SAUDI, INC.
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SAUDI, INC.   ,             



  

  

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  .           () .  ,  ,   ,  ,   ,          .  ,   ,     ,  ,          ,      ,   ,       .

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 Ellen R. Wald, 2018.

    , , .   , 2019


* * *










   


   .   蠖  .

 ,   Saudi Aramco

  2017         .     ,       Four Seasons,      ,      .            ,        2017                   .

         ,       .                     Saudi Inc.. ,        , ,   Aramco,       ,             .

       ,    , ,  ,      .  Saudi Inc.          -,  -  1902 ,   ,              .

                    堖 Saudi Aramco.    ,                      ,                  .  ,       ,           ,  Aramco   蠖   ,   ,    .

C 2017   -  Saudi Aramco               .               IPO,     .











  


-[1 -       - ( - -);       -. . .]     .  ,       ,    . -,       26 ,      .       . -        ,   .

        ,     .           .              .    :        ,  -      .

  20    -     200 ꠖ  ,    ⠖         .  ,         -.      ,    .             ,      . - ,         .

 1902  -  -  .           900    ,            .              .  -   ;       ,      .        ,       ,  -   -.

 -     -    -.  -        -,  .   19011902   -   .        ,   .      ,       -,       ,      .       ,  -          ,        ,        . -             .

 20-    -     ,      .       , -        .        .  .

     -  .        ,     .           .       ,    ,      .      ,   -, -          .       ,  .     ,                 . -       40        .        .

   ,  -,     ,       ,         .     :       ,   .   ,     -               .               -   .  -   ,         .   -         ,        .        ,            .    -,       ,          .       .

-        ,      .   -       ,     .      ,    .   -     .   , -           .

 ,           .      .     .  ,               .    -  ,       .   -       .     ,      ,  .

     ,      ,  -   .      .  ,    ,  ,       -.      .  -     ,     ,      ,      .

          .  , -    .     ,  -   .     ,       . ,     ,         ,            ,  -         .

        . -             .               .             .   . -            .         .

      -    ,          -  .             .    -   ,  -,     .      ,       .     ,   . - ,     ,       ,   ,         [2 -   - -      ,      .        ,    ,  : D. Van Der Meulen, The Wells of Ibn Saud (New York: Praeger, 1957), 4453, David Howarth, The Desert King: A Life of Ibn Saud (London: Collins, 1964), 1123, Robert Lacey, The Kingdom: Arabia & The House of Saud, (New York: Avon, 1981), 4151, and David Holden and Richard Johns, The House of Saud (London: Pan Books, 1981), 37.].


? ? ?

   XX   -  -      .     1917       ,               , -       .   -    ,  -         .  15           ,       .   ,  -       ,            ,           [3 - David Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1989), 108.].

     ,   ,      ,     .  -, ,         ,   ,          .  ,      T. . ,         .              .         1917            .    - ,          .

-    ,            .      -  ,       ,      .  1925  -     .  1928-    ?   .  1932   , -   ,    ,       .       - -  30    ,      .

   ,    ,  1932   - -    ,    100   . ,      ,              .        ,     ,  -     .  1932    -         .   XXI        ,          ,    ,   .    ,  ,      .

 1902 ,  -  -,      ,   100   1300.  ,  -     1932 ,   -   40 000 .   XXI      . -        ,          .  1932  ,     -,         ,   -,     ,            堖 Saudi Aramco.


? ? ?

 1933-,      -  ,  , ,           ,       .        ,         .           ,    Aramco.  ,       .           ,      . ,    ,     ,    ?     .     -      ,            .

        .  ,       ,    . -     ,      .      F-15     . , ,             .             ,    .

           Aramco   ,    ,  .   Aramco    ⠖   ,                 .     Aramco       ,      ,  ,   .

Aramco     ,         .               .         ,      ,         .         .    ,                .            .

