  
 


, ,     ,          ,         .           ,     -,      .

        ,     Zero Comments (2007), Networks without a Cause (2012), Social Media Abyss (2016),         ,        Sad by Design (2019).    ,      :                    ,                 :   ,   ,  ,  .     - ,          ,       ,          .





 

  





 Geert Lovink, 2019

    , 2019

      ѻ/IRIS Foundation, 2019





    :     


, ,     ,          ,         .           ,     -,      :       -   1980-,      1990-         ,      .

  ,       ,       ,        - .    1950-  ,   -    ,   ,   -,  -    ( ,     ,  -  ),   ,           ,         .

  1990-       nettime   ,         ,     ,  Rhizome.         -        ,      -      , -   .      ,      Ars Electronica,   Ph.D. ,           ,             .              2.0        ,          ,      .

        ,     Zero Comments (2007), Networks without a Cause (2012), Social Media Abyss (2016),         ,        Sad by Design (2019).    ,      :                    ,                 :   ,   ,  ,  .     - ,          ,       ,          .

-      ,               ,       ,        ,        . ,  ,       :  ,                    ,  ,  ,   ,      , ,    ,     .           (imaginaries),    -      Google    .          ,    ,             : , ,  .

  ໠   ,  . ,     ,   ,       ,      .         ,        ,        ,  ,        .       ,  ,    ,              - ,     , , ,      ,             .

                        ,    ;    ,     ,          .           :          ,      ,    ,            ,  ,  ,  , -     ,         IT-.

         ,     ,        .        ,  ,     Facebook                .  ,        :     ,        ,            ?      Facebook,     ,        ,         .           1990-     ,           .

         .   ,                     .   ,   ,      .       -            : ,      ,  ,    ,  ,   , .     ,               ,     .      :          ,    ,                ,      .            ide fixe        ,    ,    .      :      .       ,        -,     .



 




   .  


   -.            ,   ,      ,    ,    ,   ,    ,        .      .    ,     .             ,    :   ,      .     .          Cambridge Analytica   2018     .           ?    ,   ,      ;      .

  ,     ,  -.          ,      .    ,     .  ,     ,      .      ,        .         ,    .      ,    ,  .            .            ?   ,  ,  ,     ,    ?        :          .

      .      ,   ,      ,      .                 ,       - .      ,  -   . ,  ,         ,        , , ,    Google      .         ,    ,       ,        ,       .

 ,    ,    , -     .    ,    1990-,    ,   -    . ,      ,         ,    .       ?           .         ,     ,   ,     -?       -:       ;      ,       ,     ,          [1 - - .  . .:    ғ, 1999. . 535.].

         ,          .        2006  2018 ,      .          2.0     -      .              : ,   .          .   1980-     ,     , ,   ,   1990-        ,      .     -          nettime.       -   2002               .       -,  , ,                .

             -,     HTML-,  ,  Usenet     ,       Second Life,        .         ?                  , ,     ?        ,   , ,   ;   ,             (        (shitstorms));               ,       .

         ,       2011 ,     .     ,            ,  ,       -.       . -,   ,        ,    ,  ,    .  -,   ,  .

,   ,  ,      Nesta  :             ,    .   ,        .      : ,         ,  ,      .          IT-   ? ,       ,        .         ? Nesta    :      ,      ?         Google, ,        ,        Google?

 Futurability       1970-,         .        ,     ,    ,    ,      ,        [2 - Berardi F. Futurability. The Age of Impotence and the Horizon of Possibility. London/New York: Verso, 2017. P. 172.].    ,     ,         ,              [3 - Stiegler B. Technics and Time, 2, Disorientation. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009. P. 3.].       The Invisible Committee         .   .       .              ,           ,        ,        [4 - The Invisible Committee. Now. South Pasadena: Semiotext(e), 2017. P. 48.].

       ,       .   ,     Twitter,      #:    #Facebook     ,   #.      #. #  !        [5 -      .: Hesselberth P. Discourses on dysconnectivity and the right to disconnect // New Media & Society. 2018. Vol. 20 (50). P. 19942019.].     - Disconnect  ,    ,     ,    Wi-Fi [6 - thedisconnect.co/:  ,         ,     ,    .      , The Disconnect  ,       ,   .].       .          2013    Off the Network, Disrupting the Digital World,    - (unthink)   [7 - Mejias U. Off the Network, Disrupting the Digital World. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013.].  The Guardian     (-)    ,       .     ,   .   ,   -   . , , ,     ,      . ,             , , ,      .

      Facebook?    ,           ,      ,        .     ,   ,   ,    ,           ,    ,        [8 - .: www.zerohedge.com/news/2016-04-30/nothing-real-its-all-being-played-keep-people-believing-system-working].     :  Burning Man   Facebook    ,      . ,   ,             ?         , , ,       (, ) - .

