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1


     . . .




2


          6.1    19.05.1995 N 80-          19411945




3


          6.1   80-.




4


A.J. Zautra, Emotions, Stress, and Health (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 1522.




5


          ,        .      :       ,   .      .    ,     .      ,     .     -       ,     . ,       -,       , ,         . ,   ,                 .




6


M. W. Gallagher and S. J. Lopez, Positive Expectancies and Mental Health: Identifying the Unique Contributions of Hope and Optimism, Journal of Positive Psychology 4, no. 6 (2009): 54856.




7


 ,  .




8


.: Ernest Becker, The Denial of Death (NewYork: Free Press, 1973).




9


       ? ,     . .:Mark Manson, 7 Strange Questions That Help You Find Your Life Purpose, MarkManson.net, September 18, 2014, https://markmanson.net/life-purpose (https://markmanson.net/life-purpose).




10


   ⠖ .:Kanita Dervic, MD, etal., Religious Affiliation and Suicide Attempt, American Journal of Psychiatry 161, no. 12 (2004): 23038.    蠖 .:Sasan Vasegh etal. Religious and Spiritual Factors in Depression, Depression Research and Treatment, published online September 18, 2012, doi: 10.1155/2012/298056.




11


,     132 , ,     ,          . .:Shigehiro Oishi and Ed Diener, Residents of Poor Nations Have a Greater Sense of Meaning in Life than Residents of Wealthy Nations, Psychological Science 25, no. 2 (2014): 42230.




12


젖     ,  .       YouGov   2015.       ,   ,   ,      ,  10%      ,    .      6% .    蠖  3%. .:Max Roser, Good News: The World Is Getting Better. Bad News: You Were Wrong About How Things Have Changed, August 15, 2018, World Economic Forum, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/08/good-news-the-world-is-getting-better-bad-news-you-were-wrong-about-how-things-have-changed (https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/08/good-news-the-world-is-getting-better-bad-news-you-were-wrong-about-how-things-have-changed).




13


 蠖  Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress (NewYork: Viking, 2018) *, and Factfulness: Ten Reasons Were Wrong About the World And Why Things Are Better Than You Think (NewYork: Flatiron Books, 2018) .        , , -,      .

*        - 2020.




14


             . .:Andrew Sullivan, The World Is Better Than Ever. Why Are We Miserable? The Intelligencer, March 9, 2018.




15


Max Roser and Esteban Ortiz-Ospina, Global Rise of Education, published online at OurWorldInDat.org (http://ourworldindata.org/), 2018, https://ourworldindata.org/global-rise-of-education (https://ourworldindata.org/global-rise-of-education).




16


    ,       ,     . .:Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (NewYork: Penguin Books, 2012)*.

*       - 2020.




17


Pinker, Enlightenment Now, pp. 21432.




18


 , pp. 199213.




19


Internet Users in the World by Regions, June 30, 2018,  , InternetWorldStats.com (http://internetworldstats.com/), https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm (https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm).




20


Diana Beltekian and Esteban Ortiz-Ospina, Extreme Poverty Is Falling: How Is Poverty Changing for Higher Poverty Lines? March 5, 2018, OurWorldInDat.org (http://ourworldindata.org/), https://ourworldindata.org/poverty-at-higher-poverty-lines (https://ourworldindata.org/poverty-at-higher-poverty-lines).




21


Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature, pp. 24967.




22


Pinker, Enlightenment Now, pp. 5361.




23


 , pp. 7996.




24


 , ,      .   ,     ,     1980- .,                1,53      .  ,    ,      .     ,      . .:Walter A. Orenstein and Rafi Ahmed, Simply Put: Vaccinations Save Lives, PNAS 114, no. 16 (2017): 403133.




25


G.L. Klerman and M. M. Weissman, Increasing Rates of Depression, Journal of the American Medical Association 261 (1989): 222935. .: J. M. Twenge, Time Period and Birth Cohort Differences in Depressive Symptoms in the U.S., 19822013, Social Indicators Research 121 (2015): 43754.




26


Myrna M. Weissman, PhD, Priya Wickramaratne, PhD, Steven Greenwald, MA, etal., The Changing Rates of Major Depression, JAMA Psychiatry 268, 21 (1992): 3098105.




27


C. M. Herbst, Paradoxical Decline? Another Look at the Relative Reduction in Female Happiness, Journal of Economic Psychology 32 (2011): 77388.




28


S. Cohen and D. Janicki-Deverts, Whos Stressed? Distributions of Psychological Stress in the United States in Probability Samples from 1983, 2006, and 2009, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 42 (2012): 132034.




29


     ,    : Andrew Sullivan, The Poison We Pick, NewYork Magazine, February 2018, http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/02/americas-opioid-epidemic.html (http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/02/americas-opioid-epidemic.html).




30


New Cigna Study Reveals Loneliness at Epidemic Levels in America, Cignas Loneliness Index, May 1, 2018, https://www.multivu.com/players/English/8294451-cigna-us-loneliness-survey/ (https://www.multivu.com/players/English/8294451-cigna-us-loneliness-survey/).




31


The Edelman Trust Index          . .:The 2018 World Trust Barometer: World Report, https://www.edelman.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/2018-10/2018_Edelman_Trust_Barometer_Global_Report_FEB.pdf (https://www.edelman.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/2018-10/2018_Edelman_Trust_Barometer_Global_Report_FEB.pdf).




32


Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and Matthew E. Brashears, Social Isolation in America: Changes in Core Discussion Networks over Two Decades, American Sociological Review 71, no. 3 (2006): 35375.




33


       ,   .           Suicide Rates Data by Country, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.MHSUICIDEASDR?lang=en (http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.MHSUICIDEASDR?lang=en).       . .:Josh Sanburn, Why Suicides Are More Common in Richer Neighborhoods, Time, November 8, 2012, http://business.time.com/2012/11/08/why-suicides-are-more-common-in-richer-neighborhoods/ (http://business.time.com/2012/11/08/why-suicides-are-more-common-in-richer-neighborhoods/).




34


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35


        ,   .  ,         .

   ,   :         ,   : ,   .      ,    ,    ,      4,    .      , ,     ,     ,   ,      ,    .

      .              .   ,         : , ,   .  ,  ,   .        軠   ,            .   3        .      , .:R. M. Ryan and E. L. Deci, Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-being, American Psychologist 55 (2000): 6878.   ࠖ .:Roy Baumeister, Meanings of Life (NewYork: Guilford Press, 1991), pp. 2956.




36


     Antonio Damasio, Descartes Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain (NewYork: Penguin Books, 2005), pp. 3451.   ,     .




37


         (   ,    ..)     ,   .      , ,    .




38


 , p. 38.     ,        .            (.:Damasio, Descartes Error, chap. 1, note 32).




39


        Fernwood 2 Night  1977.,     .   ,        ,      . -      , -   .   ,   ,    .   ,     .




40


            .  ,      ,        ,     ,           . . Hernish J. Acharya, The Rise and Fall of Frontal Leucotomy,  W. A. Whitelaw, ed., The Proceedings of the 13th Annual History of Medicine Days (Calgary: University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, 2004), pp. 3241.




41


-,       .




42


Gretchen Diefenbach, Donald Diefenbach, Alan Baumeister, and Mark West, Portrayal of Lobotomy in the Popular Press: 19351960, Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 8, no. 1 (1999): 6069.




43


    1970-    ,       .         .    ,         ,       .    ⠖   2006.  Guardian,   :    ࠖ   ,     .    . .:Sean OHagan, Off Beat, Guardian, October 28, 2006, https://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/oct/29/popandrock1 (https://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/oct/29/popandrock1).




44


Xenophon, Memorabilia, trans. Amy L. Bonnette (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2014), book 3, chap. 9, p. 5*.

*.   . .:  , 2018.




45


Ren Descartes, The Philosophical Works of Descartes, trans. Elizabeth S. Haldane and G. R. T. Ross (1637; repr. NewYork: Cambridge University Press (1970), 1:101).




46


  ,  젖           .   , ,   , ,      .         6. .:Immanuel Kant, Groundwork to the Metaphysics of Morals, trans. James W. Ellington (1785; repr. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 1993)*.

* .   . .: , 1999.




47


.: Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, trans. James Strachey (1930; repr. NewYork: W. W. Norton and Company, 2010)*.

* .  . : , 2013.




48


  ,    ,  ,   .   ,        .   , ,   ,                 ,      ,   .


