Linux.  
  


    Linux         .          Linux.  ,        , ,   ,   ,  ,   .          Linux,            .           .






 1.   Linux





1.1.   man 9 .


man      .   ,  man,    ,   .              .    ,    man       .             .

          .

1      (shell)

2   (,  )

3   (,   )

4   (    /dev)

5    ,  /etc/passwd

6 

7  (    ), 

man (7), groff (7)

8    (,   c)

9   [ ]

    

.

  :  (NAME),

 (SYNOPSIS), 

(CONFIGURATION),  (DESCRIPTION),

 (OPTIONS),   (EXIT STATUS),

  (RETURN VALUE),

 (ERRORS),  (ENVIRONMENT),

 (FILES),  (VERSIONS),  

(CONFORMING TO),  (NOTES), 

(BUGS),  (EXAMPLE),  (AUTHORS) 

  (SEE ALSO).

 1

$ man passwd

Passwd (1)   passwd (1)



passwd    



passwd [] [ר_]



 passwd     .         ,       .

 passwd          .  

     ,   .       .         .     ,        .        ,  ,        .  ,  passwd       .

Manual page passwd (1) line 6 (press h for help or q to quit)

 2

$ man useradd

useradd (8)    useradd(8)



useradd            .



useradd [] ר_

useradd  D

useradd -D []



useradd is a low level utility for adding users. On

Debian, administrators should usually use adduser (8)

instead     -D  useradd

      

  .      ,  useradd   ,        

    .




1.2.   info.


   man  info     .    ,  , Page up, Page down,  , , , .  q  .



$ info strings

STRINGS (1) GNU Development Tools STRINGS (1)

NAME

strings  print the strings of printable characters in files.

 strings       .




1.3.      max3.


$ useradd max3

useradd: Permission denied.

useradd:    /etc/passwd;    .

$ sudo  s

[sudo] password for max1:

root@HP: ~# useradd max3

root@HP: ~# passwd max3

   UNIX: xxxxxxxx

    UNIX: xxxxxxxx

passwd:   .




1.4.   c  max3.


root@HP: ~# deluser max3

  max3

:  `max3'   .

.




1.5.     .


#shutdown  h now

#shutdown  r +5

#shutdown  h 21:00

#halt

#poweroff




1.6.     .


#shutdown -r now

#shutdown -r +5

#shutdown -r 11:30

#reboot

#init6




1.7.     .


# telinit n

n=0  

n=1  

n=2     

n=3   

n=4  

n=5    11

n=6 



#init 0 




1.8.    ^d,^c.


^d = trl + d (done)  .

^c = ctrl + c (cancel)    .




1.9.   .


  -.

 Linux 6 .

trl + alt + F1-F6    6-   .

ctrl + alt + F7   .




1.10.  date -     .


max@HP: ~$ date

. . 210:00:03 MSK 2014




1.11.     .


$ sudo date  set="2014-09-03 10:00:20"

. . 310:00:20 MSK 2014




1.12.  cal -   .


$ cal

 2017

      

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24 25

26 27 28 29 30




1.13.   12 .


$ cal -m 12

 2017

      

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18 19 20 21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28

29 30 31




1.14.    2018 .


$ cal -m 1 2018

2018

      

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18 19 20 21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28

29 30 31




1.15.      tee.


 tee           .

# man -f tee

tee (1)  read from standard input and write to

standard output 

tee (2)  duplicating pipe content

root@HP: ~# whatis tee

tee (1)  read from standard input and write to

standard output 

tee (2)  duplicating pipe content




1.16.      tee.


$ whereis  b tee

tee: /usr/bin/tee /usr/bin/X11/tee




1.17.      .


$ which tee /usr/bin/tee

  ,       . $which tee $




1.18.       tee.


$ whereis -m tee

tee: /usr/share/man/man2/tee.2.gz /usr/share/man/man1/tee.1.gz

max1@HP: ~$ whatis -w tee

tee (1)  read from standard input and write to standard output 

tee (2)  duplicating pipe content




1.19.    .


$ touch uchfile.txt




1.20.     cat.


$cat >uchfile.txt

Hello my friend! ^d  ^d=ctrl + d




1.21.    1- .


$ cat> uchfile.txt ^d  $cat uchfile.txt  




1.22.    2- .


root@HP: ~# cat>f1.txt

Hello

    .

   

root@HP: ~# echo "">f1.txt; cat f1.txt

 .




1.23.     file.


$ touch uchfile.txt $ file uchfile.txt uchfile.txt: empty

$ cat>uchfile.txt

Good morning

$ file uchfile.txt

uchfile.txt: ASCII text




1.24.  3-   .


$ cat>f4.txt

Cat

$ cat>f5.txt

drink

$ cat>f6.txt

milk

$ cat f4.txt f5.txt f6.txt>f7.txt; cat f7.txt

Cat

drink

milk




1.25.  hexdump


     .

max1@HP: ~$ hexdump uchfile.txt

0000000 6f47 646f 6d20 726f 696e 676e 000a 000000d




1.26.  strings    

  .


 

max1@HP: ~$ cat test4.txt

12345

max1@HP: ~$ strings -f test4.txt

test4.txt: 12345 ##  -f    .




 2.   Linux   .





2.1.      ls.


$ ls -a   

$ ls -1   ()  1 

$ ls l    

$ ls -F     .




2.2. ,   .


*  .

/ 

@ 

| FIFO

# 




2.3.    .


  

 

 FIFO

 

Magenta ,  , .




2.4.        .


$ basename /home/max1/uchfile.txt

uchfile.txt




2.5.        .


$ dirname /home/max1/uchfile.txt

/home/max1




2.6.     cp -i.


$ cp -i uchfile.txt uchfile4.txt

cp:  uchfile4.txt? y




2.7.   cp -R.   d1  d2.


$cp -R d1 d2




2.8.    .  mv.


  d4     d5.

$ mkdir d4

$ ls d4    

    

$ mv d4 d5

$ ls d5  

      




2.9.  ,  rm.


$ rm uchfile4.txt




2.10.    ,  .


$ rm -Rf <folder>

R-       .

f-     .




 3.  dd (   ).





3.1.  dd.  .


 

if    

of    

bs=n  

ibs=nn     

obs=nn     

seek=nn   

skip=nn     

conv=notrunc     

conv=noerr    

conv=sync      ibs-size

 

If    

of    

bs=n  

ibs=nn     

obs=nn     

seek=nn   

skip=nn.     




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/vyacheslav-vyacheslavovich-tkachev/linux-spravochnoe-posobie/)  .

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