        .        2018   How to Fix the Future: Staying Human in the Digital Age,  -    .     ,     .   ,    - .  , ,   ,      ,         .     :        -.     - - ,   ,   -    [9 - Keen A. How to Fix the Future. London: Atlantic Books, 2018. . 192.].         :  ,  ,       ,         [10 - Ibid. P. 41.].

                   ,            .   ,   ,    ,     ,    ,           .        ,           .

        .       ,   ,       .      ,       .   2015   Gartner         [11 - ,    Gartner   1990-,             .].      ,   -     ,  -            ,   .                  ,  , ,     .            ,           .

   ,     . ,  Google ,    Android                ,   ,        [12 - Bohn D. Googles Most Ambitious Update in Years // The Verge. 8, 2018. www.theverge.com/2018/5/ 8/17327302/android-p-update-new-features-changes-video-google-io-2018.        .].      ,           .        . ,   Fitbit      quantified self [13 - -,               ,    . .: ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantified_self]       ,    .     ,        .

   Google Search       .     YouTube    ,             [14 - .: www.androidauthority.com/youtube-take-a-break-864783/].   wellbeing- Google :      ,      [15 - .: wellbeing.google/].    ,       ?  ?   Google       ,      ?              ?          ?

-         .    ,        .     ,        .            ,      .              廠   .     backlash by design  Google                        .    .     ,     .          ?              .

       .     ,   .     ,      ,  .  ,      ,   ,           .   Google   ,        ,        ,        [16 -            . .: Stiegler B. Automatic Society. Vol. 1: The Future of Work. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2016. P. 618.].   ,     Google        ,     .    Android    . Google          .

 ,           ,    1968     , ,             .      ,   ,    -              ,    .     ,    ,       .    ?             .           -     -,   -  ,      ,     -  .                   digital humanities          .

 ,      ,           , ,  -     ,      ,  .         ,      ,    .   ,       .     ,   .      .      ,        ,         ?

 ,   ,            .  .    ,  ,    ,   .   ,      .      The Invisible Committee               ,      .   ,          ,       :  , Playstation,      .    ,    ,           .      .

     -       .     ,       :  ,    [17 - Fisher M. Optimism of the Act: www.k-punk.org/optimism-of-the-act]. ,    ,    , ,     ,      .         .         ,     ,     .




1.     ? (2012)



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  ,    ,             Facebook

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  Facebook   :      

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   ,       Facebook

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    IT      .          ໠        ,     ,        [18 - .: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocybernetics].    ,     ,      groupware (      ),    1980- [19 - .: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_software].    ,      ,          (  ,      ,               ..) [20 - .    How computer networks became social  Chesher Ch., Crawford K., Dunn A. Internet Transformations: Language, Technology, Media and Power ( Palgrave Macmillan, 2015  ).].     Wired          ,     ,                        .   ,     1990-     IT,                    ,     .        .  -                 .         .        ,      .

,       .                  ,    [21 -   ,    1953   ,    ,      .].                               (   1930-)       1973-     (1996)     STS [22 - Science and Technology Studies        ,          , ,   . . .],    - ,  -,    .         , ,               .       1990- ,   ,   ,       .        () .        .

     ,          ,         ,     ,       .  ,  -          .           ,     ,                ,           ?

 , ,  ,          .       ,   ,   ,             -    . ,    ,         ?        ໠    ?            2008      ,   ,       ?    ,         [23 -  -򻠖 Occupy Wall-street     ,   -  2011-.       ,     - ,       Occupy  ,   ,      . . .],        .   ,   ,       .         .          , ,         ,   (,  Twitter)    ( , Facebook)       ?

      ,      ,  ,  ,      .  ,           -         ,  , ,      .   ,        ? ,    (social swarms),     ,          ?     ? ,        ,     -  50  :   , ,   .     , -,  ?         ,             ?                   , ,    ?           ?   ,   , - ,        -   ?       ? ,   ,              Kulturideal,       [24 - :    ,        .    ,   ,  ,     ,    .     ,             . . : Nietzsche Daybreak: Thoughts on the Prejudices of Morality / Ed. M. Clark, B. Leiter, trans. R. J. Hollingdale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. P. 491.]?           ?        ,    ,         ,    Usenet,      telnet     HTML- -?

    (social Web) -      MySpace, Digg, YouTube, Flickr  .                (    ),      .           -   ,    ,       .  ,   ,              .     ,  ,           ,   , ,  ,    . ,    ,     ,     ,      :  ,    ,  ,    - ,  .        ,         ,    ,  ,      ,       ,     .    ,    -   ,    ,    .          ,      .   ,  廠   -    廠   ,    .

