402; John Arbuthnot Fisher, Fear God and Dread Nought: The Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher of Kilverstone, vol. 1, ed. Arthur J. Marder (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1952), pp. 45, (oil maniac), 275 (gold-mine and bought the south half).].




  


 ,            ,  1904.     .            - .        .  1854.  13         .        ,         ,   .    ,        ,  ,    ,  ,    .          VII  :      .

 ,    (     )        - .      ,       , ,  .       .      - :   ,     " !".    ,          - .       .        ,    ,  ,  ,  ,       .  ,     1901.,     - .     .  ,               ,    .     堖     ,   ,  ,    .

    ,     ,   '    .        ,          ,      Burmah Oil Company    '.     頖   -          .       ,        ,      ,  .        - ,          , ,          [121 - Fisher, Memories, p. 116 (God-father of Oil); Arthur J. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 19041919, vol. 1, The Road to War, 19041914 (London: Oxford University Press, 1961), pp. 14 (mixture), 205 (tornado), 19 (Edward VII), 45; Fisher, Fear God, vol. 1, pp. 102 (Full Speed), 185 (Wake up); Ruddock F. Mackay, Fisher of Kilverstone (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), p. 268 (Golden rule); R. H. Bacon, The Life of Lord Fisher (Garden City: Doubleday, 1929), vol. 2, pp. 15759.].




  


               ,   ,           ,       ,   ,    蠖    VII.        ,          頖        .      .          ,    ,  ,        .      .    ,   ,           - .

  1890- .        껠    ,    ,      ,       . ,      ,         ,       .            , , ,     . ,            ࠖ , ,   .    ,       .

  ,      ,     ,          ,     .  ,      ,       ,        ,    .       - ,    .   :     ,         .      1897.,   ,         ,    ,           .    :             ,      ,         .        ,      ,   ,      ,    ,    .          ,   ,  .  1896.     -     . ,     ,   [122 - Paul M. Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1982), pp. 416 (naval question), 417 (freedom), 457 (strident), 22129 (world domination, mailed fist and weary Titan); Zara S. Steiner, Britain and the Origins of the First World War (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977), pp. 4057, 127; Samuel Williamson, The Politics of Grand Strategy: Britain and France Prepare for War, 19041914 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969), pp. 16, 18.].

   ,   :    !  ,     ,    ,     ,    .                .  1904.       ,             ,       ,     ,      .

            ,  ,    .     :   .          ,         ,   ⻠             , ,   ,      .    .          ,     ?    Daily Express.   1908.    ⠖ ⻠    -     栖  ,    ,        [123 - Winston Spenser Churchill S 19-   , ѻ 3-   . . .],         ,   ,      .           [124 - William H. McNeil, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force and Society Since a.d. 1000 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), p. 277 (technological revolution); Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, vol. 1, pp. 71, vii, 139 (pensions); Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, pp. 236, 238.     . Volker Berghahn, Naval Armaments and the Social Crisis: Germany Before 1914, in Geoffrey Best and Andrew Wheatcraft, eds., War, Economy, and the Military Mind (London: Groom Held, 1976), pp. 6188. Randolph S. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 1, Youth, 18741900 (London: Heinemann, 1966), pp. 188889.].




 


        ,    ,       -  .          1901.  26 .                .          .      ,   1910.    .         .     ,      ,     .     .        ,        -      ,    -       .      .     .           .

   1911.   Panther                .   Panther        ,    ,   .    .         :     ,        蠖  ,      - .    ,     . , ,      ,   .  ,    ,        -      .    ,              ,      1911.  ,    ,     - .      -  ,         ࠖ        - .

,  ,  [125 - Randolph S. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 2, Young Statesman, 19011917 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967), pp. 494 (nonsense), 51819 (Indeed).].

-     ,        , , ,    ,        .      ,  ,  ,      ,     ,      .      ,    ,  :     ,        .

      ,      .                1907.,    ,  ,  ,  ,       .    ,     - , ,       ,      ,          ,    .  ,  ,    .    ,    .  ,                ,    - ,   ,     ,      .          .

       ,  ,    ,      .    ,               - .    ,        ,      -       ,    ,           Shell.              .    ,     ,             ,       -     .    ,     !       1911.       ,      ,     ,   ,        ,  ,       ,         ,    ,     .       ,              [126 - Churchill, Young Statesman, pp. 54547 (whole fortunes); Churchill, World Crisis, vol. 1, pp. 7178 (intended to prepare, important steps and veritable volcano); Fisher, Memories, pp. 2001 (precipice); Henriques, Marcus Samuel, p. 283; Randolph Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 2, Companion Volume, part 3, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), p. 1926 (How right).].




!


            .       Shell Transport and Trading   .     ,  ,    :    ,        (    ),     ?6  .    , , ,  !     ,       :                 - .          : ,  ,   ,    ,        ,     ,   ,        !  ,         Shell,   :      !      ,    !     78%    30%        ,          ,    ,     ,      !                 :      ,         ,       ""![127 - Churchill, Churchill, vol. 2, Companion Volume, part 3, pp. 192627.]

    ,      56    74  ,     .         .     ࠖ ,   ,   ,    .  ,   -       ,          ,       ,          .       ,   . ,  ,    ,     頖   ,       .         21 . ,   ,          .  ,          ,    25           .  ,  -     , , ,       ,     .

   .  ,         ,    .             ,    .      (     )       ,     .  ,  ,  ,      ,    ,       .                    .     ,   ,   ,     蠖    ,         ,                              .

 -  1912, 1913  1914.      -     .         ,         . (     ,     .)   1912.       -             .   " ",  ,       -      ,        .

      :   ,    ,           ?    ,      ,    .      :      -      ,            .            .   ,             ,    .   ,            ,        .   -            "   ".       ,         -     ,   ,  ,  ,    .  ,         [128 - Fisher, Fear God, vol. 2, p. 404 (Sea fighting); Churchill, World Crisis, vol. 1, pp. 13036 (on his decision).].




  


      ,        ,    ,  ,    .               .    , ,     .    堖   .               .   - ,        1912.              .

     ,                 - ,     .



  ,  .     ( ),  ,   ,   (   ),    .

     ,        ,          .  ,     ,     .       .    -   .    ,     ,    .   ,           ,     ,     .    ,    , ,                . 堖             

     ,  .        ,    堖          .


      . ,   ,  :    ,   ,   ,  ,  ,     .      ,    ,     Shell ,     [129 - Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 158; Jones, State and British Oil p. 170; Corley, Burmah Oil Company, p. 186; Fisher, Fear God, vol. 2, pp. 451 (betrayed), 467 (no one else); Mackay, Fisher, pp. 43738; Churchill, Young Statesman, pp. 56768; Churchill, Churchill, vol. 2, Companion Volume, part 3, p. 1929 (My dear Fisher).].

           ,            ,  ,    .      , ,    ,    .   ,  ,   -       .            15 ,     !    ,  ,    , ,   ,    .

   1912.     ,   1913-젖  .            ,         - .  ,       ,         ,  ,   ,     .       -     , , .    :   ?     :       Royal Dutch/Shell,        -  [130 - Fisher, Memories, pp. 21820 (d d fool); Lord Fisher, Records (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1919), p. 196; Mackay, Fisher, p. 439 (overwhelming advantages); Fisher, Fear God, vol. 2, p. 438 (don't grow).].




 shell


 -        ',  ,   Burmah Oil,        ,     .            .    Burmah Oil        - ,                .   ,       ,        ,     .      -,           .  ,             .  ,          :  -            ,     Royal Dutch/Shell,             .   ,       ,      Royal Dutch/Shell,      ,    .

             Royal Dutch/Shell  - .    -     蠖       .     ,      :       ,     ,    ,        Royal Dutch/Shell,    .     -       Shell  .          20         ,       .

    ,         ,     -    Shell.    ,  , Shell       -        .        . Shell,   ,  Royal Dutch,        .    Shell,    ,   -      .

,  , ,             .  ,     ,  ,        ,      Shell,    . ,    ,           ,           .   ,  -       ,              [131 - Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 94 (Champagne Charlie and decorous); Jeremy and Shaw, Dictionary of Business Biography, vol. 2, pp. 63941; Corley, Burmah Oil, pp.184, 205; Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 96 (Old Spats), 15152 (Jewishness, Dutchness, under the control and moderate return).].

    .             -   .  ,   -  .     , ,       ,   ,    .     ,     - ,  ,       " " .

       .   ,            ,      .      ,  - ,          .               .                - . ,       -       - ,         .  ,              Shell     -  ,        . ,         ,         1912.         [132 - Bacon, Fisher, vol. 2, p. 158 (do our d st); Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 164 (embracing as it did and pecuniary assistance), 151 (Shell menace); Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 17073 (commercial predominance and Evidently).].




  - 


         .             - ,     ,    .         . -,            ,  . -,     ,        1913.         堖  ,     ,       ,         - .

    , ,     ,         ,           .   1913.     ,       ,                 .       ,              -  .     ,  -      V ,         .   ?       ,          , ,    ,        -   ,     [133 - Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 16667 (speculative risk); Marian Kent, Oil and Empire: British Policy and Mesopotamian Oil, 19001920 (London: Macmillan, 1976), pp. 4748 (keeping alive); Churchill, Churchill, vol. 2, Companion Volume, part 3, pp. 193248; Corley, Burmah Oil, p. 191; Asquith to George V, July 12, 1913, CAB 41/34, PRO (controlling interest); Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 18182.].

17  1913.    ,   Times         ,      .      ,  ,     ,              ,      .            젖      ,     ,     ,      .      ,      .      ,     ,      .                .   ,     ,    ,    ,             .       ,    .

     - ,        ,  ,   -      .        .    Burmah Oil     ,   .    ,   ,   ,       .            ,     ,    .  . ,    ,    ,    ,   ,          ,    - .             - ,       ,     .   ,     1914.    ,  ,           .            [134 - . Parliamentary Debates, Commons, July 17, 1913, pp. 147477 (Churchill statement); Corley, Burmah Oil, pp. 187, 19195 (scrap heap); Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 19596 (thoroughly sound, perfectly safe and national disaster).].




    


     -    .     ,      .  ,     ,   ,    ,          - ,       . 20  1914.,        ,         .     :   ,      ,       .

17  1914.        .       : -,     -  ?2,2    51%   ; -,       .               ,      .           :          21 .    , ,  ,  -      .

      .  ,    -  ,           .       ࠖ   ,             Shell.     ,       [135 - Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 185; Corley, Burmah Oil, pp. 19597; Churchill, Churchill, vol. 2, Companion Volume, part 3, p. 1964.].

                      ,  ,    .  ,          ,       .         .     蠖    .     Standard Oil     Royal Dutch/Shell                .   ,  ,      ,         .

           ,      Royal Dutch/Shell.    .     ,     ,      ,      .    ,   .

   ,  ,    , ,                ,        ,         Shell  -     .     -   ,     ,  ,     .                     -     . ,            ,        Royal Dutch/Shell   ,   ,       Shell,   Royal Dutch.    !     .

    .   ,  , -    Shell        Shell.    , , ,        -    蠖  .       .      ,   ,                  ,   ,  . ,                    ,    ,    ,        .

     .                  ,  .    ,   -    Shell,   ,        .     ,  Shell,      ,   ,   ,      .

,    ,       ,   ,  .          ,  ,           -    ,  ,    ,     ,    ,        ,            ,  ,  ,        .       ,  ,    ,           -⠖     .

           ,              ,     .  ,   ,            (       ).    ,  ,    . ,         ,      ⠖ 254  18.    ,     .     :          ?       ,  [136 - . Parliamentary Debates, Commons, June 17, 1914, pp. 113153, 121932; Bradbury to Anglo-Persian Oil Company, May 20, 1914, POWE 33/242, PRO; Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 199 (Greenway's question).].

          .  ,        :      ,  Shell -    .  ,                  Shell.        ,    - ,         ,    -  

       ,   ,      ,  .    ,   -         !..   ,   !          64    .    Shell        ,         !    ,  !     .    , -      ,   1914.              - .           .         ,    31  1914.,    ,         ,         !      !       [137 - Henriques, Marcus Samuel, p. 574; Churchill, Churchill, vol. 2, Companion Volume, part 3, pp. 1951 (Napoleon and Cromwell), 1965 (Good Old Deterding), Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 4, p. 293.].

          - .    ,      . -                .           ,          ,          ,    .      :    ,      " "       .

   .     ,    ?        -   .       ,  -       ,            .         . -         .      - ,      .  ,   1914.  -       ,         - .   ,          ,     .

   ,   ,     -       .    ,     17  1914.,   , ,  ,  -   ,      .         .      -       .           1914.    ,  ,   ,    .      . 28  1914.,  11       ,        .  -       10  1914.      . 30     . 1           . 4  11.00  ,          ,        :     Ȼ.    [138 - Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 4, p. 185; Jones, State and British Oil, pp.144, 12 (premier cru); Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 196; Churchill, World Crisis, p. 137; Churchill, Churchill, vol. 2, Companion Volume, part 3, p. 1999 (war order).].




 II

  





 9

 :   



,      -  ,   ,  . ,  ,     .         XIX   XX.    ,   ,          .   頖  ,                 .      ,  -,    ,      , ,          .

      ,    .  ,  13 ,        .                 .         .         XX.,     ,       .

     .         蠖        ,      ,  ,     ,     .          ,      ,     .             ,         ,   , ,   -  18701871.              . ,    ꠖ         .

        .  ,          ,  ,  ,  ,   .      .           , ,     ,       ,  .        ,    ,   ,    .

   ,           .    ,       ,         ,        .           .    1914.       125 ,   -    ,    ,    .      2 .        40         .            ,    [139 - William Langer, The Well-Spring of Our Discontents, Journal of Contemporary History 3 (1968), pp. 317; McNeill, Pursuit of Power, pp. 33435; Martin Van Creveld, Supplying War: Logistics from Walknstein to Patton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 110111, 12425 (German general); W. G. Jensen, The Importance of Energy in the First and Second World Wars, Historical Journal 11 (1968), pp. 53845. Llewellyn Woodward, Great Britain and the War of 19141918 (London: Metheun, 1967), pp. 3839.].




 


           . ,    ,        -  . 頖                ,  ,     .     ,   ,   .              ,    .       ,  .     .     ,      ,           .          ,     .        4      coups de tlphone[140 - Coups de tlphone (.)  . . .]       .

6  1914.                .     .     :          ,  ,         .      .     ,  .     ,     .      ?

   .  ,          ,     .     ,     ,       .       ,           .

              .       .  , 6 ,   ,                    .  8  ,       ,  ,           .

       .        ,        .

  ?    ,    .    ?

 ,  .

, ,  ,    ,   .

        ,        --,   - .           .       ,      ,        ,  . 7,    ,    (    )    .     ,       .    !

 ,         ,     :   ,     .          2550    .     ,    .   ,     ,             .

            .    .    ,     8      . 9   .   ,          ,    ,    .       ,   ,     .

,        ,        .    .    ,   ,       .      ,   ,    [141 - Basil Liddell Hart, A History of the World War, 19141918 (London: Faber and Faber, 1934), chap. 4, especially pp. 8687, 11522 (No British officer, coups de telephone, not commonplace and forerunner); Henri Carre', La Veritable Histoire des Taxis de La Marne (Paris: Libraire Chapelot, 1921), pp. 1139 (How will we be paid?); Robert B. Asprey, The First Battle of the Marne (Westport, Conn.; Greenwood Press, 1977), pp. 127 (Today destiny), 153 (going badly).].




    


  68  1914.      .                .              .    ,        .   , ,      .  ,                    .    ,       .   ,  ,    ,   .   .

          ,            ,     .       ,      .   ,      ,     .    ,        -      .         ,    .              ,             ,       ,   ,            .

 堖   .                    .     ,     .                    .         ,   -   1915.          ,      - .    ,         .    [142 - Caterpillar (.) . . .].              , ,            ().

     1916.   .         1917.   .      8  1918.   ,    456    .   ,      ,          .    .         1918.,    ,         .

     .           .      1914.     827  (747    )   15 .          56 000 , 23 000   34 000   .  ,  ,      1917.,     50 000     .               .       .   -   ,             [143 - Woodward, Great Britain and the War of 19141918, pp. 3839 (This isn't war); Liddell Hart, The World War, pp. 33243 (antidote, eyewitness, black day and primacy); Erich Ludendorff, My War Memories, 19141918 (London: Hutchinson, [1945]), p. 679; J. F.  Fuller, Tanks in the Great War, 19141918 (London: John Murray, 1920), p. 19 (present war); Churchill, World Crisis, vol. 2, (New York: Scribners, 1923) pp. 7191 (caterpillar tank); A. J. P. Taylor, English History, 19141945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 122; Francis Delaisi, Oil: Its Influence on Politics, trans.  Leonard Leese (London: Labour Publishing and George Allen and Unwin, 1922), p. 29 (truck over the locomotive).].




     


             .  1903.         .   19111912.,          ,           :  ,      .  1914.,   ,  ,      ,     .   ,   1915-,      250 ,  60    .

       ,    .   ,    1915.  ,     ,        :           ,  , , ,      .  -      .      ,     .      ,   . ,      ,     1915. (..   ).

          .             .       .   ,     ,        .  .  1916.    ,     .        .           ,     1918.      ,   ,      .        .          .

    .           120   ,      27 000 .    .      55 000 ,  68 000,  20 000,   48 000.          15 000 .  ,      ,      . ,       - ,      :       .

  ,      , ,   .            .        1914.  -      ,      .    ,         ,       蠖     31  1916.           .       ,   .    ,          ,     .

,  ,        ,      .     ?  , ?    .      ,         , , ,      .          .               [144 - Liddell Hart, The World War, pp. 457460 (good sport), 55459; Harald Penrose, British Aviation: The Great War and Armistice, 19151919 (London: Putnam, 1969), pp. 912 (Since war broke out), 586 (necessities of war); Bernadotte E. Schmitt and Harold  Vedeler, The World in the Crucible, 19141919 (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), pp. 3014 (Battle of Britain); Jensen, Energy in the First and Second World Wars, pp. 54445; Richard Hough, The Great War at Sea, 19141918 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), pp. 29697.].




-   shell?


    -    ,     .    ,    ,         .  ,     1914.  ,     1%  .         ,      ,       . ,   ,       .            ,      - ,          . ,       ,   1 .     - .

     .           1914.         .     ,       ,          .   ,  ,     ,  ,     .        -,     .    ,           .         ( )        .       -   1917.  .

       .    1915.    ,     ,       .   ,        .       ,    ,   ,      ,   .   1912  1918.     10砖  1600  18 000   .   1916.  -        . ,             ,     .

 -  ,                     .   ,      ,     ,     ,    .           .                    ࠖ  British Petroleum.     Deutsche Bank,         .   ,         .   British Petroleum -       ,     ,      .        .  19161917.  80%      ,              .    .

          -      .   ,               .       Royal Dutch/Shell.     Shell,        ,       .        Royal Dutch/Shell    ,          ,       [145 - F. J. Moberly, History of the Great War Based on Official Documents: The Campaign in Mesopotamia, 19141918 (London: HMSO, 1923), vol. 1, p. 82 (little likelihood); Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 263 (build up); Kent, Oil and Empire, pp. 12526; Corley, Burmah Oil, pp. 239, 253 (All-British Company); Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 18283.].