      Aramco,         .  1924 ,  -   ,         .  Boston Daily Globe   -     [4 - A Mystery War, Boston Daily Globe, September 24, 1924.].                 XX .   2015         ,     [5 - Shane Dixon Kavanaugh, The mysterious Saudi prince leading the war in Yemen, Week, April 6, 2015, http://theweek.com/articles/548188/mysterious-saudi-prince-leading-war-yemen (http://theweek.com/articles/548188/mysterious-saudi-prince-leading-war-yemen).].       ,   ,   .         2015 ,             ,    [6 - Fareed Zakaria, Why Saudi Arabia cant get a nuclear weapon, Washington Post, June 11, 2015.].  ,         ,    ,  ,    ,     ,    ,       .  2016   The Economist    Aramco        [7 - Saudi Arabia is considering an IPO of Aramco, probably the worlds most valuable company, Economist, January 7, 2016.]. ,    ,    (  ), Aramco     .    ,    Aramco ;         ,   .

  1950-,  Aramco      ,     Aramco ,     蠖         .             c    ,       .  Aramco,      ,    [8 - Memorandum of Conversation with Saudi Finance Minister Regarding Aramco, General Records of the Department of State, Record Group 59, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), (hereafter abbreviated as RG 59, NA) 886A.2553/7653.]. ,       ࠖ  ,  -    -,       ,    .   ,    2008   ,   Saudi Aramco,    .   ,   :   蠖  [9 - Abdullah Jumah, 60 Minutes: The Oil Kingdom, produced by Richard Bonin and Kathy Lui (2008: CBS Broadcasting Inc.), DVD.].


? ? ?

  :       ,   Aramco.       堖       2015 ࠖ          Aramco,    ,    Vision2030     Aramco  .      ,  ,          .          .




 I





1

  


  ,      ,       .      -           ,    ,      -    ,    [10 - Holden and Johns, 106.]. ,    1880-,        .     ,       -  -.    ,         ,     .      ,          蠖            .  1919           ,  .      ,    .      ,       .   -  ,      ,      ,        .

   -        ,   ,   , [11 - Holden and Johns, 107.].     Standard Oil of California       1932 ,       .    ,     1930-   ,       ,    ,    [12 - Thomas C. Barger, Out in the Blue: Letters from Arabia 19301940 (California: Selwa Press, 2000), 104.].      ,       ,         ,            [13 - J.Rives Childs, Foreign Service Farewell: My Years in the Near East (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1969), 139.].    ,      :   .       ,    ,        .   ,      ,     .  ,       .    ,   ,  -          . ,               ,   ,    ,           [14 - Anthony Cave Brown, Oil, God, and Gold (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999), 48.].

     ,          .         . ,        ,      [15 - Tim Barger, interview with the author, June 1, 2017.].      XX   ,       ,    ⠖   ,  ,  ,    .              ,       -        .  ,      ,      .        ,         頖 ,       .            ,     [16 - Lacey, The Kingdom, 239.].

   ,              ,       .   ,    ,   ,  ,   ,   .  ,     ,    ,    ,             1930- .   ,    -   ,               .

          ,      .   :        .       .       .         -,  ,       .   ,     ,        .         ,      .    .            ,         ,   .         ( )   㠖 ,          .           .         ,      ,    ,      .

 1920-   1930- ,  -     ,   c [  ]   ,      .  ,   ,  ,      ,       .    ,        .    ,   .    .   - ?,   .  ,         ,      [17 - Tim Barger, interview with the author, June 1, 2017.].

             .               1930- .   ,     ,       ,        .        .     ,     ,          -.   ,  1950 ,        ,       ,      .         -      .    ,     ,      ,     .   ,      ,    .      - ,         ,       ,       ,        .


? ? ?

 1933   New York Times           ,        Standard Oil Company of California   .   ,       ,      ,                . ,                   [18 - Americans Get Oil Concession in Arabia; Transformation of Desert Life May Result, The New York Times (New York, NY), July 15, 1933.].

 Standard Oil of California ( Socal,    Chevron)      [19 - Standard Oil of California, Desert Venture, produced by Robert Yarnall Richie, 1948.].            ,     .         , Socal           .

  Standard Oil of California     ,     .   1900-           ,        . ,       Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC,  BP),   ,     ?    .      AIOC, Royal-Dutch Shell (   ), CFP (  )             . Socal     .   1928   Socal            ,       .

 1930- Socal       .    .       ,           .      Socal  1922 ,       [20 - http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/01049.xml (http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/01049.xml).].           , Socal     .     ,    .         ࠖ   ,    --,   .         [21 - http://www.chevron.com/about/history/1927/ (http://www.chevron.com/about/history/1927/).],  Socal       .