,          ,        ,         .         .        .       XX ,     .     .    , ,         ,        .        ,        ,       ,  -   .                         .     ,      [25 -  ,    , ,   ,      ,                    . . .]   .  PR-   ,           ,    ,          .        ,        ,      .            .      -        .             ,      .

     :            .  ,       ,          [26 -  .   .   .  -         . .:   ; .: , 1999. sociologos.net/textes/baudrillard.htm],   ,    -,  .               .                      .         .

   2012             ,   ,   .     :      ,       .           ,     :  ,       ,          ,      ?  , ,        .           ,          ?

    ,      ,           .     :          ,        [27 -           Declaration. New York: Argo-Navis, 2012. P. 1821.]. ,    ,    ,  ,   .            ,    .         -  ,  ,      ;    ,            .            .    ,    ,      ,     .    ,  .      ,       ,    [28 - Ibid. P. 35 ( ).].            ,       .

     ,        XIX   ,      .      Facebook   ,      [29 - .    The $100bn Facebook question: will capitalism survive value abundance?  nettime   2012 .      :      2.0          ,         ,      .      ,                 .    ,     ,     ,   Facebook    ,   Ford Motor Co.; -     ,                  Multitudes,      蓻;        ,      .     ( ,  ,           )  ,    ,            .         ,       .      ,      -  ,  - .        (playbour)   ,    ,  ,    ,     .             ,  ,         .].        ,   ,      (,     Facebook       2011     [30 - ,      2011   Occupy. . .]).       , ,  .                          ,      -       (Cold Intimacies [31 - Illouz E. Cold Intimacies: The Making of Emotional Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity, 2007.])? ,    IT,         .   ,      ,        ,     ,  .         ,             .

  ,         ,           ,   .     -,     -           (,   -),       ,   (,  -)     .        :              (     ,       [32 -   . . .]  ..),  ,     ,         ,        [33 -  , 5  2012.].   -,  SocioSite           .      ,  :      ,     .  ,        -  .        .       .          .  ,   ,  ,    -   [34 - Benschop A. Virtual Communities: www.sociosite.org].       ,             -.

        ,    ,     .     -,    ,         .         ,                  .     ,   , , ,     [35 - .: Pfaller R. ?sthetik der Interpassivit?t. Hamburg: Plilo Fine Arts, 2008 ( )  Oenen G. van. Nu even niet! Over de interpassieve samenleving. Amsterdam: van Gennep, 2011 ( ).].             .             .          -.      ,     ,        ,   ,          .            (       ?).

        .            -,               (   ,      ,   ,       );    ,       ߻                 .       :         (   ).        ,    (    ).           .    ,       ,    .

   ,      [36 - .: Ronell A. The Telephone Book. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989,   . 2:     , ,  . ,    , ,   .    - :   ,   ,   ,   .   ,   ,     ,        ,   -,  .              (. 6).    ,    -    .   ,     :        ,  .          ,      (. 16).].       ,    ,   ,      ,      .  Facebook   .          .        .         ,         .        -    .         ,    .     .     .     Facebook?  Twitter.  WhatsApp.   ,   .     1990-.              .  ,    ,      .     ,      .       .   .                    ,   ,  .       ,     ?

  ,    ,   ,    .  ,               . ,       ,     .   Facebook               -.      -      :  ,       .         [37 - .: Baudrillard J. The Masses: the Implosion of the Social in the Media // J. Baudrillard. Selected Writings. Stanford University Press, 2002. P. 210.]  ,  .      .         ,        ,        ,         .       :    ,   ,       ,  ,      -     .    ,                 ,        ,       ,   (  Microsoft, Google, Apple  Facebook,   2012    [38 - .: www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/12/bruce-sterling-on-why-it-stopped-making-sense-to-talk-about-the-internet-in-2012/266674  :  2012         ,  , ,    ,        Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon  Microsoft.              .   Nokia,  HP    ,     .          2013.       ,     쓻.]). ,       ,      .        ,  -  .  ,   -    ,      [39 -   -  2014    ,   Incapsulas Bot Traffic Report 2014.    56%     , 29%     ,   27%   . .: www.scmagazine.com/bot-traffic-overall-decreased-from-2013-incapsula-report-says/article/390564].

         ,        .             ,        .   ,     ,        - ,      . -   ,        ,   .          2.0          .      , ,    - ,  ,      HTML -  ,    .

        :   :     , , , ;        ,       ,       .      ,     -  (      ).   ,   ,        :    ,  .       ,      [40 - .:  .    ,   . :   , 2000.].

  ,      ,     ,        .            ,   ;          .               . Twitter     ,    ?    ,  -,  ,       ,                 .           ,    ?   ,     ,      ,   ,      : ,   ? [41 -   ,  ,   -       The Secret Show  --, 2007.]    ,   .      ,     .