      ,   .  ,         ,              .    ,         ,   .     ,           -,    ,      .       .       ,          .     ,         . 렖     ࠖ    .  1903.     ,          ,  Shell  .    ,              .  11 ,   ,    堖     .    ,         ,    .    ,    1914.         ,       .     ,     .         Shell,    ,      ,   .    ,          .

        .       1915.    ,    ,           ,     .  ,    ,               .       ,        .    Shell     80%     .

   , Royal Dutch/Shell     .  Shell      .             ,      ,           .

 , Shell         .             ,     .          . ,   ,          - .      ,     ,     ,  .     ,          , 51%      .        ,      ,       ,  ,          ? - ,         ,  ,          ,      .    1916.  ,       ,         ,       .    ,    ,         Royal Dutch/Shell.          .       [146 - Corley, Burmah Oil, p. 258, chap. 16; Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 593619; Henriques, Waky Cohen, pp. 20040; P. G. A. Smith, The Shell That Hit Germany Hardest (London: Shell Marketing Co., [1921]), pp. 111; Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 187202; Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 250, 218 (to secure navy supplies); Slade, Strategic Importance of the Control of Petroleum, Petroleum Supplies and Distribution and Observations on the Board of Trade Memorandum on Oil, August 24, 1916, CAB 37/154, PRO.].




 


  1915.           .     1916-  .  Times   1916.    ,    1917-         ,            .

     .    .      ,        .        蠖  ,       .                 ,   ,         ,    .         ,    ,   ,    .   ,    ,      .

        1917.,         .       ,           ,        .      1917.   ,      1916-.     Standard Oil of New Jersey   ,     John Archbold.  ,  Shell   ,  Murex ,     1892.         .        .     1917-      ,          .    ,               ![147 - Henriques, Waky Cohen, pp. 21320; Times (London), January 14, 1916, p. 5; May 26, 1916, p. 5; G. Gareth Jones, The British Government and the Oil Companies, 191224: The Search for an Oil Policy, Historical Journal 20 (1977), pp. 65464; . Ernest Fayle, Seaborne Trade, vol. 3, The Period of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (London: John Murray, 1924), pp. 465, 17576, 319, 371, 19697; George Gibb and Evelyn H. Knowlton, History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey), vol. 2, The Resurgent Years, 19111927 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956), pp. 22123; Beaton, p. 100.]

  1917.            .     ,       ,             ,     .         ,    .         ,        .     ࠖ .

      .   ,          ,       .  ,      1917.    .       ,    []       蠖 ,          .   1917.   .      ,     ,    .    ,   ,   ,      ,      .          .

           .   1917.  ,    ,  -  ,        1918.       .        ,             ,    ,        ,    . 15  1917.               100 000. ,  ,  ,    ,   ,         .   ,             .  ,     .

      .               .   1918.      ,  ,         .    , ,   .          -    .   Standard Oil of New Jersey  Royal Dutch/Shell    ,        .   ࠖ           ꠖ        [148 - Jones, British Government and the Oil Companies, pp. 661, 665; Paul Foley, Petroleum Problems of the War: Study in Practical Logistics, United States Naval Institute Proceedings 50 (November 1927), pp. 180203 (out of action), 181721; Burton J. Hendrick, The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page (London: Heinemann, 1930), vol. 2, p. 288 (Germans are succeeding); Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 24849 (Walter Long); Henry Brenger, Le Ptrole et la France (Paris: Flammarion, 1920), pp. 4155; Edgar Faure, La Politique Franchise du Ptrole (Paris: Nouvelle Revue Critique, 1938), pp. 6669; Pierre L'Espagnol de la Tramerye, The World Struggle for Oil, trans. Leonard Leese (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1924), chap. 8; Eri D. K. Melby, Oil and the International System: The Case of France, 19181969 (New York: Arno Press, 1981), pp. 820 (as vital as blood).].




 


            . ,         .  1914.   266  蠖 65%   ,   1917-    335    67% .        ,    .         ,        黠    80%    .

  ,     ,       .        ,   ,     .    ,     ?        ,      1917.    .          ࠖ    ,     ,   .                   .        .

            ,     .      ,         .               ,      .    ,  Standard Oil of New Jersey.           .                 .     ,       .                  Standard Oil,     .  ,      ,            -  Standard Oil of New Jersey[149 - Mark L. Requa, Report of the Oil Division 191719 in H. A. Garfield, Final Report of the U. S. Fuel Administrator (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1921), p. 261; Gerald D. Nash, United States Oil Policy, 18901964 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1968), p. 27. On American oil policy making during World War I, see Dennis J. O'Brien, The Oil Crisis and the Foreign Policy of the Wilson Administration, 19171921 (Ph.D.: University of Missouri, 1974), chaps. 12 and Robert D. Cuff, The War Industries Board: Business-Government Relations During World War I (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973).].

 1917.       .               . ,    19171918.           ,           ,    ,     ,   .       ,      .   1918.            ,             ,      .   ,      .     ,    ,   .       .

      ,      .   1918.         ,    1914-.   ,      ,         .      .   1917.     ,  -        ,           . Standard Oil of New Jersey     .   蠖 .        :     ,     .  ,             (   1/12     )         .   .   1918.         ,       .

 -  堖    - .      ,   1916  1918.  ,    .    .  ,   ,      .    , , ,    . , ,      ,    蠖    . ,   ,      [150 - Joseph E. Pogue and Isador Lubin, Prices of Petroleum and Its Products During the War (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1919), pp. 1333, 289; Rister, Oil! pp. 12034. On the coal shortage, see David Kennedy, Over Here: The First World War and American Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), pp. 12224 (Bedlam) and Seward W. Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned: Woodrow Wilson and the War Congress, 191618 (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), pp. 6869, 8688. Requa, Report of the Oil Division, p. 270 (no justification); White, Standard Oil of California, p. 542. For auto growth, see Beaton, Shell, p. 171; White, Standard of California, p. 544. H. A. Garfield, Final Report of the U. S. Fuel Administrator, p. 8 (walk to church).].




  


    ,    ,   .    ,        ,     蠖 .        ,          .     .  Deutsche Bank               .        , ,  .       1916-,        ,    -,         .

        .     ,    ,     ,   ,     ,    ,    .       1916.   ,       ,   ,    .           ,              .       ,           .  ,     绠           .

   ? 31  1916.           .            ,    ,   .         ,      .    17 ,                .

       .   -,      ,        .        ࠖ     ,   ,    ,   ,      .              . ,   ,     , -       .     ,    .         .       ,          .          ,    --, - (-      ) 蠖   ࠖ  ,   .

   -        ,      ,       .       .        ,       -,   ,     .          . 18  1916.        ,            .                      .

  .      .     26  27 .          .     ,   ,      ,      .     ,         . -   ,        .           :       .

    ,  ,   , , ,  ,  ⠖ ,    .      .      .     ,    .     .    -     .        ,     .

  ,     ,     ,  .          .  ,   ,  .    . 5,     ,    ,      . -     -   .     ,    ,   , , , ,      ,           .

    ,   -        .         ,    .   -    70    800 000    .          ,    1917.        1914.     ,   -,   1918.     80%   1914.      蠖        .        ,                .    [151 - Ludendorff, War Memories, pp. 28788 (As I now saw), 35859 (did materially); Liddell Hart, The World War, pp. 34550; Schmitt and Vedeler, World in the Crucible, pp. 15760; Times (London), December 5, 1916, p. 7; Pearton, Oil and the Romanian State, pp. 7985 (No efforts); Gibb and Knowlton, Standard Oil, vol. 2, pp. 23335. On Norton-Griffiths, see R. K. Middlemas, The Master-Builders (London: Hutchinson, 1963), pp. 27083 (dashing, nicknames and blasted language); Mrs. Will Gordon, Romania Yesterday and Today (London: John Lane, 1919), chap. 9 (sledgehammer); New York Times, January 16, 1917, p. 1; February 20, 1917, p. 4.     . Fayle, Seaborne Trade, vol. 3, pp. 18081 (just the difference).    -         .  1930.       .        -    , -                .   ,   7.45 27  1930.         -,  ,      .          ,   - .           .  ,    ,  .    껠   ,      堖 . Times (London), September 28, 1930, p. 12; September 29, 1930, p. 14; New York Times, September 28, 1930, II, p. 8, September 29, 1930, p. 11.].







           ,        󻠖 ,               .    .      1917-,       蠖        ,        .       ,      -    1918.,        .  ,       ,     . ,         ,     ꠖ    . ,  ,  .  ,       ,       ,  .     .   ,           ,   ,  .

,    ,         .             .          .     1918.       .         .      (   )        ,   .

      ,    ,     .      ,  .    ,    .     ,  , ,      1905.,    ,       ,    .     -  .  26       140      .   ,   ,     ,             .    ,     ,      [152 - Erich Ludendorff, The Nation at War, trans. A. S. Rappoport (London: Hutchinson, 1936), p. 79; Z. A. B. Zeman, ed. Germany and the Revolution in Russia, 19151918 (London: Oxford University Press, 1958), pp. 107, 13435; Ronald Suny, The Baku Commune 19171918 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972), pp. 28485 (we agreed and plunderers), 32843; Firuz Kazemzadeh, The Struggle for Transcaucasia, 19171921 (New York: Philosophical Library, 1951), pp. 13646 (destroy); Moberly, Campaign in Mesopotamia, vol. 4, pp. 182212; Ludendorff, War Memories, pp. 65960 (serious blow); Anastas Mikoyan, Memoirs ofAnastas Mikoyan, vol. 1, The Path of Struggle, ed. Sergo Mikoyan, trans. Katherine T. O'Connor and Dane L. Burgin (Madison, Conn.; Sphinx Press, 1988), pp. 5059.].




  


       .   .   1918.   .    ,             .     :         68 .        .        .          ,          .

     ,       .       11  1918.  ,    .       .  .

        -       .    . -         ,  -            '  .               .      ,      ,           ,    .    :        .

 ,     ,   : " "  " "                .      :    ,      . ,    ,   ,  ,  ,      ,   ,  ,   .      ,    :  ,   [153 - Ludendorff, War Memories, p. 748; Schmitt and Vedeler, World in the Crucible, p. 272; Pearton, Oil and the Romanian State, p. 93; Fayle, Seaborne Trade, vol. 3, pp. 230, 402; Leo Grebler and Wilhelm Winkler, The Cost of the World War to Germany and to Austria-Hungary (New Haven: Vale University Press, 1940), p. 85; Henriques, Marcus Samuel, p. 624. On the speeches, see Times (London), November 22, 1918, p. 6; Delaisi, Oil, pp. 8691 (Curzon); Brenger, Le Ptrole et la France, pp. 17580.].




 10

    : turkish petroleum company



    ,         ,       ,    -    .     ,     .     :    ?     ,          ,         .              ,       .         .         ࠖ ,   -  .

  ?    ,       .

                ?      . ,  ,       .    .

   -          .      젖                 ,     .            ,        .                .   ,       .    ,       ,     ,   젖             [154 - . Documents on British Foreign Policy, 19191939, First Series, vol. 4, pp. 45254, 521; FRUS: Paris Peace Conference, 1919, vol. 5, pp. 34, 760, 763, 804; David Lloyd George, The Truth About the Peace Treaties, vol. 2 (London: Victor Gollancz, 1938), pp. 103738.].

      .           ,     .           .          ,  Deutsche Bank,       .    ,     '.        -  ,         .

 1912.         .   Turkish Petroleum Company,  Deutsche Bank     . Deutsche Bank  Royal Dutch/Shell   25%   .  頖 50%    ,                     .      껠 , ,  ,   .        .      ,       Turkish Petroleum Company.  ,   30%    ,    15%  Turkish Petroleum[155 - Confidential Memorandum of Negotiations with Turkish Petroleum Company, July 15 August 5, 1922, pp. 13, 800.6363/T84/48, RG 59, NA; Marian Kent, Oil and Empire, pp. 1280; Edward Mead Earle, The Turkish Petroleum Company: A Study in Oleaginous Diplomacy, Political Science Quarterly 39 (June 1924), 267 (Talleyrand); V. H. Rothwell, Mesopotamia in British War Aims, Historical Journal 13 (1970), p. 277.].




  


        ,          .             .     ,        :     ,             ,   ,     ,      . (                     . . .)     ,             .        ,   ,     ,    .

      ,      .                   .     1887.  19 ,       .                ,   ,    .       ,      .      ,    .     ,     ,     . ,  ,      .

   1889.         ,   .  1891-     ,    ,   21       .

               .       ,    ,   ,     ,          .   ,     .      .  .             60 .

      ,       ,         .        ࠖ  ,  ,    ,   .    , ,   ,    ,     ,     :      ࠖ  .             ,       .  ,  .   -  ,    ,    .

    젖   .      ,    ,        ,      ,   .    - ,    .     .         ,    . ,        ,   106         ,     .

,             ,         .  1896.             .                -,   .        ,              .

         .     ,        20 .     ,        .     ,           Royal Dutch/Shell.  Shell   ,     .

   ,  ,   ,     '.        ,     ,    .    ,        ,   ,      .      - ,          ,        .       ,    ,     .  1907.          .        ,    .    ,      ,      ,       .   ,        ,   Royal Dutch/Shell,  ,  Turkish Petroleum Company.           [156 - Ralph Hewins, Mr. Five Percent: The Story of Calouste Gulbenkian (New York: Rinehart and Company, 1958), pp. 1516 (academic nonsense), 24 (fine and consistent), 11 (hand), 188 (Kenneth Clark); Financial Times, July 25, 1955 (granite); Gibb and Knowlton, Standard Oil, vol. 2, p. 300; Nubar Gulbenkian, Portrait in Oil (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965), p. 85 (very close); Memoirs of Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian, with Particular Relation to the Origins and Foundation of the Iraq Petroleum Company, Limited, March 4, 1948, 890.G.6363/3448, pp. 67 (wild cat), 11 (not, in any way), RG 59, NA.].

  1912.,  Turkish Petroleum Company   ,       ,      -  '.               .         19  1914.      . -   50%-     ,   Deutsche Bank  Shell   25%.    .    -   Shell    2,5%     .  ,      ,         .     ,      .

   ,          ,            .      :                  Turkish Petroleum Company.       ,      - .                  [157 - Kent, Oil and Empire, pp. 8693, 17071 (Foreign Office Agreement);Hewins, Mr. Five Percent, p. 81.].




  


28 1914.              Turkish Petroleum Company.  ,           ,     .     :       ,         ?        ,        -   , , ,    Turkish Petroleum Company.

      .   1915-  1916.            .   -          - ,       .        .     .    1917.,     .       , -      .     ࠖ   .         ,        .        .

                 .       ,        .      ,   ,      :        ,      ,       .  ,       ,     .  ,   ,          .

      .   1918.                     .           .   ,           .   , ,   ,          .

 ,     ,           .     ,            ,   .   1918.   - ,        ,        ,     .   ,      ,  ,    ,        ,    .     ,    ,     ,      [158 - Kent, Oil and Empire, pp. 109, 12126; David Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace: Creating the Modern Middle East, 19141922 (New York: Henry Holt, 1989), pp. 18895; Elie Kedourie, England and the Middle East: The Destruction of the Ottoman Empire, 19141921 (London: Bowes and Bowes, 1956); Jones, State and British Oil, p. 198; Helmut Mejcher, Imperial Quest for Oil: Iraq, 19101928 (London: Ithaca Press, 1976), p. 37; Rothwell, Mesopotamia in British War Aims, pp. 28990 (Hankey and Balfour); William Stivers, Supremacy and Oil: Iraq, Turkey and the Anglo-American World Order, 19181930 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982), pp. 7172 (Lansing); Lloyd George, Peace Treaties, pp. 102238.].




   


  ,    ,      ,    ,    , ,   .        :    [159 - Oil (.) , . . .],     .        ,            ,    ,   .  1  1918. ,     ,      .              ,    ,     ,    .

           ,      .  1919.,         ,    ,     ,  ,  ,  ,  ,      .       , ,        ,     .

          ,     1920. -      ,         ,   ,     .     -       -,     25%   ,    .      Turkish Petroleum Company,     ,         .        .      ,    ,    ,       .    :      ?    [160 - Melby, France, pp. 1723 (Clemenceau's grocer); Jukka Nevakivi, Britain, France and the Arab Middle East, 19141920 (London: Athlone Press, 1969), p. 154; Paul Mantoux, Les Deliberations du Conseil des Quatre (24 Mars 28 Juin 1919), vol. 2 (Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1955), pp. 13743; Jones, State and British Oil p. 214; . E. Callwell, Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and Diaries, vol. 2 (London: Cassell, 1927), p. 194 (dogfight); Documents on British Foreign Policy, 19191939, First Series, vol. 8, pp. 910.].

            堖   ,  .   Royal Dutch/Shell  ,   ,  ,  -  1922.,   ,      .      1923.       .    ,  ,     ,   ,     .          .            .      ,  .      .          ,         .

    ,           .         ,      ,     .      ,   .            ʻ. ,     ,      蠖 90    -    ,   1924.     .         Turkish Petroleum Company.

     ,       .  1928.           ,     .      ,     .     䠖  ,          ,            .              .    1928.       :      ,    ,               .    ,              ,      25%        .     .    ,       .            [161 - Melby, France, pp. 67 (entirely French), 1004 (industrial arm); Richard Kuisel, Ernest Mercier: French Technocrat (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), pp. 3132 (instrument and international difficulties), 25 (Anglo-Saxon).].




?


        ,          -  60:40   Royal Dutch/Shell  ,       .       .      ,    .           ,  ,     .      Shell ,     :    Turkish Petroleum Company.    , Shell       .

      Shell        .          Shell           ,       - .      .   ,   ࠖ  .       .  ,          ,   ,         .   Royal Dutch/Shell   ,       .    ,         .

  ,   , ,  ,   Shell      - .         ,      ,      .     Shell     Standard Oil of New Jersey    ,       -      蠖 - .     ,    ,    . ,     Standard Oil,   ,     ,  ,   ,      .

-      ,   ,      .   ,       , ,       .     ,  .           ,  ,      - .            廠  .   - ,   ,    ,       .         ?     .     ,                .                   .

    ,    Shell    -       .        Shell.   Shell,     .   ,   1923.    Shell,    .   , ,              ,  ,  -    .

,       ,     .           ,   .       ,     Shell.    :    -    ,   ,         .  ,          -    ,           .  ,     .               ,         Shell[162 - Kendall Beaton, Shell in the United States, pp. 22932; B. S. McBeth, British Oil Policy, 19191939 (London: Frank Cass, 1985), p. 41. Waley Cohen to Director, Petroleum Dept., May 15, 1923, FO 371/13540; Proposed Combination of Royal Dutch Shell, Burma Oil, and Anglo-Persian Oil Companies, Notes of Meeting, November 2, 1921, W11691, FO 371/7027; Cowdray to Lloyd-Greame, February 14, 1922, POWE 33/92; Watson to Clarke, October 31, 1921, POWE 33/92, PRO. Parliamentary Debates, Commons, March 18, 1920, vol. 126, no. 28, cols. 2375/6; Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 22326 (over-production, every action and Hottentots); Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 37280 (whole revenue and did not go); Shaul Bakhash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 1984), pp. 2023.].




