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       :      ,        (, , )    300 000;             ;        11 000 .       [1 - ,  ,   - (. ), ,   ,  117    48   (          ).                  XVII.        .   ,     , . .].

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    ,   .        頖       ,  -   .        -.     蠖 .        .      : -  ,  - ,  堖 ,  -堖 .

 젖    .        [3 -  ,       (mass capitalism), ,  ,    .  ,        ,           .]         .         .          .    ,     ,       .          ,      .  ,      ,  ,  ,  ,  .      ,     (Model T)     .       Bank of America,       .  ,  ,  - eBay,       .

     , ,    ,             .          , ,  .       ,         .       ,      .         ,                        .     ,       .

 ,  .        -:     .      .           .   ,        ,        (The Rise and Fall of American Growth)[4 -         ( .    :      . .:   , 2015),   (Hansen, Alvin H. Economic Progress and Declining Population Growth. American Economic Review, March 1939, 29 (1), pp. 115),   (Summers, Lawrence. U. S. Economic Prospects: Secular Stagnation, Hysteresis, and the Zero Lower Bound. Business Economics, April 2014, 49 (2), pp. 6573);   (Robert J. Gordon, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U. S. Standard of Living since the Civil War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016). . .].              .             .    .   .

     .  1930- .          ,  -    .            ࠖ      .  1970- .   ,           .         ,      ,  ,      . C      ,  .

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    :   ,           ,   , , ,    .        ,      .            .      蠖       ()        , ,      ,    XIII.[6 -       (Magna Carta),     1215.                  .          .][7 - Alan Macfarlane, The Origins of English Individualism: The Family Property and Social Transition (Oxford: Basic Blackwell, 1979).].          .      ,    .    ,   .        , -    .    ,          .

       .      ,    ,    .      (17751783)     ,         堖         [8 -  .       . .: , 2017.].               ࠖ    -   .     ,      1820.     0,11%  䠖  11%  [9 - Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris: OECD, 2001), 28.].   XV.     ,        ,   ,   ,  , ,          .           ,              .

      ,      ,     .     ,     ,            ,   젖 .     , ,    ,       ,     .

       ,  ,       ,      .          ,   ,        ,   ,   ,   ,       ,    .  ,   1787.   1788-, ,          ,      ,         .    ,     ,        ,      .

          ,    .         ,  -  .           -,            .                  ,       . -,   ,      .         .  ,             ,  ,          ,     1643.      (    -   ),                     .

         : -[10 - -蠖   ,    .       ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  . . ] ,           ,  ,   .       ,     ,   ,   .     ,       ,      .      ,      ,         .

-       .     ,       ,               [11 -  . :  3. .: , 1985. . 3.]  ,        ,            .         ,         .           ,       ,     .  ,    ⠖          ,      ,     .

            . -     蠖      8  I.       ,       ;       5%      .  ,          ,           ,        .

         :     .    蠖   Virginia Company  Massachusetts Bay Company.    [12 -  ( )  XVII.     , 堖  蠖   ,     ()   ,       . . .]   ,       .        .  XVIII.     (  ) ,     .         (man of business).  1830- .        ,   [13 - Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The National Experience (New York: Vintage Books, 1965), 115 ( . .  . .: , 1993).].

           ,     ,   ,    .       ,    ໠          .         ,        ,    ,     ,      ,  ,      ,   ,  1093 ,   ,   ,     .

            .     堖     .       ,   -[14 -       ,      ,        . . .].    ( )      ,         ,    .          ,           .         젖   ,         ,  㠖  ,        蠖 , .         18611865.     ,         -   .




  


 -   ,      ࠖ ,    .  1818  1914.      338      160 .  27 864 ,    27,3 .       ;          -  .      XIX.      2 239 681,86 .   1800.  7 614 673,82 .   1850.             1 618 744 .   ,    ,     .

      .      ,      ,  .    ꠖ , , ,  , ,  蠖     ,  ,      [15 - Robert D. Kaplan, Earning the Rockies: How Geography Shapes America's Role in the World (New York: Random House, 2017), 133.]. ,         ,   .     ,    -.     堖    .   ࠖ   (         ).  䠖  .

         .          ⠖     1849.       .     ,   , , .          젖   ,     ,     .         1890  1905.          6  51%,        :       ,    .

