    (  XVIII     )
  


            ,        ,             .        ,       ,      ,            .









             [1 -    : ,     .   ,               ,   1992       (Intelligence Organization Act of 1992, Pub. L. 102496, title VII, 702, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3188).   ,      ,    ,      ,       ,       .].

      XVIII ,      ,  ,       ,     ,       ,      .

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 ,            .       ,          .     ,   ,       ,      ,    .        ,         XX ,   ,      .

                    ,         .      ,      ,     . ,  ,     , ,   ,     ,       .               .        ,   .  , ,      ,     .         ,           .

,            ,  ,             .       ,           .   ,        ,                ,       ,      .

      .               .          ,             843 .   , ,  ,           ,      .

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        .      ,               ,       ,        ,      .       , ,        ,         . ,              ,           : ,         ,  .        ..      ,         [2 - . :  ..,   ,  32. .:   , 1969. .78-79.].

        .   ?                    ?          ,        ,     ?        ,    ,             ,          ?

           .     ,        ,    ,   . ,     ,          ,      .       ,        ,     .

,       1776 ,      [3 -         ., : Becker Carl L. The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1942; Malone Dumas The Story of the Declaration of Independence, New York: Oxford University Press, 1954; Bailyn, Bernard The Origins of Independence, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968.].      ,    .   21  1788 ,     1787      (-)        13      .      ,      .      ,      ,             .  . ,           ,            ( .   .      ,  .   . [4 -   : status hominum naturalis est status belli omnium in omnes. .:  ,      / .   .    . .: , 1966. . 4. . 1. . .   . .: , 1980. .333]   Bellum omnium contra omnes),         ()       .

                  ,          .          , ,      ,             [5 -             .:    XVIIXVIII .  . . . . ., , 1983. . 109134.],      ,                .

 ,          .             . ,         - ,      ,        ,    , -      .

     ,      ,      ,    XI-XIII :   ,     I     II (    ),     ,     1215 ,        ,     .  ,              1776 .

       ,                .  ,                          ,              XXI .          .      ,     .

     :  ,     ,           ,    ,   ,    ,   .         :      (           );  ,        ;    ,       ,       .

      ,        .        ,   .  ,         ,    .      ,           ,             ,     .

,           ,  -,       .        .         ,     ,   .   ,          ,     , ,      .   ,       ,     ,        ,    [6 -    (        )         .            ,       .].                   ,            ,   ,   XIX  XX        ,    .

             .                        .         ,                 [7 -      ,    - ,                 . ., : Capture of the British brigs Detroit and Caledonia, January 13, 1813. 99, 12th Congress, 2nd Session. American State Papers, Documents, Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States. Naval Affairs. Wash., 1834. Vol. 1. P.282.].          ,    :        [8 - ., : Message, transmitting a treaty of commerce, Sept. 13, 1816. 284, Senate, 14th Congress, 2nd Session American State Papers, Documents, Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States. Foreign Relations. Wash., 1832. Vol. 4. P.98; Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with Prussia, communicated to the Senate, 1828, May 9. 491, 20th Congress, 1st Session. American State Papers, Documents, Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States. Foreign Relations. Wash., 1832. Vol. 6. P.992.],         [9 - .: Message showing the negotiations with Great Britain, 1808, Mar. 22. 214, 10th Congress, 1st Session. American State Papers, Documents, Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States. Foreign Relations. Wash., 1832. Vol. 3. P.80.].

  1823       " "        .                       .      , ,   ,              .                 (1838-1839 )[10 - Carruth Gorton The Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates, New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1997.]    (1846-1848 )[11 - Paulus Robert D. Pack Mules and Surf Boats: Logistics in the Mexican War, Army Logistician November/December 1997.].

  XIX     ,         (         ),     ,   ,    ,     -   . -      ,  ,            .     ,       ,     ,         ,         .

    .           XX ,                    (,   ,      ).            .          ,        .       - .   . ,    ,    30-       ,            ,    :                     [12 - Spykman H.J. America's Strategy in the world politics: the United States and the balance of power. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1942.].

 ,    ,      ,    .         ,         .  ,         , ,     ,    .                   :   .            , ,        ,         .

  ,               .   ,       ,            .   ,                  ,          .

  ,          ,                . ,          ,        .              ,       ,     ,     ,  .

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 ,        ,     ,   ,        .     :           ,        .          -  .       - ,         .         ,      ,          ,       !       ,        [13 -  .     .       ,    . .: , 1992. .183.].

        :       -    ,            ,      , ,                  .                   .

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  ,        ,           ,            .            ,         .         ,        .        .   ,       ,      .

  ,         ,        ,      .   ,        .                   .

              ,       .        .      1939        , -   ,    ,       ,             ,       .

            ,  . ,                  ,        ,       .

  ,   ,               .          ,   ,   .         XVIII      ,      1861-1865 ,        .

 ,         ,       ,      .    ,                .          ,      ,     .             .

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,       .       ,  ,      .              ,   ,    .     ,       .  ,     ,    ,      ,         .

        ,     ,       .                    .  :  ,   ,     ,   ,  ,   .

     ,           .                 .      ,      ,              .    ,         ,       ,     .    ,    ,       ,            .

         ,    .          ,       .        ,    ,      ,            ,        .

, -     ,       ,            .             .               "   "     -[14 - .: -.    . . :  ..  . . ., . 1976. . 44.].         ,         ,       ,      ,    ,    ,       .           [15 -  ,            ,      .].

                ,  .                 ,     ,   90-  XX ,    .             ,       .

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          ,  .               -,     ,       .   -  ,      .    ,      ,          .

 -              .   ,         (     )                       .

         ,          .   2013       [16 - . : Glenn Greenwald, NSA Collecting Phone Records of Millions of Verizon Customers Daily, The Guardian, June 5, 2013.],   ,     ,   ,          . ,    ,          .

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  -  ,       ,     .      ,        .                ,    -  (  ,     ,      ).                     .        .   ,        .

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 I.       XVIII    1947 





 1.     XX 





1.1.        (1775-1783 )


         ,  ,   ,               .            ,           .

           2-    1775 .        ,      ,    18  1775      (Secret Committee),       [17 - .: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume II/, September 18, 1775. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1905. P.253-254.].

         :  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  -,  ,  [18 - O'Toole G.J.A., "Benjamin Franklin: American Spymaster or British Mole?", International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, vol. 3, .1, P. 45-53.].

               .            , ,    .       .            , , ,            .

           .           ,     ,        , [19 - .: Van Doren Carl, Secret History of the American Revolution, The New York: Garden City Publishing, 1941, P.78.].

         .             ,                     .

         ,           ,               .           .                    .     ,    ,      .

             .      .

             ,        ,       (Committee of Secret Correspondence).    :  ,  ,   ()    ().

