 
 


Historia Rossica
               .           ,               .          ,          .  ,        XX ,              .   ,  ,            ,        .





 

 .    . 19201940-



 ditions de lEHESS, 2014

 . ,   , 2019

    , 2019


* * *







  ,         [1 -       2010    -1   ,  . , . , . , A. , .   .-. .        .],                . ,    ,   ,       2007 .            . ,      , , ,   .    ,      ,                  ,    ʸ,     ,           .  ,     ,          ,         (Cercec/EHESS).         ,    .

         ,     :       ,   .   ,    ,        .           (),     ().               ,   ,   .             ,         .    ,        .     ,         ,               .   ,  ,                  .         ,  .    ,    ,    .     ,    ,        .

               ,     .    ,    ,    ,     ,     ,      a. ,        .







   1928 .         .         :        .     18-      :          .     ,          : ,     !,   !,     ,   ,     !.

        ,       . . [2 -  . . , 31 . 1928. //   , 19181928.     / . . . .   . .: , 1973. . 540542.],  .     ?  ,       ? ,          ?       ,       :                  .

, ,  .          :       ,     .              ,    ,     ,      [3 - Snyder T. Covert Polish missions across the Soviet Ukrainian border, 19281933 // Confini. Costruzioni, attraversamenti, rappresentazioni / d. S. Salvatici. Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 2005. . 5578,  . 5759.].       ,    .          :     ,   ,    ,         .    ,  ,    ,  -        .

,          ,          .  ,  ,       ,              ,   [4 - Ratzel F. Politische Geographie. M?nchen; Leipzig: R. Oldenbourg, 1897; Vallaux C. Gographie sociale. Le sol et ltat. Paris: O. Doin, 1911.].    ,         ,     ,      [5 - Korinmann M. Quand lAllemagne pensait le monde. Grandeur et dcadence dune gopolitique. Prf. par Y. Lacoste. Paris: Fayard, 1990.].           .      ,              - ,        ,   .       ,     - ,    1920     ,    ,          19391940      ࠖ .      : ,  ,     ,     ,     ,       [6 -             : Fronti?res du communisme. Mythologies et ralits de la division de lEurope, de la rvolution dOctobre au mur de Berlin / Ed. S. Coeur, S. Dullin. Paris: La Dcouverte, 2007.].

,     ,   ,      .      ,     ,   .      .   ,  ,    ,     ,          ,         ,      [7 -    1928           ,           : Lapradelle P. G. de. La fronti?re. Th?se pour le doctorat sciences politiques et conomiques. Universit de Paris, Facult de droit. Paris: ditions internationales, 1928.].         ,        .  ,         ,      .               ,   , ,   [8 -       : Gavrilis G. The Dynamics of Interstate Boundaries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008; Tagliacozzo E. Secret Trades, Porous Borders: Smuggling and States Along a Southeast Asian Frontier, 18651915. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005; Pelkmans M. Defending the Border: Identity, Religion, and Modernity in the Republic of Georgia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006.].         , ,              ,        ,       .

         ,    .      ,    ,   蠖       XX           [9 -            Russian History,    The Frontier in Russian History (1992. Vol. 19. 14); .,  : Khodarkovsky M. From frontier to empire: the concept of the frontier in Russia, 16th 18th centuries. . 115128; Martin T. The empires new frontiers: New Russias path from frontier to Okraina, 17741920. . 181202.]. ,          [10 -     : Magocsi P. R. Historical Atlas of East Central Europe. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1993.].  1914       ,       -.             ,  ,     ,      ,     ,    .             ,    ,  .  ,      ,     1918 ,   ,   1922 ,   .    ,    ,       -. -       1920 ,         .      1922 ,        ,   ,       1920- [11 - Borzecki J. The Soviet-Polish Peace of 1921 and the Creation of Interwar Europe. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2008.].         .              ,  1809      [12 - Paasi . Territories, Boundaries and Consciousness: The Changing Geographies of the Finnish-Russian Border. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1996.].  -       ,          1812 .

           .  XVIII         .      ,      , ,    [13 -    . 3  ,    13  1795     :   ,     . .: , 1891. . 35.].           ,     .       ,    ,      .  ,        ;  , ,   -[14 -     .: Nordman D. Des limites dtat aux fronti?res nationales // Les lieux de mmoire / Ed. P. Nora. Paris: Gallimard, 1986. T. 2. Vol. 2. P. 3561; Idem. Fronti?res de France. De lespace au territoire, XVIe XIXe si?cles. Paris: Gallimard, 1998.].            ,       .

           1830 .           I   II.    , ,  XIX ,         [15 - Bassin M. Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and Geographical Expansion in the Russian Far East, 18401865. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999; Gorshenina S. LAsie centrale. Linvention des fronti?res et lhritage russo-sovitique. Paris: CNRS ditions, 2012; Meaux L. de. La Russie et la tentation de lOrient. Paris: Fayard, 2010.].   . .            : ,   ,    /      /    ?    /  ,  ,     ? /     / /       , /       .         , . .   ,     ,            [16 -  .     / . . . . . .:  , 2009; Bassin M. Turner, Solovev, and the Frontier Hypothesis: The nationalist signification of open spaces source // The Journal of Modern History. 1993. Vol. 65. 3. P. 473511.].      ,         ,            [17 - Peopling the Russian Periphery: Borderland Colonization in Eurasian History / N. B. Breyfogle, A. Schrader, W. Sunderland. London; New York: Routledge, 2007.].    ,     ,  .            [18 - Kornblatt J. D. The Cossack Hero in Russian Literature: Study in Cultural Mythology. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1992.].              , ,  [19 - LeDonne J. P. The Russian Empire and the World, 17001917: The Geopolitics of Expansion and Containment. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997; Idem. The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire, 16501831. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.]. ,                    [20 - Hosking G. Russia: People and Empire, 15521917. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997 (. .:  . :   . : , 2001). .   : Poe M. T. The Russian Moment in World History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006.].   ,       ,   ,   ,      , ,  ,   [21 - Global Geostrategy: Mackinder and the Defence of the West / Ed. B. W. Blouet. London: Frank Cass, 2005.].            ,       .                ,  ,   . , ,  蠖            ,         ,    ( )   .      , ,     ,   .       ,      ,    XVIII ;           [22 - Weeks Th. R. Nation and State in Late Imperial Russia: Nationalism and Russification on the Western Frontier, 18631914. De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1996; Reynolds M. A. Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires, 19081918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.].

