    .        
 . 


 
        XVI   XVIII.  ,    .        :  ,  ,  ,         ,     .             ,  ,   ,    ,    ,      .    , , -    ,         , , .                 . ,       ,    ,           .

     , , ,    .





 

    .        



  . ., 2015

     , 2015







           ,      ,      .    :       , -   ,     ,           [1 - . ,  .  ProScience ,        -  ,      :.        ,       , ,   :.].       ,    , , ,   -[2 -  ,   ,     ,   ,        ,   ,      ,     ( ,    ).      (   )   Geisteswissenschaften    ,         .  ,            ,   .     ,                           ( .     /  . . . . : - . -, 1997. . 268)..  : Pigliucci M. Who knows what..:.    ,      ,    :         ,      ?.].

.       .      ,       ,           ,  , , ,     .      ,    .              ,          ,      ,    .

       ,      .        XVIXVII.   ,            ,            ,      . ,      ,       ,                 .       ,       [3 -    :  . .   . .: , - , 1999; . :  . ., - . .,  . .    :  . .: , 2001.].      XVI.,              [4 -  . . , , :       // -   /  . . . . .: 1997. . 88141;  . .      // -   /  . . . . ., 1997. . 44319;  . .   XVII . .: , 1993;  . .      XVII . : , 1993.].

 XVIXVII.      ,      ,        ,     ,      .    ,  , ,   ,     ,       ,      ,      ,    .                ,    .       ,   ,    ,          .

             :  - ,    ,         .         ,    ,          ,        .   ,         ,       ,      ,     ,      ,   ,    ,  .

,     ,   ,         ,    .        [5 -  .   :       / . . . , . , .   .;  . . . . . .: , 2003. . 338339.],        , , ,    ,  . [6 -  .      / . . . . . .: , 2007. . 159161.],     .              ,              [7 -  .      ?:;  2012.    (NSF, ) Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding:;  Pew Research Center () Public's Knowledge of Science and Technology 2013.:;   2013.     7-   :;   2013.   :.].

      ,          ,   - , ,  ,   , -, -   ,     ,    ;      , ,    ,        ,  ,  ,  ,   . .  ,            ,   [8 -    ,         ,          <>                   .                     .        <>              ( . . . . 161162).].

                ,       ,       ,   ,          .           .           ,          .                   (, , , ,       )[9 - Zilsel E. The Genesis of the Concept of Scientific Progress // Journal of the History of Ideas. June 1945. Vol. VI. P. 325349; Lilley S. Robert Recorde and the Idea of Progress // Renaissance and Modern Studies. 1958. Vol. 2. No. 1. P. 337; Molland A.G. Medieval Ideas of Scientific Progress // Journal of the History of ldeas. 1978. Vol. XXXIX (October-December). P. 561577;  . . P..      //  . . 11.     . .:  , 2005. . 1128;  . .   :         //  . 2005. 4. . 547.],           , ,      .

    ,   ,       ,                     [10 - Dasgupta P., David Paul A. Information Disclosure and the Economics of Science and Technology // Arrow and the Ascent of Modern Economic Theory / G.E. Feiwel (ed.). N.Y.: New York University Press, 1987.].  ,             (  ),      ,  ,         [11 - David Paul A. From Keeping Nature's Secrets to the Institutionalization of Open Science // University of Oxford Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History. July 2001. No. 23. P. 123.].    ,        (,  Secretum secretorum),     XVI. ,            ,         . ,    . . , . , .      [12 - Eamon W. From the Secrets of Nature to Public Knowledge: The Origins of the Concept of Openness in Science // Minerva: Review of Science, Learning, and Policy. 1985. No. 23. P. 322327.].              ,   ,       ,           [13 - Golinski J. V. A Noble Spectacle: Phosphorus and Public Cultures of Science in the Early Royal Society // Isis. 1989. Vol. 80 (1). P. 439.].      -   ,    ,  , , ,           (, , )[14 - Theater: Scenes of Knowledge in the 17th Century. Vol. 1. Theatrum Scientiarium / H. Schramm, L. Schwarte, J. Lazardzig (eds). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2005.].

   -        ,    :      -,        .          ,      ( ,   )[15 - Lux D., Cook H. Closed Circles or Open Networks: Communicating at a Distance during the Scientific Revolution // Story of Science. 1998. No. 6. . 179211; Mayhew R. British Geography's Republic of Letters: Mapping an Imagined Community, 16001800 // Journal of the History of Ideas. April 2004. No. 2. P. 251276.].        XVIIXVIII.,     ,     ,    XV.              Mapping the Republic of Letters,     , ,      XVIXVIII.      ,    ,    ,          [16 - Mapping the Republic of Letters:.].

          Cultures of Knowledge: An Intellectual Geography of the Seventeenth-Century Republic of Letters[17 - Cultures of Knowledge:.],          XVII.   , , ,    .            ,   , , , , , , , , , ,   ,   ,   ,  , ,   .   ,         -          .              .         ,      ,        ,     ,             .

 ,    ,  ,    ,       :            ,     ,          ,      ,  ,    .        ,      (  )         .

  -     ,   .   ,      , , ,     ,   ,  ,       , ,      .             , ,    ;   ,                ,         .     ,   ,      ,      ,       .

    ,    XVI   XVIII.             .          . ,      ,   ,         :    ,  ,        [18 -  .   :    ,   .   . .: , 1996. . 51.].

          :          ,     ;       ;      ,        ,   ,    ;               .           ,    ,         .          (      ),  .              ,    ,        [19 -      ,       ,            . <>  ,        <>    ,  ,        ,     ,        ;     , ,       ,     ,      ,    <>. ,         ; , , ,    ,        ,        ;            ,   ,       ,    <>      , ,   ,           ,     ,  , ,      , , ,    ; ,      ,      ,      ( .   .    / . . . . , . . . .: A-cad, 1994. . 3435).  ,     , ,        .].                   ;              ,      ,          .

 ,         , ,       ,  , , ,      ,    . ,  ,        : ,      , ,     ..               ,        , ,   ,          [20 -  .   . . 266.].     .  ,          ,     ,     ,    ,  ,  :           [21 -  .].

, . ,     , ,   ,     ,       .           ,    ,         (      ,   XV.  ). ,          .          ,  . .          I,           [22 - Jayne S.P. Plato in Renaissance England // International Archives of the History of Ideas. Vol. 141 / S. Hutton (ed.). Dordrecht: Springer, 1995.].