       , ,         , ,           2-  .       ,   .             . ,  1781      ,          .             .  ,  ,  ,                 .

                 .       ,            .                     .

           ,      (      ).              [20 - .: Hinsdale Mary L. A History of the President's Cabinet.: George Wahr. 1911. P. 19.].

         ,         .                .           200       ,          1775 [21 - .: []. URL:https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/intelligence/intellopos.html].

, ,      .  1776 ,                   " ",     .              .

   ,   29  1776     XVI ,                      .              ,           ,    ,          .

      ,          .     ,       .    ,   ,       .

 XVI           .          Roderigue Hortalez et Cie.        ,      ,      .       ,      ""           [22 - .: Morton Brain, Vergennes, Beaumarchais and Roderigue Hortalez et Cie/ Proceeding of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French Historical Studies,  3, 1975. P.256-262.].

           26  1776             (Benjamin Franklin),   (Silas Deane)    (Arthur Lee).       ,           .                      .  ,      1778                      ,        .    ,             .       XVI     .                   .

 ,            .   ,      .  ,   ,    ,  ,  ,  ,     .           ,     ,    .

       .     -         ,  "    ,     "[23 - .: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume III/, November 29, 1775. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1905 . P.392.].

     , 17  1777 ,          [24 - .: Hinsdale Mary L. A History of the President's Cabinet.: George Wahr. 1911. P. 19-20.].         -    .    , ,            ,        .

 ,  10  1781        (Department of Foreign Affairs),     ,          .      ,  ,      ,  ,   ,     .

        ,      , 5  1776        ,     ",          "[25 - .: .: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume V/, June 5, 1776. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1906 . P.418-419.].

                  (Committee on Spies).     :  ,  ,  ,     .                 ׸,         .

        .        ,     .  ,      ׸          .   1776 ,                .

      ,           ,        .          ,   .  ,   ,       ,        .              [26 - .: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume V/, August 21, 1776. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1906 . P.693.].

  1778        ,              ,    "   "[27 - .: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume X/ Resolution of February 27, 1778. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1908 P.204.].

 ,     2-              ,      .             .

           (Commission for Detecting and Defeating Conspiracies),   -   1776 .       ,     ,       ,     ,         .   1778      ,       ,       ,      .            .               500     ,    ,       (John Jay )     [28 - Pennypacker Morton, George Washington's Spies on Long Island and in New York, Brooklyn, 1939, P.31.].

        ,          .    ,      ,     ,     ,    .  , , ,                    .

             .         ,    ,        .

           " "      .            , ,        [29 -   . ,        1787       "". Federalist  67-71. In: The Federalist Papers/ Ed. C. Rossiter, The New York, 1961.].

 1776         -     .     " "    ,      ,       .       150   .   " "    ,           .

 1778        .        ,      .              [30 - .: Van Doren Carl, Secret History of the American Revolution, The New York: Garden City Publishing, 1941, P.341.].

     , .          , ,   ,       , ,     [31 - .: Washington J. Letter to Concel Elias Dayton, 26 July 1777.].

       .           ,         : "    ,   () .   ,        "[32 - .: Edward F. Sayle, "George Washington, Manager of Intelligence," Studies in Intelligence, vol. 27, . 4, 1983, P. 3-8.].

               .           2-  ,        .        .

                ,    ,   .       ,            .             (Benedict Arnold),        " ",            .

  1780  ,    ,      (John Champe)         .   ,   ,        ,   ,       .  ,      ,      ,     .

       " ",   -.      -        , ,   ,                 .

         ,      .  1782          III    (   IV)  ,   -   . ,          .          .

                ,  ,      -  ,       .             ,          ,     ,           .




1.2.     XVIII    XIX  (1783-1865 )


   ,  13                    .             ,        ,  :    (Committee of Secret Correspondence),   (Secret Committee),    (Committee on Spies)  .

  ,      ,              .  ,             ,         .           ,       ,        .

    ,    .   ,  ,          .  ,    XVIII   XIX                 .           ,   .    ,      ,          .

    ,                  ,               .        ,                  ,            .

,       ,    , ,         ,     .       1790             .                ,       (Contingent Fund of Foreign Intercourse (Secret Service Fund).         40 000 .        [33 - ., : An act providing the means of intercourse between the United States and foreign nations, June 1, 1796, ch. 41, 1 Stat.493.].

           ,   ,  ,       ,     .                .    1846           ,   ,     ,            [34 - .: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, 1845-1846 Friday, April 10, 1846. Washington: Printed by Ritchie & Heiss, 1846 P.657.].

,           .            ,    ,         ,    .                 .

          ,         . ,       (1846-1848 )           (US Armys Corps of Engineers),              [35 - .: Fishel Edwin C., The Secret War for the Union: The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the CivilWar: New York, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1988. P.9.].

       ,     1812 ,  -    ,        16    .           .    XIX    -               ,     .




1.3.        (1861-1865 .)


      XIX ,   1861-1865 ,        (  ).                .        ,                .   ,            .

            (Signal and Secret Service Bureau),          .              ,      ,    .     ,   ,         ,  ,             [36 - .: Gaddy David, William Norris and the Confederate Signal and Secret Service //Maryland Historical Magazine, Volume 70, . 2, Spring 1975. P 167.].

           .      30  1864          [37 - .: Hearing before the Select Committee on intelligence of the US Senate, 98-th Congress, 1-st session, On National Historic Intelligence museum. Nov. 3, 1983, Wash. 1984, P. 7.]. ,        ,      ,  ,    .

    ,       ,   - .              .                , ,     .

           .    ,        ,       .        ,               ,  .

       .   1861          ,    1863 .           ,       .

      1863               (Bureau of Military Information),      (George H. Sharpe).         ,    , -    ,   [38 - .: Intelligence in the Civil War. A publication of the Central Intelligence Agency P.23. []. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/additional-publications/civil-war/Intel_in_the_CW1.pdf ( : 25.04.2014)].

,       ,           . , -  ,  ,      .  1865 ,   ,            .           - .

     ,     ,  ,          ,   ,       ,    .          ,         .

               1850      [39 -  ,   ,     1842 .  1856        .       1861 .     .   1884 .       . . .].          ,     .     (       ),          ,       .            (Union Intelligence Service ).

           ,          .                .   ,            ,          ,      ,       [40 - .: Allan Pinkerton. The Spy of the Rebellion. New York, G.W. Carleton and Company, 1883. P.89-96.].

,            ,             .            1862 ,    [41 - .: Horan James D. The Pinkertons: The Detective Dynasty That Made History. New York, Crown Publisher, 1967. P.115-137.].

     ,     ,     ,       ,     .               .            ,       ,        .            XVIII .    ,       ,             ,  ,            .