    .            堖       .    ,     ,  ,        .  XIX.     15砖  5,3   76.         ,   .  1890. 80%   87%      .

          .        .  ,   , .  ,   ,       ,  -.

      :    ,     ,      .      ,     򻠖  .    ,            :   (Middletown),      (    ),     , ,         .   18931898.  35%  ,   19201924.  57%.     .                   . ( 1980- .                 [16 -  񻠖        (      ),       .    ,    1970- .,        .  񻠖       .]).

   XIX.    ⠖   ,          .   ,   ,        : 1905.      14%   .      :   1901.  U. S. Steel (   -)   250 000 .   ,  -  ,  ,      蠖          ⠖   ,    .




  


     ,     ࠖ ,  , .          .    ,    .        . 堖    . 堖  ,      .               .  ,  ,        ,    .

    [17 - Alan Greenspan, The Map and the Territory 2.0: Risk, Human Nature, and the Future of Forecasting (New York: Penguin Press, 2013), 152176 ( .   . ,     . .:  , 2018).].             .    ࠖ  ,    (  )     ( ).    ()          (   )          .

 1950- .             ,           .         ,      (堖 )[18 - .: MFP.       .].     .        .

            蠖      ,     .               1930- .,             .   ,     ,         ,       1790- .          ,   ,  ,    , ,    ,    1840- .   .   ,     ,               Ϡ  ,          (. )[19 - Susan B. Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, Alan L. Olmstead, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright, eds., Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).].         .




 


 堖     ,  [20 -    (perennial gale)     . .   ,   ,      . . .],     ,        .   ,       蠖      ,      , ,   ,     (  ,   )       .   堖  .                    .        1855.  ,     .

           ,   [21 -  .   . ,   . .: , 2007.].       ,  .     ,        .     蠖            ,     .        ,    ,        ,   .

         ,    XIX.,     .       .   ,              ,      .          (,     )    ,         1876  1901.   83,5%.      :          ,     ,             .    ,      ,        .

            . ,    ,      ,      .   ,   The Times        [22 - Charles R. Morris, The Dawn of Innovation: The First American Industrial Revolution (New York: Public Affairs, 2012), 242243.],    1831. (   )   XIX.      500%      250%   .                .  1800.              0,4 .  1890.  ,   ,             8.  ,   1846.,  1870- .     ,        .   (- )      1890.   䠖           ( ) 13 . ,   1910.,  1929.    80  90% ,   .

 -     .         , ,   .   XIX.   ⠖ , ,          -.               .  1913.     ,     .               .     [23 - David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 19291945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 615.].  ,  젖    .

            .     .          ,     ,  .           ,        .    ,      ,    -  1812.,     700  ,      ,      ,  [24 -  1812.  -   18121815.,      ,      . . .].

 1827.  Journal of Commerce,       :         ,    ,      ,     .   ,     1844.,       .   Western Union            1861.,      -, .    ,  1869.,       .         -,  堖  ,     Union Pacific  Central Pacific.      .     (  )  1866.     :   -, -        .

      ,       .        ,     .       .         ,            ( )  ,     .

          .         :                 ()   (),             .

     .              .  , ,        ࠖ  ,       ,     .               ,   蠖    (    )      .   ,  1879  2015.           0,26%     .  2015.      40%.            1879  1899.,        0,52    䠖  1899., ,          10,6%.

        .     ,    ,  ,          . ,       :                 ࠖ  .               .          ,         .  ,    蠖    ,     ,   ,         ,   .                   [25 - https://www.history.co.uk/history-of-america/transcontinental-railroad (https://www.history.co.uk/history-of-america/transcontinental-railroad).].                 ;        .           :         ,        .        :         , , ,  ,              .

   蠖 .       ,   ,     ,      :          .   ,      (   )    ( )             . ,    ,           ,     .      .  XIX.    ,     ,      -           ,        .     ,           ,        .




 


              [26 -  ࠖ  ,    ,      ,   24 .].        ,    .           .           ,       ,        .   1850- .                   .      ( )     : 1860.    Pony Express,     ,        ,     ,    [27 - 26 1860.  New York Herald    ,   Central Overland California  Pike's Peak Express Company       -  -   .    Pony Express       , 3   17:00;     .    .      -  -   蠖   .   -   .].      ,     ,            ,   ,     .

