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  1914       ,       ,      ,  .  ,  -,      .  ,   .          .            ,        .

              .          1914         .      ,  ,   ,  10 ,   .   ,   XX ,    ,     ( ).

      . 19141918.

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  ,     ,     



John Keegan

THE FIRST WORLD WAR



    Aitken Alexander Associates Ltd.   The Van Lear Agency



      Everett Collection/Shutterstock.com



 John Keegan, 1998

  .,    , 2015

    .    -, 2023












    ,      ,  ,      .         ,    .     .     ,         ,   .   ,    ,     ,      ,        -    .  ,     ,      ,      .

       ,        .     .     ,             ,    -,   ,    The Daily Telegraph.      ,    -,         ,  1997,       ,          .        ,    ,     .

            Hutchinson,       Knopf,         ,        The Daily Telegraph.        .    ,   ,    ,   ,    ,          .   ,      .

    ,   The Daily Telegraph,      ,  ,  ,  -  .      ,  The Daily Telegraph.

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     ,   .   ,   ,    ,           ,      ,        .     ,        10000000,   ,      .      ,            ,                .  ,        (      ),      . 18 1922  ,    ,     ,      17 :  ,       .     ![1 - Bullock A. Hitler. London, 1952. P.79.]

               ,        (      ),   , , , ,    ,     .              5000,                ,       ,      ,        ,  .     ,    ,      ,    ,        ,  [2 - .: Gilbert M. The Holocaust. London, 1987. P.17.].             ,          ,    ,         ,      ,       .          ,             (    .        셻),   ,           1945     ,          1915-.        ,       .

   .                 .              ,    .        ,       ,             .  1914     200,      . , . , . , . , . , .   . .        ,   .       ,   XVI.       .    ,       ,   ,      ,    ,   ,   .    ,    ,   .           ,      .         ,       :            ,        .

                .        2000000.  ,                , poilu[3 -  (. ,    , )        . . .],        ,     ,    .      ,      ,      ,    .  ,   ,              .      ,                            ,      .        ,         ,   .

 ,          ,      , -        ,  ,   ,  ,          ,        .          ,            .     ,              .      ,  20-        ,         ,          ,      .              . ?,    ,    ,       ,                蠫      [4 - .: Winter J. Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning. Cambridge, 1995. P.92, 93.].

     ,  ,        ,  .           .             ,     ,      ,  ,            ,    .   ,       11 1920       :    ,         .    ,     1918,         ,         -[5 - .: Ward G., Gibson E. Courage Remembered. London, 1989. .89, 90.].   1924       ,       .   ,     ,             ,    ,  ,   ,      ,    [6 - .: Whalen R. Bitter Wounds: German Victims of the Great War, 19141939. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1984. P.33.].                 .   ,     ,        ,        .                . ,     ,            [7 - .: Ackermann V. La vision allemande du soldat inconnu// J.-J. Becker et al. Guerres et cultures, 19141918. Paris, 1994. P.390, 391.].   ,    

,  .   1914,      , 300000   600000.        20000000,      .      2000000,     ,        22%  .       :  27 30%  19121915.              1918    630000  ,         .  1921-  45     20 39  55.  5000000           ,   .      ,     ;    ,          [8 - .: Thbaud F. La guerre et le deuil chez les femmes fran?aises// Becker. Guerres. P.114, 115.].

       .    18921895 , ,        19 22,   3537%.    16000000,    1870 1899-,  13%,   465600   .   ,     ,     23%  (25%  )  14%    .    44657 , 20877 , 1264   136  . 2547        , ,  ,  .    2057000      [9 - .: Whalen. P.41.].

           ,      ,          .      5000000,     , 125000       ,   650000         15% .  ,      2 3%[10 - .: Jelavich B. History of the Balkans, 2. Cambridge, 1985. .121.].

        ,          .          ,          ,   廠   ,  .    ,         ,    ,         .   ,  ,      20%,        10%.          ,    ,    .

    . ,     19391945         .      .             ,            .           .          ,        ,     ,  .        ,      :         ,    19141918,         ,   ˸,  1914-        ,     .

 ,              ,      .         ,     ,      .     , ,        ,        ,   .    ,      ,    ,   , ,       . ,               ,    .