1.4.       .


 ,            ,             1861-1865 . ,   1863 ,    ,         ,     3- ,        ,          [42 - .: An Act to amend an Act entitled "An Act to provide Internal Revenue to support the Government and pay interest on the Public Debt," approved July 102 first, eighteen hundred and sixty-too, and for other Purposes, Mar. 31863, ch. 74, sec. 20, 12 Stat. 726.]. ,                    ,              .

    ,   1863 ,   14  1865     (Secret Service Division),             .             1865 [43 - .: Bowen Walter S. & Neal Harry Edward The United States Secret Service, Philadelphia and New York: Chilton Company. 1960, P. 13.].

               .   XIX         .           ,          .     .   ,         ,   ,  .

 ,           ,       (    ,    )[44 - ., : Donald, D.,Lincoln. Simon and Schuster, 1996. P 597.]. ,          ,     ,         ,       .   ,      ,  ,      . ,   1860       ,      1861       10000       ,      [45 - .: Act making the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Expenses of Government for the Year ending the thirtieth of June, eighteen hundred and sixty-one, Jun. 23 1860, ch. 205, 12 Stat. 102.],   1862    3000   ,     ,     ,       [46 - .: An Act to authorize an additional Issue of United States Notes, and for other Purposes, July 1 1862, ch. 143, 12 Stat. 533.].                       .

            . ,    ,     ,         .  ,       (William P. Wood)                ,        .              ,   -    [47 - .: Bowen Walter S. & Neal Harry Edward, oP. cit., P. 13.].

    ,         11  .            200 ,            .      ,    ,   ,        ,   ,       ,       ,      [48 - Ibid., P. 12-83.].

 1894 ,   ,         . ,  1894             [49 - .: Kaiser Frederick, Origins of Secret Service Protection of the President: Personal, Interagency, and Institutional Conflict // Presidential Studies Quarterly, 1988, vol. XVIII, . 1, P. 102.].    , ,   -  1898 ,        -. ,   1901 ,      ,         [50 - Ibid., P. 112.].

    -   1901 ,    ,            ,  ,      [51 - Supplementary Reports on Intelligence Activities. Book VI. Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Apr. 23, 1976. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington: 1976. P. 61.].   1906               [52 - .: An Act Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and seven, and for other purposes, June 30, 1906, ch. 3914, 34 Stat. 708.].




1.5. -    .


                  -   . 23  1882    -        -     -  (Office of Naval Intelligence)[53 - .: William Corson. The Armies of Ignorance. The New York 1977. P.593.].              - ,     -        [54 - .: General Order  292// General Orders and Circulars Issued by the Navy Department From 1863 to 1887. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1887. P. 208.].            -     :  ,   , ,   ;  ,       , ,    ;  [55 - .: US Government Manual. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1942, P. 203.].

 1885 ,        (Military Information Division)            (Military Reservation Division).  1889             ,    ,         [56 - .: Correspondence of the Military Intelligence Division Relating to "Negro Subversion" 1917-1941// National Archives Trust Fund Board National Archives and Records Administration. Washington: 1987. P.1.].

 3 ,        1889              [57 - .: An act making appropriations for the support of the Army for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and eighty-nine, and for other purposes, Sept. 22, 1888, 25 Stat. 483.].          ,       [58 - .: Correspondence of the Military Intelligence Division Relating to "Negro Subversion" 1917-1941. P.1.].

       .             1903 ,        ,           .        :       

  XX         .   ,    ,     ,             .        :      ,  ,  .        - ,            [59 - .: US Government manual. Wash. 1942, P. 203.].

  XIX         -     .        -             [60 - .: Niblack A. P. The Office of naval intelligence : its history and aims. Washington : Governmental Printing Office, 1928. P. 6-11.].

 , XX   ,            .     ,    XIX             .                ,            ,           .

           ,        XX .                   .         ,          XX        ,         ,       .




1.6.      


         XIX       ,             ,    ,             ,           .

,           XIX       ,             .       ,     XX .  XIX                     .               ,       XIX    .       ,                  ,                   .

     ,       ,  -  ( ),         ,          ,                 .         .

            ,                           ,              .        "" ,      ,        (      )   XX      ,            , ,    ,        .

                   .    ,     ,     ,        ,      ,   ,    .

 ,           ,            .                 .         c                         .       ,             ,  ,                     .

              ,       ,               ,    .     (,    ,     )        . ,       (       )     ,                  .            ,               .

                 ,   .  , ,            ,                     .  ,   ,       .                [61 - .: Hayburn,s Case, 2 Dall. (2 U.S.) 409 (1792).].

      ,    ,     ,         . ,              ,               .    ,                     .                 [62 - .: Edward F. Sayle George Washington, Manager of Intelligence, Studies in Intelligence, vol. 27, . 4, 1983, P. 3-8.].               .

 ,      ,                        ,          .         ,          ,          .        (    )              [63 - .: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Art. II, sec. 2. . : Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1702.].           . ,   1794          (  ,     .      ),      ,              [64 - .: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, December 22, 1794, P.271.].

 ,   ,               .   ,                 ,    .      (      )      .       ,       ,          .         ,         .    ,         ,    -       ,                    .   ,          ,   ,         ,       .         ,    [65 - .: Kurtz v. Moffitt, 115 U.S. 487 (1885); Dynes v. Hoover, 20 How. (61 U.S.) 65 (1858).].

   ,  ,                   ,           ,   ,             ,   ,    ,       .

       ,             ,       .  ,      13      ,    -   ,         ,           .         (   )     ,          [66 - .: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Art. II, sec. 2. . : Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1702.].

,                 .     1790   ,   ,     (Secret Service Fund) [67 - Contingent Fund of Foreign Intercourse (Secret Service Fund).]       ,   [68 -         . ,          ,    .            ,       ,    .].  ,             , ,      - ,   ,     .       ,                 .

            ,    .     ,     ,                                  ,            .  ,     ,               .              ,           .  ,       ,   ,     ,      ,     [69 - .: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, July 3, 1797.].

 ,  ,     ,    (   )       ,                      . ,       (  )                   [70 -       "     ". .: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Art. II, sec. 2. . : Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1702.].                 (     ,        )[71 - .: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, July 3, 1797; Journal of the executive proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America, Tuesday, June 1, 1813.]   ,                     [72 -  ,               ,    1790        . : "          ". .: Opinion on the Question Whether the Senate Has the Right to Negative the Grade of Persons Appointed by the Executive to Fill Foreign Missions, April 24, 1790, 5 Writings of Thomas Jefferson, P. Ford ed. The New York: 1895, P.161, 162.].