 


  Shell      - ?     ,               젖                 Shell?     ?   Shell   - ,    Burmah Oil,    Shell       - . Burmah Oil   .     ,  ,             .     ,   1923.      .           ,           ,     .    ,   .    ,      ,       .        ,     .  ,               堖  . ,  ,      .

, .

     .    ?10 000     ?50 000,   .

    ,   ,       Shell  Burmah Oil.    ,      .  Burmah Oil  ,  , ,           ,    .      .

,      Burmah Oil ,  ,  Shell,   ,     ,    ,           .  Shell    ,      - ,    .              . Shell           Royal Dutch/Shell,     .

   .   1923-    -  , ,    ,           .  ()  ,     .  ,    . ,    ,       ,   ,      . -    ,        .    ,      . 20     ,   .       ,     ,     .

    ,   - .   1923.    ,  ,        ,          .       ,   .        ,      ,    .  1924.   ,         .   ,      ,  - ,          .      ,     [163 - Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 5, The Prophet of Truth, 19221939 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977), pp. 817 (shall not starve); Corley, Burmah Oil, pp. 298307; Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 5, Companion Volume, part 1 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981), pp. 5455 (Churchill on Baldwin), 6869; Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 38285 (His Majesty's Government).].




    


        .                 .         1920- .          .        .   蠖    ,    ,    .    1919.          ,             . ,   ,     ,          ,  .            :     90%  1911  1918.,       .       .        1914  1920.  젖    1,8  9,2 .   ,              .

   -   .     1919. ,     25      ,        .  ,    ,     .   ?    ,    :        ,          .  ,             .                  ,   .  1919. , , ,     ,    ,      .  National Geographic    ,      ,      ,       .    , , .     , ,    ,     .       -         ,      2                        .

      .  1918  1920.        50%  $2  $3  .  1919/1920.    .   ,        .         .   ,      ,                 ,     .             .     黠 ..        .        ,   .  ,      2/3     .  ,         ,       20  30 ,       ,   .                    ,     .       , ,  ,     ,              [164 - Mark Requa, Letter to the Subcommittee on Mineral Raw Materials, Economic Liaison Committee. May 12, 1919, Baker Library, Harvard Business School; John DeNovo, The Movement for an Aggressive American Oil Policy Abroad, 19181920, American Historical Review (July 1956), pp. 85476; O'Brien, Oil Crises and the Foreign Policy of the Wilson Administration, p. 176 (Wilson); National Petroleum News, October 29, 1919, p. 51 (two to five years); Guy Elliott Mitchell, Billions of Barrels Locked Up in Rocks, National Geographic, February 1918, pp. 195 (gasoline famine), 201 (no man who owns); George Otis Smith, Where the World Gets Oil and Where Will Our Children Get It When American Wells Cease to Flow? National Geographic, February 1920, p. 202 (moral support); Washington Post, November 18, 1920 (nine years and three months); George Otis Smith, ed., The Strategy of Minerals: A Study of the Mineral Factor in the World Position of America in War and in Peace (New York: D. Appleton, 1919), p. 304 (within a year).  1919.  ,     ,      6,7 . David White, The Unmined Supply of Petroleum in the United States, paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Automotive Engineers, February 46, 1919. John Rowland and Basil Cadman, Ambassador for Oil: The Life of John First Baron Cadman (London: Herbert Jenkins, I960), pp. 95, 97. Requa to Adee, May 13, 1920, 800.6363/112; Manning to Baker, March 8, 1920, 811.6363/35; Fall to Hughes, July 15, 1921, 800.6363/324; Memorandum for the Secretary, March 29, 1921, 890g.6363/69; Merle-Smith to the Secretary, February 11, 1921, 800.6363/325; Millspaugh Memorandum, April 14, 1921, 890g.6363/T84/9, RG 59, NA. Scientific American, May 3, 1919, p. 474; Cadman to Fraser, December 2, 1920, 4247, Cadman papers (I don't expect); Cadman, Notes, Meeting at Petroleum Executive, June 16,1919, GHC/Iraq/Dl, Shell archives; Memorandum on the Petroleum Situation, with Dispatch to HM Ambassador, April 21, 1921, POWE 33/228, PRO.].

     ,    ,    .      .     Standard Oil of New Jersey    ,        .

   1920. -,           ,     .       .        . Standard Oil of New Jersey   .           Shell  - ,       ,      .     ,           .       1920.,     ,    ,   ,       .          -     .

     ,   ,   , ,    ,   ,    Standard Oil of New Jersey,      ,       .           Standard Oil,     ,         ,          .          ,      .           ,    Standard Oil of New Jersey     ,   .         .    ,       ,   18801890- .    ,   .

    ,     1921.,                     -,  .       .     .            . ?       Turkish Petroleum Company.      1914.,      ?              .        .            .               - . ,        :      .       ,     ,       .          .  , Shell ,         ,        .     ,         ,   軠   .       -   Royal Dutch/Shell,       ,       .    ,      [165 - United Kingdom, Admiralty, Geographical Section of Naval Intelligence Division, Geology of Mesopotamia and Its Borderlands (London: HMSO, 1920), pp. 8486, insisted on a cautious estimate for the oil potential of the region. FRUS, vol. 2, pp. 66473; Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 223, 221; De Novo, Aggressive American Oil Policy, pp. 87172; Bennett H. Wall and George S. Gibb, Teagle of Jersey Standard (New Orleans: Tulane University Press, 1974), p. 130; Michael Hogan, Informal Entente: The Private Structure of Cooperation in Anglo-American Economic Diplomacy, 19181928 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1977), p. 165; Nash, United States Oil Policy, p. 53. Heizer to Ravndal, January 31, 1920, 800.6363/134; Millspaugh Memorandum, November 26, 1921, 890g.6363/134; Tyrrell to Gulbenkian, October 10, 1924, with Wiley to Secretary of State, March 13, 1948, 890 g.6363/3448 (instrumental), RG 59, NA.].




:  


         ?           Standard Oil of New Jersey.   ,       ,         .           .              Standard Oil of New Jersey,               . ,   1921.                   ,         ,     .   , Standard Oil of New Jersey ,          ,        .              ,        ,      .

            .     ,       .         렖 ,      .   1922.    ,             .    ,       [166 - WWC to Dearing, May 12, 1921, and Memorandum for the Secretary on Proposed Combination of American Oil Companies, 811.6363/73; Bedford to Hughes, May 21, 1921, 890.6363/78. NA 890g.6363/T84: Hoover to Hughes, April 17, 1922, 96; Hughes to Teagle, August 22, 1922, 41a; Allen Dulles Memorandum, December 15, 1922, 81, RG 59. Wall and Gibb, Teagle, p. 98 (queer looking); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 19201933 (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), p. 189.].

      Standard Oil,     .        ,  ,     .      .      Turkish Petroleum Company,    堖 ,   , ,     .

       .         .        .   ,     (      ), ,    ,    .    ,        .  ,    Standard Oil of New Jersey            .    .

   ,   ,    .     ,           .  ,      ,           1865.  ,     ,                   Standard Oil.   Standard Oil       ,      ,   .

 ,        -.    , ,   ,   .                .   ,     ,   ,    ,        :  .   ,     19       .     .      ,    .     頖   ,        Standard Oil.        .              ,    .

     Republic Oil,      .    :     ,    ,    ,  ,       .    젖     .       ,     ,        .     ,     Republic Oil.  ,   .      ,  ,       ,      .

  ,   1908.      Standard Oil.       ,    .           Royal Dutch/Shell. ,         ,            蠖    .      ,    .    堖  ,  ࠖ    ,     .    .  ,       . ,   ,           .       Royal Dutch/Shell     .

 1909.    Standard Oil,    .. , ,  ,       .     31 .    ,     ,      ..  ,    ࠖ   [167 - Dun & Bradstreet  . . .] (   젖     ).

 ,   Standard Oil    ,           .  ,   ,              .

 1917.  39     Standard Oil of New Jersey.            ,    ,         ,    .      Standard.           蠖           ,       .  ,               .   ,        Standard Oil of New Jersey,        .       The Lamp     ,     .   ,   ,      .       .   ,       .              .             .       -:          .   .  ,        ,      Standard Oil   ,  16%  .   , ,        .        Shell  - .           ,  Standard Oil of New Jersey    .    ,                 .  1920.     Standard Oil     :    Standard Oil   ,     ,  ,     .         , Standard Oil of New Jersey   [168 - Wall and Gibb, Teagle, pp. 168 (Boss), 3132 (Come home), 4849 (cigar), 6366 (frequently changes), 7172 (shoes and not going to drill), 17678 (present policy). On the Jersey reorganization, see Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the American Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1962) chap. 4, p. 173.].

   1922.        Turkish Petroleum Company.    ,         .    .   1922.    ,          .    ,  ,       ,    .

      .  ,                      ,   Turkish Petroleum Company.       .    ,      .          ,         .      ,     .      ,       ,   .

     ,    ,           - Turkish Petroleum Company.          .   ,  ,   ,   ,         ,     .   ,         ,         .         [169 - NA 890g.6363: Confidential Memorandum of Negotiations with Turkish Petroleum Company, July 15 August 5, 1922, T84/48; Wellman to Hughes, July 24,1922, 126; Piesse to Teagle, December 12, 1922, T84/62, RG 59.].




렖  


     ࠖ  蠖     ,      1916.    ,     ..   .            ,    .    ,   . ,       ,             .        ,         .  ,   , ,         ,  ,     .

        蠖    ,     .    ,            ,         .    -    ,      ,     ,   .

     .        ࠖ ,        .            ,      ,            ,   .            . ,      ,       ,        .    .        .   ,        1921.   ,     ,     ,      .

      .       .      -, -, ,   .       ,       ,      ,      .     ,     .       ,        .             .        ,      ,         .            ,    -,       .     ,  ,                .

           ,  .         Turkish Petroleum Company 1914.  ,    ,        .  1924.   :      ,  ,  Turkish Petroleum Company  , .      ,            Turkish Petroleum Company.       ,       ,    ,             .    Turkish Petroleum Company     ,     .  14  1925.      .    ,     . ,    ,    [170 - Fromkin, Peace, pp. 226 (ripper), 306; Elizabeth Monroe, Britain's Moment in the Middle East, 19141971 (London: Chatto and Windus, 1981), 2d ed., pp. 6164 (Lansing), 68 (vacant lot); Peter Sluglett, Britain in Iraq, 19141932 (London: Ithaca Press, 1976), pp. 64, 45, 112; Stivers, Supremacy and Oil, p. 78 (supported); Briton Cooper Busch, Britain, India, and the Arabs, 19141921 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), pp. 46769; Review of the Civil Administration of Mesopotamia, Cmd. 1061, 1920, p. 94, cited in Elie Kedourie, The Chatham House Version and Other Middle Eastern Studies (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1970), p. 437. Wheeler to Secretary of State, February 2, 1922, 890 g.6363/72. NA 890g.6363/ T84: Wadsworth Memo, September 18, 1924, 167; Dulles to Millspaugh, February 21, 1922, 31; Randolph to Secretary of State, March 25, 1926, 214; Allen Dulles Memorandum, November 22, 1924, 208 (cocked hat), RG 59. Edith Penrose and E. F. Penrose, Iraq: International Relations and National Development (London: Ernest Benn, 1978), pp. 5674; Gibb and Knowlton, Standard Oil, vol. 2, pp. 29597; Memoirs of Gulbenkian, p. 25 (eyewash); J. . Hurewitz, Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East, vol. 2, A Documentary Record, 19141956 (Princeton; Van Nostrand, 1956), pp. 13142.].







,         .          5%.     ,  .    ,          .  ࠖ   ,   .  , ,      ,    1920- .      20 ,   , ,       ,      .   ,            ,    .          ,       . ,   ,          $300 000,   ,         Royal Dutch/Shell.        ,       .  ,             ,      Royal Dutch/Shell.    .          .       ,  ,       .   ,      ,        .

          ,         .       ࠖ  ,    ,     '  .         Ritz  ,   Ritz  Carlton  ,      ,         18  (  ,    ).        ,         -,     .    ,   ,                .

,    ,    Standard, -         .       .   ,  ,  .        5% Turkish Petroleum Company,    ,   .       ,        .  -  ,         .        ,   ,  ,         .       .    ,    .     ,    ,         ,         ?

    ,      .        Carlton.       .       ,  . , - ,     ,   ,       .

  ,       . ! !  .      !      ,     !

 . ,  ,   ,  ,   .   ,      ,     .

  ,    ,   .      .    ,  .   Turkish Petroleum Company,      ,   ,   .    .       [171 - Memoirs of Gulbenkian, pp. 15 (oil friendships), 16 (we worked), 28 (hook or crook); Hewins, Mr. Five Percent, p. 161 (pernickety and overbearing); Gulbenkian, Portrait in Oil pp. 13039 (children), 3839 (medical advice), 94; Henriques, Waley Cohen, pp. 28586; Financial Times, July 25, 1955; Gibb and Knowlton, Standard Oil, vol. 2, pp. 298301; Kuisel, Mercier, p. 34; Wall and Gibb, Teagle, p. 216 (most difficult). NA 890g.6363/ T84: Allen Dulles Memorandum, January 19, 1926, 236; Houghton to Secretary of State, January 27, 1926, 238; Allen Dulles to Secretary of State, November 11, 1924, 176; Wadsworth Memo, September 18, 1924, pp. 8, 167; Swain to Dulles, December 8, 1925, 245 (How would you like it); Piesse to Teagle, January 19, 1926, 284; Oliphant to Atherton, January 12, 1926, 239, RG 59, NA. On the Teagle-Gulbenkian luncheon, Wall and Gibb, Teagle, p. 215 and Memorandum of Dulles conversation with Teagle, September 18, 1924, 167, pp. 45, RG 59, NA.].




,   


   ,        .   1925.    ,   - , Royal Dutch/Shell   .   -     ,       .       -,      ,      .

 -     . ?   ,  35               .  30     Turkish Petroleum Company.     ,          .      .      ?     ,   ,                  .

      .  ,    .   1927.  ,        .    .    .  ,   ,      .

     --,      - ,  ,  .            ,    .      ,       .  ,   ,      ,    .   ,  3   15  1927.,  ,     -- 1,      ,  ,    .  ,  ,  .    50   .   ,    .       ,      .    700       ,    .          ,       95 000   [172 - Memorandum for Submission to the Foreign Office Setting Out Mr.  S. Gulbenkian's Position, June 1947, pp. 34, POWE 33/1965, PRO; Daniel 3:46 (fiery furnace); FRUS, 1927, vol. 2, pp. 81627. NA 890g.6363/T84: Allen Dulles Memo, December 2, 1925, 244; Wellman to Dulles, October 8, 1925, 224; Wellman to Secretary of State, April 1, April 11, April 28, 1927, 271, 272, 273; Wadsworth Memo, October 3, 1927, 279; Randolph to Secretary of State, October 19, 1927, 281.].

     .     蠖  ,      .      .    . 31  1928.,               ,          ,    . Royal Dutch/Shell, -      23,75%  ,     ,   ,     .    5% ,          ,       .

  ,     ,         ,   .    ,            ,              .     ,      1914.,  ,      .    ,      .    ,      .    ,     ,        '[173 - Quai d'Orsay (.)  . . .]      .     ,         .            ,   ,      .             ,       Turkish Petroleum Company.  ,     ,       1914.,   14        .                   .

    ,  ,       Turkish Petroleum Company,       :   !        .








,     ࠖ  37  ,      , ,      .     .    ,              .      ,    .      ,   .  ?  .  ,  .

  59 ,          ,    ,       [174 - William Stivers, A Note on the Red Line Agreement, Diplomatic History, 7 (Winter 1983), pp. 2425; Hewins, Mr. Five Percent, p. 141 (old Ottoman Empire); Jones, State and British Oil, p. 238. NA 890g.6363/T84: Agreement D'Arcy Exploration Company Limited and Others and Turkish Petroleum Company, July 31, 1928, 360; Wellman to Shaw, December 7, 1927, 292, January 31, 1928, 297; Shaw to Wellman, December 27, 1927, 293. The Ouai d'Orsay and Foreign Office Maps are with Wellman to Shaw, March 22, 1928, 307, RG 59, NA. Wall and Gibb, Teagl, p. 209 (bad move!); Gulbenkian, Portrait in Oil, pp. 98100.].




 11

   :  



 1919.     ,    ,         ,             .    ,          .             .      ,   ,         .     ,   ,      .            .

  7  1919.        ࠖ      .  .     42 ,   頖  ,   蠖 ,  , ,   , ,  ,        .    ,  ,    ,   ,       ,     .                       ,  ,       .        ,   ,       .   ,   ,   ,    .         ,      .       ,    60, 70  100 .

   7 ,    -  6 .    ,             1849..    .  ,  ,         .     35 ,    ,       .   1919.                [175 - Dwight D. Eisenhower, At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1967), pp. 15568, 38687 (genuine adventure); New York Times, July 6, 1920, sec. 4, p. 11.].




 


  ,     1916.     Shell  ,  ,  ,    .           ,          ,        .

    .  1916.,    ,       3,4 .  1920- .     ,         .           23,1.      :   1919-     4500     ,   1929-젖   7500.      .

     .   Only Yesterday      1920- .            ;     61 :   ,  , , , ,  , .                              .     ! , ,    ,     蠖       ,             .

        ,  - .  1929. 78%     .         ,  蠖  30,  蠖  33,  蠖  102,  蠖  702,         6130 . , ,    .         .  1919.       1,03   ,  1929.    2,58 頖  2,5 .             10  25%.     ࠖ     .  1929.      85%     .   ,      .      [176 - Kendall Beaton, Shell p. 171 (century of travel); Williamson et al., Age of Energy, pp. 443446; Frederick Lewis Allen, Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the Nineteen-Twenties (New York: Blue Ribbon Books, 1931), p. 164 (Villages); Jean-Pierre Bardou, Jean-Jacques Chanaron, Patrick Fridenson, James M. Laux, The Automobile Revolution: The Impact of an Industry (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982).].




 


        :  ,       ,  .  1920- .      ,             .     ,     ,            .    ,   ,     .          ,      .     ࠖ   - ,    .

    .      .          ,    National Petroleum News,    Automobile Gasoline Company (-, 1907.).   ,         , ,   - Automobile Gasoline Company       .  ,      ,   :     .        ,        -.   ,    .         .         ,      ,        .      蠖 , , ,  ,     ,      .

      1920- .  .  1920.    100 000 .        ,    .       .  1929.        300 000.       .  ,     ,    12 000  1921.  143 000  1929-.         ,     ,   .         ,    .         1921.    -,  ,         .        ,  -,       ,  , ,      .    ,   Shell,      .   1920- .      ,     ,   .  Standard of Indiana     ,      ⠖            .          ,    ,   ,        ,        .

              :  ,  Shell,   Sun, 76 Union, 66 Philips (    ,     57 Varieties),   Socony,   Gulf,   Standard of Indiana,  Sinclair , ,  ,     Standard Oil Company (New Jersey).       .           - ,    ,      ,     .