     ,                : 1217    , 1110  , 1150  -  10 000  ,    .     ,       [23 - :    .    /  . . .   . .: , 1998.].  , , , ,      ,             [24 -  .,  .      / . . .   . . .: , 2015; Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 17001930 / Ed. J. Burbank, M. Von Hagen, A. Remnev. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007.].      1782 ;       .             XIX .  1893       .   . .  -        XX               [25 -  . .     . . 14. ., 19001906. . 1:     (18251904.).             .].               .       1880-   ,      , ,   .  ,  ,    1831 [26 - Lohr E. Russian Citizenship: From Empire to Soviet Union. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012. P. 62 (. . .:  .  :     . .:   , 2017).].   1905                   [27 - .   . . 4888. . 1.].        ,               ,       ,       [28 - Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions since 1800 / Ed. S. Cronin. London; New York: Routledge, 2013.].

            ,    [29 - Lohr E. Russian Citizenship (. . .:  .  ).].          ,           ;        , ,   .    ,      ,       : ,  ,  ,  堖   ,   ,       .   XIX      ,        .              ,    [30 -  , 1904;       . ., 1912.].

        ,      ,   ;        [31 - .   ,  . : Nordman D. La Fronti?re // Dictionnaire critique de la Rpublique / Ed. V. Duclert, C. Prochasson. Paris: Flammarion, 2002. . 499504.].   ,     ,       ,         .          ,             .  ,  ,   ,      ,  ,         ,        XVIII ,         . ,  ,     .             .        ,  , ,  ,        ,     ,       ,    . ,    ,          ,            .  19181920             ,   ,   ,   .   ,                 :   ,  ,  ,  [32 - Homelands: War, Population and Statehood in Eastern Europe and Russia, 19181924 / Ed. N. Baron, P. Gatrell. London: Anthem Press, 2004;  .    .   (19201939 ) / . . . . .:   , 2014.].      ,  1914        ,   ,   1918       [33 - Coeur S. La grande lueur ? lEst. Les Fran?ais et lUnion sovitique, 19171939. Paris: Seuil, 1999.].

   ,               ,      ,      .                   .                     ,         .  , ,    -    1920 .

,      ,      [34 -            ,     : Foucher . Fronts et fronti?res. Un tour du monde gopolitique. Paris: Fayard, 1991. . 435; : . 5759.].             ,           ,  ,  ,      .  ,      ,     ,    ,    蠖 . ,     ,      ,          [35 - . .:  .  :    . .:   , 2007.].          ,  ,       ,       ? ,        ,                   [36 - .   ,   , .  ( .  :      / . . . . : , 2015),   頖 .   . .  (Shatterzone of Empires: Coexistence and Violence in the German, Habsburg, Russian and Ottoman Borderlands / Ed. O. Bartov, E. D. Weitz. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013).].         ,    , ,    .          ,         .     ,    ,    ,      ,  ,     ,      [37 - Sahlins P. Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.].       ,      .      ,     ,    ,   .     ,      ,      .      :  ,       ,      ,      ,      ,  11  1932       ,     [38 -   . . 19311936. /. . . . , . . . .: , 2001. . 273274.               .].

         ,    ,   ,       ,        ,   .           ,   .          . ,    , ,      ,       ,   ,   ,        .            ,     .  ,     .      ?          ;               .       ,     .   ,      , , ,     .

           1920 .        19231924 . ,             ,          ,              .        ,       .          ,  ,      :       ,   ,    ,     [39 -           ()     -  (),    ()/()/  1953 .].         ,         ,   ,     蠖    .    ,    :            (蠖 ) .   ,     ,        .   ,     ,            ,       1930-       .          .  , ,         ,       .

      ,          ,         :   (  )   (  )[40 -           (),     ()       .  ().].  1920-              .         ,   - .                   . ,    19391940     -.          ,       ;       .     .

 , ,           . ,           [41 -                  : Kotkin S. Modern Times: The Soviet Union and the interwar conjuncture // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2001. Vol. 2. 1. P. 111164.].        ,     ,   ,   .        .   19201930-                ,          .        ?        ?

        .       ,     ,  ,       ,                  [42 - Smith J. The Bolsheviks and the National Question, 19171923. New York: St. Martins Press, 1999; M .   :     , 19231939 / . . . . .: , 2011.    .: Scheuermann M. Minderheitenschutz contra Konfliktverh?tung? Die Minderheitenpolitik des V?lkerbundes in den zwanziger Jahren. Marburg: Verl. Herder Institute, 2000; Korzec P. The Ukrainian problem in interwar Poland // Ethnic Groups in International Relations / Ed. P. Smith. New York: New York University Press, Aldershot, Dartmouth Pub. Co., 1991. P. 187209; Mikhailovitch S. La protection des minorits nationales et la souverainet de ltat [Universit de Paris, Facult de droit]. Th?se pour le doctorat. Paris: Librairie Rodstein, 1933.].  ,   ,     ,   頖                 [43 -    .: Cadiot J. Le laboratoire imprial. Russie-URSS, 18601940. Paris: CNRS ditions, 2007 (. .:  .  : -, 18601940 / . . . . .:   , 2010); Hirsch F. Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005. .   :  A. .,  . . - , 19181938. .:  , 2000; Borzecki J. The Soviet-Polish Peace.]. ,       ,   ,        [44 -     .:  .    .       . .: , 1991; Gousseff . Lexil russe.     : Noiriel G. La tyrannie du national. Le droit dasile en Europe (17931993). Paris: Calmann-Lvy, 1991; Torpey J. Revolutions and freedom of movement: An analysis of passport controls in the French, Russian and Chinese Revolutions // Theory and Society. 1997. Vol. 26. 6. P. 837868.].    ,               -            [45 - .   : Calvez J.-Y. Droit international et souverainet en URSS. Lvolution de lidologie juridique sovitique depuis la Rvolution doctobre. Paris: Armand Colin, 1953; Dullin S. How to wage warfare without going to war? Stalins 1939 war in the light of other contemporary aggressions // Cahiers du monde russe. 2011. Vol. 52. 23. P. 221243.].