  ,      ,          - ,    ,  -               .             .              .               [73 - .: Journal of the executive proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America, June 1, 1813, P.348; Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, June 21, 1813, P.38; Journal of the executive proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America, April 12, 1822, P.281.]. ,                  [74 -  ,      ,              1875 ,          (Totten v. United States). . .].

         XIX .   ,        ,         [75 - .: Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence of the US Senate, 98-th Congress, 1-st session, On National Historic Intelligence museum. Nov. 3, 1983, Wash. 1984, P. 7.].             ,          .

 ,    ,               ,     ,          1861-1865 .  1875 ,    Tottenv. UnitedStates,       ,     ,    ,              , ,        (        ,        )              .      .                  .

, , ,                      ,      [76 -  ,      ,        1861-865  "  ". ,                 . . .],          "            ,      "[77 - .: Tottenv. UnitedStates, 92 U.S. 105 (1875).].  ,       ,        .

       1875 ,     ,       ,       . ,         ,        ,  ,   ,               ,     . ,       :            ,  ,         ,   .       ,             ,         .              ,   ,             ,        [78 -        " "        . .: Foster v. Neilson, 2 Pet. (27 U. S.) 253 (1829).].

     Tottenv. UnitedStates     ,            ,     .            .    ,  ,             ,            ,    ,               [79 - .: Prize Cases 2 Bl. (67 U.S.) 635 (1863).].

    Tottenv. UnitedStates[80 - .: Totten v. United States, 92 U.S. 105 (1875).]            ,     XIX       .   ,   ,    ,     1875 ,     .  ,            ,        .                 .

            ,       ,        .        . ,           "          - "[81 - .: The Federalist, No. 69, J. Cooke ed., 1961, P.465.].

     ,      ,           .  1795-  1807- ,         ,   ,         [82 - .: 1Stat. 424 (1795); 2Stat. 443 (1807).].               ,           ,     ,        [83 - .: Martin v. Mott, 12 Wheat, (25 U.S.) 19, 32-33 (1827).].

      Totten v. United States   ,    ,  ,                       .          ,              ,                 ,      ,  .

,          ,          - [84 - .: William Corson The Armies of Ignorense. The New York 1977. P.593.].      ,           de facto                            .

                     ,            , : 1)                ; 2)              .

  1948      Chicago & S. Airlinesv. WatermanS.S. CorP.        ,              2-          ,             [85 - .: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Art. II, sec. 2. . : Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1702.].                         : ",          ,     ,     "[86 - .: 333 U.S. 103 (1948).].

         ,          ,    ,            ,       ,      -  .      [87 - .: Hayburn,s Case, 2 Dall. (2 U.S.) 409 (1792).],  ,                         ,     .




 2.       XX  (1901-1918 )





2.1.         


        ,    (     1901   -)   .            .   .          . ,  ,         ,        [88 - .: Bishop Joseph Bucklin, Theodore Roosevelt and His Time. Vol. II. New York, Scribners, 1920. P. 94.].             ,             .

       -     ,             . ,         1910 ,   ,        (G-2)  .        (War College Division),     28  1917       (Military Intelligence Section).  9  1918           (Military Intelligence Branch)            (Executive Division).      26  1918     (Military Intelligence Division)      ,  1921       [89 - .: Correspondence of the Military Intelligence Division Relating to "Negro Subversion" 1917-1941// National Archives Trust Fund Board National Archives and Records Administration. Washington: 1987. P.1-3.].

         [90 - War Between United States and Germany. Declared by Joint Res. April 6, 1917, 40 Stat. 1.]      .      -      ,        .

             -     ,      ,   -  -  .        ,              .

         ,  , ,       . -            .              ,   ,    ,     .                     .   ,         .

           ,      ,   ,      .  ,          ,         -   ,   ,                 ,     , ,   -.         1917 ,       .




2.2.     


                 ,    8.                 ,         [91 - Kahn David, The Codebreakers: the Story of Secret Writing. New York: Scribner:1996. P.352.].

 -8        .

  ,  13  1889        ,             . ,    ,      , ,   ,          .

    ,           .         ,       .        .   ,    ,         ,         .

        ,       ,    .   ,     ,   ,      .         ,   ,      [92 - .: Yardley, Herbert O. The American Black Chamber, Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis: 1931. P. 21-22.].          ,             .         .               .          ,          .

      .      ,        .     1917        ,       .

5  1917 ,          ,           (Code and Cipher Section),       (Cipher Bureau)  -8 (M.I.8),       .    ,              [93 - .: Hannah Theodore M., The Many Lives of Herbert O. Yardley. UNCLASSIFIED. NSA Cryptologic Spectrum: 1981. P . 5.].

    ,           ,         ,      ,      .                   , -8        ,      , -    .

       ,     ,      151    1918 .     -8,    5  :

     (Code and Cipher Compilation)       ;

  (Communications)        ;

  (Shorthand)   ,      );

  (Secret Ink)      ;

     (Code and Cipher Solution)      [94 - .: Memorandum from Brigadier General Marlborough Churchill, Director of Military Intelligence, to the Chief of Staff, 16 May 1919, subject: Permanent Organization for Code and Cipher Investigation and Attack.].

   ,  -8    ,    ,   1919 ,      .    XX ,            ,               ,      .       ,           ,       .

,      -8       .          .      .  17  1919           (American Black Chamber)[95 -          black chamber,    (John Wallis)   cabinet noir,    (Antoine Rossignol),    ,    XVII     ,           .].        100  ,   60    ,  40     .  ,     ,     50 ,    25 -  25  [96 - .: Hannah Theodore M., The Many Lives of Herbert O. Yardley. UNCLASSIFIED. NSA Cryptologic Spectrum: 1981. P. 7.].

            .         9   7  ,    -             -.          [97 - Ibid., P. 8.].

         ,   .    1919         ,       .        .        .     ,    ,       .   ,   5        . ,  ,     ,        .

     1921       ,            - ,         .      ,   ,              ,      [98 - .: Historical Background of the Signal Security Agency, published, in three volumes, by the Army Security Agency, Washington, D.C., 12 April 1946. Vol. 3, P.45.].

   ,  1929               ,        .               ,            :        (Gentlemen do not read each others mail)[99 - .: David Kahn,The Reader of Gentlemens Mail : Herbert O. Yardley and the Birth of American Codebreaking. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. P.101.].     ,       ,       ,       [100 - .: Statement for Record of Participation of Brigadier General Carter W. Clarke. GSC, In the Transmittal of Letters From General George C. Marshall to Governor Thomas E. Dewey, the Latter Part of September 1944. P. 12.].

,        ,         (Signal Corps)     ,        ,          [101 - .: Yardley, Herbert O. The American Black Chamber, Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis: 1931. P. 370.].