  ,         ,                  .         ,         ,        ,          .   :    ,                     ,     ?           .  (The Lives of the Poets, 17791781),           [23 - -        ; ,     ,     , <>     ,     ,   .       ,    ,       ,   ,   - :      ,          (Johnson S. Lives of the Poets / R. Napier (ed.). L.: G. Bell and Sons, 1890. P. 2223).].

         ,     ,  ,         :      ,       [24 -      ,        ,        ,      , :  B.C.    :         . .:  ; , 2011;    : .    /  . . . . .: , 2008. , ,     :  . .    : . . .: . , 2002;  . .   . .: , 1967.     . :  . . . . 196226.].     .      :     (),       ,     ,    ,          ,          ,         <>         <>  ,     [25 -  . . . . 204.].  ,    ,      ,        :    , , , ,   ..[26 -  . . . . 268.]

 ,    XX.        ,     ,              ,    ,                  ,           .                  [27 -  . .  :    . .: , 1999;  . .   .    . .: . , 2006;  . .  . .: -, 2006;  . .    :  . .: , 1985;  . .  : - . .: , 1991;  . .       . .: -  , 1997; Golinski J.V. Making Natural Knowledge: Constructivism and the History of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008;   International Archives of the History of Ideas (  1963.):;  The Cambridge History of Science. Vol. 18, 20022013; Cambridge Histories Online:.      : Findlen P. Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994; Grant E. The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional and Intellectual Contexts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996; Mathematics and its Applications to Science and Natural Philosophy in the Middle Ages Essays in Honour of Marshall Clagett / E. Grant, J.E. Murdoch (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.].     ,     ,     ,     [28 - Gingerich O. The Great Copernicus Chase and Other Adventures in Astronomical History. Cambridge, MA: Sky Publishing Corporation; Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992; Ginderich O. The Eye of Heaven: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler. N.Y.: American Institute of Physics, 1993; Ginderich O. The Book Nobody Read: Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus. N.Y.: Walker, 2004.].          [29 - Hallyn F. The Poetic Structure of the World: Copernicus and Kepler. N.Y.: Zone Books, 1993; Reiss T.J. Knowledge, Discovery and Imagination in Early Modern Europe: The Rise of Aesthetic Rationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997;  . .    . .: , 1979.].                [30 -              /  . . . . .: .  , 2012.]        :         , , ,   ,   - .

      ,      ,     ,        , ,   ,    ,      ,  .        ,                .          (, ,    ).      ,               ,       .           :  ,   ,     .     :     ,     .     ,  ,        ,    ,    [31 - Science in the Age of Baroque. International Archives of the History of Ideas. Vol. 208 / O. Gal, R. Chen-Morris (eds). Dordrecht; Heidelberg; N.Y.; L.: Springer, 2013. P. 78.].

   ,      ,         ,  ,  ,             ,    [32 - Shapin S. The Scientific Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.].     XVIXVIII.   (scientist).    1834.       (  1831.   ),         ,  , ,   ,      -   [33 - Science <> loses all traces of unity. A curious illustration of this result may be observed in the want of any name by which we can designate the students of the knowledge of the material world collectively. We are informed that this difficulty was felt very oppressively by the members of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at their meetings in the last three summers <>. Philosophers was felt to be too wide and too lofty a term <>; savans was rather assuming <>; some ingenious gentleman proposed that, by analogy with artist, they might form scientist, and added that there could be no scruple in making free with this termination when we have such words as sciolist, economist, and atheist  but this was not generally palatable (The Quarterly Review. L., March & June 1834. Vol. LI. P. 59).].

  . . ,       ,  ,      ,    , , ,   蔻[34 -  . .    :  . .: , 1985. . 3.].  XVIXVII.  -  [35 -   .    . .: - .-. -, 2003.],     [36 -        , . ,   , , , . , . , . , .   .      -:    , virtuoso,   virtu   , , ,      ,        .        ,      ;     .          ,            ( . .      / ., . . . . . .: , 1996).].            XVIII.,                  .        -    XIX.      ,       .

                      ,  , , ,    :         ,    .       ,          [37 -  . . . . 268.].  ,                        .

           ,    , , , ,   ,    ,       . ,                  ,         . ,   ,   , ,   ,     , , ,    ,         .

  ,          ,     ,     .            (      ),             ,  .    ,     .  ,       ,     ,    ,   ,     ,    .               , ,    .

       XVIXVII.           ,    ,   ,     ,         .

        ,        ,      ,    ,          ,  .        ,     ,  , , , ,   ..        -  ,     ,       .

    ,       ,  , ,       , , ,   ,    .

    .

    -   ,           ,      ,             .             ,          .                    ,         .                 ,   ,         .           ,        ,    ,   .

         .   - ,    -,       .    (    )    ,        .          (),       ,   ,        -         ,     .     -  -,     ,    ,         .

       , , , ,      . , .   . .           ,  ,  ,   -,     ,   ,         .         .   ,  -  ,    ,    ,          ,   ,      ,    wit ()     ,        .




I.     :    





1.  : ,   


      ,            ,     .            .     ,          ,      ,    [38 - ,  ,         ,  ,  ,      <>       ,    <>.   ,                  ,    <>    [],          <>       ( .    / . . . . . . .: .  , 2008. . 2122).].      - ,      ,           . .

          ,     .    ,   ,    ,        ;         ,     .         ,     ,      , ,          .

      ,     ,  - : ,     ,       [39 - . : Clark S. Vanities of the Eye: Vision in Early Modern European Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.].         ,     ,        .           .      ,     ,    .           ,        ,           ,             .              ,     . [40 - . : Chen-Morris R. The Quality of Nothing: Shakespearean Mirrors and Kepler's Visual Economy of Science // Science in the Age of Baroque. International Archives of the History of Ideas. Vol. 208 / O. Gal, R. Chen-Morris (eds). Dordrecht; Heidelberg; N.Y.; L.: Springer, 2013. P. 99118.], .      [41 - Castillo D.R. Baroque Horrors: Roots of the Fantastic in the Age of Curiosities. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2010; Gilman E.B. The Curious Perspective: Literary and Pictorial Wit in the 17th Century. New Haven; L.: Yale University Press, 1978.].             ,  ,  ,    ,    .

                   .          :    ,    ,      ,   /.           .     .  :       ,   ,   ,   ;       (      )           ..[42 -  .    .        . .: , 1985. . 12.].      ,         ?

         ,      ,     . .  ,          :            ,       . ,       ,            ,       ;        ,          .                ;       .         ,            ,   ,     ,  .              ,       ,  XVII.[43 -  . . 18.]. ,  ,  ,           ,   , , , , , ,    .

      ,      ,    ,    .     ,    ,       :               ,        , ,       ?        ,  ,     ,         , , .  , ,  ,      ,        -  ,     ?[44 -  . : 2. . 1. .: , 1979. . 65.      ,               : Chadwick H. Early Christian Thought and the Classical Tradition: Studies in Justin, Clement, and Origen. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.].

  ,    ,         14631468.              [45 - .       :  .   :      //     . . 2 /  . . . , . .   . .; .: -, 2013. . 320340.].    , ,     (14711528,  ,   );    ,            [46 -         .         ,          ;      .            .      :              .         :    ( ),   ( ),   ( )  - ( ).    ,   ,    . ,    ,       ,       .       .        .      .]; ,    ,  ,      XVIVXII.

   .      ,   ,          ,     [47 - .  . III    . V   .:  . .   :      . .: , 2008.].      [48 -        ,    ,      ( .     //  . : 2. . 1 / . . . . . . .: , 1981. . 143).]            ,  , ,       .        (. 1482.)          [49 -  .      //  :        / . . . . .: , 1996. . 169.],    ,         .         ,     Respublica litteraria.     ,      ,           .

           ,     , ,            , , , ,  , , ,  (),   . ,    studia humanitatis    ,       , , , , ,         , , ,   .                  ,   , ,  ,  , .

       ,  ,            ,       - [50 - ., :  .    ;  .    //  . . 1;  .   //  . . 377413,  ..]  [51 - ., :  .     . .:   , 2000 (. II      ; . III    ; . IV   );  .,  .      :  :   . .: , 2005. .100103.],  ,    XVXVII. ,           ,     , ,      ,  ,     .            .    :          : ,     .  ,    ,     ,     (          divinatio) <>.  ,   ,   ,    <>. [Divinatio]        (   ); <> [Eruditio]        <>.       ,           .          ,         ,          [52 -  .   .   . .: A-cad, 1994. . 7071.].          [53 -             (14601461),   (1461).].

                      , ,               ,       .       ,      ,              ,         .                 ,                .

    -       ,   ,       :  ,  ,  []      ,         <>.        <>,      ,     . ,    (media omnium),     <>     ,  ,  ,   ,      [54 -  .   . 181.].

        ,           ,    .        : ,  [], , .     (intelligentio),             <>. ,        ,  <>     ,       .    ,      <>      ,         [55 -  . . 183184.].

 ,    ,     ,        ,   , . , . ,  .             . . ,   -   [56 -  . .  .     / . . . -. .: , 1998. . 105.]:        <>           ,          <>.  <>       ,             . <>      , ,  ,      ,            .         [57 -  .] (      . . .).

. .   , ,     , ,  -.              ,     ,       ,      .           ,     .,           ,       .

,          ,           ,      .  ,   ,            ,         ,      ,            .

.        ,     (),   :  ,    ,    ,       ,   [58 -  . Idea:          . .: , 1999. . 5.].      ,    () ,   . . .       ,         ,    .

,             -, -, -. ,       ,         ,     [59 -     ,       :       ,     ,    .    (vim individuam),    <>. , ,       ,   -  ,        ( .   . 179180).].          ,   ,  ,  ,    (De harmonia mundi, 1525)   (),   ,       ,    , ,    ,  <>.          ,      ,           ,         <>.        ,    ,        ,    [60 -  .     . . 143144.].

  ,         ,   ,            ,       XVII.            ,        ,    .       ,  ,    ,  ,  ,      [61 - Gal O. From Divine Order to Human Approximation: Mathematics in Baroque Science // Science in the Age of Baroque. International Archives of the History of Ideas. V o l. 208. P. 7796.].

,     : .       ,    , [62 - .      : - . .        //     /  . . . . .: , 1979. . 5882;  . .        //  . . 8397.],   ,           .       ,           ,   , ,   [63 - .      ,   :  . .       //  . . 98143.].    ,                   ,       , ,     ,        .

   ,      ,     .     ,    ,     ,        ,   .           ,  ,         :   ,             .      XVIXVII.,    ,       ,       [64 - Schmitt Ch. B. Gianfrancesco Pico Della Mirandola (14691533) and His Critique of Aristotle // International Archives of the History of Ideas. Vol. 23. Dordrecht; Heidelberg; N.Y.; L.: Springer, 1967.]     (15151572), ,  ,    [65 -     (1543, Aristotelicae animadversiones)     ,   ,       . <>         ,    ,    <>.         ,       ,      ( . .  (15151572). .: , 1981. . 90).].

. .  ,       ,      ,     ,  ,     ,        ,     <>    []       <>         <>  - [66 -  . .       //    . . 102. . :  . .        . .: URSS, 2009. . 53.].          []   [ ].      :   ,       ,    ,      - [67 -  . .    . 105113.]:  , .. ,    ,    ,      [68 -  . . 118.].

          [69 -       ,     <>        ,  ,  ,         锻 ( . . 119).],      ,            - ,    .         ,        :   [ ]   ,    ,  []    ,      ,        ,       [70 - . . VI, 511 b  c.].       :   []  ,     ,      <>         ,   ,  ,   [71 -  . 508 d.].

              ,           :       <>,          ,   ,          [72 -  . 527 b.].        ,          , , , .        :         ,          , ,   ,   .      ,     ,    .  ,     ,          <>      :  ,        ;   ,   -  ,         ,        ,    [, ,   ][73 -  . 510 b533 e.]. . .  ,     ,        ,    ,     -      <>  . ,  ,  ,   <>      [74 -  . .        . .: , 2003. . 5354.      ,   : ,      ,  , : <>          (..  ),       . <>          ,     ()    ,      ,  ,  ,   ,   ,    .  ,    ,    ,   ,       ( . . . . . 61).].

            ,      [75 - . . VI, 510 d.],         ,   ,               ,   : ,           ,  . <>    [, ,   ],    ,   .             ,   ,       [76 - . . 3132.]. ,             (, ,   ),      ,   []    ,   ,          . ,                   ,        [77 -  . 53 b.].       ,    ,      ,      (????   , , ):                     ,    ;            ,    [78 -  . 28 a, b.].

. .      :  <>   ,     ,  <> [],      . ,      , ,   ,         ,        [79 -  . .    . 125.].  ,      ,   ,       ,  ,  ,   ,        .

 /        :      .         ,  :   []      ,      ,    ,     <>.         :     ,      ,       [80 - . . VI, 510 d.].         ,     :      ,     ,      ;       [81 - . . 30 a.].             -:     <>   :       ,       .  ,        [],      [82 -  . 29 a, b.].

      ,              ,   ,     .           ,  ,        ,   .      ,          ,     ,          :   ,  ,  ,     ,    <>  ,   ,    ,    , <>      ,   , -         ;        ,    ,       ,     .              ,  ,          ,    ,  ,  ,     .     <> ,     - , ,  - ,       ,   :     ,    [83 - . . 45 b, , d.].

        ,         ,    :           .  ,            ,       ,           [84 -  . 30 , d.].

 ,     -       ,  ,   ,          .           : ,         <>,  ,     ,      , <> ,      ,  ,    ,     [85 -  . 47 b  c.].

.      ,   ,     ,    :    ,    ,   ,    ,    ,   ,  .            ,  ,  ,                   [86 -  . .  . .: , 2005. . 199.].

       ,      ,    ,              . ,  ,    ,    ,   ,     ,   ,  [87 -  [] ,   ,    ,     ,    ,      .         ,       -,  -    - ,  ,      ,   ,     .                 ,  ,         ,   ,          ,      -  (. . 52 b).].         ,            ,  .              :         :        ,   .  ,            <>.   ,           ,       [88 -  . 29 b, c.]. ,              ,    ,      ,    ,  ,     ,    .    ,   , ,   .

   .        ,    .       ,         :      . <>.         ,   . <>  ,  - ,      .     ,      ,     ,    [89 -  . . . : 2. . II. .: , 1957. . 14.].    ,  ,   ,       ,    ,      :     ,      ,      . ,  ,     [90 -  . . 8.].

    , ,   . ,     .         (, 11, 668 b).  ,  ,   , ,     [91 -  . .  . . 201.].      ,       : ,   ,    ,    ,         ,  ,     ,        .       ?  , ,  ,        () ,        ,      [92 -  .].

                        .    ,        :          ,         , ,       .      ,     ,    ,        -    ,    [93 -  . . . . II. . 15.].           ,    ,  ,   ,        : ,           ,      .    ,    .     [94 -  . . 19.].

     ,  ,  ,     :     ,       ,      ,      [95 -  . . 16.] <>.     ,     ,    . <>             [96 -  . . 20.].       ,         ,       ,   ,    .    ,         ,    , :       ,      ,     ,         .     ,   ,   ,          <>       ,   [97 -  . . 71.].      ,         :         ,            ,                   ,  ,       ,   ,       [98 -  . . . . II. . 137.].

  ,     ,    ,     ,    ?       ,         :     ,       , ,  ,    .  ,           ,    .     ,   ,  ,      ,   .         ,         [99 -  . . 120.].  ,       ,   -,          .

   ,     ,   ,         ,       ,        :  ,      ,          ,  .         ,       .      .      ,   ,    .              [100 -  .].                      :         ,     ,               [101 -  . . 121.].

       ,     .       ,     .           ,    ,   :        .     ,          ,        ,   . , ,    ;    ,   .    ,         .           .      ,         .       .       ,    ,   .    ,     - ,   ,      .         [102 -  . . 122.].

     ,   ,            ,      :              ,              [103 -  .]. .      ,        ,      ,       ,      ,                 <>     [104 -  . . . . 33.].

                .       ,   ,         ,        :         ,        .   ,            ,      ,        . <> ,       ,       [105 -  . . . . II. . 122.] <>       ,        .  ,   ,   ,     [106 -  . . 149.].               ,    ,   - [107 -  . . 4.].

 ,                ,     ,           ,  ,     ,    .        , ,   .            ,      -,              .

  .       ,       ,    ,   (. Andries van Wesel, . Andreas Vesalius; 15141564),            .       ,    (De humani corporis fabrica libri septem, 1543)           (Johannes Stephanus of Calcar).   ,          :             <>.           ,        ,    .             ,        ,  ,   ,     [108 -  .    //  : 3. . 1.      /  . . , .-. , . ; . . . , . . .:   , 2012. . 243244.].

         .           ,    ,             :    ,        (rerum naturalium)    ,     ,       ,   ,      ,        . <>              ,        . ,       ,      ,      ,  , ,  ,       ,    ,  ,       <>            ,    ,             [109 -  .    .   : 2. . 1 / . . . . , . . .:  , 19501954. . 18.].

      ,    [110 - .             :  : 3. . 1. . 244251.]         ,             .       ,       ,       ,    , , , , .          ,    ,     <>.      <>  ,    [111 -  . . 244.].

  XVI.            ,           .          . .  ,          ,      XV     ,    .     1545        ,   .      <>    <>           (anatomia sensibilis)[112 -  : 3. . 1. . 241.].      .     ,        :      ,              :     . <>.       ,   ,  ,          ,    [113 -  . . 241243.].

      ,     , ,      ,  ,      :     ,      . ,     ,       [ ] ,        ,   ,     ,    ,    ;       ,      [114 -  . . . . 2. . 896.].

     ,        ,    (symphonia)  ,           [115 -  . . 20.]. ,       V,      ,       ,   :            ,     ,     ,       <>.  ,  ,     ,         ,          ,          (parvus mundus),    []     [116 -  . . 2021.].

              :         ,          ,       [117 - . . 24 c.].       ,    :                    ,     ,        [118 -  . 27 .].    ,     ,         ,      .

   ,           ,         ,           :  ,   ,  ,     ,      ,  ,    (   ,    ,   : philosophorum maletractatorum);   ,     ,     ,               ,            .  ,     ,  ,             ,    [119 -  . . . . 1. . 21.].      ,     :          ; <>      ,     ,      [120 -  . . 31.].

         -     ,        :       , , ,       <>   [ ]     ,   [121 -  . . . . 2. . 882.].            ,   ,  :        ,   ,   , , ,    ..    ,       ,   ,    ,     ,   [122 -  . . 843.].      ,     ,                ,      蔻[123 -  : 3. . 1. . 251252.].

          ,    .        ,          - ,         [124 -   , ,   ,   ,      <>         , <>   (animae principatum), ,            <>  [       ]  <>,     ,  ,    ,        , ,   , ,   . ,      -  ,            ,     ,    ,        ,  <>   ,       ,      ;      ,   <>     ,   ;                    ,       (      ),     ;     ,       -  ,  -           ,      <>      ,  , ,        ,   ,      , ,  ,       ,  ,         ,      ( . . . . 2. . 711).].      ,      ,       -  ,             ,  ,       ,      .  ,          V   .