   Pony Express,           .  The Nation   1872.         :



       ,        ,       ,        pari passu[28 - Pari passu .:  . . .]     .           ,       .     ,      ,    [29 - Ann Norton Greene, Horses at Work: Harnessing Power in Industrial America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 12.].


            ,  廠  4,3     1840.  27,5  1910.    70-         ,        [30 -  , 41.].    ,    ,          ,     ,    ,          .          ,     .         ,    ,          .

        ,   ,    .  40 ,    ,            1882.[31 -  1882.,      ,      -,      59   .],            .             .           ,     [32 -       ,    ,                 ,       .       .       :       ,    ,   ,   ,   , .         ,      . . .],        [33 - Paul David, "Computer and Dynamo: The Modern Productivity Paradox in a Not-Too-Distant Mirror", Center for Economic Policy Research, No. 339, Stanford University, July 1989. . : "The Dynamo and the Computer: A Historical Perspective on the Modern Productivity Paradox", American Economic Review 80, no. 2 (May 1990), Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Second Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, 355361.].

          .            ,         .     (  ,       )         ,     89   3540 .  1920  2000.          砖    -      0,003.

          .     ,     -        .    ,      : ,    , []                  [34 - Stanley Lebergott, Pursuing Happiness: American Consumers in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), 3739.].      .         .           ,     58     1900.  18     1975.[35 - ,          ,  ,              ,    MPF/.].       ,          30%        1015%.




   


        :      ,      ,       ,       .      .          :    ,      ,  堖 .         ,       .

   ,   ,   ,  ,    [36 - Deirdre Nansen McCloskey, Bourgeois Equality: How Ideas, Not Capital or Institutions, Enriched the World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 154.].      ,    ,  蠖  ,     ,   .     ,      .                ,    ;      ;     ;    .   ,    ,     ,        [37 -        .        ,        ,  , .        (  )   .    ,     . ,      ,    .          ,       ,        ,             I   1873.      . , ,     ,    . . .].               .

     .       ,   .         ,    ,       .  1930- .,      ,     ,    .                ,          .       .  ࠖ   1947.    [38 -   ,        ,    .].          ,  .      1970- .,   ,   ,   .                   ,           ,     .             ,         ,  ,          .

       ,    .         ,            :  ,              ,    堖        ,      ,       .  1880- .  ,  Cincinnati Gas Company         [39 -    1904.,  American Gas Association    1918. ,    ,       蠖     1880- .],        -.           (, ,   -),       .  ,     ࠖ , ,             [40 - Ernest Freeberg, The Age of Edison: Electric Light and the Invention of Modern America (New York: Penguin Books, 2013), 7680.].




  


     ,      ,     :          ;      ,  .         ,   .     XIX.  ,  ,  [41 -   (18441919)   H. J. Heinz,          ]  堖   ,      .

         .         ,   .        -軠           .        ,        : ,    ,      ,    .        ,    .           ,     The Times.        堖      ,    :    ,  -    ,    ,   , .        .

         .          .      ,  , , 堖 .    ,  .   ,   ,    ,     .          ,   :      ;       (     ,     ,       ).

  ,     ,          .             ,     .         ,     .         , ,        ,   ,       ,                .      젖 ,   -  .

              .   -      .    ,              .          .        - ,     77     ࠖ  1836. (        [42 -         .                .     ,     (17911811)   (18161833) .       . . .])  1913-.     .      ,   .

 [43 -  ()        .,      .]       .  1913.      .          .           ,     1920- .       .      ,     [44 -  ,          1963.,    ,        .  ,  ,  ,     ,         .     , , ,  ,     .         ,      1964.  .  IX. . .].

   laissez-faire ( )       ,   ,      .       .             ,       . -            .        堖      ( ),  ࠖ  ,   ࠖ  .               .     1944.          (The Road to Serfdom)   Reader's Digest  .  [45 -   (19122006)  ,       ,      .]   .          ,    ,   .

           ?     .           1980- .            .        ,    -[46 -  -⠖  ,       1940-   1950- .    .]   .        ,       ,        .          ,       ,   ,       ,     .           .             .




