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      1535    . ,     XVI    [20 - . .7. .244.].  1600?        -  .              ,     .     ,        .              , -,   ,        [21 - ..   , 16351758. 2?. .:, 1983. .1943; Khodarkovsky. Where Two Worlds Met. .58.].


 

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 ,   ,  ,  ,    . ʠ,     1501,                    .      ,      ,     .      .  ,      ,     ,            .       ,       ,    . ,      , ,    ,    ,       [26 - . .41. 43. .196; 72. .354; .95. 38. .706; . .9. .100108.].

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   XV      ,     .  1500       ,     .  1571     ,       [28 - . .41. 68. .333.].       ,  ,    .         ,         .     ,  ,  ,     [29 - ..       XVII. .; .: , 1948. .211.      .: Beauplan Le VasseurG. A Description of Ukraine. .4861; CollinsL.J.D. The Military Organization of the Crimean Tatars during the 16th and 17thCenturies// War, Technology and Society in the Middle East/ ds. V.J.Parry, M. Yapp. London: Oxford University Press, 1975. P.257276.].

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ʠ XVI       .    ,       .  1532        ,  ,   ,     .       ,   ,      ,  ,       30 [32 -    :     (:  ). .:, 1965. .13. .65; . .95. 2. .1921.].

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  , ,    頖    .        ,       ,    . , ,   ,      1551.           ,     ,     ,   ,  .       200 ,    .    IV, ,       [45 - . .8. .284.].

        ,    . ʠ, 1538  ,  IV          .  ,  , ,   ,     (  )       ,     ,    .      . ,  ,     .       ,      ,          .  ,      ,   []     [ ].               [46 -  . .6465; ..    :  15. .:- - , 19591966. .3. .413415, 444.].

        XVI.  1529          ()   ().  ࠖ[47 - Fisher. The Ottoman Crimea in the Sixteenth Century// Harvard Ukrainian Studies ( HUS). 1981. 2. P.141142.].       .    ,     ,    ,     () . ,  ,   ,      .   XVI                [48 - Inalcik. The Customs Registers of Caffa, 14871490// Sources and Studies on the Ottoman Black Sea/ d. V. Ostapchuk. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996. Vol.1. P.93, 145146; An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 13001914/ ds. . Inalcik, D. Quataert. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. .283285.].

                     ,    .   ,     :    ,             [49 - SugarP.F. The Ottoman Professional Prisoner on the Western Borders of the Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries// Etudes Balkaniques. 1971. Vol.7. 2. P.8291. . : Stein. Seventeenth-Century Ottoman Forts and Garrisons on the Habsburg Frontier. Ph. D. diss., University of Chicago, 2000. Ch. 1.].

,   ,  ,   .     ,        . ,          ,  ,    .          .   ,       1670?,       ,         ,      [50 - . .95. 16. .292; . .123.  . .13. .57;    ,   . .1. .386397.].

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  XVI      .    ,      ,   ,      .               ,         [52 - . .10. .124132; . .89.  . .3. .114115, 260.].

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  XVIII        .        ,  ,     .   ,         .    , 1717, ,     ,  ,  12 107 ,    . ,            : , 1673   400    174 , 1742   800  1000     [54 -   . . .1714. .1. .. 66. .169; Khodarkovsky. Where Two Worlds Met. .159161; -  XVIXVIII. 88. .209.].

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, ,   -  ,            ,  [56 -    : XVIIXVIII.  :  2. .:, 1989. .1. 3. .4344. ,      -     .              ,        .].    ,       ,    .  1517        III,    :         򠖠[57 - . .95. 21. .358.].          ,   ,    [58 - . .8. .270272; . .95. 21. .378.].

 XVI                        .  XVIII  ,   ,   .        ,     ,     ,     ,   .   ,   ,           .      ,          [59 - -  XVIXVIII. 224. .570571; . .14. 10654. .677678; .20. 14489. .402; .22. 16534. .839.         5.].

  XVIII         .         ,       ,       ,     [60 -  . 255. .573.].    -     ,  :        .




 


      ,  .       ,      ,       .  ,  ,    ;       .             ,  1533         .  ,      : -    ,    . Ƞ  ,    ,    ,    [61 - . .9. .103.].

 XVIXVII                      .    ,    (  ).       ; 1555    1000  20  .  1688         9  ,     20   . ,     .        , 1551  1564,       7400  ,       [62 -  . .8. .219, 223223, 249, 289, 293, 301, 322; .9. .1, 16, 36, 72, 79, 90, 105, 152, 189, 218, 238, 296, 301; .10. .14, 89, 153, 210, 212; .11. .1, 9496; . .119. .1.  . .8. .2; Khodarkovsky. Where Two Worlds Met. .127.   ,   XVII  30  50      ; .: . Π   . 4?. .: .   , 1906. .92; . : ..       XVI. ., 1956. .19.].

       1579.  ,      ,       ,    .   ,    .          ,   (),       ,           .        ,           .    ,      ,      .         ,      .         ,  ,        ,  : , , , , , , , ,  , ,    .      ,   ,     [63 - . .127. .1.  . .9. .1622.           ; .:     XVI: / . ... .:  , 1983.].

