  
  


    ,     . ,     ,  5000  .     ,  2715 .  . .,     ,        .       ,        XX .              ,    .




  ,   , ,           . ..   ,         




 


          .  ,   ,     ,  . ,  ,      XXI.,        ,       ,     ,       .

  ,  ,    ?      ?      ,    ,  .  ,   ,  ,       ,   .          ,        .          ,     .      ,    ,    ,                 ,    .       ,   ,      ?     .          ,       ,     ,    ?

   ,             , ,        ,     .    ? ,   ,  ,     .  ,       .   ,      ,      ,      .

      ,      .                 , ,     ,   .     ,           .




 1.   


       ,    .   ,           ,    .

                      15  1869.[1 -      1918.    . 26  1918.               (      XIII   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC)  4  1582.   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C) ,     1  45.  .  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D1%8D.).   )]   - .  1891.         [1].


    

    ,    ,   .      ,     .        .    ,         ,            ,      .

,    ,           ,     .                    .      .        XVIII. ,                ,         ,           [4].

,     XVIII. ..  (17111765)    .. [2 - -,  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC)   I,   .      ( 1778.),      ( 1783.).     ] (17271797)             ,        [2].   ,     ,            ,     ,   (     .).

 ,       ,   .          . ,    [3 -    VII.  1797.]  [4 -  962  1806.      ],       ,         Proveditori di sanita  Stadtphysici,       ,           .               ,   .  ,    ,   ,   ,  ,     ,    ,   .

         ,    ,    .. [3]. ,   ,       ,    .

         .      Antonio Nunes Ribeiro Sanchez (16991782),     17311741., ,      .

  1731. ,          ,   .  1735.            ,   -.    , 3  1740.    -[5 -  . hoff  ],   [6 -  -    Johann Bernhard von Fischer (16851772).       30  1716.  I] -[7 -  . leib  ]      (17181746),   VI (17401764)    17401741.    -.         ,     II,   1744. Sanchez      .         15 ,          (17281762),    III [6].

 ,        , ,   III    . ,      Karl Hampe[8 -   Die Geschichte kennt kein Wenn (.)      蔻] (18691936),     .       .

 1747. Sanchez     ,     ,    [9 -  ( . ?????  ,  ???????  )            ,     ,   .        ,     ,       ].  1774.          ,         1799.   IX  XII Sanchez       ,  .            .

 ,   ,       .   ,     ,           .

        1769.   G. Armstrong (? 1784)  .       . George Armstrong         ,        ,   1769.         .  ,   12        35000    3000 .           .       1781.,     -  ,       ,     Armstrong  .

    Armstrong.     1767.            .  1777.    ,     , ,    ,    ,             .  , Armstrong,     W. Kadogan[10 -     ,   : 1771.   , 1750.         ] (17111797),       .

                  ,     :      ,   ,    .              ,     .     ,      ,       (          ) [4]. ,     ,   ,      XVIII .

        1802.      Hotel Dieu ( ),   1362.         .            787. .    ,  1180.,      ,    1198. .

    1706.      (? 1716)          ,           ,          (  ) [5].      ,        .

,    I (16721725)   [11 -          IV   1547.  I     1682  1721.   I     V  (1666 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1666_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4)  1696). 25  1682 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1682) .    (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%28%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%29)  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C)     : 黠       (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0)    (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4),        .      (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD)   .  1689.       (1657 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1657_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4)  1704 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1704_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4))    (1629 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1629_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4)  1676 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1676_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4))     ]    [12 -  1721  1725.]      ,        .

          .  11   I        [13 -    .         .  1702.       Johan Cruse,          (17001721)     [6]],    I (16841727),     .

   I  1714.                .       ,      . 1 1721.                     .

  ,   I      .         .       I :       ,      .        [7].          .


    

               .

1  1763.   II     ,          ..  (17041795) [8].

     ,    [14 - ,    ,     ],     ,    ,      II (100. .    50. . ),    .     ..  (17281793)  .. [15 -    F.B. Rastrelli (17001771)     ,  1789.    .           I] (17301801),      21  1764.     II.      1767.,     1781.,       .  17951797.      ,  18011806.      .   ,        .

     XVIII.      Giliardi    Giovanni ,   ,    (17591819),   1817.    , Domenico ,     ,   (17851845),    ..  (17821868)    .          [16 -       ,         ,      ]          .. [17 -           (1835.)      .           - (18411843)] (17941855).    ,  19391940.,    .. [18 -  19551960.   ] (19061996)    ,  .

        ,       ,           (, , , ),           .      ,   ,              [19 -    1817.].      100   . . .  18191917.       ,        ,   1819.     [20 -                 ..      1798.,  1799.    ]   [9].

           .         ,    ,   ,    .

  ,       .         523 ,        429,   82%,   1764  1797.   11%    [10].

 1770.   ..           ,   1771.    ,   1806.         .

        II   , ,    [11].   ,                .       3. .      1   1.          .       ,        ,          ,        .      ,          [11].

            [21 -  . ambo dic   ,          ] (17441812).       ,    ,     .  1769.        .  1770.          ..[22 -  .. .  ,          20. .  6       (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C._%D0%92._%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0),  ,       (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0),         ] (17201761)     ,  26  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/26_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F) 1775.        .   1776. -,            ,         [4].

 1777.            .    -             , -    .

10  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F) 1781. .. -           ,          .  1784.       ,        .

,         .          , [23 -  . baro  , .         I (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_I),      1710 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1710) . ..,   17011722.   .  1723.    , ,   ,    ,        .     1725.    I     I  -] I. Mohrenheim (17591797), -   ,     I  Sophia Marie Dorothea Augusta Luisa von W?rttemberg (17591828).  ,     , ,      ,             .