    


      ,      .        1991.      .     - ,       ()      .    2017.     14%  (   1965.     5%),                       .  2017.                 ,   ,       ,       25%         .       296- ,        .

         :      ,    2008-  1929.,     - ,        .   ,     ,  - ,    (- )            .             4050%  .          .        ,          .     ࠖ           .            ,           .  ,    堖   ,   ࠖ  2010.[47 -  -,     ,        ,      2319 (!)  .       . . .],       ,        ,  ,       .  ࠖ           ,     ,  ,  .

  ,         젖  1930- ., ,   1970-,           .                 .  1940.    :  -        .            , ⠖       ⠖    .

     젖      ,    .       .      .        ,        :      ,   ,    ,        ,     .

  ,     ,      .




 1

 : 17761880 .



        .              .     ,      .  1600  1766.        堖          .   ,        ,        :   2017.     4,71 . [48 - John McCusker, ed., "Colonial Statistics", Governance and International Relations, vol. 5of Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan B. Carter et al. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 627; Richard Sutch, ed., "National Income and Product", Economic Structure and Performance, vol. 3of Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, 3.].      57 ,  .      堖      -  ( 蠖 -).    ,    1880- .       .            蠖 , , ,    .     4828  ,       ,   .

           :               ,     [49 -       .       ,     젖          . . .][50 - Robert H. Wiebe, SelfRule: A Cultural History of American Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 17.].       [51 -     ,    , , , .       ,  頖 learned professions.   , ,        .]     .   .         ,           ,   .     .          .      -  , ,    , ,    ,  .    ,  , ,     ,     [52 - Gordon S. Wood, The American Revolution: A History (New York: Modern Library, 2002), 9.].

       .            ,    ,  ,   .              堖  1800.      .         . 29  56         .             .    ,     ,  ,      .       ,       [53 -   (17231780)    ,             . . .]     .       .          ,       ,   .

     ,    .         ?       ?      ,    ,  :     ,    ?         ?

         蠖    ,    ,     [54 -                  ,   .      :    ,   (XVIII.)     1842. ,     ,  , ,    ,  -       . . .].        ,        ,       ,   .   ,       ,      .    ,            .     ,   ,        . -      ,      .     (       1980- .),       .      ,      .  ,          [55 - Alan Taylor, American Revolutions: A Continental History, 17501804 (New York: W. W. Norton, 2016), 375.].




   


    ,   ,     .     17941796.,       .     ,     :  ,   ,  ,           [  ], -         ,        ,        [56 - . : Douglas A. Irwin, Clashing over Commerce: A History of U. S. Trade Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017), 121.].

        .         1694.,     The Governor and Company of the Bank of England      .  1717.    :               (4,25     ).     1780- .    .  1781.       (The Bank of North America),  1784.     - (The Bank of New York),         (Massachusetts Bank).  1830- .        .    ( I,  8)       .   1792.       ,     (   371,25  [57 -        .   ,    , 64,79891.  1    24,057. . .]); ,      :     ( 2,5 .   )      .       24,75   ,        15  .     :       ,    ,    ,    ,         .  1834.       ,   堖 16       .

 90%     蠖   .   ࠖ ,   -ꠖ     16 000 .      蠖  (750 000 )   ( 3 000 000 )      [58 - Taylor, American Revolutions, 23.].    ,      ,    ,     蠖    젖         .     ;       .   蠖 ,      ,     .        ,     :       ,        .       ,     ;      ,        .

,      ,  ,   .   ,     蠖    ,    ,    蠖     .      .     ࠖ      ,        .        (         堖       ).         .      :    ,        ,    ,        .            ,  ,     .       ,  ,    ,  ,  1801.       [59 - Ann Norton Greene, Horses at Work: Harnessing Power in Industrial America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 48.].

     .  ,      ,       ,        (The Spirit of the Laws),  ,      .           .  -         .            .      ࠖ    . (     ,       :            .) ࠖ        .      .     .

              :          .      ,           ,         .       頖  ,      ,       ;    ,    ;     .                .

     ࠖ   ,   .         ,    .               ,         .      -      ,   .   ,     ,     ,          .

     .           .      .   ,     [60 - ,            1815. . .].                 .      ,       .            ࠖ   (     )            .