2.3.      ( )


     (    )    .                    1907.        [102 - Hearings before House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1909. P. 774;].           ,      ,                  , , ,      [103 - Congressional Record, vol.42, P. 5554-5560; Congressional Record, vol.43, P. 458, 460, 462, 463, 655-657, 662-663, 672, 678, 2192, 3132.].

                   . , ,                   .  (Tawney),     .   ,   -  ,                ,               ,  ,         .

           (Hemenway).      ,  :           .

         ,    XX    .   -  :  ,               , , ,       ,           ,        [104 - Congressional Record, vol.42, P. 5555.].

 ,                        ,      [105 - Congressional Record, vol.43, P. 656, 662-663, 672, 678-679.].   ,              ,        .     ,             ,     [106 - An Act Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and nine, and for other purposes. May 27,1908. 35 U.S. Stat. 328.].

30  1908 ,  3      ,    .      . 1 1908 ,      ,   ,   ,       [107 - Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1909 year, P. 8-10.].    ,   1935     [108 - Title pages of Uniform Crime Reports for 1934 and 1935.].

     ,   ,       ,    ,                  [109 - Congressional Record, vol.43, P. 303, 311, 699, 3795-3801. House Res. 480 (60th Congress, 2nd Sess.), 1909; Sen. Res. 233(60th Congress 2nd Sess.), 1909.].     ,         .           ,    ,        [110 - Hearings before Selected Committee on ApproP. For the Prevention of Fraud in and Depredations upon the Public Service appointed Jan.20 1909, pursuant to House Res. 480 (60th Congress, 2nd Sess.),P.375.].

        ,       .  ,     ,    .    ,   ,  ,      ,    ,     ,      [111 - 43Congressional Record P. 721-722.].              ,       .          ,     ,        .

            ,   ,               ,     .

            .           ,        .     ,         , ,  ,        [112 - 43 Congressional Record P. 24-25,461,462,463.].  ,     ,                       ,          .                  .

   ,     ,                      :

1.           .

2.        .

3.          ;          .

4.            [113 - Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil AppriP. for 1910 P. 1012-1013.].

          ,          ,                    ,  ,      -  ,     [114 - Ibid. P. 1041.].           .      ,       [115 - Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Legislative, Executive and Judical Appropriation for 1912, P. 202-203.].

 .      ,            . . C            ,    ,       ,            .              ,    [116 - Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1910 26, Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1910, P. 1007,1008.].




2.4.    


           ,          ,      .               ,         [117 - Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1909, P. 777; Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Legislative, Executive and Judicial Appropriation for 1911. -P. 268.].           ,        ,       ,            ,      [118 - Hoover J. Edgar, Some Legal Aspects of Interstate Crime; Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., 1938. -P. 810, 26-27.].

     ,  1910     ,           .               ,     ,   ,           [119 - Congressional Record, vol.45, P. 1032.].

            .       ,     . ,  ,        ,      .                 .              ,           [120 - Ibid. P. 820, 823.].

    ,              .   ,   ,           .           [121 - Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1910 P.26; Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1911 P. 25.].

     ,      ,                     . ,   .         ,     (    )     ,           .  ,     ,              .

   ,        ,          ,               .    ,    ,             (      ,    ),        [122 - 45 Congressional Record P. 1032.].   ,                    .        .                 - .

             .            ,      ,      ,   ,       ,        . , ,   ,        .

               .    (          )           ,           ,     ,   .

                  ,       ,     .  ,        ,        .    ,             [123 - Johnson vs U.S., 215 Fed. 679 (Apr. 14. 1914); Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1915, P. 1156-1158.].

    ,          , ,          .    ,      ,       ,       .               [124 - Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1914, P. 871,872,874,876.].

              1915        United States vs. Hotte[125 - U.S. vs. Hotte, 236 U.S. 140, 145, 148 (Feb.1, 1915).].       ,                   ,                 .

                ,          United States vs. Hotte,            ,   ,          .

      ,              [126 - Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 24, P. 480.]. ,    ,       .           ,  1940           [127 - The New York Daily News, Feb. 19,26,28.].                ,   ,                 ;     ,    [128 - Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 24, P. 478-479.].

         ,   1910 ,         .             ,          [129 - 1940 Atty. Gen. 158.].          ,   ,   ,       .        ,    .           ,      1908 [130 - Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1910, P. 1038.].




2.5.       


  XX         .    ,     (      ),                 ,    .    - ,                             .

             - .            ,     .         .            .

           . ,            ,      ,      , ,  ,  ,  [131 - Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1917, P. 1356.].                ,     ,             [132 - Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1918, P. 730-734.].

  30  1916        -      ,     ,     ,            .         .          ,        ,      ,           - .

         ,    1917                 .    , ,     ,      ,          [133 - Lowenthal, Max, The Federal Bureau of Investigation, New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1972, P.173.].      ,     ,          .          ,       [134 - Ibid 177 P.].

             ,    [135 - Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Urgent Definciecy Appropriation for 1918, P. 855.].            ,        .

                         .          - [136 - Annual Report of War Department for 1917, vol.1, P.129.].         ,     ,                [137 - Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1918 76; Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1918 46-54, 104.].




2.6.   :   


                ,   ,             .      1917   ,     (American Protective League).

    XX       ,             ,     .    XX                 . ,   ,     ,            ,    .     XX      ,     ,       .

           1917      .       .             ,           .   ,                .

             .   ,      ,   ,    1916     (Albert M. Briggs),           ,        (Thomas W. Gregory)             ,           .        . ,     ,                .

    1917          ,       .        ,     ,       ,     ,     .             .    :    1917 ,        ,   90  ,        350  ,            [138 - .: Hyman Harold M. To Try Men's Souls: Loyalty Tests in American History. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1959. P. 273.].

             ,        ,       .                     .         ,       .

        ,      ,  -           .  ,        ,        ,         .    -     [139 - .: Jensen Joan M. The Price of Vigilance. Chicago, Rand McNally and Company, 1968. P.149-150.].

     ,        ,   ,    ,              ,        ,         [140 - Ungar, Sanford J., FBI : An Uncensored Look Behind the Walls, Boston, Toronto 1976, 42 P.].         .          ,      [141 - Ibid 42-43 P.].

           .   1919 ,                 .          [142 - Coben, Stanley.A. Mitchell Palmer: Politician.New York: Columbia University Press, 1963. P.199.].   ,           ,        1924 [143 - Hagedorn, Ann.Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919.New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007. P.332.].




2.7.        


   ,          ,    ,      .   ,        ,     [144 - Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1917 83; Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1918 24.].         .      ,      ,   ,   , ,     ,        ,               [145 - The New York Times,1918 Sept. 4. P.1.].

        ,        .    ,    ,      ,         ,   ,        ,      ,                 [146 - Chicago Daily Tribune, July 14 1918, P.3.].     ,         ,       ,       [147 - The New York Tribune, Sept. 6, 1918, P.5.].                  ,    -   75  [148 - The New York Evening World, Sept. 3, 1918, P.1.].

