  .  
 


             .      ,           ,  ,    ,      ,       . ,                 ,   ;    . ,     ,   ;       ,    ,   ..  .    ,   ,         .               ,   ,  .





 

  :  



  ., 2019

   , 2019










           .       .           ,         .  ,     ,            -            .                    .

        ,  ,  ,  ,      .

     ,     ,      .   .

     !




 1. (12000 іAD 1500)






              ,  15     ,     ,     .



            ,   ,         .   Tenochtitlan,      1519,     (400 )      (    80).  ,     Mississippian civilization   Cahokia   East StLouis, Illinois.       12     6      40 .                   .



   .Gelernter        ,       ,  ,       ,   ,   .           ,        ,   .



       ,          ,   9000   .         ,        -    ,      .



        ?            ?           .




 


 ,      ,          ,   .                 400 .

 ,   Homo sapiens   4050 .       .                    ,     .

     (8010   )        .         - ,     .  ,   ,     .            .     .



   ,        .  ,      :








  ,       Paleolithic Era,       .    ,   .       .        ,    ,          20 .



    Aurignacians Magdalenians                   .      , ,     .      ,   ,   .           .       .



,  25000   ,       100000  .        .       .    -    .    .  -          .

Magdalenians          .        ,       .    ,  ,     . ,      (.1.1.),   25000 ,       .






.1.1.






.1.2.



        ,        (.1.2.).      ,            .

   ,  ,      Pit house   ,    ,   ,        (.1.3.).  pit house    .     10 15,          22000    pit house 110  49   .











.1.3. Pit house.



 ,      .            .     ,  10 39 ,      , ,       hood (   )  chimney ( ). Hood  chimney           , ,   . ,   chimney,           30000    .




 


 7800   ,      ,              Jericho (.1.4.).    ,     . ,     -  ,       .     ,     ,    Jericho.      ,     Neolithic Revolution.



 700  -  Jericho,    - ,  6500          Jarmo (.1.5.).        -     Pise.






.1.4.






.1.5.



Pise       ,      . ,            .            ,   ,      .         pise             .      ,     . ,        . ,        ,     .

  pise    .    23 .              .          ,     .        .    5     40.     ,     .      8,     100.



  Jericho.   pise            beehive   (.1.6.).    eehive Homes       ,      ,      .











.1.6  eehiveHomes, .



    ,       ,     . ,        pit-hous,         ,   ,     ,   Beidha, ,  70006000  (.1.7.).

  ,          ,      ,                 .  Catal Huyuk (70006000 ),           (.1.8..) ,    ,        ,       .











.1.7.    Beidha  (70006000 ).






a.






b.

.1.8.CatalHuyuk, , (70006000 ). . . b.   .



       ,             (.1.8.b.).            .          ().  ,     ,        , ,   ,    8000.                (.1.9.).











.1.9.   .




  


           Jarmo Jericho.                .  4000         ,           .      pise       ,          .



     half timber structure         ,   . Half Timbered Houses,      ,  ,    ,     (.1.10).











.1.10.  Half Timbered Houses: Strasbourg,  (.) Canterbury,  (b.).



 ,   ,       (.1.11).          .  ,     ,        , ,       25  ,  .






.1.11.  Aichbul, 1100 ,    .



6000  ,   ,    .   ,   Kohl-Lindental (),      ,   25 ,    .        :   400 ( 46004200 )    7   50,        10-  . ,  Neolithic Danubian Culture,  Kohl  Lindental,     .  ,      5           50,  ,      ,      (  100150      150200 ).



   2000        ,      Orkney Islands    . ,  2200 ,       , -     Skara Brae (.1.12.a.).






a.






b.

.1.12. Skara Brae, , 2200 . a.  . b. .



  ,   60   (7   )         ,       ,    pise.                     (.1. 12.b.).     7  ,           .     4    ,      .         .

    Skara Brae              .                    4000 .






a.






b.






c.

.1. 13. Reed Houses: .   ; b.  Reed House; .  .



        Shumerian Reed House   ,      4000 . (.1. 13).                30.   Reed House     6 :  ,     (facines),    ,    ,   facines     ,    .       ,          (.1. 13. .).  ,     pise   ,    .



  Shumerian Reed House     ,         ,                      (Romanesque Gothic athedrals)   .

   ,    ,    ,    .  Chatal Huyuk, Kohl-Lindental, Skara Brae          ,   .         .




 


   ,        3500       ,      Ubaid,    Mesopotamia ,    ,           .

         .          ,   ,  ,    .