      ,   .             ,    .    ?        ?       ?         :            ,      .          1790.   1840.          .         1840.   .

          ,  ,    .  ,         蠖   ,    , , .    .        .            ,      ,    ,      ,   .  1800.  , ,   453    .    7257,5 [61 - Alan L. Olmstead and Paul W. Rhode, ed., "Crops and Livestock", Economic Sectors, vol. 4of Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, 18.].           :      ,     .    ,  ໠     ,        .    ,   .       頖   ,    .           , ,     (,  ,       ,          ).

       .  ,  , ,       .  1800.   -     .              ,          .     ࠖ    :    ,  ,       .

           ,    .      ,   6000.         .           .    ,           .         ,     ,       ,  .               (Proprietors of the Locks and Canals)   .              [62 - Oscar Handlin and Lilian Handlin, Liberty in Expansion 17601850 (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), 246247.].  , ,     .        , , , ,    .

       .         ,       .        ,            , ,   [63 - W. B. Todd, ed., An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of "The Wealth of Nation," vol. 2of Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), 578.].   , , , ,    ,   .  ,      ,    .   , -[64 - -렖    .  1742.      -.     ,        .             .      ,  11-  16    . . .],    ,  ,           .

      ,  堖       ,          , -   ,  1817  1892.   14%  .   Gideon Allen & Sons,  ,   60%       XIX.,   , ,          [65 - "Fin Tech: The First Venture Capitalists", The Economist, December 30, 2015.].

     ,  :     364  .     ,           ,      : , , , , ,      .      ,     ,   . ,  , ,        ,        .         蠖    ,      ,     ,      [66 - Walter A. McDougall, Freedom Just Around the Corner: A New American History 15851828 (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 40.].

      ,     .      .      ,      [67 - David Reynolds, America, Empire of Liberty (London: Allen Lane, 2009), 144145.]:

		 !
		    ,
		 , , 
		, , , ,
		, , , , ,
		, , , ,
		, , , [68 -      . .    (18191892),  ,     .]

   ,          .         .    1795.  ,   200 000   .      -   (       )    .       ,   1820- .  ,     .  1829.    24    䠖      ,        [69 - McDougall, Freedom Just Around the Corner, 490.]. ,      ,     : 1850.         ,    蠖  .




  


       ,     ,        ,   .  XVIII.         .    ,     ,         ⠖   ,      ࠖ   .   ,       4800   ,    [70 - 젖        ,                          . . .]         .

        .       .      .  25 000    .     ,      ꠖ    -[71 -  蠖   .]    242 .   ,        ,     .  1780.         (      ),       .  ,                  . ,      ,   ,          (. .1.1).

.






     .          ,    ,           :     30%,     [72 - Taylor, American Revolutions, 23.].  ,       :   ,             ,   51 . (      蠖  25 .),        ,       ,       .

     ,    ,            .            ,    ,   ,         ,    ,     .          [73 - U. S. Debt and Foreign Loans, 17751795, Department of State, Office of the Historian, https://history.state.gov/milestones/17841800/loans (https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784%E2%80%931800/loans).].

          .  1819.     ,      ,    (Rip Van Winkle)  ,   20-  ,       .            .  ,          .         , ,    ,       ,     , ,   .  1803.             蠖       15 . ,     ,      (Baring Brothers), ,        .        ,  蠖    [74 -  1800  1804.   Baring Brothers   Francis Baring and Co.,      Baring Brothers.].  1821.       .     (1845),  (1850)     -.  1864.          .

       1790.   3,9   31,5  1860-젖    ,   ,    ,     .  1815  1830.           ,     13 ,     .        .         , ,   ,      ,  .      : 1774  1799.    ,      (1861.)   16[75 - Robert Gallman, "Growth and Change in the Long Nineteenth Century", The Long Nineteenth Century, vol. 2of The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, ed. Stanley Engerman and Robert Gallman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 13.].

 1800  1850.           3,7%.       40%.                 ,          (Battle Cry for Freedom).       - XIX.[76 - James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 6 ( .   .     18611865. : , 2012).].       -.  ,      ,  ,  ,      ,    .    , ,    :       ,   -   .

 1819.         .   1818.       , ,     .         ,    2 .       .              .      50%  .         ,         .  1819.         25%.   ,         1821.