 ,   ,        ,    .   ,  ,    ,   1895.  Chicago Times Herald      54 ,   .    1914.,  Gulf      ,          .     1920- .   ,     .

     .  1920. Shell of California            .          ,    :        ,       ,    Shell  .  1927.    ,   ,    :      ?         :                     .

          .            .    .            ,     1925  1926.   ,             ,     ,       . ,  1928.,      .  :       .   ,   .     ,          .

 ,       .  .  .  .             .                 ,       .

        ,    .    ,   , , ,     .             ,          [177 - Warren . Piatt, Competition: Invited by the Nature of the Oil Industry, National Petroleum News, February 5, 1936, p. 208 (new way); McLean and Robert Wm. Haigh, The Integrated Oil Companies, pp. 1078; Giddens, Standard Oil Company (Indiana), pp. 31820, 283; Thomas P. Hogarty, The Origin and Evolution of Gasoline Marketing, Research Paper No. 022, American Petroleum Institute, October 1, 1981; Walter C. Ristow, A Half Century of Oil-Company Road Maps, Surveying and Mapping 34 (December 1964), pp. 617 (uniquely American); Beaton, Shell pp. 26779 (careful in their attendance and Barton on gasoline); Bruce Barton, The Man Nobody Knows (Indianapolis: Grosset 8; Dunlap, 1925), pp. iv, v, 140.].




  


             1920- .  ,        ,    ,    , ,  ,  .  1923.,   , -      ( )          .     , ,              ,     1920.,               $1  .          .   .   1927.     13     -,  10,5  -,        .

          ,        ,     .     ,                -[178 - Teapot Dome (.) -. . .].

   ,       ,     (     ),           -     .               .    ,      ,     .      , ,   ,    ,         ,      .  ,      ?          ,    .   ,    , 1911-.   ,      ,    -      .       ,           .                   .                 ,    ,           .

 1920.      (         ,   ,  ).   ,                   . ,         -,              .        ,   ,     .      :  , ,    ,  ,  ,     . ,           ,    .             ,            .       -.          , : ,           ,       .

         -       .         .     .  1922.,      ,    Standard Oil       ,                 .   ,   ,          -      .    -.       Standard Oil of New Jersey,   ,     :   .

          .       ,  , ,     ,       .        [179 - Beaton, Shell, pp. 28687; United States Senate, Subcommittee of the Committee on Manufacturers. High Cost of Gasoline and Other Petroleum Products, 67th Congress, 2d and 4th sessions (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1923), p. 28 (manipulate il prices); John H. Maurer, Fuel and the Battle Fleet: Coal, Oil, and American Naval Strategy, 18981925, Naval War College Review 34 (November-December 1981), p. 70 (failure of supply).  -        ( ),        ,    -      . John De Novo, Petroleum and the United States Navy Before World War I, Mississippi Valley Historical Review 61 (March 1955), pp. 65152, Burl Noggle, Teapot Dome: Oil and Politics in the 1920s (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1962), pp. 1617 (supply laid up), 34 (looked like a President and harmony). On Albert Fall, Bruce Bliven, Oil Driven Politics, The New Republic, February 13, 1924, pp. 3023 (Zane Grey hero); David H. Stratton, Behind Teapot Dome: Some Personal Insights, Business History Review 23 (Winter 1957), p. 386 (unrestrained disposition); Noggle, Teapot Dome, p. 13 (not altogether easy); John Gunther, Taken at the Flood: The Story of Albert D. Lasker (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1960), pp. 13637 (it smells); J. Leonard Bates, The Origins of Teapot Dome: Progressives, Parties, and Petroleum, 19091921 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1963).].

  -        ,  Sinclair Oil     .      蠖 -렖      .        , ,  ,             Standard Oil.      ,      .       ,           .  ,  ,   ,     .  1920- .    .   Pan American   ,    頖  Standard Oil.             .

     ,       ,   -  .    20        . ,       .   -     -        .  ,      蠖     .    , ,         ,   堖   .      , ,   ,     .     .   ,    ,   -  堖   .          .   ,     .    ,  ,  10   .       ,         $1,2  .

            .              .   $50,   1916.      ,        .     ,          .   ,  -    . -     .

           1922.    ,       -     .     .  ,   - ,     -          ,      .   ,      ,   ,   1923-,         ,        ,    .

         .          .       ,   ,        .    .       .     -   ,  .       :    ,  ,    !      -  .

            -.   -  ,  - ,         .       .    ,  -    ,      -     .  ,    ,    ,      .      ?       ,  ,     $100 000   ,  The Washington Post.     -        ,    ,   ,         .      .   ,    -     $25 000  $30 000,   -   .   .  ,        ,      ,    .

   . 24  1924.     ,    $100 000 ,           . ,    , , ,  ,     ,        .     ,    ,     .    ,  ,        ,     .  , ,  .

    ,   . -   ,        ,  1920. ,   ,        .   ,       ,      ,   .  ,     ,        .    , ?    .   ,          .       ,     .   ,            The Washington Post ,   -,     ,  .            .  ,        ,     ,         ,       .  1924.,   The New Republic,              .  ,  ,        .     .

   1924.,        .                     -.      -   ,  ,       -  ,         .      .      ,      .       :  ,   ,               .    $150 000      ,         1924.      ,       . ,          -,      -.

     - ,       :   ,        頖   .             1924.  ,     .     ,   ,  , ..   .        ,  .   . ,    :    -          ,    .

     .  1928. ,             Continental Trading,   ,     ,    ,   $409 000. ,  1931.       .     ,    ,      .              .      ,       Sinclair Consolidated Oil Corporation,        .    ,      ,        :       [180 - On Harry Sinclair, Sinclair Oil, A Great Name in Oil: Sinclair Through 50 Years (New York: F. W. Dodge/McGraw-Hill, 1966), pp. 1320, 45. Noggle, Teapot Dome, pp. 30 (oleaginous nature), 35, 5157 (my friends and illness), 7172 (teapot), 79, 85 (little black bag), 201 (can't convict); M. R. Werner and John Star, The Teapot Dome Scandal (London: Cassell, 1961), p. 146; Edith Boiling Wilson, My Memoir (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1939); pp. 29899 (Which way); Bliven, Oil Driven Politics, pp. 3023 (shoulder deep); Norman Nordhauser, The Quest for Stability: Domestic Oil Regulation, 19171935 (New York: Garland, 1979), p. 20 (oil lamp); William Allen White, A Puritan in Babylon: The Story of Calvin Coolidge (New York: Macmillan, 1938), pp. 27277; J. Leonard Bates, The Teapot Dome Scandal and the Election of 1924, American Historical Review 55 (January 1955), pp. 30521.].




   


    ,    Continental Trading     ,                 ,    .         .         .    , ,           ,      蠖   ,  Standard of Indiana.

        .              .     Standard of Indiana             .     ,    ,    Standard     ,    1907.     ,  Standard of Indiana. ,   ,     ,          1920- .  ,   ,         ,     .    ,              -?      ,    Continental Trading   ,  ,       $760 000.

        -,   Standard of Indiana,        ,          .    .   1928.  ,      ,  ,    .   黠      .

 -  , ,    .         .    ,     ,      .       .      ,         (  , , ).              ,    -     .

      ,      .     1919.         -     .               ,     .           -  .      ,   -     ,   .  .       ,     ,   . ,     -         .

    1924.             Standard of Indiana,   렖    .     ,   -       -.          .          堖  .          Standard Oil of Indiana.    ,            ,       .      15%  .       ,      ,      .   .    ,  ,   ,    .     ,    10        .           .              ,  ,         .      蠖   ,       .   1929.  ,  60%  .    .

 ,  -       -   Standard Oil.      ,  ,                    ,    .     .             Standard Oil,      ,           ,  ,            ,         .         ,   .

    . ,    :  ,           ,     .           ,  .         ,      .      .        ,     -젖  ,     ࠖ        Standard Oil        [181 - Giddens, Standard of Indiana, pp. 366434 (the battle); M. A. & R., Continental Trading Co. Ltd., March 10, 1928, J.D.R., Jr., Business Interests, Rockefeller Archives; Brady, Ida Tarbell, pp. 210, 232 (Tarbell and Rockefeller, Jr.). On John D. Rockefeller, Jr., see Collier and Horowitz, Rockefellers, pp. 7983,1046.].




  


      ,       .   1917  1920.       .     ,       .         .     -        ,            .    ,     Standard Oil of New Jersey - ,            .

    .     ,      .        $1,20    1916.  $3,36  1920-젖  ,   ,   .      .

     .  1920.                   .   1920-    .         ,         ,     .      ࠖ .

     ,      . ,    ,          ,  ,       .     ,      ,        .    ,              ,    .

      ,    .     XIX.      .           . ,       ,           19231924.   ,    ,   ,    -.      ,    . ,     ,             ,  ,     ,           .     ,      .      1920- . -     ,         ,     .       .

      .               .      ,       ,     .   1919. Union Oil         ,          .       ,      .         ,      .          ,   ,      .     1918.   6000 ,  1930-   10 000 .      ,   ,  , ,     , .    1920- .   .     ,           ?

        -,    365   -,    -.      -       .    .   1921.,      ,    Shell,    1  .      .  ,    ,    ,           ,    .    ,       ,       .     ,         50%.        -       ,  -   .       ,    ,    500 000   1/6     ,     .   ,        .

  -           -    ,     1923.   ,       .        -   .         ,   1923.        .               [182 - Gibb and Knowlton, Standard Oil, vol. 2, pp. 485 (Teagle), 42930; Owen, Trek of the Oil Finders, pp. 44957, 50220, 460; Institution of Petroleum Technologists, Petroleum: Twenty Five Years Retrospect, 19101935 (London: festoon of Petroleum Technologists, 1935), pp. 3373; Henrietta M. Larson and Kenneth Wiggins Porter, History of Humble Oil and Refining Company: A Study in Industrial Growth (New York: Harper 8t Brothers, 1959), pp. 13942, 276; Frank J. Taylor and Earl M. Welty, Black Bonanza: How an Oil Hunt Grew into the Union Oil Company of California (New York: Whittlesley House, McGraw-Hill, 1950), p. 201; E. L. DeGolyer, How Men Find Oil, Fortune, August 1949, p. 97; Walker A. Tompkins, Little Giant of Signal Hill: An Adventure in American Enterprise (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964), p. 2; United States Federal Trade Commission, Foreign Ownership in the Petroleum Industry (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1923), p. x (rapidly depleted).].







        .             ,    .         1920- .   ,    Cities Service.     -    ,     -.    .        ,     ,  .  12    .            ,  ,   .    , ,   ,    -       ,      ,       150.       ,   .     Cities Service.            ,     .    ,   ⠖  :   ,           ࠖ  .           -.           .

,  ,      .    ,       .         ,     .   ,  ,     ,        .  ,  , :    .

    ,      .    ,       ,     .  ,         ,     :     .                ,    ,    ,       .             .

  ,       ,   ,     . ?   ,    ,  :    ,   ,  ,        . ,         ,  ,        .  ,   ,         ,      .

 ,   .       .      ,      .     ,  ,        ,        .  ,          ,         ,             .        ?         , ,           .             .

  1920- .       ,       .   ,       World Almanac.                    .                .               頖  ,     .      .

  .      .    .        .         .           ,     .            ,   ,    ,    .     .     ,  ꠖ    .        ,    ,   .   1924.     ,     :        ,    -  ,   ,        ,  ,    ,   ,    ,       .          ,       [183 - . Literary Digest, June 2, 1923, pp. 5658 (nearest approach). Doherty to Smith, February 2, 1929 (worse than Satan); Doherty to Veasey, August 13, 1927 (extremely crude), Doherty papers. Doherty to Roosevelt, August 14, 1937, Oil, Official File 56, Roosevelt papers; Erich W. Zimmennann, Conservation in the Production of Petroleum: A Study in Industrial Control (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957), pp. 97 (do likewise), 12224; Nordhauser, Quest for Stability, pp. 918; Williamson et al., Age of Energy, pp. 31719; Nash, United States Oil Policy, pp. 8291; Leonard M. Fanning, The Story of the American Petroleum Institute (New York: World Petroleum Policies, [I960]), pp. 68, 1049 (crazy man); Linda Lear, Harold L. Ickes and the Oil Crisis of the First Hundred Days, Mid-America 63 (January 1981), p. 12 (barbarian); Robert E. Hardwicke, Antitrust Laws, et al. v. Unit Operations of Oil or Gas Pools (New York: American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, 1948), pp. 17986 (If the public).].

    1924.      -,       .      ,          ,    .    ,   ,                     .           ,  .

          ,         .        ,     ,    ,   砖       ,  ,  ,    ,    .       蠖            .

           .  ,  Hamble ( Standard Oil of New Jersey      )  1925.   ,   1928.     ,          .           .  ,              .                        .

           ,            .         .  1924.    ,     .       .  1925.              .    Sun Oil ,  ,    ,    ,  ,    .        ,  .     ,          ,  [184 - Williamson et al., Age of Energy, p. 311 (supremacy); Zimmermann, Conservation, pp. 126128 (commodity); Larson and Porter, Humble, pp. 25763 (production methods); Henrietta Larson, Evelyn H. Knowlton, and Charles H. Popple, History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey), vol. 3, New Horizons, 192750 (New York: Harper 8t Row, 1971), pp. 6364, 88; Giebelhaus, Sun, p. 118 (My father).].







 ,   ,     .  1926.         ,     .          ,  -  .      ,    ,    .        ꠖ ,  , , ,   ;    ,   ,    ,     .     .         16    ,   30  1927.   527 000   .        .    .      1920- . (     )       ,  ,        -    .

    .      ,     .   ,          ,     .           ,       .  ,  -  ,     . ,     ,        ,      .

      1920- .   ,    , ,  .           ,          ,       .   -    ,       .   (    )  ,    .           ,       [185 - Rister, Oil! pp. 24446, 255, 29397; Hartzell Spence, Portrait in Oil: How the Ohio Oil Company Grew to Become Marathon (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962), pp. 11829; Phillips Petroleum Company, Phillips: The First 66 Years (Bartlesville: Phillips Petroleum, 1983), p. 67; United States Federal Trade Commission, Prices, Profits, and Competition in the Petroleum Industry, United States Senate Document No. 61,70th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1928), pp. 10816; McLean and Haigh, Integrated Oil Companies, pp. 9091; Williamson et al., Age of Energy, pp. 39497; Beaton, Shell, pp. 25960.].

  ,     ,   ,         ,   ,      .               .          ,     .

    ?        ?       ?       . ,     Standard Oil Company (New Jersey):     ,  ,   Hamble, ,    .      ,     1927.        ,       , , ,   (,   ),    .   ,         ,   :          ,    .  :    ,      ,     .

       .       ,   ,             .     ,           ,          ࠖ    .       ,    .  1930.         ࠖ .             ,     .           ,    ,        .            .        ,       .           ,    [186 - SC7/G-32, Shell papers; Larson and Porter, Humble, pp. 3079 (industry is powerless); Roger M. Olien and Diana D. Olien, Wildcatters: Texas Independent Oilmen (Austin: Texas Monthly Press, 1984), p. 52 (Tom Slick); Nordhauser, Quest for Stability, pp. 55 (rather foolish), 58; Nash, United States Oil Policy, pp. 1023.].




 


  ,          ,                          ,    ,  ,    .      ,   .              堖         .  Standard Oil Trust      ,      ,           .         1920- .       ,       蠖  Standard Oil,      ,       .    .     ,        , ,  ,   .          ,       .  ,          ,      ,   .

     1911. Standard Oil of New Jersey        ,        ,     ,    .     ,        Standard Oil of New Jersey,       ,   .   1919. Standard Oil of New Jersey     Humble Oil    ,    . Humble      Standard Oil of New Jersey,   1921.       ,  ,      ࠖ   . Standard of Indiana,     ,          -   ,      .      Pan American Petroleum       .          ,    . The Ohio Oil Company (   Marathon)   1911.      Standard Oil.           .  1926  1930.     .     ,  ,             .

Philips Petroleum Company   ,  ,     ,        . , ,      ,          -,     .          ,      ,       .             ,      .   1920- .             Gulf  Texas Company.

  1927.                    ,  .                 ,       . , ,  .    .   ,  .           ,    .  1930.,       ,       20  6750    .

                   .       ,      ,          .  1926  1928. Gulf          .    , Texas Company  Shell,   1920- .    48 . ,      ,     ,     ,       [187 - Joseph Stanislaw and Daniel Yergin, Cambridge Energy Research Associates, The Reintegration Impulse: The Oil Industry of the 1990s, Cambridge Energy Research Associates Report, 1987; Larson and Porter, Humble, pp. 7275; Gibb and Knowlton, Standard Oil, vol. 2, pp. 42, 414; Wall and Gibb, Teagle, pp. 14041, 249; Giddens, Standard of Indiana, chap. 9, p. 318; McLean and Haigh, Integrated Oil Companies, pp. 95102; Phillips, First 66 Years, p. 37 (Phillips); Beaton, Shell, pp. 298330, 353.].

   ,   .      1911.   Standard Oil      . -        , ,  ,     ,     .  ,                .     頖   Standard Oil of New Jersey, Standard Oil of New York, Standard Oil of Indiana  Atlantic,    ,               .

  1920- .           . Atlantic Refining     Standard Oil of New Jersey  Standard Oil of New York       1924.,   ,   . Standard Oil of New Jersey   -                ,    Standard Oil of Indiana.        :  ,   Standard Oil  , ,  .    - ,       .      ,    ""        40 .  ,  ,         ,      .

        Standard Oil,      1920- .   .  ,     ,            Texas Company  Gulf     .        .   ,      1927., ,    Standard  45%   蠖    80% Standard Oil Company  20   .     Standard Oil .     ,            .         ,   ,  蠖  Standard Oil    :              -   ,               [188 - McLean and Haigh, Integrated Oil Companies, p. 105 (protection); Ida M. Tarbell, The New Republic, November 14, 1923, p. 301 (crumbling); FTC, Prices, Profits and Competition, pp. 2223, xvii xix (no longer unity).].




 


  Standard Oil       .       ,     ,         .   ,      ,  .  -     - ,            ,       . ,  Standard of New York       ,      Vacuum Oil Company,  Socony-Vacuum    Mobil. Standard Oil of California       .

   Shell  ,           .            .                ,      ,    1916.       ,         頖         .    ,    , ,           .      .    ,   - ,        Shell  ,     .

       ,   .  1924. Shell     Belridge,             ,  .    $8,  Shell       .  1979., 55  , Shell      Belridge  $3,6.   1920- . Shell ,        ,    .    25%  Union Oil of California,         Shell     .    Union Oil    ,    ,          .         ,       .   ,       .    Shell      Union,   Shell   50%-        .

  Texas Company  Philips,   Gulf  Standard Oil of Indiana.  Standard Oil of New Jersey  Standard Oil of California  1929  1933.       .    ,                 .   .        Standard Oil of California     ⠖     ,     Standard Oil of New Jersey.    ,         Standard Oil of New Jersey.       ,        ,    [189 - Beaton, Shell, pp. 2067 (Deterding); FTC, Prices, Profits and Competition, p. 29; FTC, Foreign Ownership, p. 86 (parties foreign); Ralph Arnold to Herbert Hoover, September 22, 1921, Millspaugh to Dearing, September 24, 1921, 811.6363/75 (viciously inimical), RG 59, NA; Taylor and Welty, Union Oil, pp. 17678; Phillips, First 66 Years, p. 31; Giddens, Standard of Indiana, pp. 23840; Wall and Gibb, Teagle, pp. 26165 (sunkist).].