       ,  .       .   ,     ,    :  -       ,  ,  .     ,             . -               ,   ,       ,            .

   .  [125 -  ( . vitalis  , , vita  )       ,       ,   :    ,   ,  ,   .  ,    (  ????)    .  ,       (  . ?????????  ,  ???????    ???  ),    ,         (   . ???????  , ),  .       ,     .       .  ,           (vis pulsica).      (spiritus vitalis)  ,   (caloris),    (spiritum animalem),      (.  . . . . 2. . 17;         ).        .              ,  .            (.   Van Helmont J.B. Ortus medicinae, 1648).           (.    ⻠ Harvey W. Exercitationes de generatione animalium, 1651).]    . ,         -:    ,   ,   ,   ,           .           , , , , [126 -  .   . .: . . . -, 1953. . 81.].

      ,   .            ,        :          ,     <>     ,      ; <>        ,         ,           ,   ,  ,    ,  ,     <>,    ,   ,   ,     .     ,    ,  , ,    ,  ,    ,    ,   ,    ,     [127 -  . . 186.].

       ,      :           <>,        ,         ;     ,         ,     . <>   , , , , , ,        ,   ,       [128 -  . . 71.].

                 ,    ,         :         ,       ;          ,       ;     ,     ,    .       ,       ,     ,    ,    ,    . <>  , ,               ,   ,     .   ,        ,        [129 -  . . 64.].       ,     ,  ,       ,   .

     ,  ,  ,   ,         ,     ,  , ,   [130 -        ,   ,       ,         ;    <>,         ,       <>. ,   ,    ,       ,   ;             ;       ;     ,       ,           .    ,       <> [   ]    ,        ;  ,       ,   ,         ( . . : , 2000. . 234).].        ,       ,      :         ;   ,       ,  ,   ,        ,          ,  , , ,  ,      ,         ,     养[131 -  . . . 235.].

     ,     ,     .     ,      , ,     ,   ,     :           ,   ,   ,        ,       ;      ,   ,  ,   , ,   ;       ,   ,  ,     ,   [132 -  . . 276.].

         :            ,      ,        <>.    ,       ,      .     ,   ,   ?[133 -  . . 235236.].    ,        ,           .

    ,         ,          :     ,            ,          ,     <> ,      ,    ,         ,              ,    ,            [134 -  . . 310311.].

  ,     ,    ,      ,      ,     ,       ,         [135 -   , ,    ,                 . ,  ,      ,      ,        ,      , ,      ,     . , ,  ,     ,    , ,  ,     ,    .      ,    .        ,   ,         ,            ( . . 311).].       ,         :            <>     ,     ,          <>.    ,  ,        , ,    ,  ;         ,            <>  , , , ,    ,         ,       ,     [136 -  . . 238239.].

.    ,     . ,             :                      <>       ,     ,     ,   ,     .      ,    ,  ,   ,     ,  ,     ,          ,       . <>         ,     ,      ,      ,     ,          .    ,    [137 -  . . . 268269.].

         ,     ,     ,      ,   .    : ,   ,  . ,    ,    ,  ,      .   ,  -     , .             .

 ,   .   (William Gilbert, 15441603)    I   I,    [138 -   1580-     ,   1590-   ,  .],    ,       (. 1600.)[139 - Gilbert W. De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure. Londini, 1600.      (De magnete, magneticisque corporibus etc.)  ,       ,            .   ,      ,     ,       .      ,      ,   .] ,     ,  ,  ;     ,          (  ).     ,        [140 -  .  ,       .  ,      /  . . ; . . . . . .:  , 1956. . 270.].         ,    ,       ,         .          .

            ,       :           .     ,      ,     ,    .  ,             :          ,          <> ,  : , , , , , , ,     <>        ,     .  ,      ,   ;    ,     .             ;        <>,         .               ,    ;     ,         .         ,     ,    [141 -  . . 268.].

          ,    ,       [142 -          ,        ,    ,  ,       ,     ;         ,        .      []  : -,        ,       ,  -,  ,        .        ,      ,      ,  , .       ,     ,            ;    ,  ,         (. . 40 a  ).].        ,       : <>           , , , , ,  , ,                  .           [143 -  . . . . 75.].

         ,     :  ,  ,     ,   ,               ,   .     ,   ,       ,   ,                     ,        ,   ,  ,     ,     ,    ,      ,    [144 - . . 40 a  d.].

  ,   ,                                 .  ,             ,          ,  : <>           <>           , , , , , , ,       ,    . <>.      ,  , ,  ,              [145 -  . . . . 271.].

      ,     ()  ,  .          ,     ,      [146 -    []   :     ,   ,      ,      ,   ,          ,               <>.       ,  :    ,     -    ,       ,     ,     .  ,    ,   ,          . ,                    (. . 53 b).].         ,   : ,    ,     ;      , ,  . ,      ,             ,      ,       ,   ,  ,  ,  ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,  ,      ,         ,     ,   .             ,         [147 -  . . . . 271.].

     ,     ,        ,   ,    ,     :          ,     ,      ,           , , , , , , ,       ,    .    ,    ,        , ,      .       ,    ,   ,   ,  ,   .      ,  , ,  ,              [148 -  . . . . 271.].

        .            .  ,              ,    ,   , ,      ( ),    ,        .

   . ,         ,      ,            .      ,      ,    ,    ,   (1611).   ,             (  ,   ,   ,   ,         ),       ,     ,  ,  ,    :    ,   ,      ,     ,      ,      .            ,     .   ,            ,     ,   ,   ,       [149 -  .    / . . . . . .: , 1983. . 17.].

   ,  ,      ,   ,     ,   :       ,    ,     ,  .            ( ,     ,  ,                ),   ,           . ,       ,    ,  ,       <>      ,    [150 -  . . 2425.].

       [151 -           ,   ,   ,         .   (   )        :   ,       ,   ,             <>           <>.   (     )    ,              .              .      ,     ,     (   )    <>. ,  ,    ,     ,    ,      ,    ( . . 24).].    ,       ,        ,     ,         .         ,  ,     ,  :      .  ,       ,  ,   ,         .        ,                   <>       ,    ,     ,       <>.   <>          .  ,  ,     ,  ,     (  ),  ꅻ[152 -  .   . . 25.].