 1797.   ..   I (17541801)       , ,     ,     .


     

        6  1834.,     I,     ,  60 ,      40   .  1860.,  25-  ,        I ( 1996.  5 . .. ).     -  I .. [24 -   ..     Georges Charles d'Anth?s] (17861859), ..  (17861835),      ,   ..  (17821848).      ..  (17821844)    [25 -  ,   1827.,  III  ,  1880.      ]   III      [26 -   1826.      ,   1880.].               , ,       .

 1902.       ..  (18601939).             .  , 30.  1912.   ,   -,          .      ..  (18731922).      1912.           II   1917.

       .  1922.    ..  (18821961),    -      .

          1830- .       ..  (18091840).  1819. ,  ,      ,    .  1826. ..     ,  1828.   -    .        18301831. ,        III [27 -  14  1735.  Karl Friedrich Holstein-Gottorp (17001739)         (17081728),    I    ,          .               .       .. ,     .. ,      .. ,   II  ,    . ..    .. ,  , ,      ],   1835.   .  1837.              II,  .  ..        ,        [12].

  1840. -   .. [28 -  ..      ,   (17411837)       .. ] (17711844)      ,        [29 - ..   1828.    ..  (17131782)    ] [13].                   .           : 1832.  4594    1081.        ,            ,      .

         30.     .. ,  - ..  (17461811),   [30 -  XVI.       , ..    , ] , 15.  15          ,   1803.,      1812.      100 ,    ..  (18011885)     .               .. ,  [31 -     1812.     ] (17831841).            6  1842.     .  1846.          .

       ,    1842  1862.  18621870.        (18231870),  18701874.    (18321891),  18741894.    (18341895),  18971904.    (18451904),  19041911.    (18631921) [14].   ,      ,   1888.      .     1907.           ,      .         ..  (18471902),       1922.

 1883.    ,    ,    . 30  1885.  ..  (18291902)            ,     (17981885),    ,                     ,      .          .. [32 -      ,     ] (18291897),   .         140. . 1890.   ,     ,   .

       ,       60. .         (18411888),   1-    (18331918)  ,      ..  .

12  1887.    .   -    100 ,    :   ,  ,   , , .       (18291897)    .      .     .  1898.         [15].

,      ,      1887  1892.  1552   67 (4,3%)   .

 1876.          100 ,      400. .     ..   (18261881).            (18541855)   (18681869)                ..  (18331916)    -  ..  (18291910).       100       .

      [33 -   4-  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%85),      (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE),   -    -  ] ..  (18301896).             1921.   ..  (18771921),   .   1991.        .    ,        .

 1886.      - (18491905),     1. .,        [34 -     ,  25.12.1952.       ]  30 ,         (18141876).      .. [35 -     (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82)        (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%8C%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5)] (18411906)  ..  (18521905)   - .. [36 -        .      ] (18351915),     ..  (18301896)   .. .

    ,    [37 -  17.05.1802.  I   ,  1814.     .  1918.     ,   ]      .  ,     ,  ,           .       80  100 ,      200.

      ,             ..  (18571929).  ,       1881.,            ,       ,             ,       ..  (18501904)[38 -     1898.,   3     ,       .       1902.     ].  1893.              .  1889.           .  1886. ..         ,   18891927.       .  18831885.




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/maksim-urevich-rykov/istoriya-detskoy-onkologii/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


     1918.    . 26  1918.               (      XIII   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC)  4  1582.   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C) ,     1  45.  .  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D1%8D.).   )




2


-,  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC)   I,   .      ( 1778.),      ( 1783.).     




3


   VII.  1797.




4


 962  1806.      




5


 . hoff  




6


 -    Johann Bernhard von Fischer (16851772).       30  1716.  I




7


 . leib  




8


  Die Geschichte kennt kein Wenn (.)      蔻




9


 ( . ?????  ,  ???????  )            ,     ,   .        ,     ,       




10


    ,   : 1771.   , 1750.         




11


         IV   1547.  I     1682  1721.   I     V  (1666 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1666_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4)  1696). 25  1682 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1682) .    (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%28%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%29)  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C)     : 黠       (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0)    (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4),        .      (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD)   .  1689.       (1657 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1657_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4)  1704 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1704_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4))    (1629 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1629_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4)  1676 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1676_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4))     




12


 1721  1725.




13


   .         .  1702.       Johan Cruse,          (17001721)     [6]




14


,    ,     




15


   F.B. Rastrelli (17001771)     ,  1789.    .           I




16


      ,         ,      




17


          (1835.)      .           - (18411843)




18


 19551960.   




19


   1817.




20


                ..      1798.,  1799.    




21


 . ambo dic   ,          




22


 .. .  ,          20. .  6       (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C._%D0%92._%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0),  ,       (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0),         




23


 . baro  , .         I (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_I),      1710 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1710) . ..,   17011722.   .  1723.    , ,   ,    ,        .     1725.    I     I  -




24


  ..     Georges Charles d'Anth?s




25


 ,   1827.,  III  ,  1880.      




26


  1826.      ,   1880.




27


 14  1735.  Karl Friedrich Holstein-Gottorp (17001739)         (17081728),    I    ,          .               .       .. ,     .. ,      .. ,   II  ,    . ..    .. ,  , ,      




28


 ..      ,   (17411837)       .. 




29


..   1828.    ..  (17131782)    




30


 XVI.       , ..    , 




31


    1812.     




32


     ,     




33


  4-  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%85),      (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE),   -    -  




34


    ,  25.12.1952.       




35


    (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82)        (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%8C%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5)




36


       .      




37


 17.05.1802.  I   ,  1814.     .  1918.     ,   




38


    1898.,   3     ,       .       1902.     