         .                ,       [149 - The New York Times, Sept. 5, 1918, P.3; The New York Evening World, Sept. 5, 1918, P.1.].     .   ,    ,    ,       ,      ,          . ,       -    ,  ,  ,     [150 - The New York Evening World, Sept. 5, 1918,P.1.].

        .       -  .  ,        ,  ,      [151 - 56 Cong. Rec. 10067.].     .  ,     ,    ,     ,      ,         [152 - Ibid. 9977.].          ,   -  ,    ,  .               ,     ,    ,      ,      [153 - Ibid. 9985.].

  ,      ,       ,           [154 - Ibid. 9987.].   ,              ,        ,         [155 - The New York Times, Sept. 6,1918, P.24.].

      Β    .    Β  ,         ,  ,      ,        ,         ,      .                  ,   ,      .    Β ,                 , ,  ,                [156 - The New York Times, Sept. 8,1918, P.9.].




2.8.        


               ,    .        ,      .     ,   1917           .   ,            ,             . , ,  ,     ,        [157 - Cummins and McFarland, Federal Justice, The New York, 1948, P.414.].

          6  1917        ,    ,        ,    1798 [158 - Act of June 25 1798, ch.58, 1 Stat. 570,     : July 6, 1798, ch. 66, 1 Stat. 577 and July 6, 1812, ch. 130, 2 Stat. 781.].        , ,   ,           ,         .                 [159 - 6  1917               , U.S. Code of Laws, Title 50, Joint Resolution of Senate and House of Representatives, P.1189, Washington, Governmental Printing Office 1989.]     ,       ,                   (   -).

 ,     ,    ,       ( 19  1918       ).     ,         ,      ,       ,    ,      [160 - .: Immigration Act of July 4, 1864, 13 Stat. 385; Immigration Act of Feb. 51917, 39 Stat. 874; Immigration Act of June 29 1918, 40 Stat. 634.].   1917   1918               ,        .        , ,    ,                         [161 - Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1917 year, p 58, Washington, Governmental Printing Office 1918.].

     .        ,          .

      1917 ,                [162 - Act of June 15 1917, 40 Stat. 217.].           .           ,         ,     ,    ,    ,          .

        ,     .       , ,      ,  ,    ,           -   ,        .      ,                      .                          .

      ,    ,   ,   ,       , ,    .                .

                ,       .                 ,     ,   [163 -  4, 40 Stat. 219.].

      1917       ,     ,          .              .

 1917        ,         ,     [164 - Act To define regulate, and punish trading with the enemy, and for other purposes, Oct. 61917, 40 Stat. 411.].          .    ,            ,      .

           ,                              ,      .

        . ,    ,        1-6  7-9,   ,     ,          ,     ,                [165 -  1918 -1919       : Mar.28, 1918, 40 Stat. 460; Sept.24 1918, 40 Stat. 1020; July 11 1919, 41 Stat. 35.].

            (       )       . ,   ,   10       10   (      XX [166 - Act of Oct.6 1917, Sec. 16, 40 Stat. 425.].                  .          ,        ,  ,              .




  .


   .

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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


   : ,     .   ,               ,   1992       (Intelligence Organization Act of 1992, Pub. L. 102496, title VII, 702, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3188).   ,      ,    ,      ,       ,       .




2


. :  ..,   ,  32. .:   , 1969. .78-79.




3


        ., : Becker Carl L. The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1942; Malone Dumas The Story of the Declaration of Independence, New York: Oxford University Press, 1954; Bailyn, Bernard The Origins of Independence, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968.




4


  : status hominum naturalis est status belli omnium in omnes. .:  ,      / .   .    . .: , 1966. . 4. . 1. . .   . .: , 1980. .333




5


            .:    XVIIXVIII .  . . . . ., , 1983. . 109134.




6


   (        )         .            ,       .




7


     ,    - ,                 . ., : Capture of the British brigs Detroit and Caledonia, January 13, 1813. 99, 12th Congress, 2nd Session. American State Papers, Documents, Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States. Naval Affairs. Wash., 1834. Vol. 1. P.282.




8


., : Message, transmitting a treaty of commerce, Sept. 13, 1816. 284, Senate, 14th Congress, 2nd Session American State Papers, Documents, Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States. Foreign Relations. Wash., 1832. Vol. 4. P.98; Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with Prussia, communicated to the Senate, 1828, May 9. 491, 20th Congress, 1st Session. American State Papers, Documents, Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States. Foreign Relations. Wash., 1832. Vol. 6. P.992.




9


.: Message showing the negotiations with Great Britain, 1808, Mar. 22. 214, 10th Congress, 1st Session. American State Papers, Documents, Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States. Foreign Relations. Wash., 1832. Vol. 3. P.80.




10


Carruth Gorton The Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates, New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1997.




11


Paulus Robert D. Pack Mules and Surf Boats: Logistics in the Mexican War, Army Logistician November/December 1997.




12


Spykman H.J. America's Strategy in the world politics: the United States and the balance of power. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1942.




13


 .     .       ,    . .: , 1992. .183.




14


.: -.    . . :  ..  . . ., . 1976. . 44.




15


 ,            ,      .




16


. : Glenn Greenwald, NSA Collecting Phone Records of Millions of Verizon Customers Daily, The Guardian, June 5, 2013.




17


.: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume II/, September 18, 1775. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1905. P.253-254.




18


O'Toole G.J.A., "Benjamin Franklin: American Spymaster or British Mole?", International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, vol. 3, .1, P. 45-53.




19


.: Van Doren Carl, Secret History of the American Revolution, The New York: Garden City Publishing, 1941, P.78.




20


.: Hinsdale Mary L. A History of the President's Cabinet.: George Wahr. 1911. P. 19.




21


.: []. URL:https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/intelligence/intellopos.html




22


.: Morton Brain, Vergennes, Beaumarchais and Roderigue Hortalez et Cie/ Proceeding of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French Historical Studies,  3, 1975. P.256-262.




23


.: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume III/, November 29, 1775. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1905 . P.392.




24


.: Hinsdale Mary L. A History of the President's Cabinet.: George Wahr. 1911. P. 19-20.




25


.: .: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume V/, June 5, 1776. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1906 . P.418-419.




26


.: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume V/, August 21, 1776. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1906 . P.693.




27


.: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume X/ Resolution of February 27, 1778. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1908 P.204.




28


Pennypacker Morton, George Washington's Spies on Long Island and in New York, Brooklyn, 1939, P.31.




29


  . ,        1787       "". Federalist  67-71. In: The Federalist Papers/ Ed. C. Rossiter, The New York, 1961.