     1837, 1857, 1884, 1893, 1896  1907.  ,    -,     .      :      ,     ,         .   ,  ࠖ      .      ,  ,   ,        堖 , ,   . .1.2 ,       1855  1907.      8587%,    .       XVIII.,        .

.






      .      ,         1848.,     1886.    1896.            ,     .                 .      :   , ,          .     1893.          ,   1908.    ࠖ ,           1913.       ( )   .




 


  -     . -     ,    . ,    ,  ,   ,   .      ,     .          ,      ,   .           .   ( )   .       .  - :        .   :            ,      .  : ,  ,     ,           .   ,  :     ! -     (     )   , ,    ,            [77 - Wiebe, Self-Rule, 43.].      , , ,     .

            .      ,  堖    .        ,       .            :          頖    ,            .

      .         . (        -     ,         :           ,   ,     ,   95%  ,     .)           (Essay on the Principle of Population)  ,    ,    ,   ,   ,   .       :          [78 -  , 41.].       ,    ,         :         6,1  1800.  4,3  1810.

          .    ,       .     ,    ,   ,        .  1815.  [79 -  ()      .    堖    -    .]    16          43 [80 - "Median Age of the Population, by Race, Sex, and Nativity: 1790 to 1970", Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1957, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1975), 19.].             ,        ,       ( , ,     :        ).

      .      :    ,     ,  - -  ,   : "      !"[81 - Walter A. McDougall, Throes of Democracy: The American Civil War Era 18291877 (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 140.].  ,       ,     .      , ,   :                ,    ,         [82 - Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The National Experience (New York: Vintage Books, 1965), 25.].              .        ,    [83 -       (1804).].           堖          .  1830- .     ,       ,   .  1837.    ,    ,         ,     ,          [84 - Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The National Experience (New York: Vintage Books, 1965), 25.].

        .  1810.          .        ,     ,   ,  ,     .       .      ,     ,    .

-       .  17841785.        ,         ,   .               ,     ,       .   ,         ,     .                    ,      蠖    .  1813.  ,        ,     ,      .

     .  1793.   ,  50         [85 -           450 ;           23 . . .]:           ,     ,  ,      .    ,            .          .        ,          .

           -.               ,                   .  1843.      30 000 .             . 24  1844.     :    [86 -     , 23:23.].

         -.  18331834.    ,     ,   ,  .  1837.        ,    .    ,    ,       ,      ,    . ,  [87 -      1936.,   , The Plow That Broke The Plains.],        ,   .    ,           24 .  1840- .    , , , ,  -   XIX.,    :    ,   ,   ,  14  20   1  16 .         -,  .           ,   -     ,      ,      ,     .  1844.,             ,   ,    ,        .

       .      ,        .    ,    -,      [88 - Louis P. Cain, "Entrepreneurship in the Antebellum United States", The Invention of Enterprise, ed. David S. Landes, Joel Mokyr, and William J. Baumol (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 348.].        ,   .     ,    -:       ,     ,          [89 -  , 349.].       ,    ,        , Farmers' Advance,      350 000 .        ,       ,     .   ,   ,  -    ,  [90 - H. W. Brands, Masters of Enterprise: Giants of American Business from John Jacob Astor and J. P. Morgan to Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey (New York: Free Press, 1999), 33.].            ,   :  ,        ,           16 [91 -   ,       ,      . ,          60 .    20 .              : 15 + 3 ? 16 = 63. . .];       ꠖ     ,    頖        .        ,         ,      .

        ,      ,      .   1790.              14 .     1836.   .             ,           .         F  堖      ,      .   ,          , ,         .

-   ,      ,     .      .  1790.   ,         ,      [92 - Gavin Wright, ed., "Natural Resource Industries", Economic Sectors, vol. 4of Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, 275.].       .      ⠖  , ,  , , ,    1840-  1850- .  ,           .  1800.           .  80  100%   57%[93 - U. S. Energy Information Administration, "Annual Energy Review 2011", table. E1.].      1813. ,   1818. .         (),       ,   () .      ,     Merchants' Magazine  1854. :    ,    ![94 - McDougall, Throes of Democracy, 143.].        -:     .      .         .

    ,       .     ,              蠖       .