   ,     ,    ,     :     ,            ,    ,                    . <> ,         ,   .        ,  ,  <>.        -,    -        <>       ,    <> ,  ,   ,   .      ,       ,  ,       ,   [153 -  . . 2627.].

 ,        ,       .    (1596),   ,  ,  ,     ,      ,     .          ,   ,     .       ,          :   , , , ,     ,    ,            ,    ?   ,          ;               ?[154 -  . . 28.].

      ,     , ,  ,        ,           .     ,  ,        ,     ,    [155 -  . . 32.].       ,        ,         :       ,          [156 -  . . 20.]. ,       .

   ,      ,    ,       ,        (1609):   ,      ,       ,  ,       [157 -  . .  . .: , 1971. . 6; Boner P.]. Kepler's Living Cosmology: Bridging the Celestial and Terrestrial // Centaurus. 2006. N. 48. P. 3239.].    ,       .  ,       .

  :   .             (. Galileo Galilei, 15641642),     .                 (. 1632.),      ,      ,     [158 -    .  ,         (-  ),      ,    virtuosi  literati: Jardine N. Demonstration, Dialectic, and Rhetoric in Galileo's Dialogue // The Shapes of Knowledge from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment. International Archives of the History of Ideas. Vol. 124 / D.R. Kelley, R.H. Popkin (eds). Dordrecht; Heidelberg; N.Y.; L.: Springer, 1991. P. 101121.],  .        .     ,   :



. ,      a priori,       ,   ;        a posteriori      .

. ,   ,  ,     ,    ,       <>         ,   ,   ,       ,         ;   ,    , ,   ,    -       - ,    ;        ,      ,     -    [159 -  .      / . . . . .; .: , 1948. . 53.].


                 ,        ,         :           , ,      ,   ,       ,   .         :           ..,      -    - ,     ,          ,         ,    ,     养[160 -  . . 53.].

          :   ,             ,    ,     [161 -  . . 52.].  ,        ,        : ,      ,     , ,       ;     ,        ,  ,       ,     ,          ,   ,       1572  1604  <>   ,   ;    ,  ,        ,           <>. ,  ,  ,     ,      ?[162 -  . . 5354.].

     ,         ,       ,     .            ,     :       , ,     ,       -  ,     ,      ,      ,    [163 -  . . 51.].       ,   . . .  ,         ,    ,            .     ,         .       ,      ,           , ,    .    [164 -  3.A.            //              / . . . . . .: .  , 2012. . 320.].

   ,             ,       ,     :  ,     ,       ,    ,             .      ,    - <>,   ,    ,   ,     ,    .   ,    , :        ,        ,    ,     ,       <> ,   ,      :             ,       Ipse dixit [ ][165 -  . . . . 92.].

    ,                    :  []      , ,        ,      ,   ,       <>  ,             ,      <>.    ,      ;      .     ,  ,     ,   ,  ..   ,  ,       ,   : , ,   ..,   ,    . ,        - ,         ,     [166 -  . . 30. . :           ,       :  ,      , , , , ,    ,    ,      ,     ,   , , ,   ..,  ,        ,       ,    ,    , ..     ,  , ,     ( . . 91).].

.  ,              ,     ,     ,  , ,      :     ,      ,   ,        XVII.;      ,           [167 -  .   . 150.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/inna-lisovich/skalpel-razuma-i-krylya-voobrazheniya-nauchnye-diskursy-v-an-9368280/chitat-onlayn/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


. ,  .  ProScience ,        -  ,      :.        ,       , ,   :.




2


 ,   ,     ,   ,        ,   ,      ,     ( ,    ).      (   )   Geisteswissenschaften    ,         .  ,            ,   .     ,                           ( .     /  . . . . : - . -, 1997. . 268).

.  : Pigliucci M. Who knows what..:.    ,      ,    :         ,      ?.




3


   :  . .   . .: , - , 1999; . :  . ., - . .,  . .    :  . .: , 2001.




4


 . . , , :       // -   /  . . . . .: 1997. . 88141;  . .      // -   /  . . . . ., 1997. . 44319;  . .   XVII . .: , 1993;  . .      XVII . : , 1993.




5


 .   :       / . . . , . , .   .;  . . . . . .: , 2003. . 338339.




6


 .      / . . . . . .: , 2007. . 159161.




7


 .      ?:;  2012.    (NSF, ) Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding:;  Pew Research Center () Public's Knowledge of Science and Technology 2013.:;   2013.     7-   :;   2013.   :.




8


   ,         ,          <>                   .                     .        <>              ( . . . . 161162).




9


Zilsel E. The Genesis of the Concept of Scientific Progress // Journal of the History of Ideas. June 1945. Vol. VI. P. 325349; Lilley S. Robert Recorde and the Idea of Progress // Renaissance and Modern Studies. 1958. Vol. 2. No. 1. P. 337; Molland A.G. Medieval Ideas of Scientific Progress // Journal of the History of ldeas. 1978. Vol. XXXIX (October-December). P. 561577;  . . P..      //  . . 11.     . .:  , 2005. . 1128;  . .   :         //  . 2005. 4. . 547.




10


Dasgupta P., David Paul A. Information Disclosure and the Economics of Science and Technology // Arrow and the Ascent of Modern Economic Theory / G.E. Feiwel (ed.). N.Y.: New York University Press, 1987.




11


David Paul A. From Keeping Nature's Secrets to the Institutionalization of Open Science // University of Oxford Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History. July 2001. No. 23. P. 123.




12


Eamon W. From the Secrets of Nature to Public Knowledge: The Origins of the Concept of Openness in Science // Minerva: Review of Science, Learning, and Policy. 1985. No. 23. P. 322327.




13


Golinski J. V. A Noble Spectacle: Phosphorus and Public Cultures of Science in the Early Royal Society // Isis. 1989. Vol. 80 (1). P. 439.




14


Theater: Scenes of Knowledge in the 17th Century. Vol. 1. Theatrum Scientiarium / H. Schramm, L. Schwarte, J. Lazardzig (eds). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2005.




15


Lux D., Cook H. Closed Circles or Open Networks: Communicating at a Distance during the Scientific Revolution // Story of Science. 1998. No. 6. . 179211; Mayhew R. British Geography's Republic of Letters: Mapping an Imagined Community, 16001800 // Journal of the History of Ideas. April 2004. No. 2. P. 251276.




16


Mapping the Republic of Letters:.




17


Cultures of Knowledge:.




18


 .   :    ,   .   . .: , 1996. . 51.




19


     ,       ,            . <>  ,        <>    ,  ,        ,     ,        ;     , ,       ,     ,      ,    <>. ,         ; , , ,    ,        ,        ;            ,   ,       ,    <>      , ,   ,           ,     ,  , ,      , , ,    ; ,      ,      ,      ( .   .    / . . . . , . . . .: A-cad, 1994. . 3435).  ,     , ,        .




20


 .   . . 266.




21


 .




22


Jayne S.P. Plato in Renaissance England // International Archives of the History of Ideas. Vol. 141 / S. Hutton (ed.). Dordrecht: Springer, 1995.




23


-        ; ,     ,     , <>     ,     ,   .       ,    ,       ,   ,   - :      ,          (Johnson S. Lives of the Poets / R. Napier (ed.). L.: G. Bell and Sons, 1890. P. 2223).




24


     ,        ,        ,      , :  B.C.    :         . .:  ; , 2011;    : .    /  . . . . .: , 2008. , ,     :  . .    : . . .: . , 2002;  . .   . .: , 1967.     . :  . . . . 196226.




25


 . . . . 204.




26


 . . . . 268.




27


 . .  :    . .: , 1999;  . .   .    . .: . , 2006;  . .  . .: -, 2006;  . .    :  . .: , 1985;  . .  : - . .: , 1991;  . .       . .: -  , 1997; Golinski J.V. Making Natural Knowledge: Constructivism and the History of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008;   International Archives of the History of Ideas (  1963.):;  The Cambridge History of Science. Vol. 18, 20022013; Cambridge Histories Online:.      : Findlen P. Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994; Grant E. The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional and Intellectual Contexts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996; Mathematics and its Applications to Science and Natural Philosophy in the Middle Ages Essays in Honour of Marshall Clagett / E. Grant, J.E. Murdoch (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.




28


Gingerich O. The Great Copernicus Chase and Other Adventures in Astronomical History. Cambridge, MA: Sky Publishing Corporation; Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992; Ginderich O. The Eye of Heaven: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler. N.Y.: American Institute of Physics, 1993; Ginderich O. The Book Nobody Read: Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus. N.Y.: Walker, 2004.




29


Hallyn F. The Poetic Structure of the World: Copernicus and Kepler. N.Y.: Zone Books, 1993; Reiss T.J. Knowledge, Discovery and Imagination in Early Modern Europe: The Rise of Aesthetic Rationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997;  . .    . .: , 1979.




30


             /  . . . . .: .  , 2012.




31


Science in the Age of Baroque. International Archives of the History of Ideas. Vol. 208 / O. Gal, R. Chen-Morris (eds). Dordrecht; Heidelberg; N.Y.; L.: Springer, 2013. P. 78.




32


Shapin S. The Scientific Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.




33


Science <> loses all traces of unity. A curious illustration of this result may be observed in the want of any name by which we can designate the students of the knowledge of the material world collectively. We are informed that this difficulty was felt very oppressively by the members of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at their meetings in the last three summers <>. Philosophers was felt to be too wide and too lofty a term <>; savans was rather assuming <>; some ingenious gentleman proposed that, by analogy with artist, they might form scientist, and added that there could be no scruple in making free with this termination when we have such words as sciolist, economist, and atheist  but this was not generally palatable (The Quarterly Review. L., March & June 1834. Vol. LI. P. 59).




34


 . .    :  . .: , 1985. . 3.




35


  .    . .: - .-. -, 2003.




36


       , . ,   , , , . , . , . , .   .      -:    , virtuoso,   virtu   , , ,      ,        .        ,      ;     .          ,            ( . .      / ., . . . . . .: , 1996).




37


 . . . . 268.




38


,  ,         ,  ,  ,      <>       ,    <>.   ,                  ,    <>    [],          <>       ( .    / . . . . . . .: .  , 2008. . 2122).




39


. : Clark S. Vanities of the Eye: Vision in Early Modern European Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.




40


. : Chen-Morris R. The Quality of Nothing: Shakespearean Mirrors and Kepler's Visual Economy of Science // Science in the Age of Baroque. International Archives of the History of Ideas. Vol. 208 / O. Gal, R. Chen-Morris (eds). Dordrecht; Heidelberg; N.Y.; L.: Springer, 2013. P. 99118.




41


Castillo D.R. Baroque Horrors: Roots of the Fantastic in the Age of Curiosities. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2010; Gilman E.B. The Curious Perspective: Literary and Pictorial Wit in the 17th Century. New Haven; L.: Yale University Press, 1978.




42


 .    .        . .: , 1985. . 12.




43


 . . 18.




44


 . : 2. . 1. .: , 1979. . 65.      ,               : Chadwick H. Early Christian Thought and the Classical Tradition: Studies in Justin, Clement, and Origen. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.




45


.       :  .   :      //     . . 2 /  . . . , . .   . .; .: -, 2013. . 320340.




46


        .         ,          ;      .            .      :              .         :    ( ),   ( ),   ( )  - ( ).

    ,   ,    . ,    ,       ,       .       .        .      .




47


.  . III    . V   .:  . .   :      . .: , 2008.




48


       ,    ,      ( .     //  . : 2. . 1 / . . . . . . .: , 1981. . 143).




49


 .      //  :        / . . . . .: , 1996. . 169.




50


., :  .    ;  .    //  . . 1;  .   //  . . 377413,  ..




51


., :  .     . .:   , 2000 (. II      ; . III    ; . IV   );  .,  .      :  :   . .: , 2005. .100103.




52


 .   .   . .: A-cad, 1994. . 7071.




53


            (14601461),   (1461).




54


 .   . 181.




55


 . . 183184.




56


 . .  .     / . . . -. .: , 1998. . 105.




57


 .




58


 . Idea:          . .: , 1999. . 5.




59


    ,       :       ,     ,    .    (vim individuam),    <>. , ,       ,   -  ,        ( .   . 179180).




60


 .     . . 143144.




61


Gal O. From Divine Order to Human Approximation: Mathematics in Baroque Science // Science in the Age of Baroque. International Archives of the History of Ideas. V o l. 208. P. 7796.




62


.      : - . .        //     /  . . . . .: , 1979. . 5882;  . .        //  . . 8397.




63


.      ,   :  . .       //  . . 98143.




64


Schmitt Ch. B. Gianfrancesco Pico Della Mirandola (14691533) and His Critique of Aristotle // International Archives of the History of Ideas. Vol. 23. Dordrecht; Heidelberg; N.Y.; L.: Springer, 1967.




65


    (1543, Aristotelicae animadversiones)     ,   ,       . <>         ,    ,    <>.         ,       ,      ( . .  (15151572). .: , 1981. . 90).




66


 . .       //    . . 102. . :  . .        . .: URSS, 2009. . 53.




67


 . .    . 105113.




68


 . . 118.




69


      ,     <>        ,  ,  ,         锻 ( . . 119).




70


. . VI, 511 b  c.




71


 . 508 d.




72


 . 527 b.




73


 . 510 b533 e.




74


 . .        . .: , 2003. . 5354.      ,   : ,      ,  , : <>          (..  ),       . <>          ,     ()    ,      ,  ,  ,   ,   ,    .  ,    ,    ,   ,       ( . . . . . 61).




75


. . VI, 510 d.




76


. . 3132.




77


 . 53 b.




78


 . 28 a, b.




79


 . .    . 125.




80


. . VI, 510 d.




81


. . 30 a.




82


 . 29 a, b.




83


. . 45 b, , d.




84


 . 30 , d.




85


 . 47 b  c.




86


 . .  . .: , 2005. . 199.




87


 [] ,   ,    ,     ,    ,      .         ,       -,  -    - ,  ,      ,   ,     .                 ,  ,         ,   ,          ,      -  (. . 52 b).




88


 . 29 b, c.




89


 . . . : 2. . II. .: , 1957. . 14.




90


 . . 8.




91


 . .  . . 201.




92


 .




93


 . . . . II. . 15.




94


 . . 19.




95


 . . 16.




96


 . . 20.




97


 . . 71.




98


 . . . . II. . 137.




99


 . . 120.




100


 .




101


 . . 121.




102


 . . 122.




103


 .




104


 . . . . 33.




105


 . . . . II. . 122.




106


 . . 149.




107


 . . 4.




108


 .    //  : 3. . 1.      /  . . , .-. , . ; . . . , . . .:   , 2012. . 243244.




109


 .    .   : 2. . 1 / . . . . , . . .:  , 19501954. . 18.




110


.             :  : 3. . 1. . 244251.




111


 . . 244.




112


 : 3. . 1. . 241.




113


 . . 241243.




114


 . . . . 2. . 896.




115


 . . 20.




116


 . . 2021.




117


. . 24 c.




118


 . 27 .




119


 . . . . 1. . 21.




120


 . . 31.




121


 . . . . 2. . 882.




122


 . . 843.




123


 : 3. . 1. . 251252.




124


  , ,   ,   ,      <>         , <>   (animae principatum), ,            <>  [       ]  <>,     ,  ,    ,        , ,   , ,   . ,      -  ,            ,     ,    ,        ,  <>   ,       ,      ;      ,   <>     ,   ;                    ,       (      ),     ;     ,       -  ,  -           ,      <>      ,  , ,        ,   ,      , ,  ,       ,  ,         ,      ( . . . . 2. . 711).




125


 ( . vitalis  , , vita  )       ,       ,   :    ,   ,  ,   .  ,    (  ????)    .  ,       (  . ?????????  ,  ???????    ???  ),    ,         (   . ???????  , ),  .       ,     .

       .  ,           (vis pulsica).      (spiritus vitalis)  ,   (caloris),    (spiritum animalem),      (.  . . . . 2. . 17;         ).        .              ,  .            (.   Van Helmont J.B. Ortus medicinae, 1648).           (.    ⻠ Harvey W. Exercitationes de generatione animalium, 1651).




126


 .   . .: . . . -, 1953. . 81.




127


 . . 186.




128


 . . 71.




129


 . . 64.




130


       ,   ,       ,         ;    <>,         ,       <>. ,   ,    ,       ,   ;             ;       ;     ,       ,           .    ,       <> [   ]    ,        ;  ,       ,   ,         ( . . : , 2000. . 234).




131


 . . . 235.




132


 . . 276.




133


 . . 235236.




134


 . . 310311.




135


  , ,    ,                 . ,  ,      ,      ,        ,      , ,      ,     . , ,  ,     ,    , ,  ,     ,    .      ,    .        ,   ,         ,            ( . . 311).




136


 . . 238239.




137


 . . . 268269.




138


  1580-     ,   1590-   ,  .




139


Gilbert W. De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure. Londini, 1600.      (De magnete, magneticisque corporibus etc.)  ,       ,            .   ,      ,     ,       .      ,      ,   .




140


 .  ,       .  ,      /  . . ; . . . . . .:  , 1956. . 270.




141


 . . 268.




142


         ,        ,    ,  ,       ,     ;         ,        .      []  : -,        ,       ,  -,  ,        .        ,      ,      ,  , .       ,     ,            ;    ,  ,         (. . 40 a  ).




143


 . . . . 75.




144


. . 40 a  d.




145


 . . . . 271.




146


   []   :     ,   ,      ,      ,   ,          ,               <>.       ,  :    ,     -    ,       ,     ,     .  ,    ,   ,          . ,                    (. . 53 b).




147


 . . . . 271.




148


 . . . . 271.




149


 .    / . . . . . .: , 1983. . 17.




150


 . . 2425.




151


          ,   ,   ,         .   (   )        :   ,       ,   ,             <>           <>.   (     )    ,              .              .      ,     ,     (   )    <>. ,  ,    ,     ,    ,      ,    ( . . 24).




152


 .   . . 25.




153


 . . 2627.




154


 . . 28.




155


 . . 32.




156


 . . 20.




157


 . .  . .: , 1971. . 6; Boner P.]. Kepler's Living Cosmology: Bridging the Celestial and Terrestrial // Centaurus. 2006. N. 48. P. 3239.




158


   .  ,         (-  ),      ,    virtuosi  literati: Jardine N. Demonstration, Dialectic, and Rhetoric in Galileo's Dialogue // The Shapes of Knowledge from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment. International Archives of the History of Ideas. Vol. 124 / D.R. Kelley, R.H. Popkin (eds). Dordrecht; Heidelberg; N.Y.; L.: Springer, 1991. P. 101121.




159


 .      / . . . . .; .: , 1948. . 53.




160


 . . 53.




161


 . . 52.




162


 . . 5354.




163


 . . 51.




164


 3.A.            //              / . . . . . .: .  , 2012. . 320.




165


 . . . . 92.




166


 . . 30. . :           ,       :  ,      , , , , ,    ,    ,      ,     ,   , , ,   ..,  ,        ,       ,    ,    , ..     ,  , ,     ( . . 91).




167


 .   . 150.