,     ,  ,   ,          .    Chatal Huyuk           ,                  .      ,   .     ,    ,       ,  ,     ,        (.1. 14).






.1. 14.  , , 30 .






.1. 15.  Zoser Saggara;






.1. 16.  ,   27 ,   2570 .



         .    King Zoser (.1. 15.), ,    (.1. 16),            .

            .                .        , ,              (.1. 17.).











.1. 17.  Hatshepsut, , 1480 .



                     ? ,              .  ,   ,    ,      ,       ?

    ,                  ,    ,     .



   ,      .    ,      ,   ,    .      ,        -   .




  


      ,              .  2000         (  )     ,     .   ,      Inka      840  110  (  10- ) ,        .











.1. 18.  LaVenta, , 800 .



 1200 ,    II,         Olmec.                     ,   .    ,      ,     .          .



 LaVenta   Olmec  900            (.1.18.).         ,      .        , ,     ,   . ,             .

            .        .           .               .     ,        .           ,         .



 1200       .           Poverty Point,  -   (.1.19.).











.1. 19.  Poverty Point, Louisiana, 1200 BC.



         ,       .       70            .         3 -  .



     .        ,  ,       ,   .  ,   ,             ,            .

                 .




  .  


 6 ,     Olmec,      ,    ,       ,    .             .



                .    ,       ,   .   ,          ,  ,  .



  ,               .               .           .



         .         ,       ,        ,          .        (Western Representational Art).  ,        .        .    .

        ,      ,    ,    .    ,            ,      .               . ,      ,      ,    ,  .



        ,      .



               ,      .   ,          ,            ,        (.1.17, 1.18.). ,   ,     ,   ,        ,   , , .         ,      ,     .



          .          .        .           ,        .   ,      ,      ,     .



   ,       ,      ,      ,     .        ,    :     ,       (.1.20.)    ,   ,     ,  ,     ,   ,            ,    .






a.






b.

.1. 20. a.   , b.    Paestum, .



         - ,        .        (.1.21.).






.1. 21.  (Doric) .



   ,    (base, shaft, capital).        ,     .      (entablature),        architrave, frieze  cornice. Architrave    ,        .     entablature  frieze         (-       )        (triglyphs)   (metopes).   cornice    entablature      .

          (pediment),    .

           .        ,        ,   ,  ,          .

 ,  ,          ,              .






.1. 22.    .



            .       (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian)    ,    ,   (.1.22.)       , ,       .         (doric)        ,     ,    (ionic)            .            (Tuscan),    ,        (Composite).



             .            .






.1. 23.    .



     ,     (.1.23.),  .     ,      ,   .                      ,     ,  ,      .       ,   ,          ,    ,     .



    ,       ,             .    .




 


               .     ,     ,       -       .



     , , ,     ,          .             .



    ,     (pozzolana)     .     ,    ,      .      .         ,    ,          .



   (.1.24.)      .          ,    .       ,    . ,   ,       .   ,           .   ?



           ,      Barrel Vaulting (.1.25, 1.26, 1.27).






.1. 24.






.1. 25.






.1.26.






.1. 27.



     .1.26.   ,   ,        (.1.27.)     ,   ,    ,   .



  ,         ,     (.1.28.),    .     , , ,                  ,    ,       .






.1.28.    .



              (.1. 29.).      ,            ,     .











.1.29.  ,IIAD.



              .                .    ,    (.1.30.),    .

       ,            ,    ,       ,      ,    .                 ,      , ,       ,       (.1.31.).         728 (2400)   .






.1. 30.  






.1. 31.  . 59BC.



             .   ,     ,     ,            ,     .




 


        ,       .         ,      .    Middle Ages    ,    .

           .        .           ,          .            .          ,    ,  Medieval times     ,  ,     .     ,       ,   .



         (masons),                .  masons,    ,        .                      .

 ,         ,      ,         .            half timbered   (.110, 1.32.).






.1.32.






.1.33.



      ,   mortise  tenon (.1.33.),      ,   ,  ,       (nogging).            (       )    .



            .       ,              (Christian Church).  ,      ,    ,    .      .






.1. 34.  . , AD32030.



,        .       .   (.1.34.).    (nave),     (clerestory windows),      (aisles).        ,        ,     nave,      ,       .

       nave  aisle,               ,      .    ,     ,              .



 8 AD,     Charlemagne,        . 11   ,   .         ,              .             ,       .



           ,   ,    Romanesque (.1.35.).






.1. 35. Maria Laach, 10931156.



   :   , -  ,      .         .          , ,    ,     ,            .

         Romanesque  Gothic.                            . ,   nave  aisles,      ,      , masons       ,   ,   .      .              .



