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 Nicholas Wade, 2006

This edition is published by arrangement with Sterling Lord Literistic and The Van Lear Agency LLC

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  .      .                        ,         ,           .             5.  (. 49 ),            6  (. 146  ).


* * *




1.  


     ,       .     ,  ,    ,   ,  ,   ,   ,          .

 .     [1 -    . :  . . . 5. ., 1953. . .]


    ,  ,    -        .     .   5000    ,    ,   .   10 000       ,   150 ,      ,   .       ,    .            ,           .

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          ,  5  ,    ,   ,   ,    .     ,        ,   .

 ,    -   : 5     50 000      .          .  ,     ,    ,   .      ,     2003.,         .

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     ,  50 000       ,   ,      -    ,   .   ,   ,    .        .  ,     ,  , .   ,    ,   .         .




  


  ,            ,     ,     .  , ,      ,  ,  ,   ࠖ   .    ,   ,   ,   ,   ,  .

 1999.         ,  ,        . ,  ,        ,       .   ,    ,        ,  ,           24 .

 :   ,          ,  .  ,     ,         ,    .       ,  ,        - 堖 ,     .

 ,  ,  ,    ,            .      ,     : ,   .         ,         蠖 ,  ,       .     ,     ,     .     ,    ,   ,   ,     ,   .

       ,       ,    ,        .  ,           , ,   .   ,      ,    ,  [1 - Genesis 3: 7, 21.].               ࠖ .   ,    ,    ,  ,          .

       ,      ,     .      ,   ,     ,        ,    ,    .  ,     ,         ,       .

         12     :       .           ,    ,        . ,       ,         .

,         ,  72 000   -   [2 - Ralf Kitiler, Manfred Kayser, and Mark Stoneking, "Molecular Evolution of Pediculus Humanus and the Origin of Clothing," Current Biology 13:14141417 (2003).      .    ,            ,   500 000  .David L. Reed et al., "Genetic Analysis of Lice Supports Direct Contact between Modern and Archaic Hu mans," Public Library of Science Biology 2:19721983 (2004); Nicholas Wade, "What a Story Lice Can Tell," New York Times, October 5, 2004, p. F1.]. ,        ,      , ,           .             ,    ,    . ,      .




   


             .         . ,    ,       ,    5     100 000           .       ,       ,            .          .          ,      ,     .

-      ,  ,   ,    ,   ,   .          ,       . ,  ,          ,      ,  , ,      .  ,           ,  ,       .    ,       .  ,     ,              .        ,           ,      .

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2.


                .  ,       ,      ;            ,  ,       ,     - ,     .

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50 000    -     ,   ,    .         .    ,         5000 .

,    , ,  ,   .     :             .  ,      ,      ,      堖 , ,     .

        .      .  1,8  ,       ,            .    ,             ,   Homo erectus  Homo neanderthalensis. Homo erectus    .            .

    .     ,     ,    ,   .    ,     .     -  ,       , ,     . ,   , ,       ,     ,  ,       ,     .

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       ,          .      ,          . ,  ,   5             ,           .




    


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   ,          堖     (  ),             .  : ,      ,      ,    ,  ,          .    ,       ,      ,       .    ,                ,       1,5 .           ,  ,     3,5      .

   ࠖ ,   -     ,      ,                 ,        .        ,     ,         .

          ,    ,   ?   .            ,     ,        .   ,        5   (     4,6  6,2 )[2 -      ,          .           :    12  16  .        .   7,3  ,   2      . . .][3 - Feng-Chi Chen and Wen-Hsiung Li, "Genomic Divergences between Humans and Other Hominoids and the Effective Population Size of the Common Ancestor of Hu mans and Chimpanzees," American Journal of Human Genetics 68:444456 (2001).].

   ,            .  堖       ,        ,      :  ,      [4 - Pascal Gagneux et al., "Mitochondrial Sequences Show Diverse Evolutionary Histories of African Hominoids," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96:50775082 (1999).].








     ⠖  , ,   .          ,        .     ,   .

       ,     .  ,    ,  :     ,   ,   ,       ,    .      ,    .

: M.A. Jobling et al: Human Evolutionary Genetics, Garland Publishing 2004. P. 222. Pascal Gagneux et al, Mitochondrial sequences show diverse evolutionary histories of African hominoids, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96 50775082, 1999.

 5      堖 ,        .  10  5       ,       6,5  5  .      ,     ,      ,    .        ,    [5 - Richard G. Klein, The Human Career, 2nd ed., University of Chicago Press, 1999, p. 251.    ,                     , The Dawn of Human Culture by Richard G. Klein and Blake Edgar, John Wiley & Sons, 2002.].   ,        ,  ,   ,      ,         .        ,     .

 -            .       ,       . ,     ,     .       ,            .

,    5  , ,    ,           .      ,        .         50 000  100 000   [6 - Chen and Li, "Genomic Divergences."                ( ),     .       ,   , ,        .   ,         ,    .].           ,  ,  ,      ,      ,   .    ,      ,       .                   ,    .

     ,      ,    .        .       ,    .                  . -   ,       ,       :        -   .

,      100 000 ,  , -      5  .  ,      .      .            .      .       ,         .

  . ,   ,      :   ,        ,           .

 ,    ,     ,     .         蠖    .

堖    젖       .   , -,        ,    ,    . ,   ,    ;    ,    ,   , -    .

    :     ,    .   ,    ,  ?    :     ,  - ,     .     :      ,    .         9,5,  ꠖ 17[7 - P S. Rodman, in Adaptations for Foraging in Non-human Primates, Columbia University Press 1984, pp. 134160, cited in Robert Foley, Humans before Humanity, Black-well, 1995, p. 140.]. ,       ,      .

    ,    ⠖     4,4  .     堖  ,        ().    ,    ,  50         ,   .   ,    ,    .

  ,         , , ,   .   ,       .        . ,   ,       :    .

              ,      ,         .     25%  ,          15%.        50%,     ,                        .  2          ,     ,    ,        ,   .

 23         :   ,   ,     , .        .   ,     ,   .   , 2,5   ,      ,     .     , Paranthropus robustus ( ),        .      ,   . , ,   .            ,    .

    Homo habilis ( ).   Homo    ,       ,          .           .  2,5       ,   ,      -  .     400 3,       1400 3[8 - Richard G. Klein, The Human Career, 2nd ed., University of Chicago Press, 1999, figure 8.3, p. 580.].       400  500 3.    ,    ,  600  800 3[3 -  ࠖ  ,        ,      ,       .          (),           .           (), ..      .    :  2,  2,5, Homo habilis 3,1, Homo ergaster 3,3,   5,8. : . 9.][9 - Roger Lewin and Robert A. Foley, Principles of Human Evolution, 2 nd ed., Blackwell 2004, p. 450.].

     ⠖         ,   .         .   ࠖ     .       3%  ,    20% ,    .     ,  ,      ,    [10 - Robert Foley, Humans before Humanity, Blackwell, 1995, p. 170.].

     ,  ,      , - .    ,      .      ,        ,    Homo habilis   .         ,     , 2,5  . ,   ,        ,             :     ,           ,         .

     ,          .  ,      ,     ,       .  ,               .








  ,   ,  2,5  .       ,  1,7             .  ,    ,    .       2,25 ,     0,25 .      2       .        ,      ,     . ,  50 000  ,   ,  ,    ,     .  ,         , ,    .

: Richard Klein, The Human Career, University of Chicago Press, 2nd edition 1999. p. 576.

 ,    ,      ,      ,    .             ,   .   ,             ,    .              : ,        .

,    ,   ,       Homo habilis.     ,     800 000 .       , ,        .

                 .     1,7          ,    ,    Homo ergaster ( ).  , ,    ,     ,     .   ,      ,    ࠖ 800 3   .

 Homo ergaster   ,   ,   ,         ,    .     ,    ,   ,   ,       . ,      ,   ,          ,   ,   .         ,  ,     頖    , , ,     ,     ,    [11 - Richard G. Klein, The Human Career, p. 292.].

,       ,    ,              ,   .        ,           . ,     ,   ,    ,              [12 - Richard Wrangham, "Out of the Pan, Into the Fire," in Frans . M. De-Waal, ed., Tree of Origin, Harvard University Press, 2001, p. 137.].   ,  Homo ergaster  , ,    , , ,       .

        ,   ,    ,        . Homo ergaster     ,          ,    -   .    -     ,  ,      ,   ,     ,     .

      ,  ,        ,              . ,  ,       ,  ,    .              ,    ,        .

   Homo ergaster       .      ,    ,     ,               . ,   , ,        ,     .       ,             ,        .          ,      . ,      ,     ࠖ  [13 - Richard G. Klein and Blake Edgar, The Dawn of Human Culture, Wiley, 2002, p. 100; Robert A. Foley, "Evolutionary Perspectives," in W. G. Runciman, ed., The Origin of Human Social Institutions, Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 171196.].

             ,     ,     Homo ergaster         .    ,    ,    ,  ,     ,       .          ,        : ,  ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  . ,      ,       .




  


 ,    3        , , ,     ,   .     ,         .              .  ,    ,   .           :   ,        .

           .         .   ࠖ  .   ⠖    ,    ,   ,     ,  , ,    ,   ,   ,       ,    .        .     ,  , ,   ,      [14 - Richard G. Klein, The Human Career, p. 292.].      ,  Homo ergaster,      ,          . ,   ,   .         ,       ,          .

             . ,   ,         (1871).   ,     ,     ?   (    ,     堖 ,      ,          ,   ).       ,          .  ,           ,   .        .      ,  ,  , , ,    ,  ,    [15 - Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, 2nd edition 1874, p. 58.]

      ,         .       :   .  䠖  ,          ; 頖     :               .  ,     ,          .     ,        ,        .   ,     ,         [16 - Mark Pagel and Walter Bodmer, "A Naked Ape Would Have Fewer Parasites," Proceedings of the Royal Society  (Suppl.) 270: S117-S119 (2003).].

,     ,   ,       Homo ergaster.     ,    ,         ,     .

   ,   ࠖ  ,    .      ,   .         , 堖 , ,   .

                  ,   .      ,      ,  , ,          [17 - Rosalind M. Harding et al., "Evidence for Variable Selective Pressures at MC1R," American Journal of Human Genetics 66:13511361 (2000).].

        ,         ,    .         :      ,  ,   ,       ,       (-     ,        ,      ).              ,          .             .

      ,       ,   ,     [18 - Nina G. Jablonski and George Chaplin, "The Evolution of Human Skin Coloration," Journal of Human Evolution 39:57106 (2000).].     堖    .   ,   ,    .       ,      ,          .          ,   .

   ,        :           .  ,     ,           ,       .     ,    ,   ,     .          .

    ,   ,      ,       ,             [4 -    ,    ,   ,  蠖     .         - ;   ,    .         .    ,  ,        ,  , . . .].     ,     ,      ,         .

 ,                  .  ,      1,2  [19 - Alan R. Rogers, David Litis, and Stephen Wooding, "Genetic Variation at the MC1R Locus and the Time Since Loss of Human Body Hair," Current Anthropology 45:105108 (2004).].

,     ,         .    ,  ,   :     ,       ,      ,             .          ,         Homo ergaster 1,7  .

  ,    ,              ,    ,  .  ,     ,   ,        ,         D,        .         34% ,   , , ,   ,  ,  , ,            D[20 - Nina G. Jablonski and George Chaplin, "Skin," Scientific American 74:7279 (2002).].

        :       ?       ,    .       ,   ,      :     ,   , ,      .        .

,           ,         .          , , , ,   ,       .          .          .  ࠖ       ,     .        ,        ,    ,    ,    [21 - Arthur H. Neufeld and Glenn C. Conroy, "Human Head Hair Is Not Fur," Evolutionary Anthropology 13:89 (2004); B. Thierry, "Hair Grows to Be Cut," Evolutionary Anthropology 14:5 (2005); Alison Jolly, "Hair Signals,"Evolutionary Anthropology 14:5 (2005).].

     . , ,    ,      ,       .  ,   ,  ,       ,     .    ,     phi-hHaA,       ,          .               , ,    phi-hHaA   ,        ,      .         ,  ,    phi-hHaA  200 000  [22 - Hermelita Winter et al., "Human Type I Hair Keratin Pseudogene phihHaA. Has Functional Orthologs in the Chimpanzee and Gorilla: Evidence for Recent Inactivation of the Human Gene After the Pan-Homo Divergence." Human Genetics 108:3742 (2001).].  ,   ,   Homo ergaster,     ,          .








50000         : Homo erectus   ,  ,        - .  ,       Homo floresiensis ( ),        .

    ,      68  ,    ,      .

  Homo erectus   ,     1,7  50 000 . ,        ,         - .       .

: 5W Infographic.




   


 ,        ,     .        ࠖ     .       ,  Homo erectus,      ,  ,   ,   蠖    ,     ,   1,66 [23 - R.X. Zhu et al., "New Evidence on the Earliest Human Presence at High Northern Latitudes in Northeast Asia," Nature 431:559562 (2004).].             .     500 000       : ,      ,        Homo heidelbergensis ( ).  ,   ,    400 000  300 000  ,     Homo neanderthalensis ,    ,    .

Homo erectus     ,     ,           .            ,   ,   ,       .

   500 000  ,  1      ,           ,   200 000        .

          ,         ,      .          2,5  1,7  ,            1,7      250 000  . Homo erectus  , ,    ,  ,  .            .        ,      .           ,      . ,  ,     ,     ,    [24 - Robert Foley, Humans before Humanity, Blackwell, 1995, p. 75.].

,    ,           ,    ,  .         ,     Homo sapiens ( )    ,         Homo ergaster, .              .  ࠖ      . ,         ,          [25 - Richard G. Klein, "Archeology and the Evolution of Human Behavior," Evolutionary Anthropology 9 (1): 1736 (2000).].

            ? ,        . - 100 000              ,      Homo erectus  .  , ,       .

   ,   125 000  90 000  ,      .      ,     .    ,  80 000  70 000  ,           ,  ,   [26 - Richard Klein and Blake Edgar, The Dawn of Human Culture, p. 192.].

  ,     , .. 250 000  50 000  ,   ,    .    ,   ,           .    ,   .          .  ,        ,   (    ,  ,  .   ,          :     ,      )[27 - Richard Klein, The Human Career, p. 512.].

  ,   ,   ,            .         .

           .  ,   ,    .    200 000    ,   ,    ,    .            , ,    195 000 [28 - Ian McDougall et al., "Stratigraphic Placement and Age of Modern Humans from Kibish, Ethiopia," Nature 433:733736 (2005).],  100 000          .




 :   


  ,      ,     -. 100 000      ,      .      ,  ,      .

       ?      :   ,          .        45 000    .   ,        ,   .     ,       .     , , .         ,   ,      .       .    .     ,       .      .      .    ,       [29 -   15  ,     "The Impossible Coincidence A Single-Species Model for the Origins of Modern Human Behavior in Europe," Evolutionary Anthropology 14:1227 (2005).].

      .   ,             .     ,    ࠖ    ,            .

  ,  ,  ,             ,      46 000  . (        堖       ,    ,        .)  ,  ,   ,        .  ,      ,    ,     ,      .

,          ,          ,  100 000  ,   ,  50 000  .      ?

       .  ,       ,          .    ,      ,       .                ,   ,    ,    ,           [30 - Richard Klein, The Human Career, p. 492.].

,   ,     4,4     .    2,5      Homo habilis       .     1,7          ,          .   ,       50 000       .

  , ,   ,             ,      .     ,  ,    .

        ,          .              ,      .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/nikolas-ueyd/na-zare-chelovechestva-neizvestnaya-istoriya-nashih-predkov/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes









1


   . :  . . . 5. ., 1953. . .




2


     ,          .           :    12  16  .        .   7,3  ,   2      . . .




3


 ࠖ  ,        ,      ,       .          (),           .           (), ..      .    :  2,  2,5, Homo habilis 3,1, Homo ergaster 3,3,   5,8. : . 9.




4


   ,    ,   ,  蠖     .         - ;   ,    .         .    ,  ,        ,  , . . .










1


Genesis 3: 7, 21.




2


Ralf Kitiler, Manfred Kayser, and Mark Stoneking, "Molecular Evolution of Pediculus Humanus and the Origin of Clothing," Current Biology 13:14141417 (2003).      .    ,            ,   500 000  .

David L. Reed et al., "Genetic Analysis of Lice Supports Direct Contact between Modern and Archaic Hu mans," Public Library of Science Biology 2:19721983 (2004); Nicholas Wade, "What a Story Lice Can Tell," New York Times, October 5, 2004, p. F1.




3


Feng-Chi Chen and Wen-Hsiung Li, "Genomic Divergences between Humans and Other Hominoids and the Effective Population Size of the Common Ancestor of Hu mans and Chimpanzees," American Journal of Human Genetics 68:444456 (2001).




4


Pascal Gagneux et al., "Mitochondrial Sequences Show Diverse Evolutionary Histories of African Hominoids," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96:50775082 (1999).




5


Richard G. Klein, The Human Career, 2nd ed., University of Chicago Press, 1999, p. 251.    ,                     , The Dawn of Human Culture by Richard G. Klein and Blake Edgar, John Wiley & Sons, 2002.




6


Chen and Li, "Genomic Divergences."                ( ),     .       ,   , ,        .   ,         ,    .




7


P S. Rodman, in Adaptations for Foraging in Non-human Primates, Columbia University Press 1984, pp. 134160, cited in Robert Foley, Humans before Humanity, Black-well, 1995, p. 140.




8


Richard G. Klein, The Human Career, 2nd ed., University of Chicago Press, 1999, figure 8.3, p. 580.




9


Roger Lewin and Robert A. Foley, Principles of Human Evolution, 2 nd ed., Blackwell 2004, p. 450.




10


Robert Foley, Humans before Humanity, Blackwell, 1995, p. 170.




11


Richard G. Klein, The Human Career, p. 292.




12


Richard Wrangham, "Out of the Pan, Into the Fire," in Frans . M. De-Waal, ed., Tree of Origin, Harvard University Press, 2001, p. 137.




13


Richard G. Klein and Blake Edgar, The Dawn of Human Culture, Wiley, 2002, p. 100; Robert A. Foley, "Evolutionary Perspectives," in W. G. Runciman, ed., The Origin of Human Social Institutions, Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 171196.




14


Richard G. Klein, The Human Career, p. 292.




15


Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, 2nd edition 1874, p. 58.




16


Mark Pagel and Walter Bodmer, "A Naked Ape Would Have Fewer Parasites," Proceedings of the Royal Society  (Suppl.) 270: S117-S119 (2003).




17


Rosalind M. Harding et al., "Evidence for Variable Selective Pressures at MC1R," American Journal of Human Genetics 66:13511361 (2000).




18


Nina G. Jablonski and George Chaplin, "The Evolution of Human Skin Coloration," Journal of Human Evolution 39:57106 (2000).




19


Alan R. Rogers, David Litis, and Stephen Wooding, "Genetic Variation at the MC1R Locus and the Time Since Loss of Human Body Hair," Current Anthropology 45:105108 (2004).




20


Nina G. Jablonski and George Chaplin, "Skin," Scientific American 74:7279 (2002).




21


Arthur H. Neufeld and Glenn C. Conroy, "Human Head Hair Is Not Fur," Evolutionary Anthropology 13:89 (2004); B. Thierry, "Hair Grows to Be Cut," Evolutionary Anthropology 14:5 (2005); Alison Jolly, "Hair Signals,"Evolutionary Anthropology 14:5 (2005).




22


Hermelita Winter et al., "Human Type I Hair Keratin Pseudogene phihHaA. Has Functional Orthologs in the Chimpanzee and Gorilla: Evidence for Recent Inactivation of the Human Gene After the Pan-Homo Divergence." Human Genetics 108:3742 (2001).




23


R.X. Zhu et al., "New Evidence on the Earliest Human Presence at High Northern Latitudes in Northeast Asia," Nature 431:559562 (2004).




24


Robert Foley, Humans before Humanity, Blackwell, 1995, p. 75.




25


Richard G. Klein, "Archeology and the Evolution of Human Behavior," Evolutionary Anthropology 9 (1): 1736 (2000).




26


Richard Klein and Blake Edgar, The Dawn of Human Culture, p. 192.




27


Richard Klein, The Human Career, p. 512.




28


Ian McDougall et al., "Stratigraphic Placement and Age of Modern Humans from Kibish, Ethiopia," Nature 433:733736 (2005).




29


  15  ,     "The Impossible Coincidence A Single-Species Model for the Origins of Modern Human Behavior in Europe," Evolutionary Anthropology 14:1227 (2005).




30


Richard Klein, The Human Career, p. 492.