             ,  , ,  ,   .  ,               ,     ,  ,     .     .        1917,   1922-,   1933-,   1936-,           ,          .  15             ,     ,          XVIIIXIX.      ,   .       ,     ,    ,     .    20  ,        ,       ,    ,       ,        ,       ,   ,  ,       XIX.  ,         , ,  ,                     .

 ,   ,  1939-,   ,    19141918      .   ,       50-   ,             ,     .       .     ,      .   ,    1939-,     ,       .  , 1939-    ,     1914.  ,    ,   1914-         II.     .   ̸ ()      ,    1940-       ,  19141918         . ,           ,        1940-.                  1939,   1915-.   ,     1939-,     1914-        , ,       .  ,     ,   .  1939     ,     .  1914-, ,    ,  ,   ,        ,     .


ߠ

 1914      .             ,           .  1910-          .    ,      (1933),    ,      , ,         ,       ,   .         .  20- ,      1873       ,      ,    XIX     .      ,  ,      ,  .        .        ,    .       1880 1910  35% -,  43% ,  26% ,    50%      .  (   1880 1910  26000000)       ,      ,  ,   ,                ,    .      1893               ,          (       1870),  1893 1913-     31000 71000,      ,  ,  ,   .   ,                   ,      ,    350000000  ,               , , ,  ?  ,      , 1914    ,        ,      ,     .

  ,       ,          ,    ,          ,  1913             ,     . Ƞ     . ?      .            1890    24000000 (    95000000,  40000000,    142000000),          ,   ,   ,       ,    ,                   -      .    ,    ,    ,             ,    ,     .

17 1912               :       ,        .   ,           .       ,         ,      ,      ,     ,        ,    .           ,     ,         [11 - Brock M.// Evans R. and von Strandmann H. The Coming of the First World War. Oxford, 1988. P.169.].

.. ,   Financial Times,     :  ,         .

        (,        )         ,      .       .       .     ( ,    )   ,          .  1865     ,  1875-    .  1882                   ,       ,        1914 (  1941-, ),        .  1873-     ,       ,     ,  1906-    ,         .     ,      ,  -.     ,     .  1890        .  1883-      , 1895-        .  1913     ,  1905-    ,          .         : 1880      , 1895-    , 1911-   , 1906-    , 1897-    ,       , 1905-      (   ).  1875       ,         80-  XIX.         1,5       ,   ,    .

,      .   ,   .         -               .        1903   X    ,       ,          ,   .        , ,             .     ,           ,   1865      .  1910-     ,      .  , 1907-,      .          .        ,  1846   .

 , -       .    1914      ,  ,     ,     .         ,    .  1841 , , ,        .    , -      .     1899       ,       .               .             ,    .  1877     ,       1899- 1901-,  1910-    ,      .

       .              ,        .  -               ,      . ʠ1914        ,        ,     . ?              .       1904   ,          .          ,   ,  1864-     ,   (1889, ).                 1871       .

     ,     ,    .  ,             ,      .          .  1912   12   ,         .      ,         .       .        ,    ,      . ,   ,             . ,         .              1827   1860-.             1900       ,      ,  ,   ,  ,    - ,        . ,       ,    ,      ,      ,     - .

   , ,      ,  .  ,       .         ,         ,   ,  ,     ,    ,  ,    . , , , , , , , ,     ,    ,    (       ,   ).          ,   , ,      ,       .          ,   XIX  ,  .   , ,    ,  .        ,     , ,      ,     ,        .

    .    . , ,           ,  -,   ,  ,  , ,         ,       1914.    .  XVIII      .                        .           .  1900      ,        .        .     ,  ,     .  ,       ,    ,    ,   .      .              . 𻠖            ,     ,  :                       ,                     [12 - Baedeker K. Austria. Leipzig, 1900. P.422424.].

 1914          ,   -.        ,                   .          ,          .              ,     ,   ,     .     1914    ,     , ---  ,   ,     . ,       ,   .   ,    ,     , ,    ,    ,  ,       .    .     1-       ,   ,   V,   1-   .        ,          , , , , , , , ,    .

,                   .  XIX         .  ,    ,  .        .   ,  1914          .          ,      1804     .       .    ,      ,     1648,   , ,  ,       .  ,        ,      1856      ,         .     ,    ,     ,  1864-.  1968 -  ,    .       ,   -           .

       II  1899  ,     ,   ,          .     II         .       .       ,    ,   ,  .       ,        ,                       ,      ,   .         1899       ,       ,      .


 

     ,        .  ,    ,              []     ,       [13 - Best G. Humanity in Warfare. London, 1980. P.140.].     ,       -  ,   ,   .   ,  ,  ,     . ,      ,       ,       .   ,     ,        .     , , , , -      .    , , - ,    ,   -,        ,     .         (   ),      ,          .   ,       ,    .       :     , ,   , - ,           ,       .    ,      ,      .  , ,  ,  .    ,     ,      ,       ,               ,      .

 ,       ,             ,      .      ,  1900   (  )   - ,     .         ,                 ,    ,    . ʠ1906                  .          .      ,    40000000,             60000000.             1913,    .      ,        1900-      ,     -  .

     ,         ,     1899.            (1905)   (1911)      ,        ,      (1912)  (1913)  ,     ,  ,          ,     ,  .        ,    ,      ,     .

 ,       (     )        ,       .  ,       1899,     ,    ,        . ,    ,                   ,  -   -  19041905,     . ,  ,       ,               .      ,      .     1914      13   (Jager zu Pferde). ,        .           ,    ,               [14 - .: Howard M. Men Against Fire// Paret . Makers of Modern Strategy. New York, Princeton, 1986. P.510526.].           (    ),            - ,      -           ,  ,  .     ,           .

 ,             .     ,     ,   1866-    1870-     (  ,         )         ,             .               .   ,    ,                ,  ,  ,    .                     . ,    39,       ,  ,  39 45     , .     ,  .           ,     ,   ,      ,  ,       .

      ,          . ,   90 ,                   : , , , , ̸ (         ),     20 ,         .          ,         . XXI          ,    ,  . 42    600000     25      ,           3000000.  I   (  --)  XVIII   ( )        .     ,      21 ,  ?         [15 - .: German, French and Russian military district maps// Times History of the War, I. London, 1914.]. I          1- 2-  ,      1-         ,          .       .        -,     , ,        ,     ,               [16 - .: Lucas J. Fighting Troops of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. New York, 1987. P.84.].

                ,           , ,      ,    .     .      ,     12  12    12 , 24 72.     .       120000 (  ,    ) 1000.             .  1914    200,   ,    ,   .      ,        .         ,       ,    .

     ,          ,     .      .    .         ,   ,  ,      .         ,          .              .           ,      .         ,   ,     ,              ,         .

       ,          ,   .     ,       ,      .         .             ,       ,    .       ,                   [17 - .: Gordon A. The Rules of the Game. London, 1996. P.354, 355.].  ,   ,             ,    ,          .

     ,     ,      ,     .   ,       1914,        ,   ,             .     ,                    ,     . ,        ,      .    ,        .              .




 

  


    . Ӡ     ,    ,      ,          [18 - .: Keegan J. The Mask of Command. London, 1987. P.40, 42.]. Ӡ     :        ,        ,                  .  II       1588:    -,    ,      ,    .       1704-   ,           ,       .          : 1798-       , 1800-   , 1806-   , 1808-  ,  1812-  .  1861,      ,        ໠              .   III            1870:            [19 - . : Parker G. Chapter 5// Murray W., Knox M., Bernstein A. The Making of Strategy. Cambridge, 1994.].

          ,       .  1870-     III         .               ,       .     ,        .      ,  30-  XIX.   ,         ,                 .       ,      .        .   ,          ,     .             120    ,    ,    ,    .            ,      [20 - .: Contamine P. War in the Middle Ages. Oxford, 1984. P.26.].            ,        ,   [21 - .: Thompson J. The Lifeblood of war. London, 1991. Chapter 2.].        ,     ,  ,    , , ,  ,        ,    .       .      ,        - ,   ,    ,         ,    ,     [22 - .: Howard M. The Franco-Prussian war. London, 1981. P.26, 27.].            ,   .     XIX,   ,   ,         ,      .  ,                .

   .   ,          .            .  ,    ,  XIX.        ,     .            .  1810        ,   ,  ,      [23 - .: Hittle J. The Military Staff. Harrisburg, 1961. Chapter2.].           ,   ,    ,  : , ,  .       .  1854,  55      ,   ,  ,            [24 - .: Hibbert C. The Destruction of Lord Raglan. London, 1984. .15, 16.].                             .             .               ,    (!).       1866-    1870-              , ,       (1880),      (1908),    [25 - .: Porch D. The March to the Marne. Cambridge, 1981. P.331.].  ,         ,  .      .       ,   ,            !           ,        .    ,        .  XVIII     ,    ,  1914     -       ,     .

 ,   ,    .       .  1914     -  .     ,       .     ,      ,        .



 , , ,  ,           1913,    ,     .              ,             .       ,           ,        [26 - Nicolson H. The Evolution of Diplomatic Method. London, 1954. .75.].


   ,       .      ,    ,       .      ,  ,   :        ,      .      , ,   ,    ,          .    . . .   ,       1914     ,         ,          ,           . -              1870-,         .     , M-Tag,    .    ,               ,           ,         .    .  ,         ,      .    ,       1914, ,    ,   ,             25  .    ,        ,                   [27 - .: Kern S. The Culture of Time and Space. Cambridge, Mass., 1983. P.270273.].

          ,      .  ,      ,            , ,           ,       .     ,      ,    .            ,      [28 - .: Sullivan B. The Strategy of the Decisive Weight: Italy, 18821922// Murray, Knox, Bernstein. P.332.].  1915, ,           ,      ,     ,        ,            [29 - .: Stone N. Moltke and Conrad,// P. Kennedy. The war Plans of the Great Powers. London, 1979. P.234.].  ,  1902-     ,   ,  , ,      ,    ,        ,   -  ,     ,      ,     ,        [30 - .: McDermot J. The Revolution in British Military Thinking from the Boer War to the Moroccan Crisis// Kennedy. P.105.].       .      1889          ,         .  -   -        1912,    1905-.

    ,                     -      .   ,       ,   ,     ,           . ,           .    .   ,                   .       .          .     ,             1914,               .      ,    ,    ,   .       .  ,  ,             .                      ,    ,  ,       ,  ,    .           ,     ,   ?  ,      .

     .         1891,             .    ,   ,   ,         ,      1870      , ,   .         .         ,            ,   ,         ,          ,      .               .  1879  ,                     .     ,      [31 - .: Turner L. The Significance of the Schlieffen Plan// Kennedy. P.200.].

,  -  1866  - 18701871,    .   ,         ,    ,    .     ,          .  ,    ,     .     .     ,    .      II    1888      ,    1891-      ,     ,          -,  , ,        ,           [32 - .: Taylor A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe. Oxford, 1954. P.317.].    ,  .       :   ,   ;   ,     ;   ,      ,          ; ,   ,  ,       ;        ,        -  ,         .        [33 - .: Ritter G. The Schlieffen Plan. London, 1958. P.71.].

   ,     ,      , ,                     ,         .         .    1892  ,        ,    ,    .  1894-     ,     .  1897, ,          ,    ,           .  ,     ,  . ,    1899 1904  ,    ,       ,         ,      . ,     ,    1905,   ,         ,    14,   .      1839  ,        ,   .    ,         ,    ,   ,   ,     ,    ,            .              ̸,         ,            ,    .          650       300.       ,  , , .             .            ,      [34 - .: Ritter. P.2225, 2748.  1, 2, 3, 6.].

           ,     1913.        .    ,     ,           .           .               ,             ,   ,   [35 - .: Craig G. The Politics of the Prussian Army. New York, Princeton, 1955. P.278, 279.].       ,     216  ..         .       ,           ,          .    ,  ,      .              , ,      .






 



               ,   , ,   .   18661870-     , 1884-   ,   1891        ,    .        ,  ,          ,     ,   ,                 .         1905:



         .     .             ̸,     ,      .      ,   ̸  ,      .


      ,          .    ,        ,           ,   ,  ,     [36 - .: Herwig H. Strategic Uncertainties of a Nation State: Prussia-Germany, 18711918// Murray, Knox, Bernstein. P.259.]. , 1905    33  .    , ,   -,           .        ,      ,          .     :     ,     . ,   ,    ,    1866      1870-  ,        .         .   ,  , ,       [37 - Ibid. P.260.].

       ,       ,             .            ,    .   ,           ,        .    .  ,                  .             --,           ,      ,  ,  ,  .  ,       ,    ,          .             :            , 29        ,             .      32          ;   29-       .    ,  ,   .           ,       ..         ,          32,   ,           ,       1,5   .        300    30 ,        10,            . ,         .     ,              .     [38 - .: Ritter. P.173.].

,  ,    ,  .      .    -   ,          ,   ,   ,    :       [39 - Ibid. P.180.].    ,        .       ,     .        1870,    - ,  ,      ,       ,     .   , ,     ,     ,      ,   . , ,     .   ,         ,       ,     . ,       ,    .      ,     -- ,         ,             .      ,           ,      .

   , ,      .    1905       .  ,  ,       .          [40 - Ritter. P.139.].    ,       20  .           .  ,   ,      .              ,    [41 - Ibid. P.141.]. ,    ,    ,           - [42 - Ibid. P.142.].         .      :        ,   ,       .    ,       .            ,    1870   : ,     ,   ,   [ ],    ,    [43 - Ritter. P.174.].      ,     .     :    ,       ,    ,      ,   , ,        [44 - Ibid. P.144.].    :         [45 - Ibid. P.145.].

    .   .               :        .      ,   ,    ,           ,               .       ,       ,        ( ),    ,            .       :   [ ],     [  ],       []              3[46 - Ritter. P.143.].

   ,      , ,   :  3  ,            ,   -  ,   .     ,   ,      .          .   ,             .      .   ,       20  .        1914 ,        ,       1-    ,    , 24  5     25  , 2728 , , 3437,        [47 - .: Edmonds J. Military Operation, France and Belgium, 1914, I. London, 1928, Appendix 31.]. 1-         18  5 1914      20  ,   420[48 - Ibid. Sketch 5.].    ,      ,    ,          ,   ,      ,     ,     .

  ,         :    ,    ,    :        ? ,     [49 - Ritter. P.141, 178.]? -    .       .              ,     ,    ,         200000,      .     .

        .      1906     -,    18661870.      .        ,   ,        . -    ,        .      ,         !     ,           ,             [50 - .: Bucholz A. Moltke, Schlieffen and Prussian war Planning. New York, 1991. P.267.].      ,     ,   ,    .   20,      ,     .              .  ,  1914        .   .

       .    80-  XIX.      ,   XVII     ,    ,   -      .   ,        .   ,  80-  XIX   ,        ,    ,   .   ,       1871,        .                          ,       .              .   ,            .

        .   XIV,  1898,         .          .    40000000       ,      50000000,     .                     .     1870  .  1898-        ,    .  XIV      ,    XV,  1903,   ,   .

          .                   ,      ,     .      1905,              ,    ,       .           ,     ,        .  ,  ,        ,      .  XV-,  1907-,       .       XVI,    ,     ,         . ʠ1911-       ,  ,   ,     ,   ,    XIVXVI:                   ,     [51 - .: Gat A. The Development of Military Thought, 2. Oxford, 1992. P.153157.].

              ,        ,        .        ,         ,         ,  1914.  ,      , ,      .         ,    .  XVII,    1913,   .      .         ,      5-         .           .   ,    XVII,     ,       [52 - Etat-major de larme. Les armes fran?aises dans la Grande guerre. Paris, 1922. I, i, annexes. P.21.].       ,    .

   XVII,   ,       ,   . -,      ,              . ,        ,     2-    ( ),     [53 - .: Williamson S. Joffre Reshapes French Strategy// Kennedy. .145.]. -,               1905.  19111913         ,       [54 - .: Gat. P.155.].  ,                   ,          .   ,    ,           .  ,       19111913          .  ,  1913-,         ,     ,             .       XVII        .        1905. ʠ1911-  ,      --  1839,   ,              .     :            .               ,         (         XVII),           .       ,   , ,    - ,    [55 - .: Williamson// Kennedy. P.147.].

       軠      - ,      .       XVII,           [56 - Ibidem.].     -     ,   - .  ,           ,  .      II      .     ,            ,     ,    .                  . ,         ,           .      .       ,   ,     .       ,   XVII   -   ,   ,   ,      .           ,      ,   .    ,    ,     ,  ,       .         ,      .

    ,       .    ,             ,   ,      .     ,      .  1911 ,     ,    ,        .   1910,        ,      ,        .         .   1910-        ,          ,                     ,          .     ,     ,     ,     -[57 - .: Williamson// Kennedy. P.135.]. ,     .                        ,    .

  , 19061909      .     ,          . ʠ1909   ,     .       18     ,        .   ?   1910-       19,      .       ,     ?   .        .        ,     -       .   ,     蠫û   19:       蠫û  [58 - .: Sayder L. The Ideology of the Offensive. Ithaca, 1984. .182.].

      ,        .    ,   1912    ,  -       19,       ,    , ,          800000 (  )  M+15,        [59 - Menning B. Bayonets Before Bullets: The Russian Imperial Army, 18611914. Bloomington, Ind., 1992. P.245.].   III  ,     1913,           ,    .         .      ,  1913           .   蠫                .  ,  ,    .  1913-     ,    ,       ,         .       ,      .          ,         -     ,         ,         [60 - Menning. P.247, 248.].  ,  ,      ,    ,   ,   ,                  .

 19061914        .           .    1866. -   ,       ,  1882      .         .           ,       ,                 .            .  ,                    .    ,          .    .         [61 - .: Stone N.// Kennedy. P.224.].       ,    .

     -  ,   .     ,             .  ,       ø,       ,      .       . ø  ,   ,          .       -  ,      ,          ,     .  ø           :    10,    ,    30      蠫   12       ,   .

 ,   . 21 1909            ? .  ,            ,   :      ,      .         .       . ø  ,        . 26   ,              50   .   ,   ,      40?  ,            .  ,      ø        .     ,        ,          ,  ,          .      ,   -    .   

    ,   .            ( ,       ,   ),       .        ,      ,    ,       . ø - :    ,     ?[62 - Stone// Kennedy. P.228.]    60  10     ,     ,   , ,  .         ,          . ,     ,        ,            :      [63 - Stone// Kennedy. P.223.].     .   ,          ,    ,     .       ,    19 1909,     ,        .  ,    ø      (       ,   ,      )        ,          1910-       . ,        .         1914-                    :   ,  [64 - Tunstall G. Planning For war Against Russia and Serbia: Austro-Hungarian and German Military Strategies, 18711914. New York, 1993. P.138.].            ,         .

       ,     .          : ,    1906,      ,  ,      , ,     .   ,       ,      .        1904,             1905-,                 .  ,    ,     ,      ,   .       (    ,          )[65 - .: Herrmann D. The Arming of Europe and the Making of the First World war. New York, Princeton, 1996. P.156.].       .          .  ,     ,     ,                     .   1906         .    ,      ,         .   1911,          ,           .                 XVII[66 - .: Gooch J. Italy During the First World War// Millett A., Murray W. Military Effectiveness, I. Boston, 1988. P.294.]




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notes








1


Bullock A. Hitler. London, 1952. P.79.




2


.: Gilbert M. The Holocaust. London, 1987. P.17.




3


 (. ,    , )        . . .




4


.: Winter J. Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning. Cambridge, 1995. P.92, 93.




5


.: Ward G., Gibson E. Courage Remembered. London, 1989. .89, 90.




6


.: Whalen R. Bitter Wounds: German Victims of the Great War, 19141939. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1984. P.33.




7


.: Ackermann V. La vision allemande du soldat inconnu// J.-J. Becker et al. Guerres et cultures, 19141918. Paris, 1994. P.390, 391.




8


.: Thbaud F. La guerre et le deuil chez les femmes fran?aises// Becker. Guerres. P.114, 115.




9


.: Whalen. P.41.




10


.: Jelavich B. History of the Balkans, 2. Cambridge, 1985. .121.




11


Brock M.// Evans R. and von Strandmann H. The Coming of the First World War. Oxford, 1988. P.169.




12


Baedeker K. Austria. Leipzig, 1900. P.422424.




13


Best G. Humanity in Warfare. London, 1980. P.140.




14


.: Howard M. Men Against Fire// Paret . Makers of Modern Strategy. New York, Princeton, 1986. P.510526.




15


.: German, French and Russian military district maps// Times History of the War, I. London, 1914.




16


.: Lucas J. Fighting Troops of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. New York, 1987. P.84.




17


.: Gordon A. The Rules of the Game. London, 1996. P.354, 355.




18


.: Keegan J. The Mask of Command. London, 1987. P.40, 42.




19


. : Parker G. Chapter 5// Murray W., Knox M., Bernstein A. The Making of Strategy. Cambridge, 1994.




20


.: Contamine P. War in the Middle Ages. Oxford, 1984. P.26.




21


.: Thompson J. The Lifeblood of war. London, 1991. Chapter 2.




22


.: Howard M. The Franco-Prussian war. London, 1981. P.26, 27.




23


.: Hittle J. The Military Staff. Harrisburg, 1961. Chapter2.




24


.: Hibbert C. The Destruction of Lord Raglan. London, 1984. .15, 16.




25


.: Porch D. The March to the Marne. Cambridge, 1981. P.331.




26


Nicolson H. The Evolution of Diplomatic Method. London, 1954. .75.




27


.: Kern S. The Culture of Time and Space. Cambridge, Mass., 1983. P.270273.




28


.: Sullivan B. The Strategy of the Decisive Weight: Italy, 18821922// Murray, Knox, Bernstein. P.332.




29


.: Stone N. Moltke and Conrad,// P. Kennedy. The war Plans of the Great Powers. London, 1979. P.234.




30


.: McDermot J. The Revolution in British Military Thinking from the Boer War to the Moroccan Crisis// Kennedy. P.105.




31


.: Turner L. The Significance of the Schlieffen Plan// Kennedy. P.200.




32


.: Taylor A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe. Oxford, 1954. P.317.




33


.: Ritter G. The Schlieffen Plan. London, 1958. P.71.




34


.: Ritter. P.2225, 2748.  1, 2, 3, 6.




35


.: Craig G. The Politics of the Prussian Army. New York, Princeton, 1955. P.278, 279.




36


.: Herwig H. Strategic Uncertainties of a Nation State: Prussia-Germany, 18711918// Murray, Knox, Bernstein. P.259.




37


Ibid. P.260.




38


.: Ritter. P.173.




39


Ibid. P.180.




40


Ritter. P.139.




41


Ibid. P.141.




42


Ibid. P.142.




43


Ritter. P.174.




44


Ibid. P.144.




45


Ibid. P.145.




46


Ritter. P.143.




47


.: Edmonds J. Military Operation, France and Belgium, 1914, I. London, 1928, Appendix 31.




48


Ibid. Sketch 5.




49


Ritter. P.141, 178.




50


.: Bucholz A. Moltke, Schlieffen and Prussian war Planning. New York, 1991. P.267.




51


.: Gat A. The Development of Military Thought, 2. Oxford, 1992. P.153157.




52


Etat-major de larme. Les armes fran?aises dans la Grande guerre. Paris, 1922. I, i, annexes. P.21.




53


.: Williamson S. Joffre Reshapes French Strategy// Kennedy. .145.




54


.: Gat. P.155.




55


.: Williamson// Kennedy. P.147.




56


Ibidem.




57


.: Williamson// Kennedy. P.135.




58


.: Sayder L. The Ideology of the Offensive. Ithaca, 1984. .182.




59


Menning B. Bayonets Before Bullets: The Russian Imperial Army, 18611914. Bloomington, Ind., 1992. P.245.




60


Menning. P.247, 248.




61


.: Stone N.// Kennedy. P.224.




62


Stone// Kennedy. P.228.




63


Stone// Kennedy. P.223.




64


Tunstall G. Planning For war Against Russia and Serbia: Austro-Hungarian and German Military Strategies, 18711914. New York, 1993. P.138.




65


.: Herrmann D. The Arming of Europe and the Making of the First World war. New York, Princeton, 1996. P.156.




66


.: Gooch J. Italy During the First World War// Millett A., Murray W. Military Effectiveness, I. Boston, 1988. P.294.