         ,     ,  Medieval Times       Flying Buttress (.1.36).






.1. 36.   , 13.






.1. 37.Pointed arch.






.1.38.



     , ,    (pointed arch  .1.37.).      -     , pointed arch      groin vault         (.1.36, 1.38.),     (bay).

        nave  aisle,       bay,         ,        (crown of the vault)   .



     ,   bays        nave        -   ,   ,  (piers),    .             (spires)    (pinnacles). .1.39.



    ,     ,          ,      ,              .











.1. 39.NotreDame, , .






a






b

.1. 40.a.  ,AD1300, b.  ,AD1550.



             .         ,     ,        .     ,  ,    ,     ,     (.1. 40.)



              Katal Huyuk (.1.8.). ,      ,           .

  ,         , ,       ,   .      :   (Lend Lord),          ,      ,  ,        .    ,      ,           ,           (Lord of the Manor).                  .



      ,                    .



 ,  ,              :                  ,     Medieval Times     ,             .

      ,          ,         -   .




  . 


     ,           ,          .



        , 5 ,   Olmec   .     Zapotecs,     ,  ,  1500   Teotihuacans   .                  . ʠ100 AD   Teotihuacan   60 ,    80%   .    ,  650 AD,     200 ,       (.1.41.).

Teotihuacan      Olmec.  LaVenta (.1.18.),    ,        . ,                     .











. 1. 41.  Teotihuacan,  (100   8  AD).



  3       ,     ,    (210 )              .      ,    .               .



      ,         .  AD 100       ,         ,       .

     Teotihuacan           ,  AD 300     AD 800,     .



        (Aztec),    190,      1521.



         ,  Bernal Diaz del Castillo (14961584),  ,               .           ,           ,  Diaz   ,     ,    119   Tenochtitlan    .         (Historia Verdadera de la Conquista de la Nueva Espana      ),   25- ,       ,    18,            .



     Tenochtitlan:      ,      ,    ,             






a






b

.1. 42. a.  Tenochtitlan, 16, b.  .



      Texcoco     13 .   ,     200,      .         ,          (.1.42..).

 Tenochtitlan,    Mexico,   Teotihuacan.          45 ,    , , ,    . (.1.43.)         .   ,   ,   Diaz del Castillo,      .  ,   4,    ,         ,  1000.











.1.43.  Tenochtitlan, AD 13251521.



       (.1.42. b.)        ,        .    ,      ,        Texcoco 1325.  Montezuma 1   ,   ,   .      Montezuma   100,    ,          .

    ,             .                      ,    ,     ,     .




-


  Holocene Era (- ,     ,    10  )     ,    - ,   ,   .                     .        ,     .         ,    ,            Hohokam.



       ,  Hohokam  pit houses (.1. 3.)     ,     .     AD         Hohocam  ,          Anasazi      -   .













b

.1.44.a.   -, b.Anasazi.



   , Anasazi   ,    Four Corners,     Utah, Nevada, Arizona New Mexico,         mezas       .   ,   600,     ,      ,       Anasazi (.1.44.).



 ,      2000  , ,  ,   ,     .  AD 450,      ,          meza.   , Anasazi   pit-houses.     Hohocam,      ,     ,         .



    ,  Anasazi      (sipapu)   .      ,  sipapu          .      ,    Catal Huyuk  ?  Anasazi            pit-house    (kiva).   ,       , kivas        .  ,   Anasazi,      ,  .                .          .  , ,  kivas             .






a






b

.1.45. Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, 1070 AD. a. , b.    .



 AD 700 Anasazi      pit-house     ,    pueblos (.1.45.).                    .       , Anasazi     ,    ,        .    kivas, , -     .



            ,        .    ,        ,   ,                .



   Anasazi   11 Chaco Canyon  -    New Mexico. 15        15000   2      (turquoise)  .      artifacts        ,             Chacoans.



 , Pueblo Bonito (.1.45.),  800  ,      (plaza)     45 .  plaza      ,      -           kiva   65. 19 Pueblo Bonito       .











.1.46. Cliff Palace, Meza Verde, Colorado, 11001300.



  Chacoans  50- .       ,        .  AD 1150 pueblos            Meza Verde   Colorado.          ,      (.1.46.).     200   24  .  kivas         .   13      7000.











.1.47. Navajo Hogan.



   pueblos     .          .    -,         .        Navajo  Hogan (.1.47.)    pit-house        ,  Taos Pueblo




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/nataliya-kolotova/istoriya-amerikanskoy-arhitektury-evoluciya-stiley/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .


