 R  3.5.2(2018-12-20).   R:       
. . 

. . 


R           ,              GNU. R         R Foundation,     .R                .





 R  3.5.2(2018-12-20)

  R:       



.. 

. . 



   



. . ,2019

. . ,2019

  , ,2019



ISBN978-5-4496-6153-1

     Ridero








  R    ,   S SPlus,  19902   .   .          R S,   .

     ( ),       , ,  , R  .

   . ,     R-core@R -project.org.




 


  R     A.     R ,    ,    ,   .

   R,  , -   .   12[],            .




Π


    ,      R.       \ R\doc\manual\R-intro.      R-intro    ,   R    .

    :

  ,   ,  Windows;

  ,        ;

     ,  .

     .




1.  





1.1. R


R        ,   .   :

   ,

    ,  ,

, ,      ,

            ,

 ,     ( S),    , ,       . ,       S.

 / ,        ,       ,         .

R       .         . ,  ,  R,   -,      .




1.2.    


R      S,   Bell Laboratories  ,    ,      S-Plus.

   S      .  R     S:      ,   . ,  .   . .   S,  1991,  ⠫  S,   .   . .        ⠫   . .. F [],   .

   ,    R    ,   S/S-Plus ,  ,  R,     S.




1.3. R 


   R  ,    R   .     ,         .      R,    .   R   25 (  蠫 ),       CRAN ( http://CRAN.R -project.org)  .       (.  13[]).

         R,         .

     S (, , R)    .  S         ,  .  ,   SAS SPSS       , R           R.




1.4. R  Window


    R      .    ,    .        R Windows,    ,  ,     R.

 ,  ,      .   ,  ,      UNIX.  R   Windows  Mac OS,       .

  ,       R,  ,       .        .




1.5.  R  


   R      .   >,  UNIX   ,  ,  ,   . ,  ,       R. ,    UNIX$.

  R  UNIX      :

  ,  work   ,    R.         R    .

		$ mkdirwork
		$ cdwork

  R 

		$R



   


   R :

		q()

    ,       R.        ,     ,     ,    (    )     ,   ,    R.     R.

  R   .

 work      :

		$ cdwork
		$R

  R,    q ()  .

  R  Windows   .     ,    Start In  R.   R,   .




1.6.  


,   R ,        ,   A[ ].




1.7.    


ӠR    .        ,  solve,  :

		> help (solve)

:

		>? solve

 ,   ,        ,    :        ,  if, for function.

		> help ([[)

         ,  , Its important.        .

  R    HTML,  :

		> help.start()

  -,     .  Search Engine and Keywords ,  help.start (),  ,      ,     .            R.

 help.search (??)     .

,

		>?? solve

 ?help.search     .

     :

		> example (topic)

Ӡ R  Windows      . :

		>?help

   .




1.8.  R,   ..


 R      .   ,     UNIX,  , A     .  ,      R,    ,  R  ( ,  蠖 locale).    -  . 蠫_, ,     .  ,   .,      .   .

   R (   R)    AZaz09.

    (expression),   (assignments).     ,   ,  (   )  .       ,   .

     (;),   .          ( { }).       ,    (#),       .

    ,  R   , :

		+

     ,    .      . ,  ,         .

 ,  ,    4095 ().




1.9.    


R        .            .      ,      ,    ,      DEL    .     : .  C [  ].

 ,   Emacs      ( ESS Emacs Speaks Statistic)    R.   R and Emacs The R statistical systemFAQ.




1.10.       


     ,  command. R    work,         R :

		> source (commands.r)

 Windows Source    File.  sink:

		> sink("record.lis)

       record.lis. 

		> sink()

   .




1.11.    


,  R  ,    (object).    ,  ,  ,     ,   .

  R     (  ). R:

		> objects()

(  ls ())       () ,      R.  ,   ,    (workspace).

    rm:

		> rm (x, y, z, ink, junk, temp, foo,bar)

 ,    R,         R.     R        .    ,    , . RData  ,  ,  ,  . Rhistory.

   R     .     .

      ,  R.        x y.       ,      ,   ,        .




2. ;  





2.1.  


R     (data structures).   ࠖ   ,    ,    .     x, ,   , , 10.4, 5.6, 3.1, 6.421.7,  R:

		> x < c (10.4, 5.6, 3.1, 6.4, 21.7)

  ,   c (),             ,      .

Ѡ    ,     ,  c ()  .   6.2.1[ ].

 ,  ,     .

,    ( <-),       < ( ) 蠑- (),   蠫 ,   .       =  .

   ,   assign ().      :

		> assign (x, c (10.4, 5.6, 3.1, 6.4, 21.7))

  <      .

      ,     .  ,      , :

		> c (10.4, 5.6, 3.1, 6.4, 21.7) ->x

     ,   . ,     :

		>1/x

        ( x, , ).

     .Last.value    .

 :

		> y <-c (x, 0,x)

  y 11,    x   .




2.2.  


    ,     . ,   ,     .   ,         ,   .       ,    (   ),  ,       .     . ,   , :

		> v <-2*x + y+1

   v  11,      2*x  2.2, y   , 1 11.

    +, -, *, / ^   .      . log, exp, sin, cos, tan, sqrt  ,      . max min       . range  ,  頖   , , c (min (x), max (x)).length (x)    x, sum (x)     x, prod (x)  .

    mean (x),    ,   sum (x) /length (x), var (x), 

		sum ((x-mean (x)) ^2) / (length (x)-1)

  .   var ()  n--p , 堖    p--p,      p  -.

sort (x)      x ,   ;        (. order (),  sort.list (),     ).

,  max min       ,      .     pmax pmin   (,     ),       ()      .

    ,     ,    .       ,     ,     .

        .  :

		sqrt (-17)

 NaN ,

		sqrt (-17+0i)

    .




2.3.   


ӠR         . , 1:30  c (1, 2, 29, 30). Ӡ      ,  ,  2*1:15  c (2, 4, 28, 30).  n <-10  1:n-11: (n-1).

 30:1     .

 seq ()       . Ӡ   ,       .   ,  ,    ,     ,     . , seq (2,10)     2:10.

  seq ()     R,      ,  ,   , .      from=value to=value;  , seq (1,30), seq (from=1, to=30) seq (to=30, from=1)   1:30.     seq ()   by=value length=value,        .     ,    by=1.

:

		> seq (-5, 5, by=.2) ->s3

  c (-5.0, -4.8, -4.6, , 4.6, 4.8, 5.0).  :

> s4 < seq (length=51, from=-5, by=.2)

		  .

    along=vector,        1, 2, length (),   ,    (   ).

  rep (),         .   :

		> s5 < rep (x, times=5)

    x   s5.   

		> s6 < rep (x, each=5)

         .




2.4.  


   , R    . Ӡ      TRUE, FALSE, NA ( , . ).      T F, . , ,  T F  ,   TRUE FALSE ,   , ,    . ,    TRUE FALSE.

   . :

		> temp < x>13

 temp      x  FALSE,    x,   , TRUE,   .

   <, <=,>,> =, == 




  .


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