                  ,         ,      .     頖   1921 ,      1930- ,      19371938 ,    .  , ,   ,            ,       ,       .            ,         -  ,           ,                   .     ,         . 堖     堖 , ,  .      .                .    ,     ,         ,        . , ,      .             ,      . -,            ,       ;          :                     . -,           ,           .         ,   ,          ,   [46 -     .: Slezkin I. The Soviet Union as a communal apartment, or how a socialist State promoted ethnic particularism // Slavic Review. 1994. Vol. 53. 2. P. 415452 (. . .:  .    ,         //  .    :  . , 2001. . 329374).  : Moine N. Le syst?me des passeports ? lpoque stalinienne. De la purge des grandes villes au morcellement du territoire, 19321953 // Revue dhistoire moderne et contemporaine. 2003. Vol. 50. 1. P. 145169; Shearer D. R. Policing Stalins Socialism: Repression and Social Order in the Soviet Union, 19241953. New Haven; Stanford: Yale University Press, 2009.].

           ,     .       ,    .   Institutions of Isolation ( )   ,       [47 - Chandler A. Institutions of Isolation: Border Controls in the Soviet Union and its Successor States, 19171993. Montral; Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press, 1998.].     ,                                ,               .               .  ,   ,  , .            .          -      1930- .   ,    ,         ,     .

     , ,   , ,            ,       ; ,        ,         ;  ,  ,    ,   ,    [48 - Rieber A. J. How persistent are persistent factors? // Russian Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century and the Shadow of the Past / Ed. R. Legvold. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. P. 205278.].          .   ,          ,     ,     蠖         -           ,                .




 1.    .     



     .  ,     ,   ,     .                      . ,       ,      .    ,      ,  .    -      , ,      .           114 ,  51      ,    1930-              . ꠖ     .      , ,  ,     .    .      ,    ,    ,           [49 -  .  . . 3. . 8.        . ࠖ  ().].           ,    1970- , ꠖ   :



           ,  ,  ,                   ,  ,        [50 -  .,  .      . . 1. . 7.].


 8-   ,     19801988      ,    ,     .            -   ,            頖       IXXIV [51 -    .    / . . . .   . .: , 1998.         .].    ,             ?         ?    ,      ,      .        ,       - (    )         ![52 - Dullin S. Frontiere // Dizionario del comunismo nel XX secolo / d. S. Pons, R. Service. Torino: Einaudi, 2006. . 1 (A L). . 313317.]

  XX           .   ,  ,   (, )    ().             1811 .     1825       ,  1893    [53 -       , 15  1893  //   .  /  . . . . .:   ;  , 2008. . 1921.].       .    ,   1924 ,    [54 - Ettinger P. Imaginary Lines: Border Enforcement and the Origins of Undocumented Immigration, 18821930. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2009; Torpey J. C. Linvention du passeport: Etats, citoyennet et surveillance / Trad. de langl. E. Lamothe. Paris: Belin, 2005. P. 150.].              ,       .   ,    ,           .   , ,    ,       .

  ,         19201940- .      .        1930- ,            .      ,         -       ,    л[55 - .       (.:  , 1945. . 51. . 762763).].




   


        1930- ,     ,            .

      1929      ,     .    ,   젖   . ,      ,     .         ,  ,      ,   .          [56 -      , .:  .  .      30- :  / . . . . . .: , 2001. . 8493.].  ,   19311932 ,   .       ,  ,    , .     ,         .          ,       1920- .  .   1923      1934        ,    [57 - Graffy J. Chapaev. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2010; Hicks J. The international reception of early Soviet sound cinema: Chapaev in Britain and America // Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 2005. Vol. 25. 2. P. 273289.].    .  ,         ,      .    .         [58 -          1928 ,       19291933 ,         19371938  1940 .]. ,  1936          .          ,     ,    . ,   7  1938    21-   .

     ,        ,     .          .    ,   ,        ,      [59 - ,  ,     ,        : Widdis E. Visions of a New Land. Soviet Film from the Revolution to the Second World War. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003.].    ,        .   1936     .      젖    ,             .     ,   ,        , ,        .       ,      ,           1934 .

           : ,   , , ,  ,    ,     .      ()    ,        1940 .  19281939     18  ,     .         ,       (  1936 )           .


  

 ,   19361940         ,    [60 -   .  . .: , 1961. . 2.].          .  ,    ,    1935  ,      ,  [61 -        (. .   . . , 1933),        .     - ,         .].    ,  ,           ,   .     19361939     ,   ,  ,  ,  ,   [62 -   ;  .     // . 1946. 18. . 7578.].



 1.    - (  1930- )






 ,         1935 .       ,   .       1928   ,  10-   .    ,  ,  :



, ,    :  , , ,   ,   ,   .    [63 - . 1928. 8/117 // .]


 1931        (),   10-    .  19311936        .         .      ?

        ,                  (. 1).    ,         .       ,           (. 2)[64 -      ,   ,   ,      .]. , ,          ,  ,         .        ,   ,    ,  堖 ,   ,    .     ,   .

,  ,       ,     ,       .      ,        .    ,  ,   .    5-     :



 .   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     ,  [65 -  . 1932. 5 // .      ,    .].


   , .      . , ,       ,        .       .         ,    ,     ,      -       .   -      ,     .   ,  ,      , ,  ,    .

            .        ,      -   XIX .       ,               [66 -   // . .:  , 1930. . 18. . 814.].        ,          ,         , ,  .       1930-              .

            1938      ,    :



    .     ,          -          .     ,     :       .    ,        [67 - Prcis populaire dhistoire de lArme rouge // Staline J., Vorochilov K. LArme rouge est pr?te. Paris: Bureau dditions, 1938.             ʻ,  . .  27  1930   XVI  ().].


     -:      60  ,     .        [68 - Ibid.].                .      ,      .  , ,    ,          ,    12  1938 :



   ,     ,                ,  .        .


      .            .          ,           . ,  1930  ,  10-  ,   ,   -  ( , ),         , ,  [69 -    / . . , . . , 1930 // .].      6  1937 ,    :



 .      .  ,   . ,   .   .   .     .  ,  .  .     ,  .     ,  , .   .     .   ,   .    .      .  :  ,     ,  ..  .    [70 - 6,     / . . .   , 1937 // .].


              .           ,  .      .


  

         ,  ,     .            1930- . ,     .

      堖           .     1928  ,  , ,      ,  [71 -     :      ,      25  1928. //  . . . .: , 1949. . 11. . 21.].

           1920-     .           1924 [72 -      ,     //   , 19181928.     /  . . .   . .: , 1973. . 215.].    ,          ,     (, , , , , ).  ,     ,       ,  ,              .    ,           ,     :    (    )  , , , ,   ,       .   ,   ,             ,         .

  ,    1920- .               ,   .           .  ,          [73 -    , ,    :                  //   , 19291938.     /  . . .   . .: , 1972. . 6768.].      ,   ,   ,    ,          .  ,   ,    .    ,     ,   .  1931              ,           .             .   ,    -,    1920-                [74 - Sumpf . Entre dmobilisation et surmobilisation: limpossible repos du soldat rouge (19211929) // Vingti?me Si?cle. Revue dhistoire. 2008, avril juin. 98. . 177190.].   , , ,           ,   .              [75 - .   :       // . 1939. 1. . 71.].

     ,         ,       .  ,  ,           ,  ,      :  ,    .  ,         ,        .  ,          ,       ,    .   ,  ,    ,   1932    Na strazy,   1936  - .   1938    ,             [76 - Dominiczak H. Granica wschodnia Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w latach 19191939. Warszawa: PWN, 1992. P. 147160; Maslon A. Rozwj szkolnictwa zawodowego w formacjach ochraniajacych wschodni i plnocno wschodni odcinek granicy rzeczypospolitej polskiej w okresie miedzywojennym // Z dziejw polskich formacji granicznych 19181939. Studia i materialy / Ed. B. P. Koszalin. Koszalin, 2002. P. 157169.].

        ,              .  ,     ,       .         ,    1930 [77 -      // . . 3316. . 64. . 1132.].       ,   ,       ,     [78 -  2-      //  . . 31.].       ,     . ,  ,  ,       .      ,               ,    .               ,   ,     [79 -     . .        , 27  1931. //  . . 2230.].            .    ,      ,      ,  , ,    ,      .        ,            [80 -      1929       . , , ,       -  1905 :  . .   . .: , 2005.]. ,          .  1930          .

             .          (     ),    ,     ,          .  , , , -,    .  1936           36    5 [81 - . . 17. . 163. . 1093, 1095.].      .

,      ,      .        -        ,              [82 -   .       / . . . , 1937 (    1938 ).].

           ,            .  1936       ,          . , ,          .  1936            86    ,   560 . ,   ,   1937    32   216 [83 - . . 1913. . 4. . 1.].         1939      ,    ,      ,            .    ,         [84 - . . 6446. . 23. . 91. . 46.].

    .  , ,       .  ,     ,  1936         л (. 133).    ,    1941 ,     .     ,         ,    :      (, , , , ).    ,           [85 -  .        . .; .: , 1941.  90  . .: Barthlmy Ch. La fronti?re sovitique ? laffiche des annes 1920 aux annes 1950 // Fronti?res du communisme. Mythologies et ralits de la division de lEurope, de la rvolution dOctobre au mur de Berlin / Sous la dir. de S. Coeur et S. Dullin. Paris: La Dcouverte, 2007. P. 183197.].     ࠖ ,    :   .


    :    

       .           .          .  ࠖ ,          .           ,  ,    ,      .        ,        [86 - .,  ,  . , 6  1937. // . . 7523. . 7. . 55. . 206207.].

      .   ,   ,     ,   1933 ,  -         ,     .                 ,    .       ,   .     , ,         [87 -    (, 1935)      1936 .        .].        ,          (      ),      .      ,    ,     .          ,   [88 - Ilyukha . La fronti?re verrouille: images, symboles et ralits de la fronti?re dans lducation des coliers sovitiques des annes 1930 au dbut des annes 1950 // Fronti?res du communisme. . 336357.],         .     1937                 蠖  .        :   (, ,  ),    ( , ,  , , ), ,    ,    , ,  ,   ,         [89 -  . .   . .; .:   , 1937.].

  ,   ,   1980-,  ,       ,    1930- ,        [90 - :  . .,  . .    . 9- . .: , 1981. . 9495 (1- . 1973).].  -      ,  :      . ,     :      ,   ,   .   ( )                 .        1930- .   ,   ,           1936 .          ,     .  ,  20  ,  1937  1957 ,     120 ,  338     129    [91 -  . . : . . . ., 1983;  . .   :   ( . . ). , 1986 (1- . 1983);  .  . M.:  (   ), 2003 (1- . 1998).        .].

      .   25  1910     ,        ,     .     ,    ,      .  1932        ,               .        ,   .  1937              ,         .       1941 .  1950-               ,   1961    .      , , ,      . 21  1965                               .     ,           ;      , 18  1994 ,     .   ,    . .        堖    .

     , ,     ࠖ  .  ,      ,           .

          ,    ,     ?




    


         1918     .    1914 ,        ( ) .       .              .       ,       -,  ,             . 1 1918                 ,                     [92 -   -            , 18  1919. //   , 19181928. . 6971, 152153.].      - . . ,   1875       1900   [93 -  .,  .   , 19341941. .: , 1999.].       ,    1918      [94 -   . . 1. . 3. . 2. . 233 (. :  . .         //    , 1997 .  :   . .; :  Ԡ , 1999. . 52).].

               1918-,  1921 .  ,   ,           ,        :       (, , , ),        .     1920   1921                .

             .      ,           .            1905 ,        ,    ,    .   19071908                ;          ,   -[95 -             (19061908.) // . . 4888. . 1. . 17. . 98, 120, 195223.].

  1920-      -       ,  , -,        ,  -,       .   1922       ,                .   1921                [96 -    // . . 17. . 3. . 164, 193.].

 25  1922               . . [97 - . . 17. . 84. . 393. 29  1922.          ,  27          .   1923     .         , 6  1926          ()   .].   ,  ,        ,      ,    ( )      (- ). ,      . .  . . ,      50  [98 -     , 29  1922. // . . 17. . 84. . 393;  42   , 4 . 1923. // . . 17. . 84. . 328;  10   , 18 . 1922. // . . 17. . 2. . 87.].     . ,   1923       9-    332  (   51    192 ),     78   [99 - . . 17. . 112. . 475.].         ,      ⠖    19241925 .


 -  

21 1923            [100 -  . . 84. . 355.].    ,     ,     ,       ,  ,  ,      . , 9     ()    . .         ,   ,   ,   , ,      (  蠖 1383 ).       ,     [101 - . . 17. . 112. . 475.]:              .        ( ), 95%    .                          .  ,        -,     .  ,     ()       [102 -   20      ()       (26  1923 )   ,             // . . 17. . 112. . 475.]. ,  ,      ,       ,      ,  .

        .            ;  ,       ,    .  ,            .       ,      .    ,    ,  ,      ,    .        ,    ,    㠖          .    ,       ,     [103 -  . .     19201930-e :   :  . . . ., 1998 (). . 30.].                  :       ,      ,   ,    ,    , .    ,   - ,     .    ,       ,    [104 - . . 1. . 1. . 213. . 2021, . :  . .   . . 32.].

   ,       ,     .         ,     ,     .        .       :    ,  ,     ,          ,  -    [105 -     ,  ,       .].            !     ,      , , ,        [106 -        ,          ( 1922.) // . . 17. . 84. . 393.].

  1923    ,     ,      . ,       ,                    .         .    , ,    ,          ,    .         1923           .  ,     , . .      . .        [107 -   . .  . . , 15 . 1923. // . . 76. . 3. . 305. . 910.].       :       젖        .  1913     4045  ,    35   2  [108 -   4     , 10   , 6  , 2  , 3   , 5       , 1     4  .  , 2          (   . . 235258).].    ,     .            ,       ,         .

              .   ,      ,    ,     ,     ,  ,  ,   .


1924 :     

            . ,  1922         ,       [109 -  . .     19171939. .: , 2003. . 77.].             (  , - /, ).     : 1922   ,    ,    ,      1928 [110 -  . .   . . 31.].          ,       .  1923           , , ,        80%   .          (Policja Panstwowa). ,   1    2   7  [111 - Dominiczak H. Granica wschodnia. . 96.].

           ,   1924 .            ,   ,    .      :



         10-   .       ,       ,   [112 -             , 6 . 1925. // . . 374. . 28. . 748. . 39.].


     .           ,  ,    ,       .          , , ,    :     ,      ,   .  -   ,    .   1924          [113 -  , 25 . 1924. //   , 19181928. . 213.].                  .       -     ,     ,     .    ,              .

 1924   , ,   ,   1914      ,     ,      ,                ,      [114 -       . .:  , 1912. . 43. . 8.].      ,        . ,                  .         .  , ,                  ⠖  [115 -            ,      1925      .].   , ,         ,        .

   1924  -    ,               蠖  ,  [116 -     ,           ,         堖  1925 ,     ,   堖  1925  (. . 374. . 28. . 748).].

         ,        .  ,         ,    - ,     ,      .     , ,         (Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza, ).  1924     (Policja Graniczna)     :   189 ,    ,  28       .      12  1924      (. y),     3  4    [117 - Stone D. R. The August 1924 raid on Stolpce, Poland, and the evolution of Soviet active intelligence // Intelligence and National Security. 2006. Vol. 21. 3. P. 331341. .   3  .].    150      -     ,   .   ,     9    5 .   , 5 ,       -   ,                       . 8         ,    [118 - O Niepodlegla i granice. Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza (19241939): wybr dokumentw / Eds. M. Jablonowski et al. Warszawa-Pultusk: Wyzsza Szkola Humanistyczna, 2000. . 1518.].

   , ,      .                  ࠖ .          1928 ,   1927             [119 - Dominiczak H. Granica wschodnia. P. 119.].    ,   1924            ,   ,         .                   .      ,         ,        .                - ()[120 - .     3  .].

         .            ;          100  300 ,     1925 . , ,   ,  (,   -   XVIII ),    500        30  .   ,           [121 -             , 6 . 1925. // . . 374. . 28. . 748. . 1942.].           ,        .     ,             .    1925              ,    ,   .              2-   [122 - Jablonowski M., Prochwicz J. R. Wywiad Korpusu Ochrony Pogranicza 19241939. Warszawa: ASPRA-JR, 2004.].

        ,     .         ,     ,            ,   1863 [123 - Maslon A. Rozwj szkolnictwa zawodowego. P. 516.].       1920-  ,        ,     ,       .

,      .           .     ()       ,         . , ,      ,    .  , ,               .


   

   ,        .  ,              .        ,              . ,   1921                     ,            -,     [124 - O      -  // . . 17. . 84. . 393.].     ,          ,   - .            . , ,  ,              ,     .    1930-             .    ,                 .        .    ,             --- . 20  1937  . .   . . :



        , ,    ,      ,       [125 - . . 8418. . 12. . 390. . 2730.].


                 .  1926    1939             Ӡ .