            (   Facebook)    -.            - (  -  ),         .        2.0,      (19461953),       .        ,         ,             .         (Critical Humanities)   ,        .       Software Studies?  . Digital Humanities        ,  -     ,     .       ,        .   ,             -,   -,      .               .     -    .    .    ,       .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=43626196)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


- .  . .:    ғ, 1999. . 535.




2


Berardi F. Futurability. The Age of Impotence and the Horizon of Possibility. London/New York: Verso, 2017. P. 172.




3


Stiegler B. Technics and Time, 2, Disorientation. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009. P. 3.




4


The Invisible Committee. Now. South Pasadena: Semiotext(e), 2017. P. 48.




5


     .: Hesselberth P. Discourses on dysconnectivity and the right to disconnect // New Media & Society. 2018. Vol. 20 (50). P. 19942019.




6


thedisconnect.co/:  ,         ,     ,    .      , The Disconnect  ,       ,   .




7


Mejias U. Off the Network, Disrupting the Digital World. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013.




8


.: www.zerohedge.com/news/2016-04-30/nothing-real-its-all-being-played-keep-people-believing-system-working




9


Keen A. How to Fix the Future. London: Atlantic Books, 2018. . 192.




10


Ibid. P. 41.




11


,    Gartner   1990-,             .




12


Bohn D. Googles Most Ambitious Update in Years // The Verge. 8, 2018. www.theverge.com/2018/5/ 8/17327302/android-p-update-new-features-changes-video-google-io-2018.        .




13


-,               ,    . .: ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantified_self




14


.: www.androidauthority.com/youtube-take-a-break-864783/




15


.: wellbeing.google/




16


           . .: Stiegler B. Automatic Society. Vol. 1: The Future of Work. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2016. P. 618.




17


Fisher M. Optimism of the Act: www.k-punk.org/optimism-of-the-act




18


.: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocybernetics




19


.: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_software




20


.    How computer networks became social  Chesher Ch., Crawford K., Dunn A. Internet Transformations: Language, Technology, Media and Power ( Palgrave Macmillan, 2015  ).




21


  ,    1953   ,    ,      .




22


Science and Technology Studies        ,          , ,   . . .




23


 -򻠖 Occupy Wall-street     ,   -  2011-.       ,     - ,       Occupy  ,   ,      . . .




24


:    ,        .    ,   ,  ,     ,    .     ,             . . : Nietzsche Daybreak: Thoughts on the Prejudices of Morality / Ed. M. Clark, B. Leiter, trans. R. J. Hollingdale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. P. 491.




25


 ,    , ,   ,      ,                    . . .




26


 .   .   .  -         . .:   ; .: , 1999. sociologos.net/textes/baudrillard.htm




27


          Declaration. New York: Argo-Navis, 2012. P. 1821.




28


Ibid. P. 35 ( ).




29


.    The $100bn Facebook question: will capitalism survive value abundance?  nettime   2012 .      :      2.0          ,         ,      .      ,                 .    ,     ,     ,   Facebook    ,   Ford Motor Co.; -     ,                  Multitudes,      蓻;        ,      .     ( ,  ,           )  ,    ,            .         ,       .      ,      -  ,  - .        (playbour)   ,    ,  ,    ,     .             ,  ,         .




30


,      2011   Occupy. . .




31


Illouz E. Cold Intimacies: The Making of Emotional Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity, 2007.




32


  . . .




33


 , 5  2012.




34


Benschop A. Virtual Communities: www.sociosite.org




35


.: Pfaller R. ?sthetik der Interpassivit?t. Hamburg: Plilo Fine Arts, 2008 ( )  Oenen G. van. Nu even niet! Over de interpassieve samenleving. Amsterdam: van Gennep, 2011 ( ).




36


.: Ronell A. The Telephone Book. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989,   . 2:     , ,  . ,    , ,   .    - :   ,   ,   ,   .   ,   ,     ,        ,   -,  .              (. 6).    ,    -    .   ,     :        ,  .          ,      (. 16).




37


.: Baudrillard J. The Masses: the Implosion of the Social in the Media // J. Baudrillard. Selected Writings. Stanford University Press, 2002. P. 210.




38


.: www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/12/bruce-sterling-on-why-it-stopped-making-sense-to-talk-about-the-internet-in-2012/266674  :  2012         ,  , ,    ,        Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon  Microsoft.              .   Nokia,  HP    ,     .          2013.       ,     쓻.




39


  -  2014    ,   Incapsulas Bot Traffic Report 2014.    56%     , 29%     ,   27%   . .: www.scmagazine.com/bot-traffic-overall-decreased-from-2013-incapsula-report-says/article/390564




40


.:  .    ,   . :   , 2000.




41


  ,  ,   -       The Secret Show  --, 2007.