       :        1920- .  , -       .    ,  ,         , :           ,   ,        ,   ,      ,         .   蠖       .    ,     .  -      ,  ,       ,    1929.    ,         ,       ,           .

       ,    .     -       ,               .    .       1929.  ,    ,     , ,      . ,  1930-,  ,      ,        ,      ,         ,     .          .  ,        [190 - Doherty to Veasey, August 6, 1927; Doherty to Smith, January 26, 1929; Doherty to Smith, February 2, 1929, Doherty papers.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/deniel-ergin/dobycha-vsemirnaya-istoriya-borby-za-neft-dengi-i-vlast-124496/chitat-onlayn/)  .

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notes








1


 .  .    . .:   , 2007.




2


Vagit Alekperov, Oil of Russia: Past, Present & Future (Minneapolis: East View Press, 2011), pp. 323328.




3


Randolph S. Churchill, Winston Churchill, vol. 2, Young Statesman, 19011914 (London: Heinemann, 1968), p. 529 (bully); Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. 1 (New York: Scribners, 1928), pp. 13036.




4


   .




5


George Bissell: Compiled by his Grandson, Pelham St. George Bissell, Dartmouth College Library; Paul H. Giddens, The Birth of the Oil Industry (New York: Macmillan, 1938), p. 52, chap. 3; Harold F. Williamson and Arnold R. Daum, The American Petroleum Industry, vol. 1, The Age of Illumination, 18591899 (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1959), pp. 2324. Giddens and Williamson and Daum are basic sources. Paul H. Giddens, Pennsylvania Petroleum, 17501872: A Documentary History (Titusville: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1947), p. 54 (Seneca oil); J.T. Henry, The Early and Later History of Petroleum (Philadelphia: Jas. B. Rodgers Co., 1873), pp. 8283; Henry H. Townsend, New Haven and the First Oil Well (New Haven, 1934), pp. 13 (curative powers and poem).




6


Gerald T. White, Scientists in Conflict: The Beginnings of the Oil Industry in California (San Marino: Huntington Library, 1968), pp. 3845 (on Silliman); Petroleum Gazette, April 8, 1897, p. 8; Paul H. Giddens, The Begnnings of the Oil Industry: Sources and Bibliography (Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical Commission, 1941), pp. 23 (I can promise), 62 (unexpected success); Giddens, Beginnings of the Oil Industry: Sources, pp. 3335, 40 (hardest times), 38, 8 (turning point); B. Silliman, Jr., Report on the Rock Oil, or Petroleum, from Venango Co., Pennsylvania (New Haven: J. H. Benham's, 1855), pp. 910, 20.




7


Abraham Gesner, A Practical Treatise on Coal, Petroleum, and Other Distilled Oils, ed. George W. Gesner, 2d ed. (New York: Baillie're Bros., 1865), chap. 1; Henry, Early and Later History of Petroleum, p. 53; Kendall Beaton, Dr. Gesner's Kerosene: The Start of American Oil Refining, Business History Review 29 (March 1955), pp. 3541 (new liquid hydrocarbon); Gregory Patrick Nowell, Realpolitik vs. Transnational Rent-Seeking: French Mercantilism and the Development of the World Oil Cartel, 18601939 (Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1988), pp. 10408; Business History Review, ed., Oil's First Century (Boston: Harvard Business School, 1960), pp. 8 (coal oils), 19 (impetuous energy).




8


R.J. Forbes, Bitumen and Petroleum in Antiquity (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1936), pp. 1121, 57 (incredible miracles), 92 (eyelashes), 9599; R.J.Forbes, Studies in Early Petroleum History (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1958), pp. 15053; R. J. Forbes, More Studies in Early Petroleum History (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1959), pp. 20 (unwearied fire), 71 (pitch and tow).




9


S. J. M. Eaton, Petroleum: A History of the Oil Region of Venango County, Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: J. B. Skelly & Co., 1865), pp. 21113; Beaton, Dr. Gesner's Kerosene, pp. 4445.




10


Brief Development of the Petroleum Industry in Penn. Prepared at the Request of and Under the Supervision of James M. Townsend, D-14, Drake Well Museum (Oh Townsend).




11


E. L. Drake manuscript, D-96, Drake Well Museum, p. 4 (I had made up my mind); Herbert Asbury, The Golden Flood: An Informal History of America's First Oil Field (New York: Knopf, 1942), pp. 5253 (Drake to Townsend); Giddens, Birth of the Oil Industry, pp. 3031, 5961 (Yankee).




12


Forbes, More Studies in Early Petroleum History, p. 141 (light of the age); Giddens, Beginnings of the Oil Industry: Sources, pp. 8183 (Bissell to wife), 59 (I claim); Leon Burr Richardson, Brief Biographies of Buildings Bissell Hall, Dartmouth Alumni Magazine, February 1943, pp. 1819; Henry, Early and Later History of Petroleum, p. 349 (name and fame); Townsend, Brief Development, D-14, Drake Well Museum (whole plan); Giddens, Pennsylvania Petroleum, p. 189 (milk of human kindness).




13


Giddens, Birth of the Oil Industry, pp. 71 (hive of bees), 169, 95 (mine is ruined).




14


Paul H. Giddens, The American Petroleum Industry: Its Beginnings in Pennsylvania! (New York: Newcomen Society, 1959), p. 28; Giddens, Birth of the Oil Industry, pp. 87, 12324 (profits of petroleum and assailed Congress), chap. 9.




15


Giddens, Birth of the Oil Industry, p. 137 (smells); William  Darrah, Pithole: The Vanished City (Gettysburg, Pa., 1972), pp. 3435 (liquor and leases and vile liquor), 23031; Giddens, American Petroleum Industry, p. 21 (song titles); Paul H. Giddens, Early Days of Oil: A Pictorial History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1948), p. 17 (Oil on the brain).




16


Williamson and Daum, Age of Illumination, pp. 37577, 759 (hidden veins), app. E; August W. Giebelhaus, Business and Government in the Oil Industry: A Case Study of Sun Oil, 18761945 (Greenwich: JAI Press, 1980), p. 2.




17


Andrew Cone and Walter R. Johns, Petrolia: A Brief History of the Pennsylvania Petroleum Region (New York: D. Appleton, 1870), pp. 99100 (Oil Creek mud); Henry, Early and Later History of Petroleum, p. 286; Giddens, Birth of the Oil Industry, pp. 12526 (oil and land excitement); Samuel W. Tait, Jr., The Wildcatters: An Informal History of Oil-Hunting in America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1946), pp. 2631.




18


John J. McLaurin, Sketches in Crude Oil, 3rd ed. (Franklin, Penn., 1902), 3d ed., pp. 31621; Giddens, Birth of the Oil Industry, pp. 18283 (favorite speculative commodity); John H. Barbour, Sketch of the Pittsburgh Oil Exchange, Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine 11 (July 1928), pp. 12743.




19


John D. Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences of Men and Events (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1909), p. 81 (I'll go no higher); Allan Nevins, Study in Power: John D. Rockefeller, Industrialist and Philanthropist (New York: Scribners, 1953), vol. 1, pp. 3536 (I ever point). Nevins remains the standard biographical source.




20


David Freeman Hawke, John D.: The Founding Father of the Rockefellers (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), pp. 26, 27; Grace Goulder, John D. Rockefeller: The Cleveland Years (Cleveland: Western Reserve Historical Society, 1972), p. 10 (trade with the boys); John K. Winkler, John D.: A Portrait in Oils (New York: Vanguard Press, 1929), p. 14; Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, pp. 1014 (something big and methodical); Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, p. 46 (intimate conversations).




21


Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, p. 19 (Great Game); Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, pp. 81 (All sorts), 21 (bookkeeper); John Ise, The United States Oil Policy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), pp. 4849.




22


Edward N. Akin, Flagler: Rockefeller Partner and Florida Baron (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1988), pp. 318, 19 (competition and Keep your head), 27 (A friendship); Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, pp. 11 (vim and push), 13 (walks), 19; John T. Flynn, God's Gold: The Story of Rockefeller and His Times (London: George Harrap & Co., 1933), p. 172 (bold, unscrupulous); John W. Martin, Henry M. Flagler (18301913): Florida's East Coast Is His Monument! (New York: Newcomen Society, 1956), pp. 811 (American Riviera).




23


John G. McLean and Robert W. Haigh, The Growth of Integrated Oil Companies (Boston: Harvard Business School, 1954), pp. 5963; W. Trevor Halliday, John D. Rockefeller (18391937): Industrial Pioneer and Man (New York: Newcomen Society, 1948), p. 14 (standard quality); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, pp. 8083 (Who would ever), 97 (independently rich), 99100 (idea was mine); Hawke, John D., pp. 4446, 54 (independence of woman), Dictation by Mr. Rockefeller, June 7, 1904, Rockefeller family, JDR, Jr., Business Interviews, Box 118, S.O. Company Misc. folder, Rockefeller archives (It was desirable).




24


Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, pp. 107 (crudest), 117 (Monster and Forty Thieves), 128, 11415 (newspaper articles and private contracts), 104 (try our plan), 172 (mining camp); Chester McArthur Destler, Roger Sherman and the Independent Oil Men (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1967), pp. 28, 34 (but one buyer), 37 (dry up Titusville).




25


David Freeman Hawke, ed., John D. Rockefeller Interview, 19171920: Conducted by William O. Inglis (Westport, Conn, Meckler Publishing, 1984), pp. 4 (cut-throat), 6 (safe and profitable); Hawke, John D., pp. 79 (war or peace), 106 (good sweating), 170 (brass band); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, pp. 216 (feel sick), 224 (barrel famine), 223 (Morose); Akin, Flagler, p. 67 (blankets); McLean and Haigh, Integrated Oil, p. 63.




26


Archbold to Rockefeller, September 2, 1884, Box 51, Archbold folder (1.51.379), Business Interests, 18791894, RG 1.2, Rockefeller archives; Jerome Thomas Bentley, The Effects of Standard Oil's Vertical Integration into Transportation on the Structure and Performance of the American Petroleum Industry, 18721884 (Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh, 1976), p. 27.




27


Archbold to Rockefeller, August 15, 1888, Box 51, Archbold folder (1.51.378), Business Interests, 18791894, RG 1.2, Rockefeller archives; Destler, Roger Sherman, pp. 85 (overweening), 95 (Autocrat), 132 (gang of thieves); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, p. 337 (Rockefeller will get you).




28


Interview with Mr. Rogers, 1903, T-003, Tarbell papers (every foot and inheritance); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, pp. 13234 (pleasant and clamorer); . . White folder (87.1.59), Box 134, Business Interests, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., papers, Rockefeller archives (stockholding); Ralph W. Hidy and Muriel E. Hidy, History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) vol. 1, Pioneering in Big Business, 18821911 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1955), p. 6 (You gentlemen).




29


Flynn, God's Gold, p. 131 (everything count); Standard Oil Rachel Crothers Group, T-014, Tarbell papers (espionage); Halliday, Rockefeller, p. 20; Hawke, John D., p. 50 (Hope if); Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, pp. 6 (not easiest of tasks), 10 (just how fast); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, p. 324 (smarter than I).




30


Goulder, Rockefeller, p. 223 (wise old owl); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, pp. 331, 326 (expose as little), 157 (wonder how old), 337 (anxiety), 328 (ten letters); vol. 2, p. 427 (unemotional man); Ida M. Tarbell, The History of the Standard Oil Company (New York: McClure, Phillips & Company, 1904), vol. 1, pp. 10506.




31


Vinnie Crandall Hicks to Ida Tarbell, June 29,1905, T-020 and Marshall Bond to Ida Tarbell, July 3, 1905, T-021, Tarbell papers (Sunday school and Buzz); Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, pp. 2526; Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 2, pp. 84 (dentist's chair), 9195 (poulets and life principle), 19394 (best investment and spare change); William Manchester, A Rockefeller Family Portrait, from John D. to Nelson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1959), pp. 2526; Flynn, God's Gold, pp. 23235, 280.




32


Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, p. 58 (volume); Williamson and Daum, Age of Illumination, p. 320 (length of life); Catherine Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe, The American Women's Home or Principles of Domestic Science (New York: J. B. Ford, 1869), pp. 36263 (explosions).




33


Willamson and Daum, Age of Illumination, pp. 526 (gas bill), 678, 249 (sewing circles); Gerald Carson, The Old Country Store (New York: Oxford University Press, 1954), p. 188 (lively country store).




34


Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 17778 (Our business and drink every gallon), 8; Paul H. Giddens, Standard Oil Company (Indiana): Oil Pioneer of the Middle West (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1955), p. 2 (vanishing phenomena); S. Cornifort to Archbold, June 27,1885, Box 51, Archbold folder (1.5.379), Business Interests, 18791894, R.G. 1.2, Rockefeller archives (one hundred to one), Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 2, p. 3; Edgar Wesley Owen, Trek of the Oil Finders: A History of Exploration for Oil (Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1975), pp. 12426.




35


Giddens, Standard Oil Company (Indiana), pp. 27 (skunk juice); Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, pp. 79; Hawke, John D., pp. 18283 (conservative brethren); 185; Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 2, pp.3, 101 (Buy).




36


Giddens, Standard Oil Company (Indiana), p. 19 (entirely ignorant); Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 279 (Seep), 87; Gilbert Montagu, The Rise and Progress of the Standard Oil Company (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1903), p. 132 (best possible consensus).




37


Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, pp. 60 (large scale), 29; Halliday, Rockefeller, pp. 10 (instinctively realized), 16 (conceived the idea); Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 12021, 3839 (Mineral Resources); Destler, Roger Sherman, pp. 47 (body and soul), 192; Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 2, pp. 54, 78, 129 (success unparalleled); J. W. Fawcett, T-082, Tarbell papers.




38


Lockhart interview, p. 3, T-003 (with Rogers interview), Tarbell papers (Give the poor man); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, p. 402 (day of combination); vol. 2, pp. 37987; Mark Twain with Charles Dudley Warner, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (NewYork: TridentPress, 1964), pp. 271 (giant schemes), 1; Flynn, God's Gold, pp. 45; Tarbell, History of Standard Oil, vol. 2, p. 31 (cut to kill).




39


Giddens, The Birth of the Oil Industry, pp. 9698 (Yankee invention); Williamson and Daum, Age of Illumination, pp. 48889 (drill); J. D. Henry, Thirty-five Years of Oil Transport: Evolution of the Tank Steamer (London: Bradbury, Agnew 8(Co., 1907), pp. 5, 17274; Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 12223 (forced its way).




40


Giddens, Birth of the Oil Industry, p. 99 (safe to calculate); Robert W. Tolf, The Russian Rockefellers: The Saga of the Nobel Family and the Russian Oil Industry (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1976), chaps. land 2, pp. 4146 (pillars and walnut money); Boverton Redwood, Petroleum: A Treatise, 4th ed. (London: Charles Griffen & Co., 1922), vol. 1, pp. 39 (Marco Polo), 3646; Forbes, Studies in Early Petroleum History, pp. 15462; John P. McKay, Entrepreneurship and the Emergence of the Russian Petroleum Industry, 18131883, Research in Economic History 8 (1982), pp. 6364.




41


Owen, Trek of the Oil Finders, pp. 4, 150; Tolf, Russian Rockefellers, pp. 108 (Oil King), 149 (Nobelites); J. D. Henry, Baku: An Eventful History (London: Archibald, Constable & Co., 1905), pp. 5152; Williamson and Damn, Age of Illumination, pp. 63741 (difficulty), 517; W. J. Kelly and Tsureo Kano, Crude Oil Production in the Russian Empire, 18181919, Journal of European Economic History 6 (Fall 1977), pp. 30910; McKay, Entrepreneurship, pp. 4855, 87 (greatest triumphs).




42


Charles Marvin, The Region of Eternal Fire: An Account of a Journey to the Petroleum Region of the Caspian in 1883, new ed. (London: W. H. Allen, 1891), pp. 23435 (chimney-pot); Sidney Pollard and Conn Holmes, Industrial Power and National Rivalry, 18701914, vol. 2of Documents of European Economic History (London: Edward Arnold, 1972), pp. 10810 (American kerosene); . E. Stewart, Petroleum Field of South Eastern Russia, 1886, Russia File, Oil, Box C-8, Pearson papers; Tolf, Russian Rockefellers, pp. 8086 (main point and speculation); Williamson and Daum, Age of Illumination, p. 519 (2000 miles); Bertrand Gille, Capitaux Fran?ais et Ptroles Russes (188494), Histoire de Enterprises 12 (November 1963), p. 19; Virginia Cowles, The Rothschilds: A Family of Fortune (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973), chaps. 78; Henry, Baku, pp. 74, 79.




43


Archbold to Rockefeller, August 19, 1884, and July 6, 1886, Archbold folder (1.5.381), Box 51, Business Interests, 18781894, R.G. 1.2, Rockefeller archives. Tolf, Russian Rockefellers, pp. 4748 (fountains); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 2, p. 116; Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 13839 (Russian competition).




44


Archbold to Rockefeller, July 6, 1886, Archbold folder (1.5.381), Box 51, Business Interests, 18791894, R.G. 1.2, Rockefeller archives; Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil vol. 1, pp. 14753 (poem and competitive commerce); Henry, Baku, p. 116; Tolf, Russian Rockefellers, pp. 9697, 10709; Nicholas Halasz, Nobel: A Biography of Alfred Nobel (New York: Orion Press, 1959), pp. 35 (dynamite king), 21113.




45


Shady (.) , . . .




46


Race (.) ;  ( ). . .




47


Robert Henriques, Marcus Samuel: First Viscount Bearsted and Founder of the 'Shell' Transport and Trading Company, 18531927 (London: Barrie and Rockliff, 1960), pp. 7475 (go-between), 44 (lovely day).       ,        Shell. Geoffrey Jones, The State and the Emergence of the British Oil Industry (London: Macmillan, 1981), pp. 1920 (Shady Lane).




48


Henriques, Marcus Samuel pp. 80 (powerful company), 96, 83, 112 (Hebrew influence), 108 (to block); Henry, Thirty-five Years of Oil Transport, pp. 4147.




49


蠖   . . .




50


Petroleum in Bulk and the Suez Canal, Economist, January 9, 1892, pp. 3638; Henriques, Marcus Samuel pp. 10911 (got cheaper), 13840 (wire handles); Henry, Thirty-five Years of Oil Transport, p. 50; R. J. Forbes and D. R. O'Beirne, The Technical Development of the Royal Dutch/Shell, 18901940 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1957), pp. 52930.




51


  ,   ( ). . .




52


Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 5254 (two brothers).