                      .               .        ()   () ,    젖     .       : ,   ,      ,     .        頖    XVI           堖     [126 - Khodarkovsky M. From frontier to empire: the concept of the frontier in Russia, 16th 18th centuries // Russian History. The Frontier in Russian History. 1992. Vol. 19. 14. P. 115128.].                (    ),              ,  ,    .       ,     ,   ,  ,   , , ,    1923 [127 -       .     , 蠖 ,      .].          : ,     .       .     ,   , ,    .         .   , ,      ,             ,     . ,              .   1925          31  . 30%      .   , ,   -    1925 [128 -    -   , 16  1925. // . . 374. . 28. . 748. . 23.].         ,   : 1925             28    380  .      ,     ,      [129 -             , 6 . 1925. // . . 374. . 28. . 748. . 41.].

     ,      .     22 .   ,     . ,        ,      ,       [130 -     ,  1926       20%   .   1920-             ,          3%   ,  蠖 2% (O Niepodlegla i granice. P. 7).],   ,      ,        ,    [131 -        15-  1893. //   . . 20.].              .  ,         ,              . , ,  .  1926  37   8  ,        17    [132 -     (). . 590. . 2. . 23. . 88, . :  . .   . . 68.].                 .

6  1925            [133 - . . 374. . 28. . 748. . 29.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=42337439)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


      2010    -1   ,  . , . , . , A. , .   .-. .        .




2


 . . , 31 . 1928. //   , 19181928.     / . . . .   . .: , 1973. . 540542.




3


Snyder T. Covert Polish missions across the Soviet Ukrainian border, 19281933 // Confini. Costruzioni, attraversamenti, rappresentazioni / d. S. Salvatici. Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 2005. . 5578,  . 5759.




4


Ratzel F. Politische Geographie. M?nchen; Leipzig: R. Oldenbourg, 1897; Vallaux C. Gographie sociale. Le sol et ltat. Paris: O. Doin, 1911.




5


Korinmann M. Quand lAllemagne pensait le monde. Grandeur et dcadence dune gopolitique. Prf. par Y. Lacoste. Paris: Fayard, 1990.




6


            : Fronti?res du communisme. Mythologies et ralits de la division de lEurope, de la rvolution dOctobre au mur de Berlin / Ed. S. Coeur, S. Dullin. Paris: La Dcouverte, 2007.




7


   1928           ,           : Lapradelle P. G. de. La fronti?re. Th?se pour le doctorat sciences politiques et conomiques. Universit de Paris, Facult de droit. Paris: ditions internationales, 1928.




8


      : Gavrilis G. The Dynamics of Interstate Boundaries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008; Tagliacozzo E. Secret Trades, Porous Borders: Smuggling and States Along a Southeast Asian Frontier, 18651915. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005; Pelkmans M. Defending the Border: Identity, Religion, and Modernity in the Republic of Georgia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006.




9


           Russian History,    The Frontier in Russian History (1992. Vol. 19. 14); .,  : Khodarkovsky M. From frontier to empire: the concept of the frontier in Russia, 16th 18th centuries. . 115128; Martin T. The empires new frontiers: New Russias path from frontier to Okraina, 17741920. . 181202.




10


    : Magocsi P. R. Historical Atlas of East Central Europe. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1993.




11


Borzecki J. The Soviet-Polish Peace of 1921 and the Creation of Interwar Europe. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2008.




12


Paasi . Territories, Boundaries and Consciousness: The Changing Geographies of the Finnish-Russian Border. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1996.




13


   . 3  ,    13  1795     :   ,     . .: , 1891. . 35.




14


    .: Nordman D. Des limites dtat aux fronti?res nationales // Les lieux de mmoire / Ed. P. Nora. Paris: Gallimard, 1986. T. 2. Vol. 2. P. 3561; Idem. Fronti?res de France. De lespace au territoire, XVIe XIXe si?cles. Paris: Gallimard, 1998.




15


Bassin M. Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and Geographical Expansion in the Russian Far East, 18401865. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999; Gorshenina S. LAsie centrale. Linvention des fronti?res et lhritage russo-sovitique. Paris: CNRS ditions, 2012; Meaux L. de. La Russie et la tentation de lOrient. Paris: Fayard, 2010.




16


 .     / . . . . . .:  , 2009; Bassin M. Turner, Solovev, and the Frontier Hypothesis: The nationalist signification of open spaces source // The Journal of Modern History. 1993. Vol. 65. 3. P. 473511.




17


Peopling the Russian Periphery: Borderland Colonization in Eurasian History / N. B. Breyfogle, A. Schrader, W. Sunderland. London; New York: Routledge, 2007.




18


Kornblatt J. D. The Cossack Hero in Russian Literature: Study in Cultural Mythology. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1992.




19


LeDonne J. P. The Russian Empire and the World, 17001917: The Geopolitics of Expansion and Containment. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997; Idem. The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire, 16501831. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.




20


Hosking G. Russia: People and Empire, 15521917. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997 (. .:  . :   . : , 2001). .   : Poe M. T. The Russian Moment in World History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006.




21


Global Geostrategy: Mackinder and the Defence of the West / Ed. B. W. Blouet. London: Frank Cass, 2005.




22


Weeks Th. R. Nation and State in Late Imperial Russia: Nationalism and Russification on the Western Frontier, 18631914. De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1996; Reynolds M. A. Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires, 19081918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.




23


:    .    /  . . .   . .: , 1998.




24


 .,  .      / . . .   . . .: , 2015; Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 17001930 / Ed. J. Burbank, M. Von Hagen, A. Remnev. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007.




25


 . .     . . 14. ., 19001906. . 1:     (18251904.).             .




26


Lohr E. Russian Citizenship: From Empire to Soviet Union. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012. P. 62 (. . .:  .  :     . .:   , 2017).




27


.   . . 4888. . 1.




28


Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions since 1800 / Ed. S. Cronin. London; New York: Routledge, 2013.




29


Lohr E. Russian Citizenship (. . .:  .  ).




30


 , 1904;       . ., 1912.