30


.: Van Doren Carl, Secret History of the American Revolution, The New York: Garden City Publishing, 1941, P.341.




31


.: Washington J. Letter to Concel Elias Dayton, 26 July 1777.




32


.: Edward F. Sayle, "George Washington, Manager of Intelligence," Studies in Intelligence, vol. 27, . 4, 1983, P. 3-8.




33


., : An act providing the means of intercourse between the United States and foreign nations, June 1, 1796, ch. 41, 1 Stat.493.




34


.: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, 1845-1846 Friday, April 10, 1846. Washington: Printed by Ritchie & Heiss, 1846 P.657.




35


.: Fishel Edwin C., The Secret War for the Union: The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil

War: New York, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1988. P.9.




36


.: Gaddy David, William Norris and the Confederate Signal and Secret Service //Maryland Historical Magazine, Volume 70, . 2, Spring 1975. P 167.




37


.: Hearing before the Select Committee on intelligence of the US Senate, 98-th Congress, 1-st session, On National Historic Intelligence museum. Nov. 3, 1983, Wash. 1984, P. 7.




38


.: Intelligence in the Civil War. A publication of the Central Intelligence Agency P.23. []. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/additional-publications/civil-war/Intel_in_the_CW1.pdf ( : 25.04.2014)




39


 ,   ,     1842 .  1856        .       1861 .     .   1884 .       . . .




40


.: Allan Pinkerton. The Spy of the Rebellion. New York, G.W. Carleton and Company, 1883. P.89-96.




41


.: Horan James D. The Pinkertons: The Detective Dynasty That Made History. New York, Crown Publisher, 1967. P.115-137.




42


.: An Act to amend an Act entitled "An Act to provide Internal Revenue to support the Government and pay interest on the Public Debt," approved July 102 first, eighteen hundred and sixty-too, and for other Purposes, Mar. 31863, ch. 74, sec. 20, 12 Stat. 726.




43


.: Bowen Walter S. & Neal Harry Edward The United States Secret Service, Philadelphia and New York: Chilton Company. 1960, P. 13.




44


., : Donald, D.,Lincoln. Simon and Schuster, 1996. P 597.




45


.: Act making the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Expenses of Government for the Year ending the thirtieth of June, eighteen hundred and sixty-one, Jun. 23 1860, ch. 205, 12 Stat. 102.




46


.: An Act to authorize an additional Issue of United States Notes, and for other Purposes, July 1 1862, ch. 143, 12 Stat. 533.




47


.: Bowen Walter S. & Neal Harry Edward, oP. cit., P. 13.




48


Ibid., P. 12-83.




49


.: Kaiser Frederick, Origins of Secret Service Protection of the President: Personal, Interagency, and Institutional Conflict // Presidential Studies Quarterly, 1988, vol. XVIII, . 1, P. 102.




50


Ibid., P. 112.




51


Supplementary Reports on Intelligence Activities. Book VI. Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Apr. 23, 1976. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington: 1976. P. 61.




52


.: An Act Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and seven, and for other purposes, June 30, 1906, ch. 3914, 34 Stat. 708.




53


.: William Corson. The Armies of Ignorance. The New York 1977. P.593.




54


.: General Order  292// General Orders and Circulars Issued by the Navy Department From 1863 to 1887. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1887. P. 208.




55


.: US Government Manual. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1942, P. 203.




56


.: Correspondence of the Military Intelligence Division Relating to "Negro Subversion" 1917-1941// National Archives Trust Fund Board National Archives and Records Administration. Washington: 1987. P.1.




57


.: An act making appropriations for the support of the Army for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and eighty-nine, and for other purposes, Sept. 22, 1888, 25 Stat. 483.




58


.: Correspondence of the Military Intelligence Division Relating to "Negro Subversion" 1917-1941. P.1.




59


.: US Government manual. Wash. 1942, P. 203.




60


.: Niblack A. P. The Office of naval intelligence : its history and aims. Washington : Governmental Printing Office, 1928. P. 6-11.




61


.: Hayburn,s Case, 2 Dall. (2 U.S.) 409 (1792).




62


.: Edward F. Sayle George Washington, Manager of Intelligence, Studies in Intelligence, vol. 27, . 4, 1983, P. 3-8.




63


.: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Art. II, sec. 2. . : Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1702.




64


.: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, December 22, 1794, P.271.




65


.: Kurtz v. Moffitt, 115 U.S. 487 (1885); Dynes v. Hoover, 20 How. (61 U.S.) 65 (1858).




66


.: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Art. II, sec. 2. . : Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1702.




67


Contingent Fund of Foreign Intercourse (Secret Service Fund).




68


        . ,          ,    .            ,       ,    .




69


.: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, July 3, 1797.




70


      "     ". .: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Art. II, sec. 2. . : Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1702.




71


.: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, July 3, 1797; Journal of the executive proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America, Tuesday, June 1, 1813.




72


 ,               ,    1790        . : "          ". .: Opinion on the Question Whether the Senate Has the Right to Negative the Grade of Persons Appointed by the Executive to Fill Foreign Missions, April 24, 1790, 5 Writings of Thomas Jefferson, P. Ford ed. The New York: 1895, P.161, 162.




73


.: Journal of the executive proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America, June 1, 1813, P.348; Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, June 21, 1813, P.38; Journal of the executive proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America, April 12, 1822, P.281.




74


 ,      ,              1875 ,          (Totten v. United States). . .




75


.: Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence of the US Senate, 98-th Congress, 1-st session, On National Historic Intelligence museum. Nov. 3, 1983, Wash. 1984, P. 7.




76


 ,      ,        1861-865  "  ". ,                 . . .




77


.: Tottenv. UnitedStates, 92 U.S. 105 (1875).




78


       " "        . .: Foster v. Neilson, 2 Pet. (27 U. S.) 253 (1829).




79


.: Prize Cases 2 Bl. (67 U.S.) 635 (1863).




80


.: Totten v. United States, 92 U.S. 105 (1875).




81


.: The Federalist, No. 69, J. Cooke ed., 1961, P.465.




82


.: 1Stat. 424 (1795); 2Stat. 443 (1807).




83


.: Martin v. Mott, 12 Wheat, (25 U.S.) 19, 32-33 (1827).




84


.: William Corson The Armies of Ignorense. The New York 1977. P.593.




85


.: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Art. II, sec. 2. . : Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1702.




86


.: 333 U.S. 103 (1948).




87


.: Hayburn,s Case, 2 Dall. (2 U.S.) 409 (1792).




88


.: Bishop Joseph Bucklin, Theodore Roosevelt and His Time. Vol. II. New York, Scribners, 1920. P. 94.




89


.: Correspondence of the Military Intelligence Division Relating to "Negro Subversion" 1917-1941// National Archives Trust Fund Board National Archives and Records Administration. Washington: 1987. P.1-3.