53


Archbold to Rockefeller, December 15, 1891, Frank Rockefeller folder, Box 64; Archbold to Rockefeller, July 13 (quite confident), July 22, 1892, Archbold folder (1.51.381), Box 51, Business Interests, 18781894, R.G. 1.2, Rockefeller archives. Gille, Capitaux Francais et Pe'troles Russes, pp. 4348 (crisis); Tolf, Russian Rockefellers, pp. 116117 (on behalf); F.  Gerretson, History of the Royal Dutch, vol. 2 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1955), p. 35. Geltetson's 4-volume work extensively details the rise of Royal Dutch.




54


     1963. ,     ,      ,   ,   . . .




55


Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 1, pp. 22 (earth oil), 8990 (won't bend), 12934 (do not feel and mighty storm), 16365 (Half-heartedness and stagnate), 171 (things go wrong), 224 (object of terror), 174 (pretend to be poor).




56


Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 26167 (Standard reps in East Indies, Every day, Dutch obstacles and sentimental barrier); Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 1, pp. 28284 (into its power); vol. 2, p. 48 (pity); Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 181 (Dutchman), 184 (still open).




57


Gerald T. White, Formative Years in the Far West: A History of Standard Oil of California and Its Predecessors Through 1919 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1962), pp. 199, 267, 269.




58


Harold G. Passer, The Electrical Manufacturers, 18751900 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953), pp. 18081 (fuzz on a bee); Arthur A. Bright, Jr., The Electric Lamp Industry: Technological Change and Economic Development from 1800 to 1947 (New York: Macmillan, 1949), pp. 6869; Thomas P. Hughes, Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 18801930 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), pp. 55, 73, 176, 227 (Londoners); Leslie Hannah, Electricity Before Nationalization (London: Macmillan, 1979), chap. 1.




59


James J. Flink, America Adopts the Automobile, 18951910 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1970), pp. 4250 (Get a horse, skeptical and theme for jokers), 64 (automobile is the idol); John B. Rae, American Automobile Manufacturers: The First Forty Years (Philadelphia: Chilton Company, 1959), pp. 33 (Horseless Carriage fever), 31; George S. May, A Most Unique Machine: The Michigan Origins of the American Automobile Industry (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans Publishing, 1975), pp. 5657; Allan Nevins, Ford: The Times, the Man, the Company, vol. 1 (New York: Scribners, 1954), pp. 133, 168, 237, 44257.




60


Williamson and Daunt, Age of Illumination, pp. 56981; Arthur M. Johnson, The Development of American Petroleum Pipelines: A Study in Private Enterprise and Public Policy, 18621906 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1956), pp. 17383 (gloved hand); Austin Leigh Moore, John D. Archbold and the Early Development of Standard Oil (New York: Macmillan, [1930]), pp. 197202 (champions of independence).




61


White, Standard Oil of California, pp. 813 (fabulous wealth and without limit).




62


Spindle (.) . . .




63


 렖     (18461917),      . . .




64


Patillo Higgins Oral History, II, pp. 79; Carl Coke Rister, Oil! Titan of the Southwest (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1949), pp. 35, 34, 5659; James A. Clark and Michael T. Halbouty, Spindletop (New York: Random House, 1952), pp. 45, 22, 27, 3842 (Tell that Captain); John O. King, Joseph Stephen Cullinan: A Study of Leadership in the Texas Petroleum Industry, 18971937 (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1970), pp. 1221, 17 (Dash and push). F. Lucas to E. DeGolyer, May 6, 1920, 1074 (visions); John Galey to E. DeGolyer, August 22, 1941, 535, DeGolyer papers. Mody  Boatwright and William A. Owen, Tales from the Derrick Floor (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1970), p. 14 (Dr. Drill); W.L.Mellon and Boyden Sparkes, Judge Mellon's Sons (Pittsburgh, 1948), pp. 14850 (bewitched); Robert Henriques, Marcus Samuel p. 346 (example).




65


Swindl (.) . . .




66


Young Ladies Oil Company (.)     . . .




67


Allen Hamill Oral History, I, pp. 2021 (All), 34; James Kinnear Oral History, I, pp. 1519, II, p. 16; T. A. Rickard, Anthony F. Lucas and the Beaumont Gusher, Mining and Scientific Press, December 22, 1917, pp. 88794; Rister, Oill, pp. 6067; Clark and Halbouty, Spindletop, pp. 8889 (X-ray eyes); Burt Hull, Founding of the Texas Company: Some of Its Early History, pp. 89, Collection 6850, Continental Oil, University of Wyoming.




68


Shell (.) . . .




69


Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 353 (pioneers), 34145 (magnitude and opponent), 349, 350 (failure of supplies); Harold F. Williamson, Ralph L. Andreano, Arnold R. Daum, and Gabert . Klose, The American Petroleum Industry, vol. 2, The Age of Energy, 18991959 (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1963), pp. 16, 22; Clark and Halbouty, Spindletop, pp. 10001.




70


Modus vivendi (.)  , . . .




71


Mellon, Judge Melton's Sons, pp. 153162 (epic card game and real way), 269 (We're out), 27678 (just about as bad and good management), 27475 (main problem); Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 46266 (Samuel's diary).




72


Mellon, Judge Mellon's Sons, pp. 27273 (Standard made the price, at the mercy and by your leave), 282 (marketable), 284 (hitch onto); John G. McLean and Robert Haigh, The Growth of Integrated Oil Companies, pp. 7879; King, Cullinan, p. 179 (throwed me out). On the fate of the pioneers: Rickard, Anthony F. Lucas, p. 892; Oillnvestors Journal, March 1, 1904, p. 3 (Owing and milked too hard); Clark and Halbouty, Spindletop, pp. 12327(whole honor); Thomas Galey, Guffey and Galey and the Genesis of the Gulf Oil Corporation, January 1951, P448 (Gulf Oil), Petroleum Collection, University of Wyoming (Difficult times and lost track); Al Hamill to Thomas W. Galey, February 21, 1951, P448 (Gulf Oil), Petroleum Collection, University of Wyoming (dribble).




73


August W. Giebelhaus, Sun Oil, 18761945, pp. 4243 (five cents).




74


Buck skin (.)  . . .




75


Hog (.)    . . .




76


Curt Hamill Oral History, II, p. 29 (Hogg's my name); Robert . Cotner, James Stephen Hogg (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1959), pp. 43739 (Northern men); King, Cullinan, pp. 107 (Tammany), 18082 (time will come), 186 (butt into everything), 19094 (Texas deals and boarding-house brawl).




77


             Standard      90%  1880.  6065%  1911. Business History Review, ed., Oil's First Century (Boston: Harvard Business School, 1960), pp. 7382; Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 416, 473, 462; Joseph A. Pratt, The Petroleum Industry in Transition: Antitrust and the Decline of Monopoly Control in Oil, Journal of Economic History 40 (December 1980), pp. 81537; Ida Tarbell, All in the Day's Work (New York: Macmillan, 1939), p. 215 (no end of the oil).




78


Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 213214 (craze and Our friends); Bruce Bringhurst, Antitrust and the Oil Monopoly: The Standard Oil Cases, 18901911 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1979), pp. 25 (Clam), 5258 (Democratic Leader), 63, 90 (Republic Oil ads); Pratt, Petroleum Industry in Transition, p. 832 (blind tigers).




79


Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 2, pp. 27678; Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 23132 (gentlemen); Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976), pp. 4546, 645.




80


E. V. Cary to J. D. Rockefeller, November 8, 1907, 19071912 folder. Box 114, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Business Interests, Rockefeller archives; Moore, Archbold, pp. 4849 (go ahead and hard job), 17 (God is willing), 53 (oil enthusiasm), 119 (not entirely philanthropic), 109 (one flash); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, pp. 11718 ($4 a barrel); vol. 2, pp. 28586 (really a bank), 29394 (three simple rules), 457, n. 8 (We told him); Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, p. 67 (unfortunate failing).




81


Edward . Kirkland, Industry Comes of Age: Business, Labor, and Public Policy, 18601897 (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1961), p. 312 (great moral battle); Lewis L. Could, Reform and Regulation: American Politics, 19001916 (New York: John Wiley, 1978), pp. 17, 23 (trust question); Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR (New York: Vintage, 1955), pp. 169, 18586 (critical achievement); Alfred D. Chandler, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977); Naomi R. Lamoreaux, The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 18951904 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), chap. 7; Kathleen Brady, Ida Tarbell: Portrait of a Muckraker (New York: Seaview/Putnam, 1984), pp. 12023 (great feature and new plan of attacking).      ,     ,  Harper's    Wealth Against Commonwealth   ,         .            Standard Oil   ,       Harper's. Interview with H. H. Rogers, T-004, Tarbell papers.




82


Brady, Ida Tarbell, p. 115 (holding people off), 110 (playing cards), 123 (Well, I'm sorry); Tarbell, All in the Day's Work, pp. 19, 204 (Pithole), 207 (Don't do it).




83


Joseph Siddell to Ida Tarbell, T-084 (most interesting figure); Standard Oil Rachel Crothers Group, T-014, p. 3 (confession of failure). Interviews with H. H. Rogers, T-004 (ask us to contribute), T-003 (made right), T-001, T-002, Tarbell papers. Albert Bigelow Paine, Mark Twain: A Biography (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1912), pp. 97173 (stop walking and affairs of a friend), 165859 (best friend); Justin Kaplan, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1966), pp. 32023 (out for the dollars); Tarbell, All in the Day's Work, pp. 21720 (born gambler and we were prospered), 21115 (by all odds), 10 (as fine a pirate), 22728; Albert Bigelow Paine, ed., Mark Twain's Letters (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1917), pp. 61213 (only man I care for); Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, p. 662; Brady, Ida Tarbell, pp. 12529 (straightforward narrative); Would Miss Tarbell See Mr. Rogers, Harper's Magazine, January 1939, p. 141.




84


Miss Tar Barrel (.)   . . .




85


Standard Oil Rachel Crothers Group, T-014, p. 13, Tarbell papers (turned my stomach); Brady, Ida Tarbell pp. 13757 (very interesting to note, most remarkable, McClure's comments, guilty of baldness, lady friend and Rockefeller's response); Tarbell, History of Standard Oil vol. 1, p. 158; vol. 2, pp. 207, 60, 230, 288 (loaded dice), 24; Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil vol. 1, pp. 652 (more widely purchased), 663; Tarbell, All in the Day's Work, p. 230 (never had an animus); Hawke, Rockefeller Interview, p. 5 (Miss Tar Barrel).




86


Gould, Reform and Regulation, pp. 2526(steamroller, meteor and wring the personality), 48 ($100,000 donation); Tarbell, All in the Day's Work, pp. 24142 (muckraker and vile and debasing); George Mowry, The Era of Theodore Roosevelt, 19001912 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1958), pp. 13132 (levees), 124; Henry F. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company, 1931), pp. 35051(read every book and Darkest Abyssnia); United States Congress, Senate, Subcommittee of the Committee on Privileges and Elections, Campaign Contributions, 62d Congress, 3d Session (Washington, B.C.: GPO, 1913), vol. 1, p. 133; vol. 2, pp. 1574, 1580; Moore, Archbold, p. 260 (1906 visit to TR).




87


Bringhurst, Antitrust and the Oil Monopoly, pp. 133, 140 (Every measure), 136 (biggest criminals). Starr J. Murphy to J. D. Rockefeller, September 7, 1907 (Administration has started); Telegram, W. P. Cowan to J. D. Rockefeller, August 3, 1907, 19071912 folder. Box 114; Stair Murphy to J. D. Rockefeller, July 9, 1907, Standard Oil Company Misc. folder. Box 118, J.D.R., Jr., Business Interests, Rockefeller archives. White, Standard Oil of California, p. 373 (inordinately voluminous); Moore, Archbold, pp. 295 (forty-four years), 220 (Federal authorities); Goulder, Rockefeller, pp. 84 (insolence and inadequacy), 2045 (Rockefeller on golf course); John K. Winkler, John D.: A Portrait in Oik (New York: Vanguard, 1929), p. 147.




88


David Bryn-Jones, Frank B. Kellogg: A Biography (New York: Putnam, 1937), p. 66 (signal triumphs); Bringhurst, Antitrust and the Oil Monopoly, pp. 150, 15657 (I have also); White, Standard Oil of California, p. 377 (No disinterested mind); New York Times, May 16, 1911; Mock, Archbold, p. 278 (one damn thing).




89


Giddens, Standard of Indiana, pp. 12335 (office boys); Nevins, Study in Rower, vol. 2, pp. 38081 (young fellows); Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 416, 528, 71314; White, Standard Oil of California, pp. 37884.




90


Giddens, Standard of Indiana, pp. 14163 (Burton).




91


Moore, Archbold, p. 281; Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 2, pp. 383 (Roosevelt), 4045.




92


Robert Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 158 (Mr. Abrahams), 272 (mere production), 163 (great disadvantage), 165 (berserk).




93


Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 186212 (correspondence), 267 (tremendous role), 272; Williamson and Daum, Age of Illumination, pp. 33637.




94


Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 30023.




95


Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 31935, 17679, 223, 234, 29899; Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 1, pp. 121, 126, 177, 23839; vol. 2, pp. 32427, 89, 92146; Forbes and O'Beirne, Royal Dutch/Shell, p. 65.




96


Interview with John Loudon; Henriques, Marcus Samuel pp. 33031 (nervous condition), 333; Heart Deterding, An International Oilman (as told to Stanley Naylor), (London and New York: Harper & Brothers, 1934), pp. 2830 (lynx-eye and go a long way), 37 (sniftering), 910 (Simplicity rules); Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 1, pp.199202 (first-rate businessman); vol. 2, pp. 17374 (not aiming and heart and soul); Robert Henriques, Sir Robert Waley Cohen, 1877 1952 (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1966), p. 98 (charm); Lane to Aron, January 11, 1912, Rothschild papers (terrible sort).




97


Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 2, pp. 19194 (battledore and joint management); Archbold to Rockefeller, October 15, 1901, GDR to JDR, October 15,1901,18771906 folder, Box 114, Business Interests, J.D.R., Jr., Rockefeller archives (There is here).




98


Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 2, pp. 195201 (no solution and cordially), 23438 (Neither of us and Delay dangerous); Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 4003 (sincere congratulation).




99


  (.)  . . .




100


 (.)    . . .




101


- (.)  -. . .




102


Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 2, pp. 18788 (not worth a white tie), 24445 (rightly and fairly); Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 43641 (Lane's critique), 44652 (rage, ten Lord Mayors and Twenty-one years), 470.




103


Gerretson, RoyalDutch, vol. 2, pp. 298301 (seize one's opportunities), 34546 (Deterding and Samuel); Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 495 (disappointed man), 509 (genius); Mira Wilkins, The Emergence of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from the Colonial Era to 1914 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970), p. 83; Henriques, Waley Cohen, pp. 12948, chaps. 810; Deterding, International Oilman, p. 114 (our chairman).




104


Gerretson, RoyalDutch, vol. 3, pp. 303 (wipe us out), 29798 (1 am sorry), 307 (To America!); Kendall Beaton, Enterprise in Oil: A History of Shell in the United States (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957), pp. 123 (Oil Capital), 126 (we are in America!).




105


Geoffrey Jones and Clive Trebilcock, Russian Industry and British Business, 19161930: Oil and Armaments, journal of European Economic History 11 (Spring 1982), pp. 6869 (too hurried development); Serge Witte, The Memoirs of Count Witte, trans, and ed. Abraham Yarmolinsky (Garden City: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1921), pp. 2729, 125, 198 (imported mediums), 183 (Byzantine habits), 247 (tangle), 279; Theodore Von Laue, Sergei Witte and the Industrialization of Russia (New York: Atheneum, 1974), pp. 255, 12223, 250; A. A. Fursenko, Neftyanye Tresty i Mirovaia politika (Moscow: Nauka, 1965), pp. 4243.     . Richard Hare, Portraits of Russian Personalities Between Reform and Revolution (London: Oxford University Press, 1959), pp. 305; Tolf, Russian Rockefellers, pp. 15155 (revolutionary hotbed); Adam B. Ulam, Stalin: The Man and His Era (New York: Viking, 1973), pp. 37, 5960; Isaac Deutscher, Stalin: A Political Biography (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966), p. 47; Ronald G. Suny, A Journeyman for the Revolution: Stalin and the Labour Movement in Baku, Soviet Studies 23 (January 1972), p. 393.




106


Witte, Memoirs, pp. 189 (monkeys), 250 (Russia's internal situation); Deutscher, Stalin, p. 66 (hour of revenge); Solomon M. Schwarz, The Russian Revolution of 1905: The Workers' Movement and the Formation of Bokhevikism and Menshevikism, trans. Gertrude Vaka (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966), pp. 30114; Adam B. Ulam, The Bolsheviks & the Intellectual (New York: Collier Books, 1965), pp. 219, 227; J. D. Henry, Baku, pp. 15759 (Adamoff), 183184 (flames); K. H. Kennedy, Mining Tsar: The Life and Times of Leslie Urquhart, (Boston: Alien & Unwin, 1986), chaps. 2and 3; Gerretson, RoyalDutch, vol. 3, p. 138; Hidy and Hidy. Standard Oil, p. 511; Ulam, Stalin, pp. 8998; Suny, Stalin, pp. 394, 386 (unlimited distrust).




107


A. Beeby Thompson, The Oil Fields of Russia (London: Crosby Lockwood and Son, 1908), pp. 19597, 213; Maurice Pearton, Oil and the Romanian State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971), pp. 145; Tolf, Russian Rockefellers, pp. 18385; Lane to Aron, December 21, 1911 (I can assure you), December 13, 1911 (his intention), Rothschild papers; V. I. Bovykin, Rossiyskaya Neft i Rotshil'dy', Voprosy Istorii 4 (1978), pp. 2741; Suny, Stalin, p. 373 (journeyman for the revolution).




108


Henry Drummond Woolf, Rambling Recollections, vol. 2 (London: Macmillan, 1908), p. 329 (well versed); Charles Issawi, ed., The Economic History of Iran, 18001914 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971), p. 20 (Persian finances); R. W. Ferrier, The History of the British Petroleum Company, vol. 1, The Developing Years, 19011932 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 28 (Shah's prodigality); T. A. B. Corky, A History of the Burmah Oil Company, 18861927 (London: Heinemann, 1983); Geoffrey Jones, The State and the Emergence of the British Oil Industry (London: Macmillan, 1981). The books by Ferrier, Corley, and Jones all making extensive use of corporate and government archives are the best works on their respective subjects.




109


Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 29 (capitalist), 31 (riches), 3536 (morning coffee). On D'Arcy, see ibid., pp. 3032; Corky, Burmah Oil, pp. 9697; Henry Longhurst, Adventure in Oil: The Story of British Petroleum (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1959), pp. 1819, 25; David J.Jeremy and Christine Shaw, eds., Dictionary of Business Biography (London: Butterworths, 1984), vol. 2, pp. 1214. On the de Reuter concessions, see Firuz Kazemzadeh, Russia and Britain in Persia, 18641914 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968), pp. 10034, 21014.




110


Kazemzadeh, Russia and Britain in Persia, pp. 3 (chessboard), 8, 22 (Insurance), 32528 (ragamuffins); Arthur H. Hardinge, A Diplomatist in the East (London: Jonathan Cape, 1928), pp. 280 (elderly child), 268 (vassalage), 328 (detestable); Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 39 (ready money), 43 (no umbrage); Hardinge to Lansdowne, January 29, 1902, FO 60/660, PRO (Cossacks); Briton Cooper Busch, Britain and the Persian Gulf (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), chap. 4and pp. 23542.