31


.   ,  . : Nordman D. La Fronti?re // Dictionnaire critique de la Rpublique / Ed. V. Duclert, C. Prochasson. Paris: Flammarion, 2002. . 499504.




32


Homelands: War, Population and Statehood in Eastern Europe and Russia, 19181924 / Ed. N. Baron, P. Gatrell. London: Anthem Press, 2004;  .    .   (19201939 ) / . . . . .:   , 2014.




33


Coeur S. La grande lueur ? lEst. Les Fran?ais et lUnion sovitique, 19171939. Paris: Seuil, 1999.




34


           ,     : Foucher . Fronts et fronti?res. Un tour du monde gopolitique. Paris: Fayard, 1991. . 435; : . 5759.




35


. .:  .  :    . .:   , 2007.




36


.   ,   , .  ( .  :      / . . . . : , 2015),   頖 .   . .  (Shatterzone of Empires: Coexistence and Violence in the German, Habsburg, Russian and Ottoman Borderlands / Ed. O. Bartov, E. D. Weitz. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013).




37


Sahlins P. Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.




38


  . . 19311936. /. . . . , . . . .: , 2001. . 273274.               .




39


          ()     -  (),    ()/()/  1953 .




40


          (),     ()       .  ().




41


                 : Kotkin S. Modern Times: The Soviet Union and the interwar conjuncture // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2001. Vol. 2. 1. P. 111164.




42


Smith J. The Bolsheviks and the National Question, 19171923. New York: St. Martins Press, 1999; M .   :     , 19231939 / . . . . .: , 2011.    .: Scheuermann M. Minderheitenschutz contra Konfliktverh?tung? Die Minderheitenpolitik des V?lkerbundes in den zwanziger Jahren. Marburg: Verl. Herder Institute, 2000; Korzec P. The Ukrainian problem in interwar Poland // Ethnic Groups in International Relations / Ed. P. Smith. New York: New York University Press, Aldershot, Dartmouth Pub. Co., 1991. P. 187209; Mikhailovitch S. La protection des minorits nationales et la souverainet de ltat [Universit de Paris, Facult de droit]. Th?se pour le doctorat. Paris: Librairie Rodstein, 1933.




43


   .: Cadiot J. Le laboratoire imprial. Russie-URSS, 18601940. Paris: CNRS ditions, 2007 (. .:  .  : -, 18601940 / . . . . .:   , 2010); Hirsch F. Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005. .   :  A. .,  . . - , 19181938. .:  , 2000; Borzecki J. The Soviet-Polish Peace.




44


    .:  .    .       . .: , 1991; Gousseff . Lexil russe.     : Noiriel G. La tyrannie du national. Le droit dasile en Europe (17931993). Paris: Calmann-Lvy, 1991; Torpey J. Revolutions and freedom of movement: An analysis of passport controls in the French, Russian and Chinese Revolutions // Theory and Society. 1997. Vol. 26. 6. P. 837868.




45


.   : Calvez J.-Y. Droit international et souverainet en URSS. Lvolution de lidologie juridique sovitique depuis la Rvolution doctobre. Paris: Armand Colin, 1953; Dullin S. How to wage warfare without going to war? Stalins 1939 war in the light of other contemporary aggressions // Cahiers du monde russe. 2011. Vol. 52. 23. P. 221243.




46


    .: Slezkin I. The Soviet Union as a communal apartment, or how a socialist State promoted ethnic particularism // Slavic Review. 1994. Vol. 53. 2. P. 415452 (. . .:  .    ,         //  .    :  . , 2001. . 329374).  : Moine N. Le syst?me des passeports ? lpoque stalinienne. De la purge des grandes villes au morcellement du territoire, 19321953 // Revue dhistoire moderne et contemporaine. 2003. Vol. 50. 1. P. 145169; Shearer D. R. Policing Stalins Socialism: Repression and Social Order in the Soviet Union, 19241953. New Haven; Stanford: Yale University Press, 2009.




47


Chandler A. Institutions of Isolation: Border Controls in the Soviet Union and its Successor States, 19171993. Montral; Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press, 1998.




48


Rieber A. J. How persistent are persistent factors? // Russian Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century and the Shadow of the Past / Ed. R. Legvold. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. P. 205278.




49


 .  . . 3. . 8.        . ࠖ  ().




50


 .,  .      . . 1. . 7.




51


   .    / . . . .   . .: , 1998.         .




52


Dullin S. Frontiere // Dizionario del comunismo nel XX secolo / d. S. Pons, R. Service. Torino: Einaudi, 2006. . 1 (A L). . 313317.




53


      , 15  1893  //   .  /  . . . . .:   ;  , 2008. . 1921.




54


Ettinger P. Imaginary Lines: Border Enforcement and the Origins of Undocumented Immigration, 18821930. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2009; Torpey J. C. Linvention du passeport: Etats, citoyennet et surveillance / Trad. de langl. E. Lamothe. Paris: Belin, 2005. P. 150.




55


.       (.:  , 1945. . 51. . 762763).




56


     , .:  .  .      30- :  / . . . . . .: , 2001. . 8493.




57


Graffy J. Chapaev. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2010; Hicks J. The international reception of early Soviet sound cinema: Chapaev in Britain and America // Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 2005. Vol. 25. 2. P. 273289.




58


         1928 ,       19291933 ,         19371938  1940 .




59


,  ,     ,        : Widdis E. Visions of a New Land. Soviet Film from the Revolution to the Second World War. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003.




60


  .  . .: , 1961. . 2.




61


       (. .   . . , 1933),        .     - ,         .




62


  ;  .     // . 1946. 18. . 7578.




63


. 1928. 8/117 // .




64


     ,   ,   ,      .




65


 . 1932. 5 // .      ,    .




66


  // . .:  , 1930. . 18. . 814.




67


Prcis populaire dhistoire de lArme rouge // Staline J., Vorochilov K. LArme rouge est pr?te. Paris: Bureau dditions, 1938.             ʻ,  . .  27  1930   XVI  ().




68


Ibid.




69


   / . . , . . , 1930 // .