       .       .  蠖   ,   ,        .    .            .       ,     [95 -   () (18221911)  ,    XIX.,  (  )         .    . . .]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=48508527)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


,  ,   - (. ), ,   ,  117    48   (          ).                  XVII.        .   ,     , . .




2


 . . .




3


 ,       (mass capitalism), ,  ,    .  ,        ,           .




4


        ( .    :      . .:   , 2015),   (Hansen, Alvin H. Economic Progress and Declining Population Growth. American Economic Review, March 1939, 29 (1), pp. 115),   (Summers, Lawrence. U. S. Economic Prospects: Secular Stagnation, Hysteresis, and the Zero Lower Bound. Business Economics, April 2014, 49 (2), pp. 6573);   (Robert J. Gordon, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U. S. Standard of Living since the Civil War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016). . .




5


  (17291797) - -,          ,   ,       ( )    .




6


      (Magna Carta),     1215.                  .          .




7


Alan Macfarlane, The Origins of English Individualism: The Family Property and Social Transition (Oxford: Basic Blackwell, 1979).




8


 .       . .: , 2017.




9


Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris: OECD, 2001), 28.




10


-蠖   ,    .       ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  . . 




11


 . :  3. .: , 1985. . 3.




12


 ( )  XVII.     , 堖  蠖   ,     ()   ,       . . .




13


Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The National Experience (New York: Vintage Books, 1965), 115 ( . .  . .: , 1993).




14


      ,      ,        . . .




15


Robert D. Kaplan, Earning the Rockies: How Geography Shapes America's Role in the World (New York: Random House, 2017), 133.




16


 񻠖        (      ),       .    ,    1970- .,        .  񻠖       .




17


Alan Greenspan, The Map and the Territory 2.0: Risk, Human Nature, and the Future of Forecasting (New York: Penguin Press, 2013), 152176 ( .   . ,     . .:  , 2018).




18


.: MFP.       .




19


Susan B. Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, Alan L. Olmstead, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright, eds., Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).




20


   (perennial gale)     . .   ,   ,      . . .




21


 .   . ,   . .: , 2007.




22


Charles R. Morris, The Dawn of Innovation: The First American Industrial Revolution (New York: Public Affairs, 2012), 242243.




23


David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 19291945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 615.




24


 1812.  -   18121815.,      ,      . . .




25


https://www.history.co.uk/history-of-america/transcontinental-railroad (https://www.history.co.uk/history-of-america/transcontinental-railroad).




26


 ࠖ  ,    ,      ,   24 .




27


26 1860.  New York Herald    ,   Central Overland California  Pike's Peak Express Company       -  -   .    Pony Express       , 3   17:00;     .    .      -  -   蠖   .   -   .




28


Pari passu .:  . . .




29


Ann Norton Greene, Horses at Work: Harnessing Power in Industrial America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 12.




30


 , 41.




31


 1882.,      ,      -,      59   .




32


      ,    ,                 ,       .       .       :       ,    ,   ,   ,   , .         ,      . . .




33


Paul David, "Computer and Dynamo: The Modern Productivity Paradox in a Not-Too-Distant Mirror", Center for Economic Policy Research, No. 339, Stanford University, July 1989. . : "The Dynamo and the Computer: A Historical Perspective on the Modern Productivity Paradox", American Economic Review 80, no. 2 (May 1990), Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Second Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, 355361.




34


Stanley Lebergott, Pursuing Happiness: American Consumers in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), 3739.




35


,          ,  ,              ,    MPF/.




36


Deirdre Nansen McCloskey, Bourgeois Equality: How Ideas, Not Capital or Institutions, Enriched the World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 154.




37


       .        ,        ,  , .        (  )   .    ,     . ,      ,    .          ,       ,        ,             I   1873.      . , ,     ,    . . .




38


  ,        ,    .




39


   1904.,  American Gas Association    1918. ,    ,       蠖     1880- .




40


Ernest Freeberg, The Age of Edison: Electric Light and the Invention of Modern America (New York: Penguin Books, 2013), 7680.




41


  (18441919)   H. J. Heinz,          




42


        .                .     ,     (17911811)   (18161833) .       . . .




43


 ()        .,      .