,        ,     Socal  .                ,     .            .  1932           ,         .      ,         130   ,     Socal  .

   ,     -         .      ,   ,        ,       .         ,    ,     50   ,     .              .     ,          Socal  [22 - Wallace Stegner, Discovery! The Story of Aramco Then, Aramco World, 19:1, 1998. http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196801/ discovery.the.story.of.aramco.then-chapter.1.contact.htm (http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196801/discovery.the.story.of.aramco.then-chapter.1.contact.htm).].

     ,       ,   Socal     . ,                   ,    ,  Socal     .        .               ,      Socal.   ,  Socal     ,        ,      Anglo-Iranian Oil Company[23 - Aileen Keating, Mirage (New York: Prometheus Books, 2005).].    ,  ,    -           ,            .

        Socal,     -  Iraq Petroleum Company,      AIOC,         . ,   ,  Iraq Petroleum      ,       [24 - Daniel Yergin, The Prize (New York: Free Press, 2009), 273. [ . .     ,   . .:  , 2017.]]. Socal           .  Socal  -        .   -        .   -           Socal    .

     .    -     ,        ,          .  -     ,       .              ,     ,     .              Socal.  9  1933          .

   35 000      20 000  18 .   Socal      5000      ,  50 000     ,   50 000   ,       [25 - Lacey, The Kingdom, 236, 237.].       ,     55 000     .   ,  Socal   .       , ,    ,    ,           .

      ,     ,    ,       ,    .   ,            -        .    ,       ,     . ,  ,  , ,   ,                      ,     ,       [26 - Anthony Sampson, The Seven Sisters: The 100-year battle for the worlds oil supply, (New York: Bantnam Books, 1991), 111.].

 ,      -   ,     ,          ,    .    -  ,   1885 ,     .        ,    ( ),   ,   .   32        .   ,  1917 ,              堖 -  .             ,     .     ,  ,   -     .

         -.           -   ,   . T. .  (       )         ,      .  -            .       ,    ,   .          ,         ,   ,          .          ,           ,      .

    -     -, ,       ,     .            . ,     ,   -,     ,      ,    ,      [27 - Holden and Johns 67.].  ,        ,  .       (          ) -          . ,        -,            .

 1920-           ,    ,   1924-    ,  -           .     ,  ,           - ,  ,     頖  ,  ,  .           .           .

   -     ,          .  -          ,      .  , ,    ,          .             ,     .        -    .

     ,     ,      ,   .      ,   蠖  ,        ,           .               ,      .      ,          .            1930- .  -         .   1950-,   MI-6      ,    .

  -  1953  -          ,          .       ,        1955 .           MI-6.  1960-,         , -   .  ,    : ,   [28 - Tom Carver, Diary, London Review of Books (34:19), October 11, 2002, 4243.].


? ? ?

         ,                  ,     . Socal  18     , ,   1935    , ,      [29 - Holden and Johns 119.].     :      ,     ,    [30 - Lacey, The Kingdom, 245.].     ,      100   .    Socal,     ,     13 000     .       .      3000   ,   -       .          ,     ,       , Socal      .

      ,          .    ,         Socal  . ,                  ,      .     ,         ,       .     , ,    ,        [31 - Tim Brady, Profile of Fred Davies, The Minnesota, April/March 2006. http://www.minnesotaalumni.org/s/1118/content1.aspx? sid=1118&gid=1&pgid=1500 (http://www.minnesotaalumni.org/s/1118/content1.aspx?sid=1118&gid=1&pgid=1500).].     ,   .  ,  ,    .      .          .     Socal    ,      .   :          ?  Socal      ,     ,   : -,      ,            ,  [32 - Lacey, The Kingdom, 246.].

            ,    .             ,       .       ,    .        ,   ,      .            Anaconda Copper  ,     ,     .   ,   -         .   -   ,       14%,  ,            .       ,     ,       ,         ,    .

        Socal,            .     ,  Socal               .     -              .           ,       .

 1938         ,     .            ,     .    ⠖  ,   ,  ,      [33 - Barger, 15.].   - ,         ,    .   ,           Kodak,     45 C[34 - Yergin, 281.].