70


6,     / . . .   , 1937 // .




71


    :      ,      25  1928. //  . . . .: , 1949. . 11. . 21.




72


     ,     //   , 19181928.     /  . . .   . .: , 1973. . 215.




73


   , ,    :                  //   , 19291938.     /  . . .   . .: , 1972. . 6768.




74


Sumpf . Entre dmobilisation et surmobilisation: limpossible repos du soldat rouge (19211929) // Vingti?me Si?cle. Revue dhistoire. 2008, avril juin. 98. . 177190.




75


.   :       // . 1939. 1. . 71.




76


Dominiczak H. Granica wschodnia Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w latach 19191939. Warszawa: PWN, 1992. P. 147160; Maslon A. Rozwj szkolnictwa zawodowego w formacjach ochraniajacych wschodni i plnocno wschodni odcinek granicy rzeczypospolitej polskiej w okresie miedzywojennym // Z dziejw polskich formacji granicznych 19181939. Studia i materialy / Ed. B. P. Koszalin. Koszalin, 2002. P. 157169.




77


     // . . 3316. . 64. . 1132.




78


 2-      //  . . 31.




79


    . .        , 27  1931. //  . . 2230.




80


     1929       . , , ,       -  1905 :  . .   . .: , 2005.




81


. . 17. . 163. . 1093, 1095.




82


  .       / . . . , 1937 (    1938 ).




83


. . 1913. . 4. . 1.




84


. . 6446. . 23. . 91. . 46.




85


 .        . .; .: , 1941.  90  . .: Barthlmy Ch. La fronti?re sovitique ? laffiche des annes 1920 aux annes 1950 // Fronti?res du communisme. Mythologies et ralits de la division de lEurope, de la rvolution dOctobre au mur de Berlin / Sous la dir. de S. Coeur et S. Dullin. Paris: La Dcouverte, 2007. P. 183197.




86


.,  ,  . , 6  1937. // . . 7523. . 7. . 55. . 206207.




87


   (, 1935)      1936 .        .




88


Ilyukha . La fronti?re verrouille: images, symboles et ralits de la fronti?re dans lducation des coliers sovitiques des annes 1930 au dbut des annes 1950 // Fronti?res du communisme. . 336357.




89


 . .   . .; .:   , 1937.




90


:  . .,  . .    . 9- . .: , 1981. . 9495 (1- . 1973).




91


 . . : . . . ., 1983;  . .   :   ( . . ). , 1986 (1- . 1983);  .  . M.:  (   ), 2003 (1- . 1998).        .




92


  -            , 18  1919. //   , 19181928. . 6971, 152153.




93


 .,  .   , 19341941. .: , 1999.




94


  . . 1. . 3. . 2. . 233 (. :  . .         //    , 1997 .  :   . .; :  Ԡ , 1999. . 52).




95


            (19061908.) // . . 4888. . 1. . 17. . 98, 120, 195223.




96


   // . . 17. . 3. . 164, 193.




97


. . 17. . 84. . 393. 29  1922.          ,  27          .   1923     .         , 6  1926          ()   .




98


    , 29  1922. // . . 17. . 84. . 393;  42   , 4 . 1923. // . . 17. . 84. . 328;  10   , 18 . 1922. // . . 17. . 2. . 87.




99


. . 17. . 112. . 475.




100


 . . 84. . 355.




101


. . 17. . 112. . 475.




102


  20      ()       (26  1923 )   ,             // . . 17. . 112. . 475.




103


 . .     19201930-e :   :  . . . ., 1998 (). . 30.




104


. . 1. . 1. . 213. . 2021, . :  . .   . . 32.




105


    ,  ,       .




106


       ,          ( 1922.) // . . 17. . 84. . 393.




107


  . .  . . , 15 . 1923. // . . 76. . 3. . 305. . 910.




108


  4     , 10   , 6  , 2  , 3   , 5       , 1     4  .  , 2          (   . . 235258).




109


 . .     19171939. .: , 2003. . 77.




110


 . .   . . 31.




111


Dominiczak H. Granica wschodnia. . 96.




112


            , 6 . 1925. // . . 374. . 28. . 748. . 39.




113


 , 25 . 1924. //   , 19181928. . 213.




114


      . .:  , 1912. . 43. . 8.




115


           ,      1925      .




116


    ,           ,         堖  1925 ,     ,   堖  1925  (. . 374. . 28. . 748).




117


Stone D. R. The August 1924 raid on Stolpce, Poland, and the evolution of Soviet active intelligence // Intelligence and National Security. 2006. Vol. 21. 3. P. 331341. .   3  .




118


O Niepodlegla i granice. Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza (19241939): wybr dokumentw / Eds. M. Jablonowski et al. Warszawa-Pultusk: Wyzsza Szkola Humanistyczna, 2000. . 1518.




119


Dominiczak H. Granica wschodnia. P. 119.




120


.     3  .




121


            , 6 . 1925. // . . 374. . 28. . 748. . 1942.




122


Jablonowski M., Prochwicz J. R. Wywiad Korpusu Ochrony Pogranicza 19241939. Warszawa: ASPRA-JR, 2004.




123


Maslon A. Rozwj szkolnictwa zawodowego. P. 516.




124


O      -  // . . 17. . 84. . 393.




125


. . 8418. . 12. . 390. . 2730.




126


Khodarkovsky M. From frontier to empire: the concept of the frontier in Russia, 16th 18th centuries // Russian History. The Frontier in Russian History. 1992. Vol. 19. 14. P. 115128.




127


      .     , 蠖 ,      .




128


   -   , 16  1925. // . . 374. . 28. . 748. . 23.




129


            , 6 . 1925. // . . 374. . 28. . 748. . 41.




130


    ,  1926       20%   .   1920-             ,          3%   ,  蠖 2% (O Niepodlegla i granice. P. 7).




131


       15-  1893. //   . . 20.




132


    (). . 590. . 2. . 23. . 88, . :  . .   . . 68.




133


. . 374. . 28. . 748. . 29.