44


 ,          1963.,    ,        .  ,  ,  ,     ,         .     , , ,  ,     .         ,      1964.  .  IX. . .




45


  (19122006)  ,       ,      .




46


 -⠖  ,       1940-   1950- .    .




47


 -,     ,        ,      2319 (!)  .       . . .




48


John McCusker, ed., "Colonial Statistics", Governance and International Relations, vol. 5of Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan B. Carter et al. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 627; Richard Sutch, ed., "National Income and Product", Economic Structure and Performance, vol. 3of Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, 3.




49


      .       ,     젖          . . .




50


Robert H. Wiebe, SelfRule: A Cultural History of American Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 17.




51


    ,    , , , .       ,  頖 learned professions.   , ,        .




52


Gordon S. Wood, The American Revolution: A History (New York: Modern Library, 2002), 9.




53


  (17231780)    ,             . . .




54


                 ,   .      :    ,   (XVIII.)     1842. ,     ,  , ,    ,  -       . . .




55


Alan Taylor, American Revolutions: A Continental History, 17501804 (New York: W. W. Norton, 2016), 375.




56


. : Douglas A. Irwin, Clashing over Commerce: A History of U. S. Trade Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017), 121.




57


       .   ,    , 64,79891.  1    24,057. . .




58


Taylor, American Revolutions, 23.




59


Ann Norton Greene, Horses at Work: Harnessing Power in Industrial America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 48.




60


,            1815. . .




61


Alan L. Olmstead and Paul W. Rhode, ed., "Crops and Livestock", Economic Sectors, vol. 4of Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, 18.




62


Oscar Handlin and Lilian Handlin, Liberty in Expansion 17601850 (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), 246247.




63


W. B. Todd, ed., An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of "The Wealth of Nation," vol. 2of Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), 578.




64


-렖    .  1742.      -.     ,        .             .      ,  11-  16    . . .




65


"Fin Tech: The First Venture Capitalists", The Economist, December 30, 2015.




66


Walter A. McDougall, Freedom Just Around the Corner: A New American History 15851828 (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 40.




67


David Reynolds, America, Empire of Liberty (London: Allen Lane, 2009), 144145.




68


     . .    (18191892),  ,     .




69


McDougall, Freedom Just Around the Corner, 490.




70


젖        ,                          . . .




71


 蠖   .




72


Taylor, American Revolutions, 23.




73


U. S. Debt and Foreign Loans, 17751795, Department of State, Office of the Historian, https://history.state.gov/milestones/17841800/loans (https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784%E2%80%931800/loans).




74


 1800  1804.   Baring Brothers   Francis Baring and Co.,      Baring Brothers.




75


Robert Gallman, "Growth and Change in the Long Nineteenth Century", The Long Nineteenth Century, vol. 2of The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, ed. Stanley Engerman and Robert Gallman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 13.




76


James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 6 ( .   .     18611865. : , 2012).




77


Wiebe, Self-Rule, 43.




78


 , 41.




79


 ()      .    堖    -    .




80


"Median Age of the Population, by Race, Sex, and Nativity: 1790 to 1970", Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1957, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1975), 19.




81


Walter A. McDougall, Throes of Democracy: The American Civil War Era 18291877 (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 140.




82


Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The National Experience (New York: Vintage Books, 1965), 25.




83


      (1804).




84


Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The National Experience (New York: Vintage Books, 1965), 25.




85


          450 ;           23 . . .




86


    , 23:23.




87


     1936.,   , The Plow That Broke The Plains.




88


Louis P. Cain, "Entrepreneurship in the Antebellum United States", The Invention of Enterprise, ed. David S. Landes, Joel Mokyr, and William J. Baumol (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 348.




89


 , 349.




90


H. W. Brands, Masters of Enterprise: Giants of American Business from John Jacob Astor and J. P. Morgan to Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey (New York: Free Press, 1999), 33.




91


  ,       ,      . ,          60 .    20 .              : 15 + 3 ? 16 = 63. . .




92


Gavin Wright, ed., "Natural Resource Industries", Economic Sectors, vol. 4of Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, 275.




93


U. S. Energy Information Administration, "Annual Energy Review 2011", table. E1.




94


McDougall, Throes of Democracy, 143.




95


  () (18221911)  ,    XIX.,  (  )         .    . . .