     ,           ,      ,        .   ,            .          -,   .    ,     , -        -.     :              (  ,  ,  ,    ,     ).             . - ,        - .

  ,           ,         [35 - Barger, 28.].       ,     (   ).        --   ,   .     - .    ,     [36 - Barger, 26.].

       ,     ,    .          ,     .       .  ,       , ,       , ,  ,     [37 - Barger, 29.].     ,        ,  ,  , , .       ,      ,  ,     ,     .     ,         ,         ,     .     ,    .          .

  ,      ,  Socal     -    .   - Socal  -       [38 - Yergin, 281.].                .  Socal ,            ,    .  ,    ,  Socal    ,    .     ,    Socal  ,     .                 .   Socal    ,       ,       ,     ,  .

, ,    , Texaco (   Chevron),    . Texaco,          ,       ,        .             .  Texaco ,           ,   ,          .              .    ,  Texaco       Socal,    California-Arabian Standard Oil Company (Casoc).

          1936 .      ,       .       .   1938      1400 ,        .   ,       [39 - Barger, 14.].  ,          ,  Casoc   .       . -             [40 - Yergin, 283.].            ,       :        .

  1938        7.  60   ,  ,   !     1585    ,    ꠖ  4000   [41 - Holden and Johns, 120.      ,      :   .].       ,    -     .  7      ,     .             ,  -         .

   -      ,      ,    Casoc     -.   1939    ,    Casoc -        [42 - Lacey, The Kingdom, 256  Holden and Johns, 121.].        ,    Casoc   7   -   ,    ,       [43 - Yergin, 284.].

 1940  Casoc   20 000    ,         .    ,            ,      .      ,           ,   ,          .            1500 ,   ,         .

             1940 .       ,       ,     . ,      ,  ,                     .          .    .      ,   ,    4500 ;     ;        .               ,       (       ,           ).

   ,        .             ( , ,        ,    ).                 -  .        ,     ,   ,         ,     .     ,     .

                .    ,         .     2500   900,    ,        .

       200 .      ,    - Casoc,  45     .     ,         .          .      ,    .         320      ,      .  ,  15   ,       40  .

   .    ,        ,  -      .        ,    ,       .     ,      .   ,             , ,  ,       .            ,       ,           ,      .  -       ,   1940-        .

   ,           ,        ,    .        ,      . ,     ,        ,      Time  ,       ,        [44 - William E. Mulligan, Air Raid! A Sequel. Aramco World, 27:4 (1976) 23.].        B-29 Superfortress,              .

      , Socal  Texaco                  .   ,     ,       .                         ,             ,      [45 - Yergin, 285, Thomas Lippman, The Pioneers, Aramco World, 55:3 (2004) 1421,  Wallace Stegner, The Frontier closes, Aramco World, 21:4 (1970) 921.].

   ,   Casoc, Socal  Texaco           ,    .     ,         ,        .     ,     ,   .               ,    ,    ,      .

 , Casoc          ,     .  Socal  Texaco           Petroleum Reserve Corporation.  ,        , Standard Oil of New Jersey ( ExxonMobil)  Standard Oil of New York (Socony,      ExxonMobil),     .    Casoc  Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco).

          ,           . Aramco             200 000     1947 .  ,  , ,       ,  Aramco            .              ,   .

  1947 ࠖ  ,   Aramco  ,              ,         .       ,  ,  1948 ,    .  ,         Aramco   ,   -  .     , -    ,         Aramco   .   ,         , ,         . -    ,       .           .  -,      15       Aramco,            [46 - Confidential Aramco Memorandum, undated, National Archives, ARC2071559 Box 213 Folder 3, and Ambassador Childs to the Secretary of State, December 4, 1947, RG 59, NA, 890F.00/12447.]




  .


   .

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notes








1


      - ( - -);       -. . .




2


  - -      ,      .        ,    ,  : D. Van Der Meulen, The Wells of Ibn Saud (New York: Praeger, 1957), 4453, David Howarth, The Desert King: A Life of Ibn Saud (London: Collins, 1964), 1123, Robert Lacey, The Kingdom: Arabia & The House of Saud, (New York: Avon, 1981), 4151, and David Holden and Richard Johns, The House of Saud (London: Pan Books, 1981), 37.