90


War Between United States and Germany. Declared by Joint Res. April 6, 1917, 40 Stat. 1.




91


Kahn David, The Codebreakers: the Story of Secret Writing. New York: Scribner:1996. P.352.




92


.: Yardley, Herbert O. The American Black Chamber, Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis: 1931. P. 21-22.




93


.: Hannah Theodore M., The Many Lives of Herbert O. Yardley. UNCLASSIFIED. NSA Cryptologic Spectrum: 1981. P . 5.




94


.: Memorandum from Brigadier General Marlborough Churchill, Director of Military Intelligence, to the Chief of Staff, 16 May 1919, subject: Permanent Organization for Code and Cipher Investigation and Attack.




95


         black chamber,    (John Wallis)   cabinet noir,    (Antoine Rossignol),    ,    XVII     ,           .




96


.: Hannah Theodore M., The Many Lives of Herbert O. Yardley. UNCLASSIFIED. NSA Cryptologic Spectrum: 1981. P. 7.




97


Ibid., P. 8.




98


.: Historical Background of the Signal Security Agency, published, in three volumes, by the Army Security Agency, Washington, D.C., 12 April 1946. Vol. 3, P.45.




99


.: David Kahn,The Reader of Gentlemens Mail : Herbert O. Yardley and the Birth of American Codebreaking. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. P.101.




100


.: Statement for Record of Participation of Brigadier General Carter W. Clarke. GSC, In the Transmittal of Letters From General George C. Marshall to Governor Thomas E. Dewey, the Latter Part of September 1944. P. 12.




101


.: Yardley, Herbert O. The American Black Chamber, Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis: 1931. P. 370.




102


Hearings before House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1909. P. 774;




103


Congressional Record, vol.42, P. 5554-5560; Congressional Record, vol.43, P. 458, 460, 462, 463, 655-657, 662-663, 672, 678, 2192, 3132.




104


Congressional Record, vol.42, P. 5555.




105


Congressional Record, vol.43, P. 656, 662-663, 672, 678-679.




106


An Act Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and nine, and for other purposes. May 27,1908. 35 U.S. Stat. 328.




107


Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1909 year, P. 8-10.




108


Title pages of Uniform Crime Reports for 1934 and 1935.




109


Congressional Record, vol.43, P. 303, 311, 699, 3795-3801. House Res. 480 (60th Congress, 2nd Sess.), 1909; Sen. Res. 233(60th Congress 2nd Sess.), 1909.




110


Hearings before Selected Committee on ApproP. For the Prevention of Fraud in and Depredations upon the Public Service appointed Jan.20 1909, pursuant to House Res. 480 (60th Congress, 2nd Sess.),P.375.




111


43Congressional Record P. 721-722.




112


43 Congressional Record P. 24-25,461,462,463.




113


Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil AppriP. for 1910 P. 1012-1013.




114


Ibid. P. 1041.




115


Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Legislative, Executive and Judical Appropriation for 1912, P. 202-203.




116


Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1910 26, Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1910, P. 1007,1008.




117


Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1909, P. 777; Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Legislative, Executive and Judicial Appropriation for 1911. -P. 268.




118


Hoover J. Edgar, Some Legal Aspects of Interstate Crime; Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., 1938. -P. 810, 26-27.




119


Congressional Record, vol.45, P. 1032.




120


Ibid. P. 820, 823.




121


Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1910 P.26; Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1911 P. 25.




122


45 Congressional Record P. 1032.




123


Johnson vs U.S., 215 Fed. 679 (Apr. 14. 1914); Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1915, P. 1156-1158.




124


Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1914, P. 871,872,874,876.




125


U.S. vs. Hotte, 236 U.S. 140, 145, 148 (Feb.1, 1915).




126


Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 24, P. 480.




127


The New York Daily News, Feb. 19,26,28.




128


Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 24, P. 478-479.




129


1940 Atty. Gen. 158.




130


Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1910, P. 1038.




131


Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1917, P. 1356.




132


Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1918, P. 730-734.




133


Lowenthal, Max, The Federal Bureau of Investigation, New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1972, P.173.




134


Ibid 177 P.




135


Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Urgent Definciecy Appropriation for 1918, P. 855.




136


Annual Report of War Department for 1917, vol.1, P.129.




137


Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1918 76; Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1918 46-54, 104.




138


.: Hyman Harold M. To Try Men's Souls: Loyalty Tests in American History. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1959. P. 273.




139


.: Jensen Joan M. The Price of Vigilance. Chicago, Rand McNally and Company, 1968. P.149-150.




140


Ungar, Sanford J., FBI : An Uncensored Look Behind the Walls, Boston, Toronto 1976, 42 P.




141


Ibid 42-43 P.




142


Coben, Stanley.A. Mitchell Palmer: Politician.New York: Columbia University Press, 1963. P.199.




143


Hagedorn, Ann.Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919.New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007. P.332.




144


Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1917 83; Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1918 24.




145


The New York Times,1918 Sept. 4. P.1.




146


Chicago Daily Tribune, July 14 1918, P.3.




147


The New York Tribune, Sept. 6, 1918, P.5.




148


The New York Evening World, Sept. 3, 1918, P.1.




149


The New York Times, Sept. 5, 1918, P.3; The New York Evening World, Sept. 5, 1918, P.1.




150


The New York Evening World, Sept. 5, 1918,P.1.




151


56 Cong. Rec. 10067.




152


Ibid. 9977.




153


Ibid. 9985.




154


Ibid. 9987.




155


The New York Times, Sept. 6,1918, P.24.




156


The New York Times, Sept. 8,1918, P.9.




157


Cummins and McFarland, Federal Justice, The New York, 1948, P.414.




158


Act of June 25 1798, ch.58, 1 Stat. 570,     : July 6, 1798, ch. 66, 1 Stat. 577 and July 6, 1812, ch. 130, 2 Stat. 781.




159


6  1917               , U.S. Code of Laws, Title 50, Joint Resolution of Senate and House of Representatives, P.1189, Washington, Governmental Printing Office 1989.




160


.: Immigration Act of July 4, 1864, 13 Stat. 385; Immigration Act of Feb. 51917, 39 Stat. 874; Immigration Act of June 29 1918, 40 Stat. 634.




161


Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1917 year, p 58, Washington, Governmental Printing Office 1918.




162


Act of June 15 1917, 40 Stat. 217.




163


 4, 40 Stat. 219.




164


Act To define regulate, and punish trading with the enemy, and for other purposes, Oct. 61917, 40 Stat. 411.




165


 1918 -1919       : Mar.28, 1918, 40 Stat. 460; Sept.24 1918, 40 Stat. 1020; July 11 1919, 41 Stat. 35.




166


Act of Oct.6 1917, Sec. 16, 40 Stat. 425.