      .  XVI   , ,       : , ,  , , , ,  , , , ,   .    ,  , ,  ,  ,     .   XVII        ,         .              ,     , ,  ,   [64 - . .8. .2526; .9. .280282; Khodarkovsky. Where Two Worlds Met. .2627; . .13. 1585. .313.].       ,        .

          ,         ,    .    , ,     ,   ,   ,  ,    ,  , , ,   .       , , ,  ,        .          ,    .   ,   ,     .   1500?   , ,    ,   ,      ,  ,      [65 - . .41. 28. .106107; 43. .196; 58. .268269; 63. .296; 80. .391398; 81. .399413; 97. .515; .95. 2. .2230. 37. .673; 38. .680688. Π    .: An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire. P.275314.].

ʠ XVI             .     ,          .    ,      ,     .  1620?,          ,         ,    .          ,    , ,      ,     .   ,       , , , ,  [66 -       /  . . :  3. ., 18901898. .3. .633634; ..     (,  1727). .:, 1977. .230.      XVII .: HellieR. The Economy and Material Culture of Russia, 16001725. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. O       .: BostanI. Rusyanin Karadenizde Ticarete Baslamasi ve Osmanli Imparatorlugu (17001787)// T?rk Tarih Kurumu, Belleten. 1995. Vol.59. S.353394.].

 XVIII       :   , , , ,            ,         ,   .           1717,  I          - .   : ,   ,  ,   [67 - Khodarkovsky. Where Two Worlds Met. .157161.].

          ,   .  1730?,      ,         . ,     ,    ,   .       .  ,      ,    ,      .          ,          [68 - -  XVIXVIII. 38. .96; ..  -. : - . -, 1988. .552.   .  5.].

  XVIII   ,     ,     ,    ,   .  ,      ,        ,  .  XVIII       .    ,           .  1770?       :     ,    ; -,   ,        ,  ,              ,         [69 - -  XVIXVIII. 225. .576; 246. .630; -  XVIIIXIX. 27. .57.          : KeenanE.L. Muscovy and Kazan: Some Introductory Remarks on the Patterns of Steppe Diplomacy// Slavic Review. 1967. Vol.26. 4. P.548558.].

      1860?       .   500  ,   ,       堖.      ,        ,       ,      .    ,                      ,      [70 - -  XVIXVIII. 37. .89. 170. .439440; -  XVIIIXIX:   . -: , 1964. 83. .143144.].

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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


KeenanE.L. Reply// Russian Review. 1987. Vol.46. 2. P.200.




2


    ,   ,  : ShawD.J.B. Southern Frontiers of Muscovy, 15501700// Studies in Russian Historical Geography/ ds. J.H.Bater, R.A.French. London: Academic Press, 1983. Vol.1. P.117142.




3


    .: BartlettR. The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 9501350. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993; MacKay. Spain in the Middle Ages: From Frontier to Empire, 10001500. New York: St. Martins Press, 1977.




4


       , .: Macaulay.. Rankes History of the Popes// Critical Historical Essays. 2vols. London: J.M.Dent and Sons, 1907. Vol.2. P.50.




5


       XVIIIXIX: ..,  .., .. ...




6


     (堖).   . .248. .3.    , 17201721. .94. .5556.




7


. .248. .126.       . 135. .91.




8


   -   -      : Khazanov. Nomads and the Outside World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985; BarfieldT.J. The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China. Cambridge; Mass.: Basil Blackwell, 1989.




9


..-. -  XVXVIII. -:   , 1988. .2427; ..     . .:, 1992. .7078; : - / . .. . :   -, 1988. .1822; ..   . .:, 1974. .412414; BregelY. Tribal Tradition and Dynastic History: The Early Rulers of the Qongrats according to Munis// Asian and African Studies. 1982. Vol.16. P.386.




10


.  / . ... .: - .., 1908. .157.




11


    ( ). .: .  , 17861801:  11.;  : Slavic Printings and Reprintings 251/ Ed. van C.H.Schooneveld. The Hague: Mouton, 1970. Vol.8. P.264265; Vol.9. P.17, 249250.




12


. .11. .233236, 271298;    1 (16031606).  / . ..//         :  ( ). ., 18451918. .264. .1 (1918). .110; ..-. - . .3840; ..   . .414; . .8. .269277. .9. .3739.




13


..-. - . .4245. , 1580           ,         . .  . 9. .156157.




14


..     . : . -, 1923,   1990. .4345, 7283; Inalcik. Giray// Islam Ansiklopedisi. Istanbul: Milli Egitim Basimevi, 1948. Vol.4. P.783785.




15


-..    :  4. .: .  , 18631867. .2. .410448; .. -  //   . 1940. 61. .2839;      ( ):  148. ., 18671916. .95. 2. .3940.




16


..     . .190195, 198209; KeenanE.L. Muscovy and Kazan, 14451552: A Study in Steppe Politics. Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1965. P.8997; RorlichA.A. The Volga Tatars: A Profile in National Resilience. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1986. P.2830.




17


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