111


Issawi, Economic History of Iran, p. 41 (far-reaching effects and soil of Persia); Jones, State and British Oil pp. 13132; Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 43 (wild-catting), 107.




112


Hardinge, Dipbmatist, pp. 281, 27374 (Shiahs), 30611; Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 57 (expedite), 65 (heat, Mohamedan Kitchen and Mullahs).




113


Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 5962 (Every purse and keep the bank quiet); Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 9799 (eminence grise), 133; Corky, Burmah Oil pp. 98103 (Glorious news).




114


Kazemzadeh, Russia and Britain in Persia, pp. 44244 (menace and Monroe Doctrine). Lansdowne to Curzon, December 7, 1903, FO 60/731 (danger); Cargill to Redwood, October 6, 1904, ADM 116/3807, PRO. Corley, Burmah Oil, pp. 99102 (imperial, patriots and coincided exactly); Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 13334 (British hands).




115


A. R.  Cooper, A Visit to the Anglo-Persian Oil-Fields, Jornal of the Central Asian Society, 13 (1926), pp. 15456 (thousand pities); Kazemzadeh, Russia and Britain in Persia, pp. 444445; Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp.67, 86 (beer and skittles), 79 (dung and teeth); Arnold Wilson, S. W. Persia: A Political Officer's Diary, 190714 (London: Oxford University Press, 1941), p. 112.




116


Wilson, S. W. Persia, p. 27 (dignified and solid British oak); Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 79 (reasonable and beasts), 96 (type machine), 73; Corley, Burmah Oil, p. 110 (amuse me).




117


Ervand Abrahamian, Iran Between Two Revolutions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), pp. 8085 (luxury of Monarchs); Gene R. Garthwaite, The Bakhtiar Khans, the Government of Iran, and the British, 18461915, International Journal of Middle East Studies 3 (1972), pp. 2144; Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 83 (nightingale and Baksheesh), 85 (importance attached). Harold Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1930), p. 171 (spontaneous infiltration); Spring-Rice to Grey, April 11, 1907, FO 416/32, PRO (great impetus); Kazemzadeh, Russia and Britain in Persia, pp. 475500.




118


Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 8688 (last throw, cannot find and Psalm 104), 96 (stupid action); Corley, Burmah Oil, pp. 12839 (go smash, abandon operations, telling no one and may be modified); Wilson, S. W. Persia, pp. 4142 (endure heat).




119


Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 1056 (making public, corns and immense benefit), 98 (great mistake), 103 (signing away), 113 (just as keen). While Ferrier places the value of D'Arcy's shares at ?895,000, Corley puts them at ?650,000 still a healthy return after all. Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 112 and Corley, Burmah Oil, p. 142. On Anglo-Persian's operations after the stock issue, see Wilson, S. W. Persia, pp. 84, 103 (spent a fortnight), 21112; Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 15253 (one chapter); Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 142, 144 (serious menace), 147; Corley, Burmah Oil, p. 189 (hell of a mess).




120


Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 59; John Arbuthnot Fisher, Memories (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1919), pp. 15657; Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 399402; John Arbuthnot Fisher, Fear God and Dread Nought: The Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher of Kilverstone, vol. 1, ed. Arthur J. Marder (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1952), pp. 45, (oil maniac), 275 (gold-mine and bought the south half).




121


Fisher, Memories, p. 116 (God-father of Oil); Arthur J. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 19041919, vol. 1, The Road to War, 19041914 (London: Oxford University Press, 1961), pp. 14 (mixture), 205 (tornado), 19 (Edward VII), 45; Fisher, Fear God, vol. 1, pp. 102 (Full Speed), 185 (Wake up); Ruddock F. Mackay, Fisher of Kilverstone (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), p. 268 (Golden rule); R. H. Bacon, The Life of Lord Fisher (Garden City: Doubleday, 1929), vol. 2, pp. 15759.




122


Paul M. Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1982), pp. 416 (naval question), 417 (freedom), 457 (strident), 22129 (world domination, mailed fist and weary Titan); Zara S. Steiner, Britain and the Origins of the First World War (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977), pp. 4057, 127; Samuel Williamson, The Politics of Grand Strategy: Britain and France Prepare for War, 19041914 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969), pp. 16, 18.




123


Winston Spenser Churchill S 19-   , ѻ 3-   . . .




124


William H. McNeil, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force and Society Since a.d. 1000 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), p. 277 (technological revolution); Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, vol. 1, pp. 71, vii, 139 (pensions); Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, pp. 236, 238.     . Volker Berghahn, Naval Armaments and the Social Crisis: Germany Before 1914, in Geoffrey Best and Andrew Wheatcraft, eds., War, Economy, and the Military Mind (London: Groom Held, 1976), pp. 6188. Randolph S. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 1, Youth, 18741900 (London: Heinemann, 1966), pp. 188889.




125


Randolph S. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 2, Young Statesman, 19011917 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967), pp. 494 (nonsense), 51819 (Indeed).




126


Churchill, Young Statesman, pp. 54547 (whole fortunes); Churchill, World Crisis, vol. 1, pp. 7178 (intended to prepare, important steps and veritable volcano); Fisher, Memories, pp. 2001 (precipice); Henriques, Marcus Samuel, p. 283; Randolph Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 2, Companion Volume, part 3, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), p. 1926 (How right).




127


Churchill, Churchill, vol. 2, Companion Volume, part 3, pp. 192627.




128


Fisher, Fear God, vol. 2, p. 404 (Sea fighting); Churchill, World Crisis, vol. 1, pp. 13036 (on his decision).




129


Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 158; Jones, State and British Oil p. 170; Corley, Burmah Oil Company, p. 186; Fisher, Fear God, vol. 2, pp. 451 (betrayed), 467 (no one else); Mackay, Fisher, pp. 43738; Churchill, Young Statesman, pp. 56768; Churchill, Churchill, vol. 2, Companion Volume, part 3, p. 1929 (My dear Fisher).




130


Fisher, Memories, pp. 21820 (d d fool); Lord Fisher, Records (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1919), p. 196; Mackay, Fisher, p. 439 (overwhelming advantages); Fisher, Fear God, vol. 2, p. 438 (don't grow).




131


Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 94 (Champagne Charlie and decorous); Jeremy and Shaw, Dictionary of Business Biography, vol. 2, pp. 63941; Corley, Burmah Oil, pp.184, 205; Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 96 (Old Spats), 15152 (Jewishness, Dutchness, under the control and moderate return).




132


Bacon, Fisher, vol. 2, p. 158 (do our d st); Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 164 (embracing as it did and pecuniary assistance), 151 (Shell menace); Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 17073 (commercial predominance and Evidently).




133


Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 16667 (speculative risk); Marian Kent, Oil and Empire: British Policy and Mesopotamian Oil, 19001920 (London: Macmillan, 1976), pp. 4748 (keeping alive); Churchill, Churchill, vol. 2, Companion Volume, part 3, pp. 193248; Corley, Burmah Oil, p. 191; Asquith to George V, July 12, 1913, CAB 41/34, PRO (controlling interest); Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 18182.




134


. Parliamentary Debates, Commons, July 17, 1913, pp. 147477 (Churchill statement); Corley, Burmah Oil, pp. 187, 19195 (scrap heap); Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 19596 (thoroughly sound, perfectly safe and national disaster).




135


Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 185; Corley, Burmah Oil, pp. 19597; Churchill, Churchill, vol. 2, Companion Volume, part 3, p. 1964.




136


. Parliamentary Debates, Commons, June 17, 1914, pp. 113153, 121932; Bradbury to Anglo-Persian Oil Company, May 20, 1914, POWE 33/242, PRO; Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 199 (Greenway's question).




137


Henriques, Marcus Samuel, p. 574; Churchill, Churchill, vol. 2, Companion Volume, part 3, pp. 1951 (Napoleon and Cromwell), 1965 (Good Old Deterding), Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 4, p. 293.




138


Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 4, p. 185; Jones, State and British Oil, pp.144, 12 (premier cru); Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 196; Churchill, World Crisis, p. 137; Churchill, Churchill, vol. 2, Companion Volume, part 3, p. 1999 (war order).




139


William Langer, The Well-Spring of Our Discontents, Journal of Contemporary History 3 (1968), pp. 317; McNeill, Pursuit of Power, pp. 33435; Martin Van Creveld, Supplying War: Logistics from Walknstein to Patton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 110111, 12425 (German general); W. G. Jensen, The Importance of Energy in the First and Second World Wars, Historical Journal 11 (1968), pp. 53845. Llewellyn Woodward, Great Britain and the War of 19141918 (London: Metheun, 1967), pp. 3839.




140


Coups de tlphone (.)  . . .




141


Basil Liddell Hart, A History of the World War, 19141918 (London: Faber and Faber, 1934), chap. 4, especially pp. 8687, 11522 (No British officer, coups de telephone, not commonplace and forerunner); Henri Carre', La Veritable Histoire des Taxis de La Marne (Paris: Libraire Chapelot, 1921), pp. 1139 (How will we be paid?); Robert B. Asprey, The First Battle of the Marne (Westport, Conn.; Greenwood Press, 1977), pp. 127 (Today destiny), 153 (going badly).




142


Caterpillar (.) . . .




143


Woodward, Great Britain and the War of 19141918, pp. 3839 (This isn't war); Liddell Hart, The World War, pp. 33243 (antidote, eyewitness, black day and primacy); Erich Ludendorff, My War Memories, 19141918 (London: Hutchinson, [1945]), p. 679; J. F.  Fuller, Tanks in the Great War, 19141918 (London: John Murray, 1920), p. 19 (present war); Churchill, World Crisis, vol. 2, (New York: Scribners, 1923) pp. 7191 (caterpillar tank); A. J. P. Taylor, English History, 19141945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 122; Francis Delaisi, Oil: Its Influence on Politics, trans.  Leonard Leese (London: Labour Publishing and George Allen and Unwin, 1922), p. 29 (truck over the locomotive).




144


Liddell Hart, The World War, pp. 457460 (good sport), 55459; Harald Penrose, British Aviation: The Great War and Armistice, 19151919 (London: Putnam, 1969), pp. 912 (Since war broke out), 586 (necessities of war); Bernadotte E. Schmitt and Harold  Vedeler, The World in the Crucible, 19141919 (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), pp. 3014 (Battle of Britain); Jensen, Energy in the First and Second World Wars, pp. 54445; Richard Hough, The Great War at Sea, 19141918 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), pp. 29697.




145


F. J. Moberly, History of the Great War Based on Official Documents: The Campaign in Mesopotamia, 19141918 (London: HMSO, 1923), vol. 1, p. 82 (little likelihood); Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 263 (build up); Kent, Oil and Empire, pp. 12526; Corley, Burmah Oil, pp. 239, 253 (All-British Company); Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 18283.




146


Corley, Burmah Oil, p. 258, chap. 16; Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 593619; Henriques, Waky Cohen, pp. 20040; P. G. A. Smith, The Shell That Hit Germany Hardest (London: Shell Marketing Co., [1921]), pp. 111; Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 187202; Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 250, 218 (to secure navy supplies); Slade, Strategic Importance of the Control of Petroleum, Petroleum Supplies and Distribution and Observations on the Board of Trade Memorandum on Oil, August 24, 1916, CAB 37/154, PRO.




147


Henriques, Waky Cohen, pp. 21320; Times (London), January 14, 1916, p. 5; May 26, 1916, p. 5; G. Gareth Jones, The British Government and the Oil Companies, 191224: The Search for an Oil Policy, Historical Journal 20 (1977), pp. 65464; . Ernest Fayle, Seaborne Trade, vol. 3, The Period of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (London: John Murray, 1924), pp. 465, 17576, 319, 371, 19697; George Gibb and Evelyn H. Knowlton, History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey), vol. 2, The Resurgent Years, 19111927 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956), pp. 22123; Beaton, p. 100.




148


Jones, British Government and the Oil Companies, pp. 661, 665; Paul Foley, Petroleum Problems of the War: Study in Practical Logistics, United States Naval Institute Proceedings 50 (November 1927), pp. 180203 (out of action), 181721; Burton J. Hendrick, The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page (London: Heinemann, 1930), vol. 2, p. 288 (Germans are succeeding); Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 24849 (Walter Long); Henry Brenger, Le Ptrole et la France (Paris: Flammarion, 1920), pp. 4155; Edgar Faure, La Politique Franchise du Ptrole (Paris: Nouvelle Revue Critique, 1938), pp. 6669; Pierre L'Espagnol de la Tramerye, The World Struggle for Oil, trans. Leonard Leese (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1924), chap. 8; Eri D. K. Melby, Oil and the International System: The Case of France, 19181969 (New York: Arno Press, 1981), pp. 820 (as vital as blood).




149


Mark L. Requa, Report of the Oil Division 191719 in H. A. Garfield, Final Report of the U. S. Fuel Administrator (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1921), p. 261; Gerald D. Nash, United States Oil Policy, 18901964 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1968), p. 27. On American oil policy making during World War I, see Dennis J. O'Brien, The Oil Crisis and the Foreign Policy of the Wilson Administration, 19171921 (Ph.D.: University of Missouri, 1974), chaps. 12 and Robert D. Cuff, The War Industries Board: Business-Government Relations During World War I (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973).




150


Joseph E. Pogue and Isador Lubin, Prices of Petroleum and Its Products During the War (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1919), pp. 1333, 289; Rister, Oil! pp. 12034. On the coal shortage, see David Kennedy, Over Here: The First World War and American Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), pp. 12224 (Bedlam) and Seward W. Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned: Woodrow Wilson and the War Congress, 191618 (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), pp. 6869, 8688. Requa, Report of the Oil Division, p. 270 (no justification); White, Standard Oil of California, p. 542. For auto growth, see Beaton, Shell, p. 171; White, Standard of California, p. 544. H. A. Garfield, Final Report of the U. S. Fuel Administrator, p. 8 (walk to church).




151


Ludendorff, War Memories, pp. 28788 (As I now saw), 35859 (did materially); Liddell Hart, The World War, pp. 34550; Schmitt and Vedeler, World in the Crucible, pp. 15760; Times (London), December 5, 1916, p. 7; Pearton, Oil and the Romanian State, pp. 7985 (No efforts); Gibb and Knowlton, Standard Oil, vol. 2, pp. 23335. On Norton-Griffiths, see R. K. Middlemas, The Master-Builders (London: Hutchinson, 1963), pp. 27083 (dashing, nicknames and blasted language); Mrs. Will Gordon, Romania Yesterday and Today (London: John Lane, 1919), chap. 9 (sledgehammer); New York Times, January 16, 1917, p. 1; February 20, 1917, p. 4.     . Fayle, Seaborne Trade, vol. 3, pp. 18081 (just the difference).    -         .  1930.       .        -    , -                .   ,   7.45 27  1930.         -,  ,      .          ,   - .           .  ,    ,  .    껠   ,      堖 . Times (London), September 28, 1930, p. 12; September 29, 1930, p. 14; New York Times, September 28, 1930, II, p. 8, September 29, 1930, p. 11.




152


Erich Ludendorff, The Nation at War, trans. A. S. Rappoport (London: Hutchinson, 1936), p. 79; Z. A. B. Zeman, ed. Germany and the Revolution in Russia, 19151918 (London: Oxford University Press, 1958), pp. 107, 13435; Ronald Suny, The Baku Commune 19171918 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972), pp. 28485 (we agreed and plunderers), 32843; Firuz Kazemzadeh, The Struggle for Transcaucasia, 19171921 (New York: Philosophical Library, 1951), pp. 13646 (destroy); Moberly, Campaign in Mesopotamia, vol. 4, pp. 182212; Ludendorff, War Memories, pp. 65960 (serious blow); Anastas Mikoyan, Memoirs ofAnastas Mikoyan, vol. 1, The Path of Struggle, ed. Sergo Mikoyan, trans. Katherine T. O'Connor and Dane L. Burgin (Madison, Conn.; Sphinx Press, 1988), pp. 5059.




153


Ludendorff, War Memories, p. 748; Schmitt and Vedeler, World in the Crucible, p. 272; Pearton, Oil and the Romanian State, p. 93; Fayle, Seaborne Trade, vol. 3, pp. 230, 402; Leo Grebler and Wilhelm Winkler, The Cost of the World War to Germany and to Austria-Hungary (New Haven: Vale University Press, 1940), p. 85; Henriques, Marcus Samuel, p. 624. On the speeches, see Times (London), November 22, 1918, p. 6; Delaisi, Oil, pp. 8691 (Curzon); Brenger, Le Ptrole et la France, pp. 17580.




154


. Documents on British Foreign Policy, 19191939, First Series, vol. 4, pp. 45254, 521; FRUS: Paris Peace Conference, 1919, vol. 5, pp. 34, 760, 763, 804; David Lloyd George, The Truth About the Peace Treaties, vol. 2 (London: Victor Gollancz, 1938), pp. 103738.




155


Confidential Memorandum of Negotiations with Turkish Petroleum Company, July 15 August 5, 1922, pp. 13, 800.6363/T84/48, RG 59, NA; Marian Kent, Oil and Empire, pp. 1280; Edward Mead Earle, The Turkish Petroleum Company: A Study in Oleaginous Diplomacy, Political Science Quarterly 39 (June 1924), 267 (Talleyrand); V. H. Rothwell, Mesopotamia in British War Aims, Historical Journal 13 (1970), p. 277.




156


Ralph Hewins, Mr. Five Percent: The Story of Calouste Gulbenkian (New York: Rinehart and Company, 1958), pp. 1516 (academic nonsense), 24 (fine and consistent), 11 (hand), 188 (Kenneth Clark); Financial Times, July 25, 1955 (granite); Gibb and Knowlton, Standard Oil, vol. 2, p. 300; Nubar Gulbenkian, Portrait in Oil (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965), p. 85 (very close); Memoirs of Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian, with Particular Relation to the Origins and Foundation of the Iraq Petroleum Company, Limited, March 4, 1948, 890.G.6363/3448, pp. 67 (wild cat), 11 (not, in any way), RG 59, NA.




157


Kent, Oil and Empire, pp. 8693, 17071 (Foreign Office Agreement);Hewins, Mr. Five Percent, p. 81.




158


Kent, Oil and Empire, pp. 109, 12126; David Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace: Creating the Modern Middle East, 19141922 (New York: Henry Holt, 1989), pp. 18895; Elie Kedourie, England and the Middle East: The Destruction of the Ottoman Empire, 19141921 (London: Bowes and Bowes, 1956); Jones, State and British Oil, p. 198; Helmut Mejcher, Imperial Quest for Oil: Iraq, 19101928 (London: Ithaca Press, 1976), p. 37; Rothwell, Mesopotamia in British War Aims, pp. 28990 (Hankey and Balfour); William Stivers, Supremacy and Oil: Iraq, Turkey and the Anglo-American World Order, 19181930 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982), pp. 7172 (Lansing); Lloyd George, Peace Treaties, pp. 102238.




159


Oil (.) , . . .