3


David Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1989), 108.




4


A Mystery War, Boston Daily Globe, September 24, 1924.




5


Shane Dixon Kavanaugh, The mysterious Saudi prince leading the war in Yemen, Week, April 6, 2015, http://theweek.com/articles/548188/mysterious-saudi-prince-leading-war-yemen (http://theweek.com/articles/548188/mysterious-saudi-prince-leading-war-yemen).




6


Fareed Zakaria, Why Saudi Arabia cant get a nuclear weapon, Washington Post, June 11, 2015.




7


Saudi Arabia is considering an IPO of Aramco, probably the worlds most valuable company, Economist, January 7, 2016.




8


Memorandum of Conversation with Saudi Finance Minister Regarding Aramco, General Records of the Department of State, Record Group 59, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), (hereafter abbreviated as RG 59, NA) 886A.2553/7653.




9


Abdullah Jumah, 60 Minutes: The Oil Kingdom, produced by Richard Bonin and Kathy Lui (2008: CBS Broadcasting Inc.), DVD.




10


Holden and Johns, 106.




11


Holden and Johns, 107.




12


Thomas C. Barger, Out in the Blue: Letters from Arabia 19301940 (California: Selwa Press, 2000), 104.




13


J.Rives Childs, Foreign Service Farewell: My Years in the Near East (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1969), 139.




14


Anthony Cave Brown, Oil, God, and Gold (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999), 48.




15


Tim Barger, interview with the author, June 1, 2017.




16


Lacey, The Kingdom, 239.




17


Tim Barger, interview with the author, June 1, 2017.




18


Americans Get Oil Concession in Arabia; Transformation of Desert Life May Result, The New York Times (New York, NY), July 15, 1933.




19


Standard Oil of California, Desert Venture, produced by Robert Yarnall Richie, 1948.




20


http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/01049.xml (http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/01049.xml).




21


http://www.chevron.com/about/history/1927/ (http://www.chevron.com/about/history/1927/).




22


Wallace Stegner, Discovery! The Story of Aramco Then, Aramco World, 19:1, 1998. http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196801/ discovery.the.story.of.aramco.then-chapter.1.contact.htm (http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196801/discovery.the.story.of.aramco.then-chapter.1.contact.htm).




23


Aileen Keating, Mirage (New York: Prometheus Books, 2005).




24


Daniel Yergin, The Prize (New York: Free Press, 2009), 273. [ . .     ,   . .:  , 2017.]




25


Lacey, The Kingdom, 236, 237.




26


Anthony Sampson, The Seven Sisters: The 100-year battle for the worlds oil supply, (New York: Bantnam Books, 1991), 111.




27


Holden and Johns 67.




28


Tom Carver, Diary, London Review of Books (34:19), October 11, 2002, 4243.




29


Holden and Johns 119.




30


Lacey, The Kingdom, 245.




31


Tim Brady, Profile of Fred Davies, The Minnesota, April/March 2006. http://www.minnesotaalumni.org/s/1118/content1.aspx? sid=1118&gid=1&pgid=1500 (http://www.minnesotaalumni.org/s/1118/content1.aspx?sid=1118&gid=1&pgid=1500).




32


Lacey, The Kingdom, 246.




33


Barger, 15.




34


Yergin, 281.




35


Barger, 28.




36


Barger, 26.




37


Barger, 29.




38


Yergin, 281.




39


Barger, 14.




40


Yergin, 283.




41


Holden and Johns, 120.      ,      :   .




42


Lacey, The Kingdom, 256  Holden and Johns, 121.




43


Yergin, 284.




44


William E. Mulligan, Air Raid! A Sequel. Aramco World, 27:4 (1976) 23.




45


Yergin, 285, Thomas Lippman, The Pioneers, Aramco World, 55:3 (2004) 1421,  Wallace Stegner, The Frontier closes, Aramco World, 21:4 (1970) 921.




46


Confidential Aramco Memorandum, undated, National Archives, ARC2071559 Box 213 Folder 3, and Ambassador Childs to the Secretary of State, December 4, 1947, RG 59, NA, 890F.00/12447.