160


Melby, France, pp. 1723 (Clemenceau's grocer); Jukka Nevakivi, Britain, France and the Arab Middle East, 19141920 (London: Athlone Press, 1969), p. 154; Paul Mantoux, Les Deliberations du Conseil des Quatre (24 Mars 28 Juin 1919), vol. 2 (Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1955), pp. 13743; Jones, State and British Oil p. 214; . E. Callwell, Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and Diaries, vol. 2 (London: Cassell, 1927), p. 194 (dogfight); Documents on British Foreign Policy, 19191939, First Series, vol. 8, pp. 910.




161


Melby, France, pp. 67 (entirely French), 1004 (industrial arm); Richard Kuisel, Ernest Mercier: French Technocrat (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), pp. 3132 (instrument and international difficulties), 25 (Anglo-Saxon).




162


Kendall Beaton, Shell in the United States, pp. 22932; B. S. McBeth, British Oil Policy, 19191939 (London: Frank Cass, 1985), p. 41. Waley Cohen to Director, Petroleum Dept., May 15, 1923, FO 371/13540; Proposed Combination of Royal Dutch Shell, Burma Oil, and Anglo-Persian Oil Companies, Notes of Meeting, November 2, 1921, W11691, FO 371/7027; Cowdray to Lloyd-Greame, February 14, 1922, POWE 33/92; Watson to Clarke, October 31, 1921, POWE 33/92, PRO. Parliamentary Debates, Commons, March 18, 1920, vol. 126, no. 28, cols. 2375/6; Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 22326 (over-production, every action and Hottentots); Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 37280 (whole revenue and did not go); Shaul Bakhash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 1984), pp. 2023.




163


Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 5, The Prophet of Truth, 19221939 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977), pp. 817 (shall not starve); Corley, Burmah Oil, pp. 298307; Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 5, Companion Volume, part 1 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981), pp. 5455 (Churchill on Baldwin), 6869; Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 38285 (His Majesty's Government).




164


Mark Requa, Letter to the Subcommittee on Mineral Raw Materials, Economic Liaison Committee. May 12, 1919, Baker Library, Harvard Business School; John DeNovo, The Movement for an Aggressive American Oil Policy Abroad, 19181920, American Historical Review (July 1956), pp. 85476; O'Brien, Oil Crises and the Foreign Policy of the Wilson Administration, p. 176 (Wilson); National Petroleum News, October 29, 1919, p. 51 (two to five years); Guy Elliott Mitchell, Billions of Barrels Locked Up in Rocks, National Geographic, February 1918, pp. 195 (gasoline famine), 201 (no man who owns); George Otis Smith, Where the World Gets Oil and Where Will Our Children Get It When American Wells Cease to Flow? National Geographic, February 1920, p. 202 (moral support); Washington Post, November 18, 1920 (nine years and three months); George Otis Smith, ed., The Strategy of Minerals: A Study of the Mineral Factor in the World Position of America in War and in Peace (New York: D. Appleton, 1919), p. 304 (within a year).  1919.  ,     ,      6,7 . David White, The Unmined Supply of Petroleum in the United States, paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Automotive Engineers, February 46, 1919. John Rowland and Basil Cadman, Ambassador for Oil: The Life of John First Baron Cadman (London: Herbert Jenkins, I960), pp. 95, 97. Requa to Adee, May 13, 1920, 800.6363/112; Manning to Baker, March 8, 1920, 811.6363/35; Fall to Hughes, July 15, 1921, 800.6363/324; Memorandum for the Secretary, March 29, 1921, 890g.6363/69; Merle-Smith to the Secretary, February 11, 1921, 800.6363/325; Millspaugh Memorandum, April 14, 1921, 890g.6363/T84/9, RG 59, NA. Scientific American, May 3, 1919, p. 474; Cadman to Fraser, December 2, 1920, 4247, Cadman papers (I don't expect); Cadman, Notes, Meeting at Petroleum Executive, June 16,1919, GHC/Iraq/Dl, Shell archives; Memorandum on the Petroleum Situation, with Dispatch to HM Ambassador, April 21, 1921, POWE 33/228, PRO.




165


United Kingdom, Admiralty, Geographical Section of Naval Intelligence Division, Geology of Mesopotamia and Its Borderlands (London: HMSO, 1920), pp. 8486, insisted on a cautious estimate for the oil potential of the region. FRUS, vol. 2, pp. 66473; Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 223, 221; De Novo, Aggressive American Oil Policy, pp. 87172; Bennett H. Wall and George S. Gibb, Teagle of Jersey Standard (New Orleans: Tulane University Press, 1974), p. 130; Michael Hogan, Informal Entente: The Private Structure of Cooperation in Anglo-American Economic Diplomacy, 19181928 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1977), p. 165; Nash, United States Oil Policy, p. 53. Heizer to Ravndal, January 31, 1920, 800.6363/134; Millspaugh Memorandum, November 26, 1921, 890g.6363/134; Tyrrell to Gulbenkian, October 10, 1924, with Wiley to Secretary of State, March 13, 1948, 890 g.6363/3448 (instrumental), RG 59, NA.




166


WWC to Dearing, May 12, 1921, and Memorandum for the Secretary on Proposed Combination of American Oil Companies, 811.6363/73; Bedford to Hughes, May 21, 1921, 890.6363/78. NA 890g.6363/T84: Hoover to Hughes, April 17, 1922, 96; Hughes to Teagle, August 22, 1922, 41a; Allen Dulles Memorandum, December 15, 1922, 81, RG 59. Wall and Gibb, Teagle, p. 98 (queer looking); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 19201933 (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), p. 189.




167


Dun & Bradstreet  . . .




168


Wall and Gibb, Teagle, pp. 168 (Boss), 3132 (Come home), 4849 (cigar), 6366 (frequently changes), 7172 (shoes and not going to drill), 17678 (present policy). On the Jersey reorganization, see Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the American Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1962) chap. 4, p. 173.




169


NA 890g.6363: Confidential Memorandum of Negotiations with Turkish Petroleum Company, July 15 August 5, 1922, T84/48; Wellman to Hughes, July 24,1922, 126; Piesse to Teagle, December 12, 1922, T84/62, RG 59.




170


Fromkin, Peace, pp. 226 (ripper), 306; Elizabeth Monroe, Britain's Moment in the Middle East, 19141971 (London: Chatto and Windus, 1981), 2d ed., pp. 6164 (Lansing), 68 (vacant lot); Peter Sluglett, Britain in Iraq, 19141932 (London: Ithaca Press, 1976), pp. 64, 45, 112; Stivers, Supremacy and Oil, p. 78 (supported); Briton Cooper Busch, Britain, India, and the Arabs, 19141921 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), pp. 46769; Review of the Civil Administration of Mesopotamia, Cmd. 1061, 1920, p. 94, cited in Elie Kedourie, The Chatham House Version and Other Middle Eastern Studies (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1970), p. 437. Wheeler to Secretary of State, February 2, 1922, 890 g.6363/72. NA 890g.6363/ T84: Wadsworth Memo, September 18, 1924, 167; Dulles to Millspaugh, February 21, 1922, 31; Randolph to Secretary of State, March 25, 1926, 214; Allen Dulles Memorandum, November 22, 1924, 208 (cocked hat), RG 59. Edith Penrose and E. F. Penrose, Iraq: International Relations and National Development (London: Ernest Benn, 1978), pp. 5674; Gibb and Knowlton, Standard Oil, vol. 2, pp. 29597; Memoirs of Gulbenkian, p. 25 (eyewash); J. . Hurewitz, Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East, vol. 2, A Documentary Record, 19141956 (Princeton; Van Nostrand, 1956), pp. 13142.




171


Memoirs of Gulbenkian, pp. 15 (oil friendships), 16 (we worked), 28 (hook or crook); Hewins, Mr. Five Percent, p. 161 (pernickety and overbearing); Gulbenkian, Portrait in Oil pp. 13039 (children), 3839 (medical advice), 94; Henriques, Waley Cohen, pp. 28586; Financial Times, July 25, 1955; Gibb and Knowlton, Standard Oil, vol. 2, pp. 298301; Kuisel, Mercier, p. 34; Wall and Gibb, Teagle, p. 216 (most difficult). NA 890g.6363/ T84: Allen Dulles Memorandum, January 19, 1926, 236; Houghton to Secretary of State, January 27, 1926, 238; Allen Dulles to Secretary of State, November 11, 1924, 176; Wadsworth Memo, September 18, 1924, pp. 8, 167; Swain to Dulles, December 8, 1925, 245 (How would you like it); Piesse to Teagle, January 19, 1926, 284; Oliphant to Atherton, January 12, 1926, 239, RG 59, NA. On the Teagle-Gulbenkian luncheon, Wall and Gibb, Teagle, p. 215 and Memorandum of Dulles conversation with Teagle, September 18, 1924, 167, pp. 45, RG 59, NA.




172


Memorandum for Submission to the Foreign Office Setting Out Mr.  S. Gulbenkian's Position, June 1947, pp. 34, POWE 33/1965, PRO; Daniel 3:46 (fiery furnace); FRUS, 1927, vol. 2, pp. 81627. NA 890g.6363/T84: Allen Dulles Memo, December 2, 1925, 244; Wellman to Dulles, October 8, 1925, 224; Wellman to Secretary of State, April 1, April 11, April 28, 1927, 271, 272, 273; Wadsworth Memo, October 3, 1927, 279; Randolph to Secretary of State, October 19, 1927, 281.




173


Quai d'Orsay (.)  . . .




174


William Stivers, A Note on the Red Line Agreement, Diplomatic History, 7 (Winter 1983), pp. 2425; Hewins, Mr. Five Percent, p. 141 (old Ottoman Empire); Jones, State and British Oil, p. 238. NA 890g.6363/T84: Agreement D'Arcy Exploration Company Limited and Others and Turkish Petroleum Company, July 31, 1928, 360; Wellman to Shaw, December 7, 1927, 292, January 31, 1928, 297; Shaw to Wellman, December 27, 1927, 293. The Ouai d'Orsay and Foreign Office Maps are with Wellman to Shaw, March 22, 1928, 307, RG 59, NA. Wall and Gibb, Teagl, p. 209 (bad move!); Gulbenkian, Portrait in Oil, pp. 98100.




175


Dwight D. Eisenhower, At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1967), pp. 15568, 38687 (genuine adventure); New York Times, July 6, 1920, sec. 4, p. 11.




176


Kendall Beaton, Shell p. 171 (century of travel); Williamson et al., Age of Energy, pp. 443446; Frederick Lewis Allen, Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the Nineteen-Twenties (New York: Blue Ribbon Books, 1931), p. 164 (Villages); Jean-Pierre Bardou, Jean-Jacques Chanaron, Patrick Fridenson, James M. Laux, The Automobile Revolution: The Impact of an Industry (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982).




177


Warren . Piatt, Competition: Invited by the Nature of the Oil Industry, National Petroleum News, February 5, 1936, p. 208 (new way); McLean and Robert Wm. Haigh, The Integrated Oil Companies, pp. 1078; Giddens, Standard Oil Company (Indiana), pp. 31820, 283; Thomas P. Hogarty, The Origin and Evolution of Gasoline Marketing, Research Paper No. 022, American Petroleum Institute, October 1, 1981; Walter C. Ristow, A Half Century of Oil-Company Road Maps, Surveying and Mapping 34 (December 1964), pp. 617 (uniquely American); Beaton, Shell pp. 26779 (careful in their attendance and Barton on gasoline); Bruce Barton, The Man Nobody Knows (Indianapolis: Grosset 8; Dunlap, 1925), pp. iv, v, 140.




178


Teapot Dome (.) -. . .




179


Beaton, Shell, pp. 28687; United States Senate, Subcommittee of the Committee on Manufacturers. High Cost of Gasoline and Other Petroleum Products, 67th Congress, 2d and 4th sessions (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1923), p. 28 (manipulate il prices); John H. Maurer, Fuel and the Battle Fleet: Coal, Oil, and American Naval Strategy, 18981925, Naval War College Review 34 (November-December 1981), p. 70 (failure of supply).  -        ( ),        ,    -      . John De Novo, Petroleum and the United States Navy Before World War I, Mississippi Valley Historical Review 61 (March 1955), pp. 65152, Burl Noggle, Teapot Dome: Oil and Politics in the 1920s (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1962), pp. 1617 (supply laid up), 34 (looked like a President and harmony). On Albert Fall, Bruce Bliven, Oil Driven Politics, The New Republic, February 13, 1924, pp. 3023 (Zane Grey hero); David H. Stratton, Behind Teapot Dome: Some Personal Insights, Business History Review 23 (Winter 1957), p. 386 (unrestrained disposition); Noggle, Teapot Dome, p. 13 (not altogether easy); John Gunther, Taken at the Flood: The Story of Albert D. Lasker (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1960), pp. 13637 (it smells); J. Leonard Bates, The Origins of Teapot Dome: Progressives, Parties, and Petroleum, 19091921 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1963).




180


On Harry Sinclair, Sinclair Oil, A Great Name in Oil: Sinclair Through 50 Years (New York: F. W. Dodge/McGraw-Hill, 1966), pp. 1320, 45. Noggle, Teapot Dome, pp. 30 (oleaginous nature), 35, 5157 (my friends and illness), 7172 (teapot), 79, 85 (little black bag), 201 (can't convict); M. R. Werner and John Star, The Teapot Dome Scandal (London: Cassell, 1961), p. 146; Edith Boiling Wilson, My Memoir (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1939); pp. 29899 (Which way); Bliven, Oil Driven Politics, pp. 3023 (shoulder deep); Norman Nordhauser, The Quest for Stability: Domestic Oil Regulation, 19171935 (New York: Garland, 1979), p. 20 (oil lamp); William Allen White, A Puritan in Babylon: The Story of Calvin Coolidge (New York: Macmillan, 1938), pp. 27277; J. Leonard Bates, The Teapot Dome Scandal and the Election of 1924, American Historical Review 55 (January 1955), pp. 30521.




181


Giddens, Standard of Indiana, pp. 366434 (the battle); M. A. & R., Continental Trading Co. Ltd., March 10, 1928, J.D.R., Jr., Business Interests, Rockefeller Archives; Brady, Ida Tarbell, pp. 210, 232 (Tarbell and Rockefeller, Jr.). On John D. Rockefeller, Jr., see Collier and Horowitz, Rockefellers, pp. 7983,1046.




182


Gibb and Knowlton, Standard Oil, vol. 2, pp. 485 (Teagle), 42930; Owen, Trek of the Oil Finders, pp. 44957, 50220, 460; Institution of Petroleum Technologists, Petroleum: Twenty Five Years Retrospect, 19101935 (London: festoon of Petroleum Technologists, 1935), pp. 3373; Henrietta M. Larson and Kenneth Wiggins Porter, History of Humble Oil and Refining Company: A Study in Industrial Growth (New York: Harper 8t Brothers, 1959), pp. 13942, 276; Frank J. Taylor and Earl M. Welty, Black Bonanza: How an Oil Hunt Grew into the Union Oil Company of California (New York: Whittlesley House, McGraw-Hill, 1950), p. 201; E. L. DeGolyer, How Men Find Oil, Fortune, August 1949, p. 97; Walker A. Tompkins, Little Giant of Signal Hill: An Adventure in American Enterprise (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964), p. 2; United States Federal Trade Commission, Foreign Ownership in the Petroleum Industry (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1923), p. x (rapidly depleted).




183


. Literary Digest, June 2, 1923, pp. 5658 (nearest approach). Doherty to Smith, February 2, 1929 (worse than Satan); Doherty to Veasey, August 13, 1927 (extremely crude), Doherty papers. Doherty to Roosevelt, August 14, 1937, Oil, Official File 56, Roosevelt papers; Erich W. Zimmennann, Conservation in the Production of Petroleum: A Study in Industrial Control (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957), pp. 97 (do likewise), 12224; Nordhauser, Quest for Stability, pp. 918; Williamson et al., Age of Energy, pp. 31719; Nash, United States Oil Policy, pp. 8291; Leonard M. Fanning, The Story of the American Petroleum Institute (New York: World Petroleum Policies, [I960]), pp. 68, 1049 (crazy man); Linda Lear, Harold L. Ickes and the Oil Crisis of the First Hundred Days, Mid-America 63 (January 1981), p. 12 (barbarian); Robert E. Hardwicke, Antitrust Laws, et al. v. Unit Operations of Oil or Gas Pools (New York: American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, 1948), pp. 17986 (If the public).




184


Williamson et al., Age of Energy, p. 311 (supremacy); Zimmermann, Conservation, pp. 126128 (commodity); Larson and Porter, Humble, pp. 25763 (production methods); Henrietta Larson, Evelyn H. Knowlton, and Charles H. Popple, History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey), vol. 3, New Horizons, 192750 (New York: Harper 8t Row, 1971), pp. 6364, 88; Giebelhaus, Sun, p. 118 (My father).




185


Rister, Oil! pp. 24446, 255, 29397; Hartzell Spence, Portrait in Oil: How the Ohio Oil Company Grew to Become Marathon (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962), pp. 11829; Phillips Petroleum Company, Phillips: The First 66 Years (Bartlesville: Phillips Petroleum, 1983), p. 67; United States Federal Trade Commission, Prices, Profits, and Competition in the Petroleum Industry, United States Senate Document No. 61,70th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1928), pp. 10816; McLean and Haigh, Integrated Oil Companies, pp. 9091; Williamson et al., Age of Energy, pp. 39497; Beaton, Shell, pp. 25960.




186


SC7/G-32, Shell papers; Larson and Porter, Humble, pp. 3079 (industry is powerless); Roger M. Olien and Diana D. Olien, Wildcatters: Texas Independent Oilmen (Austin: Texas Monthly Press, 1984), p. 52 (Tom Slick); Nordhauser, Quest for Stability, pp. 55 (rather foolish), 58; Nash, United States Oil Policy, pp. 1023.




187


Joseph Stanislaw and Daniel Yergin, Cambridge Energy Research Associates, The Reintegration Impulse: The Oil Industry of the 1990s, Cambridge Energy Research Associates Report, 1987; Larson and Porter, Humble, pp. 7275; Gibb and Knowlton, Standard Oil, vol. 2, pp. 42, 414; Wall and Gibb, Teagle, pp. 14041, 249; Giddens, Standard of Indiana, chap. 9, p. 318; McLean and Haigh, Integrated Oil Companies, pp. 95102; Phillips, First 66 Years, p. 37 (Phillips); Beaton, Shell, pp. 298330, 353.




188


McLean and Haigh, Integrated Oil Companies, p. 105 (protection); Ida M. Tarbell, The New Republic, November 14, 1923, p. 301 (crumbling); FTC, Prices, Profits and Competition, pp. 2223, xvii xix (no longer unity).




189


Beaton, Shell, pp. 2067 (Deterding); FTC, Prices, Profits and Competition, p. 29; FTC, Foreign Ownership, p. 86 (parties foreign); Ralph Arnold to Herbert Hoover, September 22, 1921, Millspaugh to Dearing, September 24, 1921, 811.6363/75 (viciously inimical), RG 59, NA; Taylor and Welty, Union Oil, pp. 17678; Phillips, First 66 Years, p. 31; Giddens, Standard of Indiana, pp. 23840; Wall and Gibb, Teagle, pp. 26165 (sunkist).




190


Doherty to Veasey, August 6, 1927; Doherty to Smith, January 26, 1929; Doherty to Smith, February 2, 1929, Doherty papers.


